In 1989, goats of the Saanen breed were brought to the USSR from Australia. In Russia, they were placed in the Nikonovskoe GPP in the Moscow Region. Due to the difficult economic situation in the country's agriculture in the 90s of the last century, the dairy goat farm in this farm ceased to exist. In order to preserve the unique gene pool of these animals, in 1994, purebred goats of the Zaanen breed at the age of 4 months were brought to the experimental farm of the All-Russian Research Institute of Sheep and Goat Breeding from the Nikonovskoye State Nature Reserve, 4 months old - 4 goats and 21 goats.
The scientists of the institute were given the task of creating a breeding reproducer. In this regard, it was necessary to increase the livestock and develop a system for keeping animals for the period of expanded reproduction of the herd.
A stall-pasture system for keeping goats was used (Fig. 7, 8.)

Rice. 7. Goats breeding reproducer in the pasture.
The offspring after goatling did not fight off the queens and were kept on suction until 4 months of age. With the development of cicatricial digestion, coarse, succulent feeds and concentrates were introduced into the diet in a standardized manner. At the age of one month, the live weight of young animals was 10–12 kg. In the process of development, the goats sucked out more milk and thus gave the goat milk. But in specialized dairy goats of the Saanen breed, kids are not able to completely suck milk from the udder. Therefore, the goats were milked daily, although the ability not to fully give milk during milking was preserved in the queens even after weaning the kids from them. In our experiments with repeated milking of queens after 30–40 min. after the first milking, it was possible to additionally obtain 0.2–0.4 kg of milk.
The lactation period for suckling goats is 210–240 days, which is 30–60 days less than the genetically inherent possibility of Saanen goats. Therefore, with this method of growing kids, the duration of the lactation period and the milk productivity of the queens were not as high as when weaning kids from the moment of birth. However, with this technology, by the age of 4 months, goats weighed 32.5 kg, and goats - 27.6 kg. By the age of 7 months, the average live weight of goats reached 36 kg.

Rice. 8. Stall keeping of goats with feeding with hay in the walking yard.
For accelerated reproduction of the herd, early insemination of goats at the age of 7–8 months, which reached a live weight of at least 32.5 kg, was used. The first goat took place at 12-13 months. The offspring from one-year-old goats practically did not differ in live weight, growth and development from peers obtained from older queens. However, in queens inseminated at 7–8 months of age, more singles were born. The milk productivity of these animals for 1 lactation was low and amounted to 0.5–0.9 kg of milk per day.
At the initial stage of the reproduction of the herd, the method of manual mating was used. The load on one adult goat-producer was 40–50 heads per breeding season, on a replacement goat of 7–8 months of age - 10–15 heads. Subsequently, methods of artificial insemination and synchronization of estrus in dairy goats were developed. This made it possible to conduct a random campaign in a short time using the best producers.
The domestic industry does not produce equipment for machine milking of goats. Therefore, studies were carried out to determine the optimal modes of milking goats using individual milking machines for cows of the AID type. Approximate milking time for one animal with machine milking is 2.5–3.0 minutes. Machines for milking goats have been developed. Machine milking of goats is successfully used at the institute's dairy farm.
As a result of targeted selection and breeding work in 2001, the dairy goat farm received the status of a breeding reproducer and a license for the right to breed Saanen goats. In 2005, the total number of dairy goats was 250 heads, of which 57.6% are queens. The average milk productivity per lactation is 546 kg, the average daily milk yield is 2.2 kg with an average milk fat content of 3.81%. The average milk production of goats of the elite class was 637 kg of milk for 250 days of lactation. For carrying out selection and breeding work in the herd, a selection group of goats with a milk productivity of 704.5 kg for 250 days was allocated.
Goats of the Saanen breed of the SNIIZhK breeding breed are rather large animals (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9. Goats of the Saanen breeding breed SNIIZhK.

