The history of the language can explain a lot. For example, why do we bow: she, him, him, him or her, her, etc., and in speech we sometimes add the sound [n] to these forms; ¦ Approached him (cf .: gave him), went after them (cf .: forgotten by them), talked with her (cf .: bought by her), etc. "I came to him", "talked with them" - so they say people unfamiliar with the norms of the literary language. When does the initial appear and where does it come from? Observe the pronouns, and you will see that k appears after the prepositions: from them, to him, with her, for neither
mi, around them, in front of her, in the middle of them ... But not after all the pretexts. After prepositions thanks, according to, in spite of, towards the sound [n] does not appear.
Several centuries ago, at that time, the story about which usually begins with the words lived-were, the prepositions in, to and with had the following form: vn, kn, sn, that is, consisted of three sounds (like ours under, over): two consonants and one special, weakened, that is, a kind of "voiceless" vowel - ъ (bi-shaped sound). Linguists find the ancient appearance of these prepositions even in some words now. So, the word inside is associated by origin with the noun womb, and the verb to suggest comes from the word ear. The Old Russian look of these words - inside (that is, ‘in the womb’) and inward (that is, ‘in ears’) - well shows how the preposition (prefix) in - in. And then they wrote: vn her, kn him, snatch them. And then the prepositions became simpler, gradually acquired a modern form: first v, k, s, later v, k, s. After all, even now we know prepositions for which one or two sounds (letters) either disappear or reappear - without and without, above - it is necessary, o - about - about, etc.
The final n of the preposition was so easily and firmly connected with the initial vowel of the pronoun that in the end it began to be recognized as part of these pronouns, began to begin pronouns when they stood after the prepositions.
The initial k of pronouns feels its old kinship with the preposition and appears when there is a preposition in front of the pronoun. There is no pretext - there is no this n.
Until now, we have talked about only three prepositions - v, k, s. Only these prepositions had at the end n. After other prepositions, n began to appear in pronouns by analogy.
Before prepositions thanks, according to, in spite of others, it is not because they were formed relatively recently from other parts of speech and these prepositions have not yet been extended by the law of analogy.
Look again carefully at the table of the declension of the 3rd person pronouns in the textbook. What is common between the stems of the nominative and indirect cases? The indirect cases also have something in common - e or and the initial, and the nominative case is completely about
separately. Related words must have a common part, the root of the word, for example, table - capital, table, etc. And here? Is there at least one letter in common between the words he and him or them, the pronouns she and her, her, her? It seems that the nominative case is not associated with indirect ones. But they are considered forms of the same word. Is it a mystery again?
Again, the history of language explains this phenomenon to us.
In the Old Russian language, to indicate the person in question, demonstrative pronouns were used - and (for masculine gender), I * (for feminine), e (for neuter), the indirect cases of which (him, him, her, etc. .) have survived to this day. But even these pronouns did not completely satisfy our ancestors. You can easily notice that, for example, the masculine nominative case coincided with the conjunction and, the feminine nominative case I- with the 1st person personal pronoun I.
To avoid confusion, so that you can understand each other as soon as possible, instead of and, I, e began to use the nominative case of another (demonstrative) pronoun - he (she, it); this demonstrative was meaningful and inflected, like the pronoun one:
And he
R. onom D. onomu T. onym P. on onom
Thus, two completely different bases arose: the nominative case - from one demonstrative pronoun - he, she, it, indirect - from others, from the old and, i, e:
And he
R. his D. him
And what happened to the forms of the indirect cases of the demonstrative pronoun he (she, it) when the nominative case left them? For a long time they were still used in their basic, indicative meaning, gradually leaving speech, but some have survived to this day. We still say: at the time of it, at the time of ona (these forms were distinguished by stress), the given citizen (in an ironic sense), etc.

We will also find many "riddles" in the declensions of adjectives, in the "addition" of parts of speech. You've probably already noticed that the case endings of adjectives (like blue) are very similar to the indirect cases of the 3rd person pronouns:
R. blue-blue D. blue-blue-blue T. blue-blue
What unites adjectives and pronouns?
In modern Russian, quality adjectives are both complete and short. So it was in the Old Russian language, only there short adjectives were used much more often than now. They not only changed in gender and number, but also inclined (for example, in the masculine gender):
I. good fellow R. good fellow D. good fellow etc.
Compare the frozen ones that have turned into stable combinations: in the world, on bare feet, in broad daylight, small is smaller, etc. I must also say that in the feminine gender short adjectives ended in a (good), on average - in o (good ). Short adjectives were also possible in those cases when now we use only full ones, for example: stone, stone, stone; wooden, wooden, wooden. Therefore, we read in the ancient Russian monuments: we take a stone, laying the city wooden, it’s already winter time, etc.
In ancient times, short adjectives denoted a certain common feature: a good fellow meant generally the kindness of a fellow (the adjective good then meant: good, suitable). If it was necessary to indicate that not some in general, but a certain, already well-known, this fellow is kind, then the personal demonstrative pronoun of the 3rd person was added to the short adjective (it has already been said about them) and (masculine) , i (feminine), e (neuter). These one-letter pronouns roughly corresponded to our this, this, this.
Thus, the following correspondence was obtained:

