When choosing a processor from Intel, the question arises: which chip from this corporation to choose? Processors have many characteristics and parameters that affect their performance. And in accordance with it and some features of the microarchitecture, the manufacturer gives the appropriate name. Our task is to shed light on this issue. In this article, you will learn what exactly the names of Intel processors mean, and also learn about the microarchitecture of chips from this company.

indication

It should be noted in advance that solutions before 2012 will not be considered here, since technology is moving at a rapid pace and these chips have too little performance with high power consumption, and they are also difficult to buy in new condition. Also, server solutions will not be considered here, since they have a specific scope and are not intended for the consumer market.

Attention, the nomenclature set out below may not be valid for processors older than the period indicated above.

And also if you have any difficulties, you can visit the site. And read this article, which talks about. And if you want to know about integrated graphics from Intel, then you.

tick-tock

Intel has a special strategy for releasing its "stones", called Tick-Tock (Tick-Tock). It consists of annual consistent improvements.

• A tick means a change in microarchitecture, which leads to a change in socket, improved performance and optimization of power consumption.
• This means that it leads to a decrease in power consumption, the possibility of placing a larger number of transistors on a chip, a possible increase in frequencies and an increase in cost.

This is what this strategy looks like for desktop and laptop models:

TICK-TOK MODEL FOR DESKTOP PROCESSORS

MICROARCHITECRURE	STAGE	OUTPUT	TECHNICAL PROCESS
Nehalem	So	2009	45 nm
Westmere	Teak	2010	32 nm
Sandy Bridge	So	2011	32 nm
Ivy Bridge	Teak	2012	22 nm
Haswell	So	2013	22 nm
Broadwell	Teak	2014	14 nm
skylake	So	2015	14 nm
Kaby Lake	So+	2016	14 nm

But for low-power solutions (smartphones, tablets, netbooks, nettops), the platforms look like this:

MICROARCHITECTURE OF MOBILE PROCESSORS

CATEGORY	PLATFORM	CORE	TECHNICAL PROCESS
Netbooks/Nettops/Notebooks	Braswell	airmont	14 nm
	Bay Trail D/M	Silvermont	22 nm
Top tablets	Willow Trail	Goldmont	14 nm
	cherry trail	airmont	14 nm
	Bay Tral-T	Silvermont	22 nm
	Clower Trail	Satwell	32 nm
Top/Medium Smartphones/Tablets	morganfield	Goldmont	14 nm
	moorefield	Silvermont	22 nm
	Merrifield	Silvermont	22 nm
	Clower Trail+	Satwell	32 nm
	Medfield	Satwell	32 nm
Medium/budget smartphones/tablets	Binghamton	airmont	14 nm
	riverton	airmont	14 nm
	Slayton	Silvermont	22 nm

It should be noted that Bay Trail-D is made for desktops: Pentium and Celeron with index J. And Bay Trail-M for is a mobile solution and will also be designated among Pentium and Celeron by its letter - N.

Judging by the company's latest trends, performance itself is progressing quite slowly, while energy efficiency (performance per unit of energy consumed) is growing year by year, and look soon laptops will have the same powerful processors as large PCs (although such representatives exists now).

The main elements of any drawing are lines. To make the drawing more expressive and understandable for reading, it is performed in different lines, the outline and purpose of which are established by the state standard for all industries and construction.
Images of objects in the drawing are a combination of different types of lines.

Each drawing is recommended to be pre-made with solid thin lines. After checking the correctness of the shape, dimensions, as well as the layout of the resulting image and removing all auxiliary lines, the drawing is outlined with lines of various styles and thicknesses according to GOST 3456 - 59. Each of these lines has its own purpose.

solid thick main line accepted for the original. Its thickness S should be selected in the range from 0.6 to 1.5 mm. It is selected depending on the size and complexity of the image, the format and purpose of the drawing. Based on the thickness of the solid thick main line, the thickness of the remaining lines is selected, provided that for each type of line within one drawing it will be the same in all images.