The height at the withers of adult queens is 73–75 cm, the average live weight is 51 kg. In goats-producers, the height at the withers is 80 cm, the average live weight is 89 kg. The constitution of animals is strong and dry. The body is long, deep and fairly wide. The skeleton is strong, the limbs are correctly set. Goats of white color, their coat consists of a thin awn without a noticeable undercoat.
Specialists of the breeding reproducer conduct selection and breeding work aimed at increasing milk productivity, improving the class composition of goats and the reproductive abilities of animals. At the same time, methods of targeted selection and selection are used, work is underway to identify the ancestor of the line of high milk production and high fertility. On the basis of the breeding reproducer, experimental work is being carried out to clarify the selection indicators and technological parameters for the development of a new OST for the evaluation of dairy goats.
The breeding reproducer has accumulated experience in various technologies for growing kids and milking goats. Experiments were carried out on growing goats by suckling, sucking-and-milking and manual watering. The optimal options for growing kids are determined, depending on the conditions and goals of keeping. The rate of milk transfer during manual and machine milking of goats has been established.
The breeding reproducer is a regular participant and winner of Russian exhibitions of breeding animals. Its creation had a positive impact on the development of dairy goat breeding in many regions of the Russian Federation and CIS countries. During the existence of the loudspeaker, more than 150 heads of goats and replacement goats were sold to the tribe in order to improve local dairy goats. In this direction, cooperation is being carried out with state organizations, private and farm enterprises of the following constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Mordovskaya, Altai, Dagestan, North Ossetia (Alania), Kabardino-Balkaria; Krasnodar, Stavropol, Altai Territories; Astrakhan, Vologda, Volgograd Kaluga, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Samara, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Chita regions, city of Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as the states of Belarus, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Georgia.

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 4 minutes

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If we consider the Russian goat breeding in a historical context, it is worth noting that during the Soviet Union this livestock industry was poorly supported by the state, which was represented by wool and down areas.

However, the total goat population was small. Dairy and down areas developed only at the expense of personal farmsteads. This predetermined the high stability of the industry, which almost all the time worked almost in market conditions.

Goat breeding in Russia. Story

The history of this branch of animal husbandry in our country has more than 100 years. In its development on the territory of Russia, three main stages can be conditionally distinguished:

• the first stage is connected with the works of Prince Urusov and other representatives of the Russian nobility who fought for the health of the Russian nation. Between 1906 and 1913 these enthusiasts did a great job. From Europe (mainly from Germany and Switzerland), several thousand goats of pure breeds were imported (most of them are Saanen), a breed book was established (which currently does not exist), the Union of Russian Goat Breeders was organized, in which goat breeders united over time 42 Russian provinces, as well as once a month a thematic magazine called "Russian goat breeding" began to appear;
• the second phase began in October 1917. State support for goat breeding came to naught, and the industry, despite all the efforts of enthusiasts, simply faded away. And yet, thanks to the unique genetic qualities of previously imported Zaanen animals, even in this difficult time for goat breeders, it was possible to improve Russian outbred low-yielding goats. There were such domestic breeds as Gorky and Soviet Saanen, alas, not preserved to this day. Moreover, goat breeding in the USSR interfered with the plans for the development of collective farms and state farms, since the villagers who had at least five goats refused to go to work on dairy farms, since it was more profitable to comb down and, sitting at home, knit woolen products and live with them. sales. The country's leadership made a "wise" decision and limited the number of heads of this small cattle allowed per family to three. If a person worked on a collective farm and was a leader, so be it, he could keep five goats. And if a person was a communist or held a leadership position (chief agronomist or chairman), then he was forced to voluntarily refuse to keep these animals in his farmstead;
• the third stage is the current state of this industry. Despite the most difficult nineties of the last century, domestic goat breeding has survived and is beginning to develop. The current state of this livestock direction in Russia lags far behind the same United States of America, in which it began to develop simultaneously with the Russian one, but at present it is significantly ahead of it (the number of purebred goats in the United States has more than a million individuals).

Despite the emergence of the first large goat-breeding enterprises in our country, this industry is still developing mainly due to personal subsidiary and small peasant farms. At present (according to information from Rosstat), it is in them that more than 91 percent of the entire goat herd of the country is located.