kind + and (man) -'this kind person "kind + me (girl) -‘ this kind girl ’kind -j-e (heart) -'this kind heart’ *
Full adjectives were formed:
in the masculine gender: kind - \ - and = kind in the feminine gender: kind - \ - I = kind in the neuter: good + e-good
It was the same in indirect cases:
R. good + his = good D. good + him - good, etc.
As you can see, complete adjectives were formed simply, but the method itself was cumbersome. Therefore, various phonetic changes and simplifications soon began. Instead of the initial good, blue, good, blue, kind, blue, etc., it became good, blue, kind, blue, kind, blue, etc.
This is what came out of the addition of the two parts of speech.
WHAT DOES MOTHER WORK?
(response to the letter)
And the letter was interesting:
"... I read the poems of S. Mikhalkov" What do you have? ":
... our mother is taking flight,
Because our mom is called a pilot.
Vova answered from the ladder: Mom, is she a pilot?
What's wrong with that!
Kolya, for example,
Mom is a policeman.
And Tolya and Vera have both mothers - engineers.
And Lyova's mother is a cook ... -
and thought about a strange thing, which for some reason had not paid attention to before: the words of the masculine gender, the pilot, pilot, policeman, cook call moms, that is, women. Why do we say without difficulty: a teacher is a teacher, a pioneer is a pioneer, a weaver is a weaver, you can
even say a pilot is a pilot, but here's an engineer - how to say about a woman: “engineer”, “engineer”, “engineer”? Does not work. With Pushkin, the weaver and the cook are still equal in rights, but the modern poet no longer writes. Lyova's mother is a cook. Sometimes it comes to the ridiculous: we say a milkmaid - a milkmaid, but a shepherd. The word shepherd has a different meaning. There are words “technician”, “electrician”, but words “technician”, “electric train” do not denote women of the corresponding specialty. A mill is not a woman miller, and a craftswoman is not a woman in the position of a foreman.
Those who have read "Yurt of the Crow" by I. Efremov probably remember the conversation between the old worker Fomin and the geologist Aleksandrov.
Fomin frowned, sighed and, to turn the conversation around, asked: Your wife, does she also work as a geologist?
- Yes, - Aleksandrov smiled, - a real geologist! How did you say - a geologist? Fomin asked.
-I learned to call it from the students. I like it and,
seems to be so correct.
-Why is it more correct? Yes, because in tsarist times women did not have professions and all specialties were named in the masculine gender, for men. Women were left with diminutive, I think, semi-contemptuous names: student, typist, medic. And we still breathe old vestiges, we say: a doctor, a geologist, an engineer, an agronomist. There are almost as many female specialists as there are men, and the result is linguistic nonsense: an agronomist went into the field, a doctor performed an operation, or you have to add: a woman doctor, a woman geologist, like a second-class specialist, or something ... , Kirill Grigorievich! It never crossed my mind ... Not me, but the youth teaches us. They have the right instinct: they call a geologist, an agronomine, a doctorate, a chauffeur.
Are the heroes of the story doing the right thing? And when will language reflect gender equality achieved in life?
In addition, I have a number of specific questions: When declaring gratitude to women in orders (even on the occasion of March 8), some business leaders write: Announce gratitude to the cashier, salesperson, class teacher ... Can you avoid this? At one solemn meeting, they honored the shop assistant and spoke about her: Mother, toiler, com
moonlit adjuster Ivanova ... Isn't it better simply: a hard worker, a communist?
At the reader's conference, the speaker talked about the author for almost an hour, and then it turned out that the book was written by a woman. Is it convenient to say the doctor made the diagnosis (of course, about the woman)? And what if a surname is combined with the word doctor: did the doctor Petrov make or made a diagnosis?
There are many such facts. Do they not indicate some imperfection or poverty of our language? .. "
The letter touches upon an interesting and at the same time very complex linguistic problem. It is difficult because various factors collide and interact contradictory here: semantic, grammatical
(morphological and syntactic), derivational and stylistic. The letter subtly notes and aptly identifies one of the widespread phenomena of the modern Russian language. Doubts, bewilderments and various proposals in this regard have been expressed for a long time. So, back in the middle of the XIX century. one journalist asked: “I don’t know why we don’t have the word friend, that is, a female friend ... This is not a friend at all, a girlfriend, a girlfriend who blows youthfulness on us, and a friend is not like a man. Friend ... could be the most honorable of all titles of a woman and even a girl ... we have female names: princess, heroine, goddess from male prince, hero and god (pagan). Why not be different from the word friend? " Famous journalist and philologist of the 19th century. N. Grech in his "Readings on the Russian language" noted: "It is curious that in the Russian language the name friend is used only in the masculine gender: apparently, our old people did not really believe in female friendship."
Words like druginya appeared at different times among writers, for example, among Pushkin. The word geologist. common among geologists, it was picked up by young writers. From time to time, other images emerge.
vaniya, and yet the language does not accept them - it does not, it would seem, contrary to all reasonable arguments. We say: "This milkmaid is a Hero of Socialist Labor," although the language has long had a corresponding feminine word - heroine. There appeared such designations of professions as the master of the heating unit (although the language contains the words stoker and stoker), etc.
This phenomenon has been studied in detail by linguists relatively recently. And this is understandable: the problem itself arose only in the 20-30s of the XX century. The social non-linguistic reasons for the phenomenon are clear: a sharp change in the social status of women, their wide participation in all spheres of activity, their mastery of a huge number of previously exclusively "male" professions. This could not but affect the language system, since the new content required new forms of expression for itself.
There were three possibilities in the language system: to prescribe a strict grammatical agreement to the speakers - a doctor came (even when it comes to a woman); to prefer semantic agreement - the doctor has come; use suffix word formation, find a suffix that would “translate” a word from masculine to feminine, that is, would give the word a feminine form: doctor + feminine suffix - came.
Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, its own pros and cons.
The first is good for the severity of the formal grammatical agreement - the masculine gender of the noun and the verb. The bad thing is that it contains a semantic inconsistency: a woman is spoken of as a man.
The second method eliminates the semantic inconsistency, but leaves the grammatical one - the masculine gender of the noun and the feminine gender of the verb. In other words, both ways involve a contradiction between grammar and meaning, between form and content.
It would seem that the most natural way to designate women by their professions is the third way - the way of suffix word formation, especially since the speakers have a large selection of suffixes at their disposal: -k (a) -graduate student; -its (a) - barmaid; -nits (a) - teacher;

