Heating devices Central heating systems are called devices for transferring heat from a coolant to a heated room. Heating devices should transfer heat from the coolant to the room in the best possible way, ensure the comfort of the thermal environment in the room, without deteriorating its interior when least cost means and materials.

The types and designs of heating devices can be very diverse. The devices are made of cast iron, steel, ceramics, glass, in the form of concrete panels with tubular heating elements embedded in them, etc.

The main types of heating devices are radiators, finned tubes, convectors and heating panels.

The simplest is heating device made of smooth steel pipes ... It is usually performed in the form of a coil or register. The device has a high heat transfer coefficient, withstands high pressure of the heat carrier. However, devices from smooth pipes expensive and take up a lot of space. They are used in rooms with significant dust emissions, for heating skylights in industrial buildings, etc.

The most widespread heating devices are radiators ... Their various types differ from each other in size and shape. Radiators are assembled from sections, which makes it possible to assemble devices of different sizes. Typically, sections are cast from cast iron, but can be steel, ceramic, porcelain, etc.

Quite widespread in heating systems received cast iron finned tubes ... The ribs on the surface of the pipe increase the area of ​​the heat-dissipating surface, but reduce the hygienic qualities of the device (dust accumulates, which is difficult to remove) and give it a rough appearance.

Convectors represent steel tubes with sheet steel fins. The most perfect convector among the convectors is a convector in a casing made of steel sheet... The device is equipped with a cap for regulating heat transfer. Intensive air circulation occurs between the finned surfaces of the device and the casing under the influence of gravitational pressure. This increases the heat removal from the finned surface by 20% or more. The cased convectors are compact and have a good appearance. In some designs, convectors are equipped with a special type of fan that provides intensive air movement. Artificial induction of air movement significantly increases heat removal from the device. Some disadvantage of convectors is the necessity and difficulty of cleaning from dust.

Concrete heating panels are slabs with steel pipe coils embedded in them. Such panels are usually located in the structures of room fences. Sometimes they are freely installed near the walls.

Currently, for heating large industrial workshops, suspended panels with reflective screens .

The use of panels for heating buildings meets the requirements of prefabricated construction and saves metal used for heating devices. The disadvantages of panel heating include: large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer; impossibility of changing the heating surface; the danger of pipe clogging and the difficulty of eliminating it; the complexity of systems repair; the possibility of internal corrosion and, as a result, a violation of the hydraulic tightness of the pipes.

It doesn't matter how good the repairs are in the house and how well the layout of the rooms is planned, because in the event of improper operation of heating devices in the room, it is unlikely that it will be possible to achieve comfortable conditions for living. Therefore, the primary task of the owners who do overhaul indoors or build new house from scratch, is the correct selection and installation of optimal heating devices.

In most households, the leading cost item for communal payments are the heating costs. This is also worth considering when choosing heating devices heating systems in hardware store, because each device, depending on the design and specification, differs in terms of nominal power, heat transfer and efficiency.

In the heating system of the house basic instruments heating presented different types radiators and convectors. When choosing a radiator, first of all, it is worth focusing on the material from which it is made, since it is this factor that affects the practicality, wear resistance and durability of the devices. When buying a convector, it is worth considering its power and the possibility of automatic operation.

Characteristics of devices made of various metals

Today are popular heating equipment from metals such as: bimetal, steel, cast iron. Let's consider them in more detail.

Bimetal

Innovative bimetallic heating devices are by far the most functional. They ideally complement any type of heating system and differ in that they combine the best sides steel and aluminum batteries... It is light weight, which makes it easy to install, exceptional heat dissipation and aesthetic appearance that will decorate even an apartment with designer renovation. Improve efficiency bimetal radiator a reflector for radiators, which is installed according to the manufacturer's recommendations, will help.

Steel

also have positive heat transfer rates, but they are less durable due to the fact that steel is subject to corrosion - therefore, devices may not be suitable for central systems heat supply. As for aluminum analogs, they have high efficiency and guarantee effective performance, however, in the heating system they are subject to rapid mechanical wear due to pressure and the action of heavy metal salts present in the coolant. Such radiators often break down, so a jumper is needed on the heating battery - it will allow you to replace the device without stopping the functioning of the entire system.