No other livestock industry has such a concentration of livestock among the population. For example, in sheep breeding this figure is 80 percent.

It should be said that the breeding of small cattle (goats and sheep) is included in a separate section in the state program for the development of domestic agriculture. This allows us to hope that goat breeding will gradually develop in our country, especially its dairy direction.

For the successful development of downy goat breeding (including the coarse wool direction), it is necessary to organize a developed network of marketing cooperation. This will make it possible to create manufacturing enterprises of the type of folk crafts, to organize a competent marketing and advertising campaign both within the country and abroad. It is possible to organize the processing of goat down into yarn right at the places of its production, and create small workshops for sewing products from it, attracting schoolchildren and young people for this. This will significantly increase the employment of the population and increase its level of income.

Wool goat breeding, most likely. will be limited to a relatively small number of livestock. Its main product, wool, will be used to meet the needs of a part of the Russian population, for whom the use of goat wool products is associated with local traditions.

Dairy goat breeding in Russia looks the most promising, since goat milk is a valuable dietary product that is well suited for baby food and is useful for the elderly. By the way, the demand for such milk is gradually and steadily increasing.

Already, domestic entrepreneurs have begun to invest significant funds in this industry. The first dairy goat farms of an industrial type were created in the Leningrad region (ZAO Prinevskoye), in the Moscow region (SPK Krasnaya Niva), it is planned to create similar enterprises in Siberia and Tatarstan (LukozSaba). Large breeding farms are already operating in the Republic of Mari-EL ("Lukoz"), in the Stavropol Territory (SNIIZhK and KH "Rus-1") and others. Such breeding farms, in addition to the direct production of milk, also raise breeding animals, the demand for which now significantly exceeds the supply.

However, since the purebred herd imported a hundred years ago has practically ceased to exist, the import of breeding dairy goats is still necessary. So far, it is limited due to the high price of such animals, due to the lack of supply. However, there is certainly a way out of this situation. This is a wide selective crossbreeding of local breeds with highly productive producers of either the Saanen or a related breed group. The management of Lukoz LLC, following this path, in a fairly short time managed to obtain a breeding stock, the average milk yield of which per lactation exceeds 800 kilograms.

Despite the fact that there are examples of successful transfer of goat breeding to an industrial basis, in the near future, nevertheless, its development will occur at the expense of personal farmsteads and small peasant farms. This is due to the fact that dairy goat farming as a business is perfectly suited to many existing programs for the social development of the Russian countryside (for example, the resettlement program from the Far North, the Family Dairy Farm program, the project to increase rural employment, and so on). The main advantages, which allows the use of dairy goat breeding for these programs, are the small amount of the required start-up capital and the fairly quick payback of the enterprise.

There are still many problems in domestic dairy goat breeding. This is the lack of infrastructure that could ensure high-quality processing and subsequent sale of products, and the lack of marketing and supply cooperation, and, finally, the inability of the domestic industry to produce low-power milking and processing equipment. However, all these problems are completely solvable.

Summarizing the above, we can say that Russian goat breeding is rapidly and gradually developing, but no global changes have yet been observed. The most dynamically developing at the moment is the dairy industry.

Research work in this area is also ongoing. It is dedicated to improving the technologies of feeding and keeping these domestic animals, the problems of rearing young animals, the issues of reproduction and improvement of the existing herd, as well as the development of new and improvement of existing methods of artificial insemination. The selection work on the creation of new domestic goat breeds is not forgotten either. In addition, a set of necessary regulatory documents has been developed (which still require approval at the state level). These include assessment standards, the system of breeding and zootechnical accounting of animals, and so on. There is a possibility of the appearance in our country of such a direction as meat goat breeding.

In 2015, the “Industrial Goat Breeding Association” was established in our country.

