Biological factors include:

hereditary properties

Innate properties of the body

Heredity is the property of an organism to repeat in a number of generations similar types of metabolism and individual development as a whole.

First of all, by inheritance, the child receives human structural features. nervous system, brain, sense organs. Physical signs common to all people, among which the rectilinear gait, the hand, as an organ of knowledge and influence on the world refer to the phenotype as the totality of all the traits and properties of the individual, developed in ontogeny in the course of the interaction of the genotype with the external environment. Children inherit biological, instinctive needs (needs for food, warmth, etc.), features of the GNI type.

Along with heredity, congenitality also belongs to the biological factor. Not everything a child is born with is hereditary. Separate congenital features its individual signs are explained by the conditions of the intrauterine life of the infant (the health of the mother, the influence of drugs, alcohol, smoking, etc.). The innate psychophysiological and anatomical features of the nervous system, sensory organs, and the brain are usually called inclinations, on the basis of which human properties and abilities, including intellectual ones, are formed and developed.

So the biological factor is importance, it determines the birth of a child with its inherent human features of the structure and activity of various organs and systems, its ability to become a person. Although at birth people have biologically determined differences, however, every normal child can learn everything that involves his social program. The natural features of a person do not in themselves predetermine the development of the child's psyche. Biological features form the basis of man. Its essence is socially significant qualities.

Social factors include:

Social environment;

Education, training;

Socialization.

Social environment - human environment social situation, material, spiritual conditions of its existence. The environment is divided into macro- and microenvironment. The microenvironment is the immediate environment (family, school, peers). The macroenvironment involves ideas, values, attitudes, social order.

A certain influence on the development of the child's psyche is exerted by the natural environment, physical world: air, water, sun, climate features, vegetation. natural environment important, but it does not determine development, its influence is indirect, indirect (through the social environment, through the labor activity of adults).

The main impetus to the mental development of the child is given by his life in a society of people. Outside of communication with other people there is no development of the child's psyche.

Education and training can be viewed as a purposeful process when a child learns the norms and rules of society through the influence of social institutions and as a spontaneous process when a child learns through direct observation of interpersonal relationships others, the peculiarities of their behavior, the norms and stereotypes of society.

Education and training are inseparable from the concept of "socialization".

Socialization is the process by which a person becomes a member social group, families, societies, etc. It includes the assimilation of all attitudes, opinions, customs, life values, roles and expectations of a particular social group.

There are the following stages of socialization:

1) Primary socialization, or the stage of adaptation (from birth to adolescence, the child learns social experience uncritically, adapts, adapts, imitates).

2) The stage of individualization (there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude to social norms of behavior). V adolescence the stage of individualization, self-determination "the world and I" is characterized as an intermediate socialization, because still not stable in the outlook and character of the child.

3) The stage of integration (there is a desire to find one's place in society). Integration goes well if the properties of a person are accepted by the group, society. Otherwise, the following outcomes are possible:

preservation of one's dissimilarity and the emergence of aggressive relationships with people and society;

change yourself, "to become like everyone else";

Conformism, external conciliation, adaptation.

4) The labor stage of socialization covers the entire period of a person's maturity, the entire period of his activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it through active influence on the environment through his activity.

5) The post-labor stage of socialization considers old age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of transferring it to new generations.

The question arises of the relationship between the biological and the social in development. The dispute of psychologists about what determines the process of child development - heredity or environment - has led to the theory of convergence of these two factors. Its founder V. Stern. He believed that both factors were equally important for mental development child. According to Stern, mental development is the result of the convergence of internal inclinations with external conditions of life.

Modern ideas about the relationship between the biological and the social, adopted in domestic psychology, are mainly based on the provisions of L.S. Vygotsky.