Cast iron

The most primitive option is cast iron heating devices water heating systems at home.

Cast iron batteries are durable, wear-resistant and can even be used in systems with poor quality coolant.

However, some owners avoid installing cast iron appliances due to their high weight, which requires a reliable wall structure for drilling powerful brackets and an unsightly appearance that requires the purchase of a box. To install such a device, the owner will need to buy a key for heating radiators and prepare a whole set of auxiliary tools.

Differences in design and operating principles

Commercially available heaters, convectors, radiators, finned tubes and smooth tube appliances may differ in design and in principle of operation. Depending on the design features, heating devices can be placed along the walls or built into specially prepared niches. At the same time, regardless of the type of construction, radiators and pipes work according to the same principle - they use their surface to transfer energy from the heating body - the coolant, through their body into the environment. As a coolant in residential buildings most often oil or water is used, and in industrial buildings hot steam may come out.

Radiator design

From the design features of the radiators, obvious conclusions can be drawn - the larger the surface area of ​​the radiator body in contact with environment, the more heat it will transfer to the room. In order to achieve maximum efficiency with small dimensions, manufacturers proposed to compress the working areas of heating devices and give them a more compact look. Among such developments are panel and, in which the coolant circulates inside special articulated channels.

This solution made it possible to achieve the maximum thermal efficiency and effective heat transfer of the radiator while reducing its outer dimensions. During the operation of such a radiator, large volumes of air mass are involved in heat exchange, as a result of which it ensures uniform heating of the room. The thermal efficiency of a radiator depends not only on the volume of circulating air around it, but also on the conditions in the room for natural convection of air.

This is worth remembering for owners who use decorative boxes or installing furniture in front of a radiator. These objects create barriers to optimal heat distribution, become an obstacle to efficient air circulation and reduce the efficiency of the heater. Therefore, having correctly arranged the pieces of furniture in the room, the owner can take the control panel for the heating boiler, choose the optimal operating mode and enjoy the comfort in his home.

Convector design

Unlike radiators, the convector works according to a different scheme. It is given a signal by the heating controller and is switched on a heating element located under the casing. The heated air spreads through the room by convection and contributes to an increase in the temperature regime. However, if the room uses outdated convector models, it will be necessary to install a humidifier on the heating radiator to maintain optimal level humidity. Old models of convectors dry the air greatly and contribute to the creation of an uncomfortable microclimate, new models are devoid of these disadvantages.

The use of auxiliary elements to optimize the operation of heating devices

To improve the performance of heaters connected to the circuit, the owner may need to auxiliary equipment... This is an unloading relay for an electric boiler, which allows you to smoothly regulate the power and make the operation of heating devices connected to the circuit more efficient, or thermal heads for heating radiators - high-tech devices designed for automatic regulation temperature in the circuit.

It is worth paying attention to the GSM heating control - a module that allows you to remotely control the operation of heating devices.

It helps the owner to receive reports on the room temperature, the health of the devices in the circuit, and also suggests remotely setting the operating mode of the heating system. Modern models remote control heating, it is assumed that for each room the optimal temperature regime... For this, all heating devices in the house are equipped with automatic temperature controllers. You can read more about thermostats.

The optimal combination in the heating system of basic and auxiliary devices will allow you to achieve maximum effective work circuit and will contribute to a more economical consumption of energy resources.

The quality and efficiency of the heating system affects the creation of a comfortable environment in the living space. One of the main elements heating system- a radiator that transfers heat from a heated coolant using radiation, convection and heat conduction.

They are divided into separate groups depending on the material of manufacture, design, form, application.

One of important details, what you need to pay attention to when choosing - the material of manufacture. The modern market offers several options: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic heating devices.

Heat exchangers made of aluminum comprehensively heat the room by means of heat radiation and convection, which occurs through the movement of heated air from the lower sections of the heater to the upper ones.