It was founded by well-known domestic goat breeders, the Kozhanov brothers. The goat-breeding enterprises Lukoz (Mari Republic) and LukozSaba (Tatarstan), headed by them, became its first members, and then the Chuvash agricultural firm Putilovka joined them. At the moment, it has more than 10 members from the Moscow region, the Leningrad and Kaluga regions and other regions of Russia.

Authors): L.N. Grigoryan, S.A. Khatataev / L.N. Grigoryan, S.A. Khatataev
Organization(s): Russian Research Institute of Animal Breeding

UDC 636.32/.38

Keywords: goat breeds, cool composition, breeding regions, grading, productivity

key words: breeds of goats, class composition, regions of breeding, productivity records

annotation

Data on the state of the breeding base of dairy goat breeds of the Russian Federation for 2012 are given: livestock, class composition, live weight, productivity.

The information on the status of tribal base of dairy breeds of goats in the Russian Federation for 2012 is presented: livestock, class composition, live weight, productivity.

In recent years, the breeding of dairy goats has been intensively developed throughout the world. The production of various dairy products from goat milk - butter, cheese, various yoghurts - is becoming more and more popular in many countries. Goat's milk has a better digestibility compared to cow's, contains an increased amount of minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids. Goat milk is not only a dietary product, but also has healing and anti-infective properties.

In the Russian Federation, dairy goat breeding is a new developing branch of animal husbandry. In dairy goat breeding, the most common goat breed is the Saanen breed. Along with the Saanen breed, others were also imported to farms, such as Alpine and Nubian.

Currently, the breeding base of dairy goat breeding is represented by only one breed - the Saanen, since only this breed is officially registered and has a permit for use on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The Head Information and Breeding Center of Livestock Breeding of Russia received reports on the grading of goats of the Saanen breed for the first time in 2003 (for 2002) from two breeding reproducers: GNU SNIIZhK and KH Pozharenko. The total number of breeding goats of this breed at the beginning of 2003 was 292 heads, including queens - 182 heads.

Currently, the breeding base of the Zaanen breed is represented by 4 breeding reproducers (Lukoz LLC of the Mari El Republic; KH Rus-1 LLC of the Stavropol Territory; PZ Prinevskoe CJSC, Leningrad Region; Vyatsky Breeding Plant LLC, Kirov Region). and one gene pool farm (GH SNIIZhK of the Russian Agricultural Academy).

The largest breeding organization for breeding goats of the Saanen breed is the breeding reproducer LLC Lukoz of the Sernursky district of the Republic of Mari El. At the beginning of 2012, the total number of breeding goats in this breeder was 1373 heads, including queens and goats older than a year - 1186 heads. The milk yield per lactation per one goat was 809 kg for the herd. The herd was created on the basis of absorption crossing of Saanen goats with mothers of local dairy breeds, mainly Russian White breed.

The second large breeding reproducer for the Saanen goat breed is CJSC PZ "Prinevskoye" of the Leningrad Region. The breeding reproducer was created on the basis of the livestock of Saanen goats imported from Holland. At the beginning of 2012, the total number of breeding goats in this farm amounted to 1163 heads, including queens and goats older than a year - 800 heads. Milk yield per lactation per one goat was 764 kg.

They are successfully breeding pedigree goats of the Saanen breed in the Stavropol Territory, where there is one gene pool farm for this breed and one breeding reproducer: GNU SNIIZhK (total goats - 90 heads, queens and goats older than a year - 54 heads, milk yield per goat - 715 kg) and Rus-1 LLC (471 and 458 heads, 757 kg, respectively).

In 2012, a total of 4424.7 goats were tested, including 67 sires and 2432 queens (Table 1). It should be noted that the overall assessment of breeding goats is high: all breeding goats and replacement goats are 100% elite; 88% of queens and 100% of replacement goats are assigned to the elite class (according to the requirements of the documents "Rules in the field of breeding livestock", "Types of organizations operating in the field of breeding livestock", the share of the breeding stock of the elite and first classes in breeding reproducers and gene pool organizations should be 80 and 70%, in breeding plants - 90%).