Vygotsky emphasized the unity of hereditary and social elements in the process of development. Heredity is present in the development of all mental functions of the child, but has a different specific gravity. Elementary Functions(starting with sensations and perception) are hereditarily more conditioned than the higher ones (voluntary memory, logical thinking, speech). Higher functions are a product of cultural and historical development, and hereditary inclinations here play the role of prerequisites that determine mental development. On the other hand, the environment always "participates" in development.

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7. The main causes of environmental degradation. Adverse factors of chemical, physical and biological nature, affecting the health of the population in modern conditions. The value of "biological chains" in the transition of toxic and radioactive factors from the environment to humans.

Biological factors environment imply a set of biological objects, the impact of which on humans or the environment is associated with their ability to reproduce in natural or artificial conditions or to produce biologically active substances. The main component of the biological factor are macroorganisms, microorganisms and their metabolic products.

Microbiological synthesis is the ability of microorganisms to synthesize new structural elements(substances) or to excessive accumulation of metabolic products due to the enzymatic substances inherent in the microbial cell. These industries include the production of antibiotics, proteins, enzymes, etc. These organic compounds, having a high specificity of action on any organs and systems of the body, are called biologically active substances.

The creation of the microbiological industry allowed the emergence of: Bases of microbiological pharmacy Agriculture sources of feed protein, microbial fertilizers, microbiological plant protection products against pests, preparations stimulating the fattening of farm animals.

In connection with the rapid development of the microbiological industry, the risk of adverse effects of biological pollution of the industrial and external environment on human health is increasing, both directly (changes in immunobiological reactivity, the occurrence of allergic diseases), and indirectly, through the environment (inhibition of self-purification processes, the formation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms). ). The danger of biological pollution is exacerbated by the combined action of biological and chemical factors on the body.

Plants for the production of fodder yeast can serve as sources of distribution, through gaseous emissions, not only of viable microorganisms, but also of a protein product consisting of dead cells of producers. The sensitizing effect of feed proteins depends on the type of raw materials used. It has been established that the microbial feed protein grown on oil paraffins has a stronger sensitizing effect than the protein of microbes grown on non-food plant raw materials.

Significant allergens are fungi that cause allergic diseases: bronchial asthma, exogenous allergic alveolitis. Infections with yeast-like fungi in these industries can occur during prolonged contact with antibiotics that change the microbial background of the autoflora (dysbacteriosis). People get mycoses. They are divided into superficial and deep. Are amazed skin, less often mucous membranes, internal organs have a benign course. It has been proven that some types of fungi are capable of toxin formation (mycotoxins).

The most studied are aflatoxins, the producers of which are some strains of fungi that can multiply in any products, in all climatic zones, except for the cold. They have a pronounced hepatotropic effect, cause liver necrosis. There are ochratoxins, toxic metabolites of mold fungi from the genus penicillins and aspergillus, they are able to change the processes of oxidative phosphorylation in kidney cells. The group of mycotoxins also includes citrines, which have a toxic effect on the kidneys, which is similar to nephrosis. Some mycotoxins are carcinogens.

On the basis of cultivated fungi and bacteria, the microbiological industry produces various enzymes. However, these preparations are not sufficiently purified from mycotoxins, bacterial or fungal suspensions, and upon contact with food products, they can be included in food chains and have an adverse effect on the body. Bacterial plant protection products are produced on the basis of viruses of bacteria, fungi, the qualitative basis of this class is the living principle. characteristic feature exposure to biological factors, the microbiological industry, can be considered a violation of the immune system. Allergens cause polynoses, dermatitis, etc.

Wastes of agricultural production, among which livestock complexes are a significant source of environmental pollution, along with traditional hazards, are becoming important biological factors associated with the use of feed proteins, proteins - vitamins, hormonal preparations. Animal production waste creates a tense sanitary and epidemiological situation. Wastewater from these industries pose a serious danger when they are discharged with flood and rainwater. Pollution of reservoirs with wastewater containing surface-active substances (surfactants) creates conditions for the transition under their influence of microorganisms from the volume of water to its surface, and the formation of a surface film of microscopic size.

