Pronouns (local) in German
As part of speech places. serves to replace a noun, proper name or adjective in a sentence without naming them.
There are 9 main groups of pronouns in German. It:
1. Personal spaces. (Personalpronomen) are:
- 1st person - ich (i), wir (we)
- 2nd person: du (you), ihr (you), Sie (polite form you)
- 3rd person: er (he), sie (she), es (it, this), sie (they)
Use of personal spaces:
Ich habe ein neues Buch gelesen. Es ist sehr interessant. - I read a new book. She is very interesting.
Nächstes Mal müsst ihr um 8 Uhr kommen. - Next time you have to come at eight o'clock.
Personal places. They are inclined according to the cases, but in the genitive case they are used very rarely, only in those cases when the control of individual verbs or adjectives requires it.
For example: würdig (worthy)
Du bist ihrer nicht würdig. - You are not worthy of her.
2. Possessive places. (Possessivpronomen) are derived from Personal Places. in the genitive case and answer the question "wessen?" (whose?):
ich (i) - mein (mine)
du (you) - dein (your)
er (he) - sein (him)
sie (she) - ihr (her)
es (it) - sein (it)
wir (we) - unser (our)
ihr (you) - euer (your)
Sie (you) - Ihr (your)
sie (they) - ihr (them)
Possessive places. are placed before a noun and perform the role of an article in a sentence. Thus, they are declined in the same way as the articles (in accordance with the gender, number and case of the noun).
For example: Das sind meine Schwestern. “These are my sisters.
Ich gebe meiner Schwester einen Kugelschreiber. - I give my sister a pen.
Ich liebe meinen Mann. - I love my husband.
3. Returnable seats. (Reflexivpronomen) indicates the direction of action towards the subject. In the German language, returnable places. sich is declined by persons, numbers and has two case forms - Dativ and Akkusativ (depending on the verb control).
For example: Ich kaufe mir ein neues Kleid. - I'm buying myself a new dress.
In the third person seats. sich does not change.
For example: Sie kauft sich ein neues Kleid. - She buys herself a new dress.
4. Indicative places. (Demonstrativpronomen) answer the question "welche (-s, -r)?" - "what (what, what)?".
To the signposts. relate:
diese (dieser, dieses) - this (this, this)
jene (jener, jenes) - that (that, that)
solche (solcher, solches) - such (such, such).
Indicative places. in a sentence they stand before a noun and are declined in numbers and cases like a definite article.
For example: Ich habe jenen Mann schon einmal gesehen. “I saw that man once before.
Often in colloquial speech with singular nouns, the expression solch ein (such) is used. In this case, the first part does not change, and only the indefinite article ein is declined.
For example: Ich habe nie solch eine schöne Stadt gesehen! - I have never seen such a beautiful city!
5. Interrogative places. (Interrogativpronomen) in German are: wer, was, welche (-r, -s), was für.
Places. wer and was are not plural and gender-specific and have three case forms - Nominativ, Dativ, and Akkusativ.
For example: Wem gibst du dieses Buch? - Who are you giving this book to?
Was bist du (von Beruf)? - What is your profession?
Places. welche is changed in gender and in all cases as a definite article.
For example: Nach welchem Land fährst du? - Which country are you going to?
Welche Gruppe gefällt ihr? - Which group does she like?
6. Relative locations. (Relativpronomen) are mainly used in complex sentences. Relative pronouns in German are: der (which), die (which), das (which), welche (which), die (which). Relative pronouns are inflected in cases and serve as union words in the subordinate clause.
For example: Der Junge, den Sie getroffen haben, ist mir bekannt. - The young man you met is familiar to me.
7. Uncertain locations. (Indefinitpronomen), such as jemand (someone), etwas (something), man, alle (all), einige (some), wenige (some, some), serve as a subject or object in a sentence. Unlike other indefinite pronouns, man is not translated into Russian and is used in indefinite personal sentences. Places. man does not change its form (same as etwas).
For example: Man sagt, sie kocht am besten. - They say she cooks the best.
8. Impersonal places. es does not change and is used in the 3rd person singular. numbers in impersonal sentences. Most often, es is used to denote weather and natural phenomena.
For example: Es schneit (it is snowing), es regnet (it is raining), es ist heiß (hot), etc.
9. Towards negative places. (Negativpronomen) include kein (none), niemand (nobody), nichts (nothing). Places. kein varies in gender, number, and case and is only used with nouns.
For example: Ich habe keinen Freund. - I do not have a friend.
Places. nichts, niemand are used only in 3rd. face unit numbers and do not change.
For example: Niemand versteht mich. - Nobody understands me.
Ich kann nichts finden. - I can't find anything.
There are several types of pronouns in German:
- personal,
- possessive,
- indicative,
- undefined,
- returnable,
- interrogative.
Each of these types has its own forms, methods of declension and rules of use.
We will consider each of the types separately.
Tuesday, 15 Dec 2015The German impersonal pronoun "es" is often used in various impersonal phrases and sentences. As a rule, it is used in sentences when they describe something abstract, not tied to a specific object or person. Consider the features of the use of this pronoun on speech examples.