Their (a) is a weaver; -sh (a) - cashier; -n (a) - princess; -in (i) - countess; -ess (a) - poetess; -is (a) - actress; -in (a) - cousin, etc. I. the language seems to be trying, trying to follow this path. Dozens of words formed with the help of these suffixes can be cited: student, athlete, drummer, swimmer, musicians, geologist, poet, headmistress, etc. This tendency is characteristic of colloquial speech.
Why, after all, in practice - linguists have no doubt about this now - the second method won out?
Let's talk about the shortcomings of the suffix method first. Among the "wife" suffixes, there are many unproductive or unproductive, that is, with their help, words are now almost (or not at all) formed. It was possible, of course, to use productive ones, for example -k (a) or -ic (a). But productive suffixes are extremely polysemantic; they form the names of women not only by profession: Komsomol member, neighbor, passenger, dinamovka, Georgian woman, front-line woman, Muscovite, aristocrat; singer, martyr, mistress, colonel and many others. In words with the suffixes -ш (a), -ih (a), the meaning of 'the wife of the person named by the motivating word' comes to the fore: the general's wife, the merchant's wife, and in words with the suffix -its (a) the main meaning is 'female animal': bear, fox, etc. Finally, almost all suffixes are stylistically colored and form words with expressive-stylistic coloring, for example, reduced, colloquial: doctor, headmistress, or give the word tasteless pretentiousness: editor, critic.
In short, these suffixes still had to be semantically and stylistically adapted. In addition, none of the suffixes can pretend to be an absolute indicator of the "female profession" suitable for all words. Paradoxical as it may seem, it is difficult to choose a suffix here precisely because there are many suffixes - a typical "difficulty from excess". There were other "intralingual" reasons, which cannot be described on the pages of this book. Let's just say that throughout the history of the Russian language, in those cases when a conflict between meaning and grammar arose, meaning prevailed. Wed, for example, masculine words with feminine endings: voivode, lord, judge, etc. The judge came, it would seem, as strange as the Doctor came, but we are used to it.