Main characteristics:

• Working pressure from 5 to 16 atmospheres;
• Thermal power of one section - 81-212 W;
• The maximum water heating temperature is 110 degrees;
• the pH of the water is 7–8;
• The service life is 10-15 years.

There are two manufacturing methods:

1. Casting.

At high blood pressure separate sections are made of aluminum with the addition of silicon (no more than 12%), which are fastened into one heating device. The number of sections varies, it is possible to connect additional sections to one section.

1. Extrusion method.

This method is cheaper than injection molding and involves the production of vertical parts of the battery on the extruder, and the collector from silumin (an alloy of aluminum with silicon). Parts are connected, it is not possible to add or shorten sections.

Advantages:

1. High thermal conductivity
2. Light weight, easy installation
3. Increased level of heat transfer, which is facilitated by the design features of the heat exchanger.
4. Modern design that fits into any interior.
5. Due to the reduced volume of the coolant in the sections, the aluminum units heat up quickly.
6. The design of the battery allows you to build in thermostats, thermal valves, which contribute to an economical consumption of heat by regulating the heating of the coolant to the required temperature.
7. Easy to install, installation is possible without the involvement of professionals.
8. The outer coating of the battery prevents paint peeling.
9. Low cost.

Disadvantages:

1. Sensitive to shocks and other physical influences, as well as pressure surges. These batteries are not suitable for installation on industrial enterprises because of high pressure in the heating system.
2. The need to constantly maintain the pH of the water within the acceptable value.
3. Contaminated heating medium - water with solid particles, chemical impurities - damages the internal protective layer walls, causing their destruction, the formation of corrosion and blockages, which reduces the service life. Installation and cleaning of filters is required.
4. Aluminum in reaction with oxygen in water is oxidized, resulting in the release of hydrogen. This leads to gas formation in the heating system. To avoid a rupture, the installation of an air release device is required, which needs constant maintenance.
5. Sections between sections are prone to leakage.
6. Aluminum radiators are not compatible with copper pipes which are often used in modern systems heating. When they interact, oxidation processes take place.
7. Weak convection.

Specifications:

• Heat transfer - 1200-1800 W;
• Working pressure indicator - from 6 to 15 atmospheres;
• Temperature hot water is 110-120 C.
• Steel thickness - from 1.15 to 1.25 mm.

Advantages:

1. Small inertia. The steel heat exchanger heats up very quickly and begins to give off heat to the room
2. Increased heat dissipation by heat radiation and convection
3. Long service life thanks to uncomplicated design
4. Ease of installation
5. A light weight
6. Low cost
7. Attractive appearance, original design... Steel are manufactured in different forms allowing them to be placed vertically, horizontally and at an angle
8. Compatible with various materials used as mounts
9. High level of energy saving
10. Installation of temperature controllers
11. Uncomplicated design allows easy maintenance

Disadvantages:

1. Low corrosion resistance. Units made of the thickest steel can withstand a service life of no more than ten years.
2. Cannot be left without water inside for a long time, which is not suitable for district heating.
3. Failure to withstand severe water hammer and pressure surges, especially at weld seams.
4. If the outer coating was initially flawed, it will flake off over time.

Models steel radiators differ in the type of connection - it can be side or bottom. The bottom connection is considered universal, it is discreet in the interior, but more expensive in cost.

Depending on the number of panels and convectors, or internal sections, there are several types.

Type 10 has one panel without a convector, 11 - one panel and one convector, 21 - two heating panels and one inner section, and so on, by analogy, types 22, 33 and others are divided. Three-panel heat exchangers are quite heavy, heat up more slowly and require more difficult maintenance.

They are made of several identical sections, cast from cast iron and tightly connected to each other. When installing such a heater, it is necessary to determine the number of sections, which depends on the area of ​​the room, the number of windows, the height of the floor, and the angular placement of the apartment.