Monday, 28 Jul 2014Die Mehrdeutigkeit des Pronomens es. Das unpersönliche Pronomen es.
Monday, 24 Feb 2014Answers to various questions can be either complete (full) or abbreviated, if it is already clear what is being discussed, for example:
Friday, 06 Dec 2013Interrogative and indicative
For the formation of pronominal adverbs (pl.) Of this category in the German language, plurals are used. in combination with prepositions (sentence).
Friday, 29 Nov 2013In the German language (lang.) There are pronouns (loc.), In the semantics of which there is no indication of any specific generic (sex) affiliation... To places like this. relate:
Sunday, 14 Oct 2012
Pronouns (local) can not only act as substitutes for objects or persons in speech, but also give them a certain characteristic, that is, in fact, replace the signs of objects or persons.
Thursday, 16 Aug 2012The system of personal (personal) pronouns (local) of the German (German) language is very similar to Russian:
Sunday, 12 Aug 2012In the German (German) language, as in our native Russian, there are different categories of pronouns (local). One of them is the possessive (attract.) Places. (Possessivpronomen).
Monday, 18 Jun 2012
Pronouns (loc.) In any language denote an object, person, attribute or quantity, but do not name it. Those. they replace nouns (noun), adjectives, numbers and adverbs. Hence their name (instead of name). In German language places. are called Pronomen or Fürwörter, which also reflects their function (pro = für - for, instead of, instead).
The class of relative (rel.) Pronouns (loc.) In German is represented by the pronouns der (its generic forms die, das and the plural form die) and welcher (respectively welche, welches, welche).
Friday, 15 Jun 2012Considering the declension of pronouns (local) in German, it is necessary to understand that different classes of pronouns are inflected in different ways, so we will consider them in groups.
Monday, 28 May 2012The section is quite extensive and the topic of reflexive (return) pronouns is one of the significant parts of this section.
Indicates the subject (less often the complement) in the sentence. It has only two case forms and is used in a sentence as an object, less often as a circumstance:
Saturday, 19 May 2012Demonstrative pronouns in German are not a difficult topic, but if you have problems with articles, you will have to work hard to master this topic properly.
Demonstrative pronouns in German indicate more accurately a person or an object than a definite article and in speech is emphasized more. They stand for a definite article.
Demonstrative pronouns are: der (that, he, that), dieser (that), jener (that), solcher (that), derjenige (that), derselbe (that), es (that), selbst (himself).
Demonstrative pronouns der, die, das are used in the nominative, dative and accusative cases as an independent subject or addition, they refer to a previously mentioned member of a sentence or to the following complex sentence:
Monday, 02 Apr 2012Pronouns (local) in German
As part of speech places. serves to replace a noun, proper name or adjective in a sentence without naming them.
There are 9 main groups of pronouns in German. It:
Places. in German, a word or part of speech that indicates an object, but does not name it. The main function of the pronoun is to prevent long repetitions of nouns (or proper nouns) several times. Most frequently used places. in German are lich. places. (Personalpronomen).
Thursday, 29 Mar 2012In German, there is only one reflexive (return) pronoun (local) - sich. Moreover, the form sich itself is used exclusively in the third person and in the infinitive, and in the first and second persons, the corresponding personal places are used. in the accusative:
The class of relative (rel.) Pronouns (loc.) In German is represented by the pronouns der (its generic forms die, das and the plural form die) and welcher (respectively welche, welches, welche).
It should be noted that places. der is preferred and used much more often than welcher, as it is considered more harmonious and stylistically correct. Therefore, in this article, we will focus on it.
Always start with relative clauses (Relativsätze). Typically, such sentences are used to avoid lexical repetitions. It is important to know what the genus and the number of relative locations are. are determined by the gender and number of the noun in the main sentence.
Mein neuer Kollege heißt Peter. Er kommt aus München. → Mein neuer Kollege, der Peter heißt, kommt aus München.
Meine Tante hat kürzlich geheiratet. Sie fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland. → Meine Tante, die kürzlich geheiratet hat, fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland.
Er hat mir das Buch geschenkt. Ich habe es noch nicht gelesen. → Das Buch, das er mir geschenkt hat, habe ich noch nicht gelesen.
Die Kinder spielen draußen. Sie sind meine Neffen. → Die Kinder, die draußen spielen, sind meine Neffen.
Particular difficulty in rel. subordinate places. represents the case of a relative pronoun. It depends on and is governed by the verb in the subordinate clause.
First, let's look at the declination table. pronouns. It is very similar to the declension of the definite articles, the differences appear only in the Genitive case.
| Singular | Plural | |||
| maskulinum | femininum | neutrum | für alle Genera gleich | |
| Nominativ | der | die | das | die |
| Genitiv | dessen | deren | dessen | deren |
| Dativ | dem | der | dem | denen |
| Akkusativ | den | die | das | die |
Die Eltern haben dem Sohn ein Fahrrad gekauft. Er hat von dem Fahrrad geträumt. → Die Eltern haben dem Sohn das Fahrrad gekauft, von dem er geträumt hat. (the verb träumen is used with the preposition von + Dativ, respectively, the relative places. stands after the preposition in the Dative case - von dem).
Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut. Wir haben über ihn viel geredet. → Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut, über den wir viel geredet haben. (the verb reden is used with the preposition über + Akkusativ, therefore the place form with the preposition is über den).
Bald kommen die ferien . Meine Kinder freuen sich schon auf sie. → Bald kommen die Ferien, auf die sich meine Kinder schon freuen. (the reflexive verb sich freuen is used with the preposition auf + Akkusativ, respectively, the construction auf sie is used in the subordinate clause).
Der Mann wandte sich an die Polizei. Sein Auto wurde gestohlen. → Der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde, wandte sich an die Polizei. (the possessive of sein in the relative clause corresponds to the genitive dessen).
However, in some cases, places are preferable. welcher - it helps to avoid lexical repetitions:
Mein Kollege, der der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht. → Mein Kollege, welcher der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht.
In general, both options are possible (one cannot say that any of them is wrong), but from the point of view of the so-called. beautiful German (schönes Deutsch) the sentence from the seats sounds better. welcher.
Die Frau, der der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen. → Die Frau, welcher der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen.
Das Kind, das das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht. → Das Kind, welches das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht.
Meine Freunde, die die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten. → Meine Freunde, welche die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten.
When using the case forms of this place. pay attention to the Genitive case - as such it is not. In the genitive case, the pronoun der is used.
für alle Genera gleich |
||||
Possessive pronouns answer the question "whose?" and denote the affiliation ( my answer; our work, etc.). As in Russian, all personal pronouns in German have corresponding possessives; they must be remembered:
Note that ihr (Ihr) means both "ee" and "them" ("your").
In the Russian language, in addition to the listed possessive pronouns, there is one more possessive pronoun mine(own). It is "universal", ie. can be used in place of any other possessive pronoun.
I visit their (= mine) parents every week. My friend often visits his (= him) parents. You visit your (= your) sick comrade?
There is no such “universal” possessive pronoun in German. Therefore the value "mine" in German rendered by one of the above possessive pronouns, namely, by which corresponds to the person of the subject.
For example:
Ich besuche meine Eltern jede Woche. Mein Freund ( er) besucht seine Eltern oft. Besuchen Sie Ihren kranken Freund?
Task 1. Indicate: a) in which of the following sentences the Russian pronoun "svoy" corresponds to the German ihr (Ihr):
1. She will finish her work in a month. 2. I have not seen my sister for a long time. 3. Do you do your homework in the evening? 4. Oleg helps his family. 5. After graduation, friends will go to their native village.
b) what possessive pronouns should be used in other sentences.
You can read more about possessive pronouns and
Personal pronouns in German
Personal pronouns can be in a sentence not only the subject ( Wed: Ich lese Deutsch. Er spricht gut.). They can also answer the questions "who?", "Whom?" be an addition. Their forms need to be remembered:
| Singular | |||||
| who? | i am ich | you are du | he is er | she is sie | it is es |
| to whom? | me - mir | you - dir | him - ihm | her - ihr | him - ihm |
| whom? | me-mich | you - dich | his - ihn | ee - sie | its - es |
| Plural | Polite form | ||||
| who? | we are wir | you are ihr | they are sie | You are sie | |
| to whom? | us - uns | you - euch | im - ihnen | To you - Ihnen | |
| whom? | us - uns | you - euch | them - sie | You - Sie | |
Task 2. Indicate which personal pronouns in German can be used instead of the highlighted ones, and how the meaning of the following sentences will change in this case:
1. Geben Sie mir bitte dieses Buch! 2. Ich sehe Sie oft in der Bibliothek.
Please note that in Russian, the personal pronouns of the third person answering the question "who?" ( him, ee, them) coincide with possessive ( him, ee, them).
I see his often ( whom? - "his" - personal pronoun ).
I see often his sister ( whose sister? - "his" - possessive pronoun ).
There is no such coincidence in German.
I see his often. - Ich sehe ihn oft.
I see often his sister. - Ich sehe seine Schwester oft.
Therefore the words "Him", "ee", "them" in different functions correspond to different words of the German language:
him - whom? - ihn, whose? - sein
ee - who? - sie, whose? - ihr
them - whom? - sie, whose? - ihr
Task 3. Indicate which sentences should be used in translation: a) the pronoun sie; b) the pronoun ihr:
1. My sister Olga and her husband Nikolay live in Moscow. 2. I love her very much. 3. She has been working at the school for many years. 4. Their children - Misha and Tanya - are already big. 5. They have families of their own. 6. Now I see them often.
Keys to assignments on "Possessive and Personal Pronouns in German"
1.a) 1; 3; 5.b) mein; 4.sein.
2. 1. ihm; ihr; uns; ihnen. 2. ihn; dich; sie; euch.