Probonitated goats of various sex and age groups in all breeding organizations were characterized by high live weight, according to which they met the requirements of the elite class for animals of the Saanen breed (Table 2).

Among the producers in terms of live weight, goats belonging to Lukoz LLC stand out, the average live weight of which was 104 kg; and among the breeding stock - the queens of CJSC PZ "Prinevskoe" (65 kg).

It should be noted that in general, in all breeding farms, breeding goats meet the requirements of current regulatory documents in terms of milk productivity. (Table 3). The highest milk productivity of goats was noted in the breeding farm of Lukoz LLC.

One of the main tasks of breeding organizations is the cultivation of breeding animals for the acquisition of their own herd and for the sale of breeding stock (replacement young animals) into herds for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. The total sales of breeding goats in 2012 amounted to 987 heads, incl. breeding goats - 154 heads, among which the share of elite animals is 93%, the current year of birth - 7%. The class composition of the sold breeding stock is as follows: elite - 99%, goats of the current year of birth - 1%. Based on 100 breeding queens available at the beginning of the year, 39.1 goals were sold. breeding goats. The main share of the sold rearing young stock was made up of animals of LLC Vyatsky breeding farm, per 100 queens - 80 heads, LLC Lukoz - 64.2% and PZ Prinevskoe - 25.6%, respectively.

In the future, the breeding base of Saanen goats will expand. Candidates for obtaining tribal status are KFH "Samigulina R.R." Republic of Bashkortostan, LLC "Nefedovskoye" Pskov region, ZAO PH "Krasnozernoe" Leningrad region and LLC "Vireneya" Moscow region.

Since the breeding base of dairy goats of the Saanen breed is expanding, the question of creating a breeding center (association) for this breed of goats, which should carry out activities on scientific, methodological, service and information support for breeding and breeding work with the breed on the territory of the Russian Federation, is already arising. , monitoring of selection and genetic processes in the breed, as well as maintaining the state book of breeding animals, where the best animals will be entered.

All other breeds of dairy goats (Alpine, Dutch White, Anglo-Nubian, White Belgian, White German, Nubian, Toggenburg, etc.) are not registered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation.

When importing and breeding dairy goats of other breeds in our country (Alpine, Dutch White, Anglo-Nubian, White Belgian, White German, Nubian, Toggenburg, etc.), you must first submit the necessary documents to the Federal State Institution "Gossortkommissiya" for registration of admission to use. After passing through this procedure, organizations with a legal status can apply for the status of breeding organizations by submitting documents in accordance with the requirements of the documents "Rules in the field of breeding livestock", "Types of organizations operating in the field of breeding livestock" (approved by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia No. 183 April 16, 2013).

Saanen goats, recognized as the largest in the world, were bred over 100 years ago by folk selection in the Swiss Alps. These animals have become widespread due to their high fecundity, excellent health and record milk yields. The Saanen goat breed is rightfully considered the best dairy breed - the annual milk yield from one individual reaches 1000 liters per year.

Breed features

Goats of the Saanen breed are distinguished by their large size - the weight of an average goat is 75-85 kg, goats - 55-65 kg. Some individuals grow up to 90-100 kg. The height of these animals at the withers is 75–85 cm.

Their body is large with a broad chest and a straight long back, the head is of medium size, slightly elongated compared to other Swiss breeds.

Most often, Saanen goats have short white hair, but representatives of cream color can also be found abroad.

A distinctive feature of these animals is polled. But it must be borne in mind that only 40% of individuals are born without horns, the rest of the horns are cauterized in the first week after birth so that they cannot injure each other.

Earrings are often found on the neck - small skin processes covered with wool. Some representatives of the breed have a small beard.

Saanen goats are unpretentious animals, caring for them is not difficult. The main conditions of detention are:

• varied and nutritious food;
• regular walking in the fresh air;
• providing a dry room without drafts.

To maintain the immunity of these animals, it is necessary to provide them with a varied and high-quality diet. Their diet must include freshly cut grass (hay in winter), bran, potatoes and beets.