Specifications:

• Withstanding pressure 18 atmospheres;
• Hot water temperature - 150 C;
• Power 100-150 W;

Advantages:

1. Resistant to corrosion. Cast iron is a wear-resistant material, the quality of the coolant does not affect functionality.
2. For a long time after stopping heating, it retains heat.
3. The service life is 30 years or more.
4. Compatibility with other materials.
5. Increased heat dissipation due to vertical arrangement of internal fins.
6. Heat resistance, strength.
7. Thanks to inner diameter and the volume of the sections creates a minimum hydraulic resistance and does not cause blockages.

Disadvantages:

1. Heavy weight making installation and handling difficult.
2. Slow heating.
3. Impossibility of integrating a temperature controller.
4. Difficulty in care and staining.
5. The outer coating is unstable and may flake and peel off. For this reason, it becomes necessary to periodically paint the battery.
6. Unpresentable appearance.
7. Increased fuel consumption due to the large internal volume.
8. Have cast iron heat exchangers porous inner surface, collecting dirt, which over time will lead to a deterioration in the heat-conducting qualities of the battery.

This type includes devices with an aluminum housing and steel pipes inside. They are most common in residential installations.

Specifications:

• Working pressure indicator - from 18 to 40 atmospheres;
• Thermal power - 125-180 W;
• The permissible temperature of the coolant is from 110 to 130 degrees;
• The warranty period is 20 years on average.

Varieties:

1. 100% bimetallic, i.e. the inner core is made of steel, outer part- made of aluminum. They are stronger.
2. 50% bimetallic - only those pipes that reinforce the vertical channels are made of steel. They are cheaper in cost than the first type and heat up faster.

Advantages:

1. Long service life without the need for maintenance.
2. Increased level of heat transfer. This is achieved through rapid heating aluminum panels and a small internal volume of the steel core.
3. Strength, reliability, resistance to mechanical stress and pressure surges.
4. Resistant to corrosion due to the use of specially coated high-strength steel.
5. Light weight, easy to install.
6. Aesthetic appearance that will fit into the interior.

Disadvantages:

1. Expensive.
2. When draining water from the heating system, when exposed to air and water at the same time, the steel core can corrode. In this case, it is better to use bimetallic models with a copper core and aluminum panels.
3. Aluminum and steel differ in terms of thermal expansion. Therefore, instability of heat transfer, characteristic noises and crackling inside the device, in the first years of operation, is possible.

For correct operation a bimetal heat exchanger, it is recommended to install a valve for air exhaust and shut-off valves to the inlet and outlet pipe.

By design features are divided into the following types:

1. Sectional
2. Panel
3. Tubular

Devices consisting of sections of the same type, connected together, inside each of which there are two to four channels through which the coolant moves.

The case with sections is assembled with the required thermal power, length, shape. Manufactured from various materials- steel, aluminum, cast iron, bimetals.

Advantages:

1. The ability to install additional sections or remove unnecessary ones, depending on the required length of the heat exchanger and the area of ​​the heated room.
2. Increased heat transfer produced by radiation and convection.
3. By increasing the number of sections, the power of the radiator increases.
4. Low cost.
5. Profitability.
6. Installation of temperature controllers.
7. Different center distances allow the heater to be installed everywhere.

Disadvantages:

1. The joints between the sections are susceptible to water leakage, and with a sharp increase in pressure, they can disperse.
2. Difficulties in maintenance associated with the removal of dirt in the space between the sections.
3. The inner surface of the sections has irregularities that create blockages.

They consist of two metal shields treated with anti-corrosion protection, fastened together by welding. Inside the panels, a coolant circulates through vertical channels, and ribs are attached to the back side to increase the area of ​​the heated surface in the form of P.

Panel heat exchangers are divided into one-, two-, and three-row, made of steel.

Advantages:

1. A variety of panel board sizes allows you to select for heating in accordance with the area of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe room. Depending on the size, the power increases or decreases. Big square the surface of the shields has an increased heat transfer.
2. Due to its low inertia, the battery quickly responds to temperature changes.
3. A light weight.
4. Thanks to its compact design, the battery can be placed in hard-to-reach places premises.
5. Low cost.
6. For heating panel radiator several times less water is needed than for a sectional one.
7. Aesthetic appearance.
8. Ease of installation due to the integral design.