The presence of surfactants leads to a decrease in the barrier function of modern water treatment systems against bacteria and viruses. Surfactants reduce the bactericidal properties of active chlorine, and consequently, the effective disinfection of water. The intake of pesticides with wastewater disrupts microbial biosynthesis in the reservoir, changes indicator-significant sanitary-indicative bacteria. Prolongation of the survival of Salmonella and Shigella under the influence of pesticides can lead to an unfavorable epidemiological situation. The entry of biogenic elements (P, K, N, etc.) into stagnant or slow-flowing freshwater bodies leads to the rapid development of plankton, especially blue - green algae. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system.

Implementation of strict sanitary control over the conditions of wastewater discharge from enterprises of the microbiological industry, livestock complexes and compliance with production technologies. Implementation of strict sanitary control over the execution mineral fertilizers, pesticides, feed additives, etc. biologically active substances.

They are distinguished by prevalence: sporadic diseases, epidemics, pandemics, exotic diseases. Sources: sick person, bacteriocarrier, bacteriocarrier - convalescent. Ways: contact (direct and indirect), air-drop, air-dust, water, food (alimentary), transmissible, soil, intrauterine.

Biological environmental factors imply a set of biological objects whose impact on humans or the environment is associated with their ability to reproduce in natural or artificial conditions or to produce biologically active substances. The main component of the biological factor are macroorganisms, microorganisms and their metabolic products.

According to the structure, the factors are divided into two groups:

- natural (causative agents of infectious diseases, products flowering plants, reservoirs, etc.);
- industrial (factors of livestock complexes, products of the microbiological industry, etc.)

Non-infectious biological environmental factors

Microbiological synthesis - the ability of microorganisms to synthesize new structural elements (substances) or to excessive accumulation of metabolic products due to the enzymatic substances inherent in the microbial cell. These industries include the production of antibiotics, proteins, enzymes, etc. These organic compounds, having a high specificity of action on any organs and systems of the body, are called biologically active substances.

The creation of the microbiological industry allowed the emergence of:

- bases of microbiological pharmacy;
- providing agriculture with sources of fodder protein, microbial fertilizers, microbiological plant protection products against pests, drugs stimulating the fattening of farm animals.

Plants for the production of fodder yeast can serve as sources of distribution, through gaseous emissions, not only of viable microorganisms, but also of a protein product consisting of dead cells of producers. The sensitizing effect of feed proteins depends on the type of raw material used. It has been established that the microbial feed protein grown on oil paraffins has a stronger sensitizing effect than the protein of microbes grown on non-food plant raw materials.

Significant allergens are fungi that cause allergic diseases: bronchial asthma, exogenous allergic alveolitis. Infections with yeast-like fungi in these industries can occur during prolonged contact with antibiotics that change the microbial background of the autoflora (dysbacteriosis). People get mycoses. They are divided into superficial and deep. The skin is affected, less often the mucous membranes, internal organs, have a benign course. It has been proven that some types of fungi are capable of toxin formation (mycotoxins).

On the basis of cultivated fungi and bacteria, the microbiological industry produces various enzymes. However, these preparations are not sufficiently purified from mycotoxins, bacterial or fungal suspensions, and upon contact with food products, they can be included in food chains and have an adverse effect on the body. Bacterial plant protection products are produced on the basis of viruses of bacteria, fungi, the qualitative basis of this class is the living principle. A characteristic feature of the impact of biological factors, the microbiological industry, can be considered a violation of immunity. Allergens cause polynoses, dermatitis, etc.

The presence of surfactants leads to a decrease in the barrier function of modern water treatment systems against bacteria and viruses. Surfactants reduce the bactericidal properties of active chlorine, and, consequently, the effective disinfection of water. The intake of pesticides with wastewater disrupts microbial biosynthesis in the reservoir, changes indicator-significant sanitary-indicative bacteria. Prolongation of the survival of Salmonella and Shigella under the influence of pesticides can lead to an unfavorable epidemiological situation. The entry of biogenic elements (P, K, N, etc.) into stagnant or slow-flowing freshwater reservoirs leads to the rapid development of plankton, especially blue-green algae. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system.

biological factors. Characteristics of the forms of relationships between microorganisms, their significance in the practical activity of man?