A few words about the advantages of the second method. The grammatical-semantic contradiction is partly removed by the fact that the masculine gender here is not determined by gender. This category of the genus itself develops, changes its character. After all, when we say a cook or a doctor, the image of a man does not necessarily appear in our minds. We are already accustomed to this grammatical convention. A teacher is required - everyone understands that a man is not required. Another thing is also important: a feature of the type of speech in which these words are mainly used - scientific and business functional styles. The hero of A. Rybakov - Krosh, talking about his holidays, recalls: “I went to a sporting goods store. On the door there is a poster: "Citizens are buyers, you are served by the students of the trade school." It would be more correct to write "pupils". Almost all the saleswomen in the store are girls, pretty pretty. " The further the word is from the scientific and business sphere, from the book speech, the closer to the everyday sphere, the more likely a feminine correspondence is, and vice versa. Therefore, an athlete, a pioneer, a skier, etc. is possible. But there is no female correspondence for the words author, academician, minister, resident, oncologist, sociologist, power engineer, etc. We are not talking about specifically female professions (there are no masculine words): typist, manicurist , nurse, etc.
Let's briefly answer the questions posed in the letter. Cashier, salesperson, classroom teacher - the exact designations of professions, quite appropriate (and even legal) in an official speech, in a document. The masculine gender (worker, communist) gives the expression a certain solemnity, stylistic elation. A hard worker, a communist is appropriate in colloquial, but not in business, journalistic styles. In a strict business or scientific speech, it is recommended to say The doctor made the diagnosis, even when it comes to a woman doctor. If a proper name is used here, the predicate agrees with it, that is, Doctor Petrova made a diagnosis. Not a leader, but a mistress - does the grammatical opposition complement the semantic contrast and wuxi? enhances the stylistic expressiveness of the entire phrase. And in general, the appearance of subtle semantic and stylistic differences in such forms is not impoverishment,
but, on the contrary, the enrichment of the language. Failure to understand these differences, preference in all cases of one thing can really lead to impoverishment of speech.

Pronoun- this is independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their number), but does not name them: you, they, so much... Pronouns answer noun questions who? what?, adjectives which? whose? and numerals how?: I am laughing my sister, several horses.

Morphological and syntactic features of the pronoun depend on which part of speech in this case it replaces.

The categories of pronouns.

Ranks of pronouns differ by lexical and grammatical characteristics.

By lexical characteristics pronouns are:

• personal pronouns: me, you, he, she, it, we, you, they... Personal pronouns indicate participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.

• possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, theirs, theirs, his, hers... Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or something: my house, your bed.

• demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so much, and outdated this and this... As you might guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or characteristic of an object: this closet, so many hands.

• reflexive pronoun: myself... This pronoun means that a person or object that acts as a subject is identical to another person or object (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.

• interrogative pronouns: what, who, who, what, whose, how much... These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, signs or quantities: Who's come? What are the students? How many are there?

• relative pronouns- the same interrogative, but they do not serve to form questions, but to communicate in complex sentences, acting as union words: I realized, who was my secret admirer. It was a guy which the studied with me at the same faculty.

• determinative pronouns: most, himself, everyone, all, each, another, any, obsolete - everybody and every kind... Definitive pronouns indicate a sign of a subject: the best husband, every crook, every Tuesday.

• negative pronouns: nothing, nobody, nobody, nobody, nothing, nobody, nobody, nothing... These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or feature: I AM not at all was not offended. No one was not to blame for my absent-mindedness.

• indefinite pronouns: something, someone, some, some, some... The rest of the indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes -something -something and the basics of the interrogative pronoun: some candy, someone knocked, give me something.

By grammatical features pronouns can be divided into:

• Pronouns-nouns: me, you, he, she, it, they, we, you, they, someone, something, nobody, yourself other. These pronouns have their own peculiarities.

1. They indicate objects or faces.
2. They answer the same questions as nouns: who?
3. They are declined by case: who, whom, to whom, by whom, etc.
4. They have such syntactic connections in a sentence as a noun.

• Pronouns-adjectives: your, my, your, our, what, such, that etc. They also have their own peculiarities.

1. Like an adjective, they indicate a sign of an object.
2. The answer to the question is what? whose?
3. They change in numbers, gender and cases in the same type as adjectives.
4. Associate with nouns as adjectives.

• Pronouns-numerals: how much, how much, a little.

1. The answer to the question is how many numerals?
2. Indicate the number of items, but do not name it.
3. Usually declined by case.
4. Interact with nouns like numerals.

The syntactic role of the pronoun.

Pronoun maybe protrude in a sentence v role

• Subject: You will you come to the meeting?
• Predictable: it he.
• Definitions: I want to return my notebook.
• Supplements: Mom called me.
• Circumstances: How could it happen?

A pronoun is a part of speech that is used instead of a noun, adjective and numeral.

Pronouns differ from nouns, adjectives and numerals in that they have a more general meaning. Only in speech, pronouns indicate certain objects, their qualities or quantity.

The river overflowed its banks. It flooded fields and meadows.

The storm raged all night. It subsided only in the morning.

(Pronoun she in the first case it replaces the noun river, in the second case it replaces the noun storm.)

The days were warm. We have such days only in spring.

Early flowers appeared. These flowers smell especially strong.

(Pronoun such in the first case replaces the adjective warm, in the second case - the adjective early) I have fifteen books. My friend has the same number of books.

There were a hundred books on the right shelf. The same number of books were on the shelf on the left.

(Pronoun so many in the first case, it replaces the numeral fifteen, in the second case, the numeral one hundred.)

The categories of pronouns.

By meaning, pronouns are divided into several categories.