Disadvantages:

1. Impossible to use in systems with high pressure.
2. They need a clean coolant without chemical impurities and dirt.
3. The impossibility of increasing or decreasing the dimensions for heating as in the case of a sectional one.
4. In case of poor-quality painting with protective material, corrosion may form.
5. Sensitivity to water hammer.

They consist of vertical pipes from 1 to 6 connected by the lower and upper collectors. The uncomplicated design ensures an unobstructed and efficient circulation of the coolant.

The level of heat transfer depends on the thickness of the tubes and the dimensions of the unit itself, which vary from 30 cm to 3 m. The indicator of the working pressure maintained by the tubular models is up to 20 atmospheres. Manufactured from steel.

The main advantage- resistance to pressure drops. The rounded edges and shape of the tubes prevent dust and other contaminants from accumulating on their surface. The appearance is stylish and modern, the variety of forms allows you to create design model for any interior. Strong welded joints eliminate water leakage.

Disadvantages: susceptibility to corrosion and cost.

Thanks to convection, such radiators thoroughly warm up the air in the room.

When creating comfortable living conditions, attention is paid to details that should harmoniously fit into the design of the residential or public space... Often, when implementing a design project, it is required to organically fit each element into it.

The heater also has a variety of shapes that can create the integrity of the interior. These include vertical, flat, mirror, floor, skirting devices made of various materials.

The vertical units have been designed for applications where indoor installation is not possible. It depends both on the interior design and on the dimensions or non-standard form living space.

The vertical heat exchanger can be made part of the interior and not hidden behind decorative elements. The main difference is the dimensions, where the length exceeds the width, and vertical placement on the wall. A device of this type is indispensable in a room with panoramic windows.

Vertical radiators can be various designs- panel, tubular, sectional, and made of various materials - cast iron, steel, aluminum. According to the method of connection to the heating system, a distinction is made between side, bottom and diagonal.

Advantages:

1. A wide range of shapes and sizes, colors.
2. Compactness, which is achieved by reducing the length of the battery along the wall.
3. Decorativeness is also expressed in the invisibility of all its fastening and connecting elements.
4. Ease of installation, which is achieved due to its low weight and integrity of its design.
5. Large area for increased heat dissipation.
6. Heating up speed.
7. No need for heating a large number water, which helps to save.
8. Ease of care.

Disadvantages:

1. Expensive
2. Fall possible heat engineering characteristics heater due to the fact that the air from the top will always be warmer than the bottom. According to this, top part will give off less heat than the lower one.
3. Uneven distribution of heat over the entire area of ​​the room due to the fact that the radiant heat accumulates in the upper part of the room.
4. It is recommended to build in a battery with a reducer to normalize the internal pressure.

In other cases, the disadvantages and advantages correspond to those inherent in each type. conventional batteries- sectional, tubular, panel.

Factors affecting work efficiency:

1. One- or two-pipe connection in the system. The first is less economical in terms of water consumption, but easy to install and does not require unnecessary costs.
2. Type of water supply to the system - top, bottom, side.
3. Method of connection to the heating system. Diagonal connection is considered universal.

The effectiveness of heat transfer depends on the correct connection to the heating system. It is important to insulate part of the wall before installation to reduce heat loss.

Flat models are used for compact placement and freeing up space.

Specifications:

• Smooth, dust-free bezel.
• Dimensions - from 30 cm to 3 m.
• Only a small amount of water is consumed, which makes it easy to regulate with thermostats.
• Bottom and side connection.
• Used as decorative element, strict forms or bright colors.

Functioning similar to panel and sectional: between two metal sheets the coolant circulates, if the heating element is laid, an electric flat version is obtained.

Working pressure up to ten atmospheres, maximum water heating - 110 C. There are single-panel, two-panel and three-panel heaters.

The main advantage is its compact size and fast heating. In addition, they are easy to clean and have an attractive and stylish appearance. The decoration of flat heat exchangers allows you to fit into any room design, and a mirror surface will replace a mirror. Shallow installation depth and good heat radiation.