With regular outdoor walking, Saanen goats receive additional vitamins from the eaten birch and willow twigs, leaves and tree bark.

Animals of this breed are adapted to keeping in the conditions of the middle lane. They are easily kept in the cold, but do not tolerate damp rooms with drafts or poor ventilation.

Breeding Saanen goats

Goats of the Saanen breed are early maturing, goats are ready for mating already at 10 months of age. These animals are highly prolific - 80% of individuals give birth to twins.

Based on the materials of the seminar at AgroFarm 2015

Vladimir Kozhanov, Chairman of the Board of Directors of CJSC "Sernursky Cheese Plant", Republic of Mari El, Director of the Department of Dairy Goat Breeding of the National Union of Milk Producers, said that the "discrimination" of goats ends, and they will be recognized as dairy animals. Thus, producers of goat milk delivered for processing may qualify for government subsidies.

Another important problem is the consumer demand for goat's milk - the majority of the population is not ready to consume it.

Topic Svetlana Novopashina, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Head of the Goat Breeding Laboratory of the All-Russian Research Institute of Sheep and Goat Breeding was “Organization of zootechnical work in dairy goat breeding”.

Goat breeding in Russia is actively developing as a branch of agriculture. Pedigree farms for breeding dairy goats of the Saanen breed began to appear and fruitfully work in the country.

LLC SHP "Lukoz" (Republic of Mari El) is not only the largest, but also the most productive breeding organization, with a high level of selection and breeding work. On the basis of this farm, a new type of Saanen goats will soon appear. The breeding farm "Krasnoozernoe" (Leningrad region) breeds 2 breeds of goats: the breeding Saanen breed and the Alpine breed.

ZAO Breeding Plant Prinevskoye (Leningrad Region) is the second largest breeding reproducer for the Saanen goat breed. KH Rus-1 LLC (Stavropol Territory) and Putilovka LLC (Republic of Chuvashia) are two not very large breeding farms that enjoy well-deserved authority among Russian goat breeders.

In addition, there are other dairy goat farms in the country that are not breeding, but are involved in the preparation of documents for obtaining this status: Berezka LLC (Kursk Region), Koltsovo Farm Farm (Voronezh Region), Geyzerovo (Tyumen ).

However, there are a number of farms that keep Saanen goats and have a good reputation in the goat environment, but are not breeding. The reason for this in most cases is ignorance of where to turn and how to properly draw up documentation.

In order to obtain the status of a breeding farm, you need to report annually to the regional breeding service and submit a package of documents to this service:

1. Card of the breeding farm;

2. Statement of the breed and class composition of the herd of goats;

3. Characteristics of the herd of goats by live weight;

4. Characteristics of a herd of goats in terms of milk production. After the submission of these documents, the Ministry of Agriculture issues a license for breeding activities for a period of 3 or 5 years. Obtaining this document does not just give the right to sell breeding animals, it is a great responsibility for conducting selection and breeding work. Farms that have received this status are required to competently conduct zootechnical work, carry out marking of animals, and work according to a breeding plan for a five-year period. In addition, it is necessary to maintain a certain list of zootechnical documents:

1. Card of a breeding goat;

2. Card of a breeding goat;

3. Journal of individual grading and productivity of goats;

4. Journal of mating and kidding;

5. Journal of milk yield;

6. Journal of breeding breeding young animals. The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “All-Russian Research Institute of Sheep and Goat Breeding” has developed regulatory documents “The system of zootechnical and breeding records in dairy goat breeding”, which will collect all the necessary forms both for submission to the service of the Ministry of Agriculture and for maintaining breeding records.

Mikhail Sannikov, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Scientific Secretary of the All-Russian Research Institute of Sheep and Goat Breeding shared information on the development of an electronic database in dairy goat breeding.

Without the creation of a union (association) to protect the interests of the industry, further development is impossible. Practical steps must be taken to address this issue as soon as possible. One form of this association could be the creation of a unified Russian database of breeding resources in dairy goat breeding.