General information. Environmental factors constantly affect the vital activity of microorganisms. Under favorable conditions, microbes grow and multiply rapidly. Under unfavorable conditions, the development of microbes slows down, and then their death may occur.

Environmental factors that affect microorganisms are divided into physical, chemical and biological.

biological factors. In the process of their life activity, microorganisms are in various relationships with each other and with other organisms. These relationships over a long evolution developed in accordance with the general biological law of symbiosis (cohabitation) of living beings. In nature, the relationship between microbes and other organisms exists in the form various forms symbiosis, metabiosis and antagonism.

Commensalism- a form of symbiosis in which one organism lives and develops at the expense of another, without harming it. For example, Escherichia coli, some types of staphylococci, streptococci and other microbes live on the surface or in the cavities of humans and animals.

Mutualism- cohabitation, in which both organisms receive mutual benefit without causing harm to each other, for example, the cohabitation of root nodule bacteria with leguminous plants.

Metabiosis- the relationship between microorganisms, in which, in the process of successive development of some microbes, favorable conditions are created for the vital activity of others. So, many saprophytes are able to convert food proteins into peptones, polypeptides and amino acids in the process of nutrition. Other microbes that are not able to use proteins absorb these substances well. The former create food for the latter, the waste products of the latter can serve as food for the third, and so on.

Metabiosis relations contribute to the rapid spoilage of pickled and salted vegetables, fermented milk products, if they are stored open. Lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid, it is consumed by molds and thus prepares a substrate for putrefactive bacteria.

Yeast, producing alcohol during development in media containing sugar, for example, in fruit juices, prepares the conditions for acetic acid bacteria, after which mold fungi can use this substrate, converting acetic acid into carbon dioxide and water.

Metabiosis explains the rapid mineralization of all organic matter entering the soil. The principle of metabiosis underlies the entire cycle of substances in nature.

Antagonism- these are relationships in which cohabiting species of microorganisms have a depressing effect on each other, that is, one type of microbe prevents the growth of another, delaying its development, or causes complete death. The phenomenon of antagonism was first described by the Russian scientist I. I. Mechnikov in late XIX v.

The mechanism of suppression of cohabiting microbes is different: the rapid consumption of nutrients or oxygen from the substrate by one of the microbes; the release of acids and other metabolic products into the substrate, which hinder the development of other microorganisms or make it completely impossible.

I. I. Mechnikov suggested using lactic acid bacteria to fight putrefactive bacteria that live in the human intestine and constantly poison it with their metabolic products.

In natural habitats and various substrates, one or another type of relationship between microorganisms is established not in isolation from other types, but in interconnection with them, forming complex systems of influences and dependencies.

Competitiveness in antagonistic relationships in some microorganisms is closely dependent on their ability to produce and release into the environment special substances that strongly inhibit other species. Such substances are called antibiotics(anti - against, bios - life). Quite a lot of these substances are known. Those that turned out to be practically harmless to humans, but very bactericidal (killing bacteria), are widely used in medicine, in animal husbandry as therapeutic and stimulating agents. Some of them have a non-bactericidal, bacteriostatic effect (stop the development of bacteria). A characteristic property of antibiotics is their selectivity, which means that each of them acts only on a certain group of microorganisms. There are also those whose range of action is quite wide.

Many organisms develop resistance to antibiotics after prolonged exposure to high doses of antibiotics. Antibiotics are low-resistant substances, their activity decreases under the influence of heat, acids, light and other factors.