1. Personal: 1st person - me, we, 2nd person - you, you, 3rd person - he, she, it, they.

2. Returnable: myself.

Note. The reflexive pronoun self can refer to all three persons: I don’t spare myself, you don’t spare yourself, he doesn’t spare himself.

3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, yours.

Note, My, ours indicate belonging (or relation) to the 1st person, yours, yours to the 2nd person, and yours to all three persons, as well as the returnable self: I do not spare my strength, you don’t spare my strength, he does not spare his strength

4. Indicative: this, that, such, so much.

5. Definitives: everyone, all, everyone, the very, himself.

6. Interrogative: who? what? which? which the? whose? how? (what time is it? who came?).

7. Relative- these are the same interrogative ones, but they do not have interrogative meaning, but are used only to connect individual sentences. In addition, they differ from interrogative ones by the absence of a logical stress: The village in which we lived was located on the banks of the river. He who lived a lot saw by me.

8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no, nobody. This also includes the pronouns “no one and nothing”, which actually mean there is no one and no, what.

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, a few, someone, something, someone, someone, something, someone else, someone, someone, someone, something, somebody, somebody, somebody, somebody, something, something.

Pronoun changes.

Some pronouns replace nouns: me, you, yourself, who, nobody, nobody etc. In a sentence, like nouns, they are usually subjects or additions.

We worked together. Nobody lagged behind. (The pronouns we and nobody are subjects.) The old man made us feel welcome. He had never told anyone about this before. (Pronouns for us, for nobody - additions.)

These pronouns change according to cases, but they do not change according to gender (except for the pronoun he, which also changes according to gender: he she it)... They are called pronouns.

Other pronouns replace adjectives: which, what, such, etc.

They, like adjectives, are usually a definition in a sentence. / i> What a flower I found! Everyone likes this book.

These pronouns change in case, gender and number and agree with nouns.

Such a pencil, such a book, such a pen; such pencils, such books, such pens; such a pencil, such a book, such a pen. They are called pronominal adjectives.

Finally, third pronouns replace numerals (how many - several)... They change only in cases.

1. In indirect cases, the pronoun of the 3rd person after the prepositions is added n (from him, to her, etc.). Note. If this pronoun is in the genus. above. is used in the sense of possessive (answers the question of whose?), then n after the preposition is not added: the preposition in this case is associated with a non-pronoun, but with a noun after it: 1. This is a letter from his father. (This is a letter from his father.) Compare: This is a letter from him. 2, Was with her brother. (Was with her brother.) Compare: Was with her.

2. The reflexive pronoun itself does not have them. pad. units numbers and does not have special forms for the plural. numbers. It declines like personal pronouns me, you: genus, vin. - yourself, dates, - yourself, creator. - yourself (s), offer. - (About Me.

Declension of possessive pronouns.

Pronouns are also declined yours, yours, yours. Whose pronoun is inflected as an adjective on -y, -ya, -ye (fox, fox, fox).

Declination of pronoun whose

Pronouns which, none, the most, which, some, everyone, such, each, different and others are declined like regular full adjectives.

It's hard to say how we would manage without pronouns. Almost no phrase can be constructed without them. For example, the previous two. That is, of course, you can. But why bother.

If you put together all the pronouns in Russian, you get an impressive document. But it doesn't make sense to just lump everything together. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample of morphological analysis. Special tables will help you to better assimilate all the necessary knowledge about pronouns in Russian. And examples from literary works will help you to better visualize how the grammatical characteristics of pronouns are implemented in practice.

What are pronouns

Pronoun name an independent part of speech, which is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numbers and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate these nouns, adjectives, numbers and adverbs (as well as their signs and number), without naming them.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on which part of speech they mean. This will be discussed in more detail below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Digits by value:

• personal;
• returnable;
• possessive;
• interrogative;
• relative;
• indicative;
• determinative;
• negative;
• undefined.

Sometimes reciprocal and generalized pronouns are also added to this classification.

Grammatical categories:

• generalized subject;
• generalized-qualitative;
• generalized quantitative.

This classification examines how pronouns relate to different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, a special group of pronouns associated with adverbs is sometimes ranked here.

Now we will analyze all these categories in detail.

Categories of pronouns in Russian

By value:

Personal pronouns. In speech, they indicate its object - the person in question. Pronouns 1 ( i / we) and 2 ( you you) the faces denote the participants in the speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it / they) indicate persons who do not participate in speech.

Obsolete personal pronoun one used to denote objects of speech of the feminine gender (plural).

Personal pronouns in Russian change by persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also by gender, as well as by cases.

In a sentence, they play the role of a subject or an addition.

• I couldn't shake the feeling that they were seeing us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
• Life is always accompanied by effort, hardship and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait until everyone is wiser, it will take too long ... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M.Dostoevsky)

Reflexive pronouns. In speech, indicate the direction of action on the subject. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative case, but declines in all other cases: yourself, yourself, yourself / yourself, (about) yourself... Does not change by persons, numbers, births.