DRAWING RULES

(FORMAT, FRAME, MAIN LABEL ON THE DRAWINGS)

Drawings are performed on sheets of certain sizes established by GOST. This facilitates their storage, creates other conveniences.

Sheet formats are determined by the size of the outer frame (drawn with a thin line).

Each drawing has a border that limits the area of ​​the drawing. The frame is drawn with solid main lines: on three sides - at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame, and on the left - at a distance of 20 mm; a wide strip is left for filing the drawing.

A format with side dimensions of 841x1189 mm, the area of ​​​​which is 1m 2, and other formats obtained by their sequential division into two equal parts parallel to the smaller side of the corresponding format, h are taken as the main ones. The smaller format is usually A4 (Fig. 1), its dimensions are 210x297 mm. Most often, you will use the A4 format in educational practice. If necessary, it is allowed to use the A5 format with side dimensions of 148x210 mm.

Each designation corresponds to a certain size of the main format. For example, format. A3 corresponds to sheet size 297x420 mm.

Below are the designations and sizes of the main formats.

Format designation Format side size” mm

In addition to the main ones, additional formats are allowed. They are obtained by increasing the short sides of the main formats by a multiple of the A4 size.

The main inscription containing information about the depicted product is placed on the drawings.

In the drawings, in the lower right corner, there is a main inscription containing information about the depicted product. Its form, dimensions and content are established by the standard. On educational school drawings, the main inscription is made in the form of a rectangle with sides of 22x145 mm (Fig. 2a). A sample of the completed title block is shown in Figure 2b

Production drawings, performed on A4 sheets, are placed only vertically, and the main inscription on them is only along the short side. In drawings of other formats, the title block can be placed along both the long and short sides.

As an exception, on A4 training drawings, the main inscription is allowed to be placed both along the long side and along the short side (Fig. 3).

Fig.3

Section arrangement

Depending on the location of the section, they are divided into extended and superimposed. Detailed Sections are called those that are located outside the contour of the images

Superimposed sections are called those that are located directly on the views

Remote sections should be preferred over superimposed ones, since the latter obscure the drawing and are inconvenient for dimensioning.

The outline of the exploded section is outlined by a solid main line of the same thickness S as the visible outline of the image. The contour of the superimposed section is outlined with a solid thin line (from S / 3 to S / 2).

The superimposed section is placed in the place where the cutting plane passed, directly on the very view to which it belongs, that is, as if superimposed on the image.

An exploded section can be placed anywhere in the drawing field. It can be placed directly on the continuation of the section line (Fig. 15).

Or away from that line. The removed section can be placed in a place intended for one of the views (see Fig. 13), as well as in a gap between parts of the same view (Fig. 16) For asymmetric superimposed sections, the section line is drawn with arrows, but not with letters designate (Fig. 14).

Section designation

turned O, that is, A-AO.

TICKET #4

1. Tell us about the features of the drawing font
2. What is called an incision? How is it different from a section? List the types of cuts

Capital letters

Lower case

TICKET #5

1. Tell us about the features of the application and scale designation on engineering and construction drawings
2. Define a local species, tell us about its purpose
3. Based on the two given views, build a third view by applying the necessary cuts. Draw a technical drawing of the part

TICKET #6

1. Show the division of the circle into 3, 6, 12 equal parts using a compass, ruler and squares
2. Types of section designations in the drawing
3. Based on the two given views, build a third view by applying the necessary cuts. Draw a technical drawing of the part

Exposed section.

The contour of the rendered section is outlined with a solid thick line of the same thickness as the line adopted for the visible contour of the image. If the section is taken out, then, as a rule, an open line is drawn, two thickened strokes, and arrows indicating the direction of view. From the outside of the arrows, the same capital letters are applied. Above the section, the same letters are written through a dash with a thin line below. If the section is a symmetrical figure and is located on the continuation of the section line (dash-dotted line), then no designations are applied.

Superimposed section.

The contour of the superimposed section is a solid thin line (S/2 - S/3), and the contour of the view at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted. The superimposed section is usually not indicated. But if the section is not a symmetrical figure, strokes of an open line and arrows are drawn, but letters are not applied.