Penicillin- an antibacterial substance secreted by mold fungi from the penicillium group. The most sensitive to penicillin are streptococci, staphylococci and pneumococci. Rod-shaped forms are more stable. Penicillin resistance of some bacteria is explained by the fact that they produce the enzyme penicillinase, which destroys this antibiotic.

Streptomycin produced by actinomycetes. It has the ability to inhibit the growth of many microorganisms. It is used in the treatment of acute brucellosis, intestinal diseases, etc.

Gramicidin produced by the soil bacillus brevis. It acts on staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, pathogens of gas gangrene, dysentery, typhoid fever, as well as anthrax bacillus.

Biomycin produced by actinomycetes. Inhibits the growth of many bacteria. Microorganism-produced antibiotics include tetracyclines(a group of substances with similar properties) and other compounds.

Antibiotic substances are mainly used for medicinal purposes. They have not been widely used to suppress undesirable microbiological processes in food products, since the spectrum of action of each of them is relatively narrow, and the microflora that seed food products, is very diverse. In addition, their widespread use in storage practice could very quickly lead to the loss of their medicinal value due to the inevitable emergence of microbial varieties resistant to them.

Substances similar in nature to antibiotics can be produced by higher organisms - animals and plants. Such substances, discovered in 1928 by the Soviet researcher B.P. Tokin, were called phytoncides.

Phytoncides are secreted by plants, have a detrimental effect on bacteria, fungi. Phytoncides of onion, garlic, aloe, nettle, bird cherry leaves, juniper have especially high bactericidal activity. Phytoncides obtained from onions in the form of a crystalline powder, at a dilution of 1:40,000, instantly kill diphtheria bacteria. Phytoncides are volatile substances and affect the microflora at a distance. Phytoncides are characterized by a less pronounced specificity of action compared to antibiotics of microbial origin.

Of the substances of animal origin that have antibiotic properties, lysozyme and erythrin are known.

Lysozyme- protein co alkaline properties. It is found in many substances and products of animal origin - in milk, egg white. It is also found in saliva, tears, blood serum, fish caviar, leukocytes. Lysozyme is detrimental to many bacteria. Causes at the same time the dissolution of microbial cells.

Erythrin derived from the red blood cells of animal blood. It has bacteriostatic properties against the causative agent of diphtheria, staphylococci, streptococci.

One of the important biological factors affecting microbes is bacteriophage, i.e., the ability of bacteriophage to lyse a microbial cell, leading to its death.

Phages are widely distributed in nature. They can be found in bacteria-contaminated water bodies, rivers, lakes, sewage, and other environments. Phages are used in medicine and veterinary medicine for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, in laboratories - to determine the type of bacteria. In the dairy industry and enterprises manufacturing antibiotics, the bacteriophage causes harm: it reduces the activity of lactic acid starters and antibiotics.

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Implementation of strict sanitary control over the placement, construction and operation of livestock complexes, enterprises for the production of microbiological plant protection products, antibiotics, protein-vitamin preparations and other biologically active substances, as well as wastewater treatment facilities, grain processing plants, where the biological factor acts as a factor professional risk. Implementation of strict sanitary control over the placement, construction and operation of livestock complexes, enterprises for the production of microbiological plant protection products, antibiotics, protein-vitamin preparations and other biologically active substances, as well as wastewater treatment facilities, grain processing plants, where the biological factor acts as a factor professional risk.

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The term infection refers to the process of introduction and reproduction of the pathogen in the body, followed by the development of carriage or the severity of the disease. Depending on who is the source of infection, infectious diseases are divided into: anthroponotic, zoonotic, anthropozoonotic. The term infection refers to the process of introduction and reproduction of the pathogen in the body, followed by the development of carriage or the severity of the disease. Depending on who is the source of infection, infectious diseases are divided into: anthroponotic, zoonotic, anthropozoonotic. The mechanism of transmission consists of three phases: the exit of the pathogen from the infected organism; the stay of the pathogen in the external environment; the introduction of the pathogen into the body.

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