In a sentence, plays the role of a complement.

• If you happen to get angry with anyone, be angry with yourself at the same time, even if you have managed to get angry with someone else. (N.V. Gogol)
• There is nothing more pleasant than being obliged in everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
• To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: one must fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
• We often allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L. N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the belonging of a certain object (objects) to the subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

• 1 person - my, my, my / my and our, our, our / our;
• 2 persons - yours, yours, yours / yours and your, your, your / your;
• 3 persons - him, her / them.

Possessive pronouns in Russian change, as you already understood, according to persons, gender and numbers, as well as in combination with the noun that they explain, according to cases. The pronouns of the 3rd person are not declined.

• Our choices, more than our abilities, show our true essence. (J.K. Rowling)
• In our office, out of thirty-two staff members, twenty-eight called themselves: "The Golden Pen of the Republic." The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D.Dovlatov)
• There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which no precise expression could be found in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who ?, what ?, which ?, what ?, whose ?, which ?, how much ?, where ?, when ?, where ?, where ?, where ?, why? serve as interrogative words (indicate persons, objects, signs, number) when making interrogative sentences.

They vary in numbers, genders, cases, but not all.

• Do you know what is given to a person, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
• Darling, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you chasing? (S. A. Yesenin)
• What is the law? / Law - there is a tight rope on the street, / To stop passers-by in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, what, what, whose, who, how much, where, where, when, where, why act, among other things, as union words in compound sentences and serve to connect the subordinate clause and the main parts of a complex sentence.

Like interrogative, relative pronouns who what and how declined in cases. The rest are by number, gender and case. Except pronouns where, where, when, where, why that are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the parts of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

• There are such low characters who love, as if they hate! (F.M.Dostoevsky)
• People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
• Outright anger is far less repelling than pretending to be kind. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is little oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns. Indicate the signs or number of objects of speech. Pronouns belong to this category: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.

Demonstrative pronouns in Russian are changed for cases, gender and numbers.

• I've been going to buy myself a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock. (F.M.Dostoevsky)
• Sometimes a person reaches such a point that if he does not step over, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M.Dostoevsky)
• Truth should be served the way a coat is served, not thrown in the face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
• Anyone who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Definitive pronouns. Serve to indicate the sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Definitive pronouns are declined in cases, change in gender and number.

• Everyone who stops learning grows old, no matter at 20 or 80, and everyone else who continues to learn remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep the brain young. (G. Ford)
• One good friend is worth more than all the blessings of this world. (Voltaire)
• Even the most frank thought, the purest and most clearly conveyed fantasy, be it truth or fiction, cannot evoke sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
• We do not need magic to change this world - we already have everything that we need for this: we can mentally imagine the best ... (J.K. Rowling)

Negative pronouns. In speech, they act as a pointer to the absence of a speech object or its signs. Pronouns nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, nothing, nobody, nowhere and the like, as you can see for yourself, are formed from interrogative / relative pronouns by attaching prefixes not-(under stress) and nor-(no stress).

In Russian, negative pronouns change in cases, gender and numbers.

• The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will place this burden on its shoulders. Only the sick, obsolete is afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
• I believe that nothing goes without a trace and that every smallest step has a meaning for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
• Never take any difficult moves if the same can be achieved in much simpler ways. This is one of the wisest rules of life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E. M. Remarque)
• Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

Indefinite pronouns. In speech, vague signs and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty, are expressed.

Pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative / relative by adding prefixes to them: not-, something- something, someone, some, some, somewhat, somehow, something etc. And also postfixes: - then, - or, - some - someone, somewhere, some etc.

The indefinite pronouns in the Russian language change by gender and number, they are declined by cases.

• You can say a lot of nonsense, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
• Some are accustomed to living on everything ready, walking on someone's handles, eating chewed food ... (F.M.Dostoevsky)
• There is hardly anything else that human frivolity is more often discerned in such a terrifying measure as in the arrangement of marital unions. (N. S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express relationship to two or more persons and objects.

Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the multitude of prepositions, thanks to which there is a large number of variable forms for each reciprocal pronoun. For example, each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, each other, one for the other, one from under the other, one after another, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to occasion, time after time, from this to that- and this is far from a complete list.

They play the role of additions in the sentence.

• People are pressed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
• In bad weather or just when we want to, we have fun looking at the contents of tin boxes. We carefully unfold the wax paper bags and show each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

Generalized pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any signs that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or a whole set ( everyone, everyone, all) etc.