When creating the base, the task was to maximize access to it and provide the opportunity to work with it for any willing goat breeder. At present, any goat breeder can register in this database and, using the Internet, create and replenish his own database. This greatly simplifies the work in contrast to the traditional purchase of licensed programs, the cost of which is quite high.

After the imposition of sanctions, the developers of this program refused to place it on free cloud services abroad. Currently, the database is hosted on the RU server.

For registration and work in this system, there are no restrictions on either the number or the importance of livestock. Both large industrial farms and any amateur goat breeder interested in promoting their farm are located. In the future, it will be possible to select farms according to their territorial location, which greatly facilitates the search for a farm for a potential buyer.

At the time of entry, each animal is assigned an identification number, which guarantees its uniqueness. This is important when conducting a breeding sale of goats, establishing a pedigree, issuing a breeding certificate.

Based on the information entered, a register of animals is formed, which allows you to search for any of the available data (animal number, date of birth, date of departure, etc.).

All this makes it possible to carry out selection work, for example, to establish the proportion of blood for animals for various breeds to a depth of up to 6 generations. This exceeds the modern requirements for breeding records, since when issuing a breeding certificate, we indicate data only for the 3rd generation, in some cases - for the 4th.

The introduction of such a unified registry makes it possible to analyze the productive qualities of offspring, to establish an improver for individual characteristics, for example, milk yield, fat content, protein in milk. At the same time, analysis by offspring can be carried out even if it is sold to other farms.

The database allows you to carry out your own accounting of productive indicators, such as the result of daily or control milking, quality indicators of milk, etc. The analytical block of the program allows you to summarize the results and conduct a comparative analysis.

Access to this system is free of charge: you must fill out an application for participation and agree to the processing of personal data.

Vladimir Lebed, the head of the livestock department of CJSC PZ "Prinevskoye", Leningrad region, spoke about the practical experience of creating the first breeding plant in Russia for breeding dairy goats.

"Prinevskoye" is a diversified enterprise engaged in dairy farming, milk processing, growing seed potatoes, vegetables, floriculture, and mushroom growing. Today, the farm produces 13% of the gross product of the entire mushroom growing industry in the Russian Federation.

In 2007, goats of the Saanen breed were brought to the farm from the Netherlands and Germany, because Russia did not have the quantity that was needed. In 2009, the first results appeared - 678 kg of milk. Then work began on obtaining the status of a breeding reproducer. In a short period of time, the numbers turned out to be higher than the program that was planned.

Last year, grading was carried out: 22 stud goats, 333 young goats, 800 goats. First lactation - 896 kg of milk (82 heads), second lactation - 925 kg (123 heads), third lactation - 943 kg (181 heads), fourth lactation - 912 kg (79 heads), fifth lactation - 904 kg (72 heads) , sixth lactation - 912 kg (85 heads), seventh lactation - 889 kg (46 heads). Total: the average yield according to the grading amounted to 918 kg, which is 78 kg higher compared to the previous year.

The main task is to sell 100% elite breeding stock. This suggests that the animals live in our farm for a long time. The goats are indoors. The farm is in the heart of the city.

By live weight. First lactation: 55 kg was kept for a long time, since last year this figure has increased to 60 kg. The second lactation - 71, the third - 75, the fourth - 76, the fifth - 79, after the sixth, seventh and older - all for 80 kg. The average live weight for goats is 71 kg, for goats-producers - 97 kg. The leading breeding goal is a large livestock. At the age of 8 months, when the goat reaches a live weight of 36 kg, it is placed for insemination. The average age at lambing is 395 days, or 13 months.

Livestock structure: 600-700 kg - 36 heads, from 700 to 800 kg - 112, from 800 to 900 - 131 heads, from 900 to 1000 - 139, from 1200 to 1400 - 31 heads, from 1400 and above - 8 heads.

Since 2011, the farm has been actively engaged in artificial insemination, inseminating 80% of the goats in the same year with this method. From 2012 to the present, the entire goat population has been artificially inseminated. The efficiency of this method is 96-98%.