Among the disadvantages are the impossibility of installation in wet rooms in order to avoid corrosion, as well as the high cost.

Flat and vertical should be equipped with air release devices, as this arrangement causes a difference in internal pressure.

Radiator identical to conventional wall-mounted heat exchangers, but installed on a horizontal surface. It consists of a heat exchanger with a coolant circulating in it, surrounded by aluminum or steel plates and closed from the outside by a metal crate or a protective casing.

Equipped with a valve for air removal and can be connected to pipes of any diameter. The only difference from wall options- the floor-standing radiator is attached to the floor or stands autonomously on it.

Specifications:

• Working pressure indicators up to 15 atmospheres;
• Heating temperature of the outer case - up to 60 degrees;
• Heat carrier temperature - 110 C;
• Dimensions in length are up to 2 m, in average - 1 m in height.

They are made of cast iron, aluminum, steel, bimetals. Many of the models can be converted from wall to floor and vice versa using brackets.

Advantages:

1. Fire and injury-proof.
2. Uniform heating of the room.
3. A variety of shapes and sizes for the style of the interior and at the request of the buyer.
4. The use of copper in the heat exchanger improves the anti-corrosion properties and increases the service life.
5. Built-in electronic and automated control.
6. Profitability.
7. Installation is possible anywhere in the room where the hot water pipe is supplied.
8. Providing natural convection.
9. Built-in additional functions heat and clean the surrounding air.
10. Floor-standing heat exchanger - convenient option in rooms where there is no possibility of installing wall-mounted ones due to weight, or panoramic windows are installed.
11. Compact dimensions.
12. Increased heat transfer.
13. Resistance to mechanical stress.

Disadvantages:

1. Problems with installation are possible, since the installation of a floor radiator implies the supply of pipes hidden under the floor.
2. The cost with copper pipes and aluminum fins is quite high. Cast iron models are cheaper, but have less thermal conductivity. Steel floor models have low heat transfer.

A comfortable atmosphere in the bathroom, no dampness, bad smell, maintaining the optimum humidity level will ensure a properly installed radiator.

Divided by heating method and shape:

1. Hot water, heated by running water

They are connected to the heating system of the house in the same way as a conventional wall-mounted one. Additionally, it can be equipped with thermostats, with the help of which the required surface temperature is set.

It is recommended to use as an outer cover of the water unit stainless steel, copper or brass.

1. Electrical

It functions autonomously, a heating element is built-in inside, powered by a network. Ease of installation. It is not able to heat the entire area of ​​the bathroom, so it is advisable to use it in conjunction with other heaters, for example, with a warm floor system. In addition, this type is more expensive to maintain than the water type.

1. Combined: water and electric.

They are able to function from the heating system and from the network. The disadvantage is the cost. There are simple forms and design.

Depending on the material, a distinction is made between:

1. Cast iron.

Pros: increased heat dissipation, cheap price, good time service.

Cons: unattractive appearance. If the protective polymer layer is missing, the outer layer will peel off. paintwork and the battery will lose its appearance.

1. Steel.

Cons: susceptibility to corrosion, the occurrence of leaks over time, which, under strong water pressure, punch a hole.

1. Aluminum.

Pros: light weight, compact size, attractive appearance.

Cons: not suitable for a system with centralized heating, since they do not tolerate water hammer and coolant contaminated with sand and chemical impurities.

1. Bimetallic.

Pros: service life (up to 20 years), good performance heat transfer, resistance to water hammer and pressure drops.

Cons: cost.

1. Infrared.

Pros: Convenient attachment anywhere in the bathroom while maintaining useful area premises, the ability to regulate the temperature, heating objects in the room.

Cons: high cost.

The heating battery in the bathroom, regardless of type and shape, can be closed decorative panel... So the surface will not be exposed to external influences while the amount of radiated heat remains unchanged.

Radiator for apartment

V apartment buildings not every unit can be used effectively for many years.