Table of categories of pronouns of the Russian language

Bit by value	Examples of pronouns
1. Personal	1 person - me, we 2nd person - you, you 3rd person - he, she, it, they (+ one)
2. Returnable	myself
3. Possessive	1 face - mine, mine, mine, mine, ours, ours, ours, ours 2 face - yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours 3 person - him, her, them
4. Interrogative	who? what? which? what? whose? which the? how? where? when? where? where? why?
5. Relative	who, what, what, what, whose, who, how much, where, when, where, why
6. Indicative	so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then (+ this, this)
7. Definitives	all, everyone, everything, himself, most, each, any, other, different, all kinds, everywhere, everywhere, always
8. Negative	nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, nobody, nobody
9. Undefined	someone, something, some, some, a few, some, some, some, some, some, some, some, some, some, some, some, some

"Non-classical" digits are not included in this table on purpose, so as not to create confusion.

Correlation of pronouns with other parts of speech

In other words, grammatical digits:

Pronouns-nouns indicate a person or object. Syntactic and morphological characteristics are related to nouns. For example, you can also ask them questions in a sentence who? and what? and they act as either subject or complement. As well as the categories of person (for personal, through associated verbs), number, gender (expressed in words associated with the pronoun) and case. By the way, the pronoun who- masculine, while what- average.

Pronouns-nouns in Russian include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, part of interrogative / relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.

Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate the attribute of the object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number, and can be declined in cases. Although, for example, the pronouns what and such is do not incline and in a sentence, unlike others, can only be predicates. All other adjective pronouns act either as definitions or as an integral part of the predicate.

The possessive pronouns of the 3rd person are also immutable: him, her, them.

Adjective pronouns include all possessive pronouns and all attributives, part of demonstrative and interrogative / relative, negative and indefinite ones. Namely: my, your, your, our, your, what, who, whose, that, this, the very, everyone, everyone etc.

Pronouns-numerals, as you might guess, indicate the number of items, without indicating it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their derivatives are undefined some, some, some.

Pronouns in this category are capable of declining in cases (all the same). But they do not change in gender and number. They agree with nouns according to the same principle as cardinal numbers.

Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always distinguished. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like adjective pronouns, they indicate a sign, but are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows us to correlate them with adverbs.

Pronouns in this category do not show signs of gender and number, do not inflect in cases. They agree with verbs in the same way as adverbs. And circumstances play a role in the sentence.

Adverb pronouns include: where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - a table of categories according to the ratio with parts of speech

Grammatical category	Examples of pronouns
1. Pronouns-nouns	he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others
2. Pronouns-adjectives	my, your, your, our, your, what, who, whose, that, this, the very, everyone, each and others
3. Pronouns-numerals	as much as, some, some, some
4. Pronouns-adverbs	where, where, when, so

Pronoun cases in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own characteristics of change in cases. Now we will analyze some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, these pronouns change not only the endings, but also the stem:

I. p. me, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R. p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

D. p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

V. p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them

Ect. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P. p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The pronouns 1 and 2 of the singular person do not have clearly fixed categories of gender: they are used in masculine, feminine, and average.

Pronouns of 3rd person, when declining, can lose their initial consonant: she- but her etc.

2. For reflexive pronouns myself there are only indirect case forms. It also declines as a personal pronoun you:

Ect. myself (myself)

P. p. (About Me

• possessive pronouns ( my, your, our, your);
• index ( this, this, such);
• interrogative / relative ( which, which, whose);
• attributive ( most, himself, all, everyone, different).

I. p. our, our, our, our; such, such, such, such

R. p. our, our, our, ours; such, such, such, such

D. p. our, our, our, our; such, such, such, such

V. p. our, our, our, our; such, such, such, such

Ect. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

P. p. (about) our, (about) our, (about) our, (about) our; (oh) such, (oh) such, (oh) such, (oh) such

Definitive pronouns myself and most although they are similar, they incline differently. The difference is indicated mainly by stress:

I. p. SAMY, SAM

R. p. itself, itself

D. p. very, very

V. p. itself, itself

Ect. by itself, by itself

P. p. (o) sama, (o) himself

* The capital letter denotes the stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of the attributive pronouns. whole, all, all:

I. p. all, all, all

R. p. all, all, all

D. p. everything, everything, everything

V. p. all, all, all

Ect. all, all (all), all

P. p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) all

With the declination of the feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in the masculine the stem also changes.

4. Interrogative / relative ( who what) and negative ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns when changing in cases, the bases change:

I. p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R. p. who, what, nobody, nothing

D. p. to whom, what, nobody, nothing

V. p. who, what, nobody, nothing

Ect. who, what, nothing, nothing

P. p. (about) someone, (about) anything, about anyone, about anything.

Moreover, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like reflexive pronouns, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative form:

R. p. no one

D. p. no one

V. p. no one

Ect. no one

P. p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are declined as well as interrogative / relative pronouns from which they are derived:

I. p. some, some

R. p. any, something

D. p. something, something

V. p. some, some

Ect. by some, by some

P. p. (oh) any, something

7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun. a certain:

I. p. a certain

R. p. some

D. p. to some

V. p. no one

Ect. some (some)

P. p. (oh) some

Variant case forms exist for this pronoun and in other gender / number.