Section designation

The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line - an open line, which is drawn in the form of separate strokes that do not intersect the contour of the corresponding image. The thickness of the strokes is taken in the range from $ to 1 1/2 S, and their length is from 8 to 20 mm. On the initial and final strokes, perpendicular to them, at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke, put arrows indicating the direction of view. At the beginning and end of the section line, they put the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet. The letters are applied near the arrows indicating the direction of view from the outside, fig. 12. An inscription is made over the section according to the type A-A. If the section is in a gap between parts of the same type, then with a symmetrical figure, the section line does not pass R4. The section can be rotated, then the symbol A-A must be added to the inscription

turned O, that is, A-AO.

TICKET #7

1. Show how to build a pentagon and a decagon
2. Name the features of incision detection on an axonometric image
3. Based on the two given views, build a third view by applying the necessary cuts. Draw a technical drawing of the part

TICKET #8

1. Pair obtuse, right, and acute corners
2. What are detachable and non-detachable connections? Types of detachable connections
3. Based on the two given views, build a third view by applying the necessary cuts. Draw a technical drawing of the part

TICKET #9

1. What are the main methods of projection. Give examples of central and rectangular projection in real life practice
2. List the rules for depicting threads in drawings (on a rod and in a hole)

1. What are the main methods of projection. Give examples of central and rectangular projection from life practice.

The image of objects in the drawings is obtained by projection.

Projection is the process of constructing an image of an object on a plane. The resulting image is called the projection of the object. The word “projection” itself is Latin, meaning “thrown forward, into the distance”. Something similar to projection can be observed by considering the shadow cast by an object on the surface of a wall or floor when the object is illuminated by a light source.

Let us take an arbitrary point A in space and any plane H at some point a, then:

Point A - the projected point of the object - is indicated in capital letters

Point a - the projection of point A onto the back plane H - is indicated by lowercase letters

H - projection plane

Line A is the projected beam.

The projection center is the point from which the projection is made.

The object of projection is the object being depicted.

Distinguish between central and parallel projection.

With central projection, all projecting rays come from one point - the center of projection, located at a certain distance from the projection plane.

Central projection is often referred to as perspective. Examples of central projection are photographs, movie frames, shadows cast by the rays of an electric light bulb, etc. Central projections are used when drawing from nature, in construction drawing. In engineering drawings, central projections are not used.

With parallel projection, all projecting beams are parallel to each other. An example of a parallel projection can be considered conditionally solar shadows of objects.

It is easier to build an image of objects in a parallel projection than in a central one. In drawing, such projections are used as visual representations. In parallel projection, all rays fall on the projection plane at the same angle. If this angle is acute, then the projection is called oblique, if the angle is 90 o, the projection is called rectangular.

Rectangular projection is the main one. Drawings in the system of rectangular projections have a number of advantages. They give more complete information about the shape and size of the object.

TICKET #10

1. Name the types of drawing and their corresponding projections
2. Tell us about the similarities and differences between assembly and working drawings
3. Based on the two given views, build a third view or draw the missing lines in the drawing. Draw a technical drawing of the part

ANSWER:

TICKET #11

1. What is an axonometric projection? What types of axonometric projection are used to visualize an object?
2. Identify the difference between an engineering drawing and a construction drawing

TICKET #12

1. Tell us about the features of the technical drawing. How does it differ from an axonometric image?
2. List the basic requirements for choosing ways to depict parts in a drawing. Selecting the main view. Determining the necessary and sufficient number of images to identify the structural shape of the part
3. Complete the front view with the missing lines. Perform an isometric view of the part

Ticket number 1

1. List the main lines of the drawing. Specify the features of their style in accordance with the state standard
2. Make axonometric images of flat figures (optional)
3. Based on the two given views, construct a third view by applying the necessary cuts. Draw a technical drawing of the part

ANSWER:

MAIN LINES OF THE DRAWING, FEATURES OF THEIR OUTLINE IN

Drawings are made in accordance with GOST 2.303 - 68

HTML table code, examples

Name	inscription	Thickness lines, mm	main purpose
Solid thick (basic)		s = 0.5...1.4	Visible contour lines; transition lines visible; section contour lines; (outgoing and incoming; in the section)
Solid thin		from S/3 to s/2	Extension and dimension lines; Contour lines of superimposed section; hatching lines; callout lines, leader line shelves; transition lines are imaginary; border lines details (furnishings); extension limit lines elements.
Solid wavy		from S/3 to s/2	Picture break line view boundary lines and cut.
dashed		from S/3 to s/2	Hidden line transition lines of an invisible contour.
Dash-dot thin		from S/3 to s/2	Centerlines and lines of symmetry
Dash-dot with two dots		from S/3 to s/2	Fold lines on reamers lines for depicting parts products in extreme or intermediate positions; lines for the scan image, combined with the view.
Solid thin with kinks		from S/3 to s/2	Long break lines.
Dash-dot thickened		S/2 to (2/3)S	Lines denoting surfaces to be heat treated or coating; lines for depicting elements, located in front of the secant plane ("superimposed projection").

It is necessary to strive so that the mark drawing lines of the same type was the same for all drawing images

dashed strokes drawing lines must touch the lines of the visible contour.
With a sharp change in the direction of the dashed line drawing lines strokes should touch each other.
Dash-dotted drawing lines should be intersected by long strokes. GOST 2.303 - 68 * establishes the styles and main purposes of lines in the drawings of all industries and construction (table) The thickness of a solid thick main line S should be 0.5 ... 1.4 mm, depending on the size and complexity of the image, as well as on the format of the drawing. The selected line thicknesses must be the same for all images in this drawing.
When making educational drawings, it must be borne in mind that the ease of use of the drawing largely depends on the correct use of lines for their intended purpose, the correct choice of their thicknesses, and the high-quality execution of dashed and dash-dotted lines.
The strokes of the dash-dotted line must be of the same length. The gaps between the strokes are also left the same. Dash-dotted lines end with dashes. The center of the circle in all cases is determined by the intersection of the strokes.

For fitting and installation work, special devices are often required that allow you to make high-precision products. For the exact location of the surfaces to be joined, their straightness and flatness, straightedges are used.

Varieties of rulers

Depending on their purpose, they are divided into:

1. Lekalnye.
2. Rulers with special wide surfaces.

According to the method of manufacture, they are:

1. With double-sided bevel (LD). The length of such a tool can vary from 25 to 500 mm.
2. With a trihedral section (LT). They are 200 and 320 mm long.
3. With a tetrahedral section (LC). Are issued with length 200, 320, 500 mm.

The use of a curved tool to check the straightness of the product is carried out in the light, that is, using a light gap. In another way, this method is called the slot method.

To use this method, it is necessary to attach the sharp edge of the tool to the surface to be checked so that the light source is behind it and the part. It should be placed vertically at eye level. In this case, it is necessary to control the clearance in different places of the tool, between it and the surface of the product.

When using the trace method, the working edge of the ruler is used, which must be drawn over a clean surface to be checked. In this case, straightness is judged by the remaining trace: an even trace indicates the presence of a flat surface, and an intermittent one indicates flaws in the part.

Tool with a wide working surface depending on the application, it can be produced with different types of sections:

1. Rectangular (SHP).
2. I-beams (SHD).
3. In the form of a bridge (BM).
4. Angular trihedral (UT).

Tools with a wide working surface ШП, ШД, ШМ are divided into three classes depending on the purpose: 0,1,2. Corner trihedral rulers have two classes: 1 and 2.

When carrying out high-precision work, a tool of 0 and 1 classes is used. When carrying out installation work that requires normal accuracy, class 2 rulers are used.

Tools of this type are used to check flatness and straightness by paint or linear deviations. To measure linear deviations, the tool is placed on the surface of the product or two identical measuring tiles. Using a probe, measure the resulting gap between the ruler and the product.

You can also use the tissue paper strips that are under the measuring tool. Measure deviations from straightness in this case, according to the pressing force of the strips at the moment of removing one of them.