It is necessary to take into account the features of the district heating system:

1. The coolant contains impurities in the form of various chemical impurities that can cause corrosion over time.
2. Hard grains of sand and other blockages act on the pipe walls over time, causing them to abrade.
3. The temperature of the water changes, as does the level of acidity.
4. Pressure surges cause divergence of the weld joints on the walls.

Selection options:

1. Specified by the manufacturer operating pressure in the unit exceeds the pressure in the heating system.
2. The heating device is resistant to water hammer.
3. The inner surface of the walls of the heat exchanger must be with a special protective coating protecting against chemical attack elements on top of each other, and the thickness of the walls must withstand the physical effects of clogging particles from the inside.
4. It is worth choosing with the greatest heat dissipation.
5. Duration of service life.
6. Exterior design.

Options suitable for installation in an apartment:

1. Bimetallic.

They are suitable for all the necessary parameters for installation and long-term service in an apartment of a multi-storey building. They withstand water shocks, the maximum working pressure is up to 50 atmospheres, internal and external treatment with a protective coating protects against corrosion and surface wear.

The light weight makes it easy to install, and the appearance is attractive in any interior. The only negative is expensive.

1. Cast iron.

Long service life, thick walls, resistance to corrosion, chemically passive material of such heat exchangers creates conditions for use in an apartment. Cast iron retains heat for a long time compared to other materials. Heating by radiation is more efficient than convection.

Good heat dissipation, affordable price, when draining water from the system, the inner surface does not rust. Cons - too large pressure surges, cast iron can not withstand, is heavy and creates inconvenience during installation.

Not suitable for installation in an apartment:

1. Steel.

They do not withstand the pressure characteristic of a centralized heating system, despite good heat transfer and economy of resource use.

1. Aluminum.

Aluminum corrodes quickly in combination with water with chemical impurities and its pH level, and does not withstand strong pressure in the heating system.

Bimetallic and cast iron are suitable. If the height of the house is more than five floors, and non-cast iron batteries were originally installed in the apartment, it is recommended to install bimetallic ones.

For the right choice heater in private house need to rely on following features autonomous heating system:

1. Unlike a centralized heating system, an autonomous one works at low pressure and without admixtures of chemicals.
2. Absence large drops pressure.
3. The acidity level of the water is relatively constant.

Before choosing, it is necessary to make an accurate calculation of the released thermal energy in accordance with the area of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe premises.

Should be considered heat losses buildings in order to correctly select the capacity. Important factors are its size, as well as the ratio of price and quality.

Peculiarities:

1. Steel.

Sectional and panel types provide an affordable option with good heat dissipation and attractive appearance... In a private house with large window openings allows you to block the access of cold air from the outside.

Steel tubulars are similar in positive characteristics but the price is higher.

Advantages of steel heat exchangers when used in a private house: light weight, convenient sizes, long term operation, efficiency and lack of oxidizability from low-quality coolant.

Cons: the need for constant filling with water to avoid corrosion, maintenance every three years to avoid blockages inside the battery, as well as sensitivity to mechanical stress.

1. Aluminum.

Due to its high heat output, the aluminum heat exchanger is suitable for an autonomous heating system. For a long service life, you need to monitor the pH level of the water.

When choosing this type of radiator, you need to make an accurate calculation of the area of ​​the room, otherwise there is a risk of temperature differences between the floor and the ceiling. Must be equipped with temperature, pressure and dirt filters.

1. Bimetallic.

The characteristics are suitable for use in a private house, but the cost is high. Insofar as autonomous system heating does not require resistance to powerful pressure surges and aggressive environment coolant can be found profitable option with the parameters necessary for a quality service.

The cost of a bimetallic radiator will pay off due to its long service life.

1. Cast iron.

Thanks to cast iron radiator cools slowly, you can save on fuel resources. Increased resistance to corrosion and strength in relation to low cost can provide a long service life, which is suitable for heating a private house.

Disadvantage - periodic maintenance, cleaning, painting is required, the need for a strong fastening of the cast-iron battery.