8. Some indicative ( such is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change in cases. Pronouns-adverbs do not inflect either where, where, when, so.

Morphological parsing of pronouns

We offer you a diagram of the morphological parsing of pronouns and an example of such parsing.

Parsing scheme:

1. Designate the part of speech, the grammatical meaning of the pronoun, write the initial form (put in the nominative case (if any), singular).
2. Describe morphological features:
   • constant (rank by value, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1 and 2 persons);
   • impermanent (case, number, gender).
3. Indicate the role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological parsing of pronouns

You shouldn't waste your energy on remaking people - they will not change. Have them who I decided on a strong deed, that and right (F.M.Dostoevsky).

1. Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; impermanent - nominative, plural.

(at) them

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech, without directly naming it, n.f. - they.
2. Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; impermanent - genitive, plural.
3. Role in the proposal: addition.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - who.
2. Morphological signs: constant - relative, pronoun-noun; impermanent - nominative.
3. Plays the role of a subject in a sentence.

1. Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - that.
2. Morphological signs: constant - demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; impermanent - nominative, singular, masculine.
3. Role in the sentence: subject.

Pronoun spelling

Personal pronouns

When declining personal pronouns in Russian in indirect cases, a letter appears at the base of the 3rd person pronouns n if there is a preposition in front of them. For example, about him, to them, about her, among them etc.

N does not join:

• in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks, like, in spite of, in agreement, towards, in spite of: contrary to her, towards them, according to his;
• if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in a comparative degree: took more his, bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always hyphenated with a prefix something and postfixes something, - or, something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere etc.

When declining indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix something and the pronoun is the preposition. In this case, they are written in three words: something, something, something etc.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative / relative with prefixes not- / not-. Not- written under stress, in an unstressed syllable - nor-: there is no one to trust - not to see anyone, nowhere to leave - nowhere to be found; nobody, nothing, nothing, nothing, nothing.

When declining negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are spelled separately, and the prefixes become particles: no - from anything, nothing - from anything, no one - not about anyone etc.

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not- / not- and homonymous particles not / not:

• Remember spelling: how nor in what not used to... The confusion of the spelling of the particles not / nor leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: nothing(particle nor has an amplifying meaning) - nothing(particle not has a negative value).
• Choosing a particle can completely reverse the meaning of a statement: not one (= none at all) - not one (= many), not once (= never at all) - more than once (= many times).
• Don't confuse negative pronouns with a prefix nor- (nowhere, nobody, nobody) and pronouns with particle nor (no one, no where, no one). Compare: No where not a trace of a person was found. - I have no idea nor who are you, nor where do you live, nor who do you serve.
• Pay attention to the difference between phrases none other than - none other; nothing but - nothing else... Particle not expresses negation, and the whole phrase is used to oppose parts of the statement to each other. Opposition is expressed by union how(= union a). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without breaking the meaning, use the particle not and write it separately. For example: Everything that happened was not nothing more than just a silly prank. On the threshold hesitantly stomped not who other than a long-awaited guest.
• If a pronoun with a particle can be meaningfully replaced with particles exactly, just, then the particle is used not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing but... Example: Received a certified letter - nothing but invitation to the competition, which has long been awaited. - Received a certified letter - just that invitation to the competition, which has been awaited for a long time.
• If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle not, then nor- acts as a prefix and is written merged with a negative pronoun: No who else would not have said it better. This ass stubbornness nor what else could not be won.
• If the sentence is affirmative, the phrases nothing else, nothing else serve for joining. Negation not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be reconstructed from context: I just want this, and nor what else (don't want).
• If there is a union in the phrase how, write all words separately and with a particle not: This package not nothing but a gift... If union how no, prefix nor-: No who else does not understand me so well.
• If the sentence uses the union a, write particle not(apart): I want to say everything not to someone a only to him. If the union is used and, write nor(separately, if it is a particle, merged, if it is a prefix): Much has gone irrevocably and neither what will not be the same.

2. Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions / adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they play themselves, what question you can ask them, etc.

• Why we go to the store, what will we look for there? - Why do you follow me and whine all the time?
• For that that you helped me, I will thank you. - But I have a wide soul and a kind heart!
• Wherein are all these people here? - They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, moreover some even dropped out.
• Moreover whom we managed to unearth in the ancient tomb were a sword and a shield. - Moreover, if you think sensibly, the power is on his side.

3. Remember that do not care Is not a pronoun, but an adverb.

Of course, this is a very extensive material and it is difficult to master it in one go. Therefore, we suggest that you bookmark this article in your browser so that it is always at hand at the right time. Refer to her whenever you need any information about pronouns.

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