Definition for paint

Carrying out a paint test, it is necessary to cover the working surface of the ruler with red lead or soot and put the ruler on the surface of the product to be checked. For measurement accuracy, the ruler is moved with smooth movements without pressure on the surface of the product.

Next, the ruler should be carefully removed from the surface and look at the location and number of spots. We can talk about a high-quality product and good flatness with a uniform arrangement of spots on the surface of the product.

In this case, a square measuring 25 by 25 mm is taken as a unit of measurement. You can judge the high flatness of the product by the large number of spots on this square.

Application of surface plates

It is not always possible to check the wide surfaces of products with rulers. For this purpose, calibration plates with a method of checking for paint are used. Plates are used mainly for carrying out control work at industrial enterprises.

Slabs are made of fine-grained gray cast iron. Plates are divided into four classes according to the accuracy of the working surface. The first three classes are used to check products.. The fourth class of plates is used as a marking material.

The method of working with plates is similar to the method of working with a ruler by checking for paint. The slabs must be handled with care so that they give accurate measurements. This tool must be protected from impact, dirt and scratches. After work, the tool is cleaned with a clean rag, lubricated with petroleum jelly, turpentine or mineral oil. When placing the instrument in storage, it is covered with a wooden shield.

Buying a product

You can buy curved rulers for checking the plane in tool stores or find more cost-effective offers on the websites of construction companies.

The price of such a product will depend on the performance, material of manufacture of the tool and the manufacturer. Large trading companies offer their customers a wide range of tools placed in the catalog on the site.

The price for various models varies from 1,000 rubles to 22,500 rubles. The buyer can choose a product, order its delivery and, if necessary, get detailed advice from the manager on the site.

Line is the main element of the drawing. For the design of drawing and graphic documentation, depending on the main purpose of the lines (GOST 2.303-68), their corresponding styles and thickness are established (Table 5).

The thickness of all types of lines is set in relation to the thickness of the solid main line s, which, in turn, depending on the size and complexity of the image, as well as on the format of the drawing, should be in the range from 0.6 to 1.5 mm. The recommended thickness of a solid main line is about 1 mm.

The thickness of the solid thin, wavy, dashed and dash-dotted lines is equal to s/3 to s/2. The length of the strokes in the dashed line is assumed to be 2-8 mm, the distance between them is 1-2 mm. The length of the strokes in the dash-dotted line should be from 5 to 30 mm, the distance between them is 3-5 mm and in the middle is a dot (or a short stroke no more than 1 mm long). The size of the strokes in dashed and dash-dotted lines is selected from the size of the image: the longer the line, the longer the stroke.

Note that the dash-dotted lines used as center lines must intersect each other with long strokes (Fig. 7). The dash-dotted line used as the center line of a circle with a diameter of less than 12 mm is recommended to be replaced by a solid thin line. The strokes (also the spaces between them) should be approximately the same length. Axial and center lines should go beyond the contours of the part by 2-5 mm. An example of the use of lines in the drawing is shown in fig. eight.

Table 5

Line types and their purpose

Name	inscription	Line thickness	Main purpose
Solid core			Visible contour lines; transition lines visible; contour lines of the section, taken out and included in the section
Solid thin		from s/3 to s/2	Contour lines of superimposed section; dimension and extension lines; hatching lines; leader lines; leader line shelves and label underlining
Solid wavy		from s/3 to s/2	break lines; view and section lines
dashed		from s/3 to s/2	Lines of an invisible contour; invisible transition lines
Dash-dot thin		from s/3 to s/2	Axial and center lines; section lines that are axes of symmetry for superimposed or extended sections
Dash-dot thickened		from s/2 to 2 s/3	Lines indicating surfaces to be heat treated; lines for depicting elements located in front of the cutting plane
open circuit		from s until 3 s/2	Section lines
Solid thin with a break		from s/3 to s/2	Long break lines
Dash-dotted thin with two dots		from s/3 to s/2	Fold lines on reamers; lines for depicting products in extreme or intermediate positions; lines for the image of the development, combined with the view

Fig.8 An example of using lines in a drawing