The types of heating devices are determined by their design, which determines the method of heat transfer (convective or radiative heat exchange may prevail) from outer surface devices into the room. There are six main types of heating appliances, radiators, panels, convectors, finned tubes, smooth tube appliances and air heaters.

By the nature of the outer surface, heating devices can be smooth (radiators, panels, smooth-tube devices - Appendix 9, A) and ribbed surfaces (convectors, finned tubes, air heaters - Appendix 9, B).

According to the material from which the heating devices are made, they distinguish between metal, combined and non-metallic devices.

Metal devices are made of cast iron (from gray cast iron) and steel (from sheet steel and steel pipes).

Combined devices use a concrete or ceramic array in which steel or cast iron heating elements (heating panels) are embedded, or ribbed steel pipes placed in a non-metallic (asbestos-cement) casing (convectors).

Non-metallic devices are concrete panels with embedded glass or plastic pipes or with voids without pipes at all, as well as porcelain and ceramic radiators.

In terms of height, all heating devices can be divided into high (more than 600 mm high), medium (400-600 mm) and low (<400 мм). Низкие приборы высотой менее 200 мм называются плинтусными.

Basically, the choice of the type of heating device depends on financial capabilities, on the required technical qualities of the heating device, on the quality of the product. An important role in the choice of heating equipment is its type, installation method and conditions in which it will need to function, as well as its appearance (Appendix 9, C).

Sectional cast iron radiators - widely used heating devices - are cast from gray cast iron in the form of separate sections and can be assembled into devices of various sizes by connecting the sections on the nipples with heat-resistant rubber gaskets. The main advantages of cast-iron sectional radiators are that they give off heat well and withstand relatively high pressure. The large diameter of the bore and low hydraulic resistance of most cast iron radiators allow them to be successfully used in systems with natural circulation. The disadvantages of cast-iron radiators are the laboriousness of installation, not the most attractive appearance and high thermal inertia.

The radiator gives off about 25% of the total amount of heat transmitted from the coolant to the room by radiation, and is called a radiator only by tradition. The panel is a device of a convective-radiation type of relatively shallow depth, which does not have gaps along the front. The panel transmits with radiation a slightly larger part of the heat flux than the radiator, however, only the ceiling panel can be attributed to radiation-type devices (emitting more than 50% of the total amount of heat by radiation). The heating panel can have a smooth, slightly ribbed or wavy surface, columnar or serpentine channels for the coolant.

Aluminum sectional radiators have very good heat dissipation, low weight and attractive design. The disadvantages include the fact that they are susceptible to corrosion, which is enhanced by the presence of galvanic pairs of aluminum with other metals in the heating system.

Bimetallic sectional radiators (having an aluminum body and a steel pipe through which the coolant moves) combine the advantages of aluminum radiators - high heat transfer, low weight, good appearance and, in addition, under certain conditions, have a higher corrosion resistance and are usually designed for more pressure in the heating system. Their main disadvantage is the high price. Due to the fact that these radiators are able to withstand high pressure, they can be used in city apartments.

Columnar radiators are two separately manufactured collectors (upper and lower), interconnected by vertical "columns".

Convectors are a casing with a structure of metal tubes, on which there are fins in the form of pressed-on or welded-on plates. Column and panel devices, as well as convectors, are manufactured in a range of sizes, which allows you to choose a model with optimal (for a particular room) power characteristics.

Steel panel radiators are most often used for individual heating. Steel panel radiators have low thermal inertia, which means that they are easier to automatically control the room temperature with. They are so widespread due to their relatively low cost and many options for height, length, depth and thermal power. In accordance with Russian SNiP, the pressure during testing of heating devices must exceed the operating pressure by 1.5 times, which occurs before the start of each heating season during pressure testing of heating systems.

Modern heaters designed for installation in bathrooms and hallways are the most numerous in terms of the number of offered models, sizes, colors and their combinations.

For rooms with special requirements for air purity, for example, hospital wards, radiators are offered with the ability to easily clean them from dust, which are parallel panels with free space between them. There are also devices, fixings and connections to the heating system of which allow you to fold the existing radiator from the wall to clean the rear wall of dust.