Much attention is paid to animal nutrition.

Diana Edzaeva, dairy goat consultant, stopped at the import of imported goat breeds to Russia. Theoretically, getting goats from abroad is easy. But in practice it turns out that this is associated with certain difficulties and requires large material investments.

In Russia, there are two organizations that deal with the preparation of documents for the import of animals: the Rosselkhoznadzor and the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture.

How to apply for an import permit? All documents are drawn up by the veterinary service: the certificate of acceptance of the quarantine premises is drawn up by the local one, everything else (application, contract for the purchase of goats, transport plan indicating all the proposed border crossing points) is done by the regional one. As a result, the Rosselkhoznadzor gives permission for import.

Goat selection in the exporting country

1. It is better to select goats from only one farm. It will be cheaper, more profitable and more practical. Mixing goats from different farms is unacceptable! At the same time, if you plan to buy goats several times and there is no contract for the supply immediately for 2-3 years, then you need to prepare for the fact that the next year the price will increase significantly.

2. Young animals are evaluated according to the general level of productivity on the farm, genetics, stress tolerance.

3. The feeding system on the farm has an impact on productivity!

4. The farm must have a valid certificate confirming the absence of scrapie, infectious arthritis-encephalitis and pseudotuberculosis.

Quarantine in the exporting country:

1. Before being sent to the Russian Federation, goats must undergo a 21-day quarantine according to the EAEU veterinary certificate.

2. The quarantine facility must be certified.

3. In the exporting country, quarantine is carried out under the supervision of the state veterinarian of the exporting country. In all countries, this is a very significant figure, which is customary to trust. Not a single state veterinarian in the country will go against the certificate. The certificate is the protocol by which goats are supplied and all tests are done.

4. Analyzes are taken by a veterinarian in accordance with the EAEU certificate.

5. When importing only to Russia, a representative of the state veterinary service of the Russian Federation must be present.

If you bring animals to Russia and put them in quarantine, but something happened to the animal, the veterinarian does not bear any responsibility.

Quarantine costs, or why Russians buy goats more expensive than Europeans

1. Europeans don't quarantine. Selected animals are tested only for dangerous infections that cause economic damage.

2. The state veterinarian of the exporting country gives permission for export. In the civilized world, it is customary to trust government services.

The State Veterinary Service of the Russian Federation does not trust the State Veterinary Services of other countries. To control the implementation of quarantine measures, the constant presence of a representative of the state veterinary service of the Russian Federation is mandatory.

The Russian veterinarian performs an exclusively supervisory function. Blood sampling, tests, documents are done by veterinarians of the exporting country. The Russian doctor may require additional tests or close the quarantine at his discretion. He does not bear any responsibility in case of positive tests in quarantine in the Russian Federation. All costs for slaughter and disposal of livestock are borne by the buyer.

4. A large number of tests, according to the veterinary certificate, some tests are taken twice. A mandatory requirement is to take kids from certified infectious arthritis-encephalitis and scrapie farms.

Veterinary certificate

1. A prerequisite for export to the Russian Federation is that the farmer has a certificate for infectious arthritis-encephalitis CAE. According to the same certificate, the buyer is obliged to make an analysis for CAE. In civilized countries, they act on the principle of either one or the other. In Russia, the analysis for arthritis-encephalitis must be repeated.

The cattle is imported from a farm that has already been certified for arthritis-encephalitis. There, every year, the entire livestock is monitored for this disease. Why do tests for this disease?

2. Analysis for antibodies to listeria. Listeria is a ubiquitous bacterium. In the EU, testing for listeriosis has been abolished and diagnosis is based on clinical signs. Very often quarantine can be closed due to listeria. But this disease is not dangerous for humans.

3. Bluetongue, or catarrhal fever. tropical disease. Our climate is far from tropical. Europe has been free from this disease for 3 years, but according to the certificate, it is necessary to do an antibody test if the animals have not been vaccinated, or PCR if they have been vaccinated.

4. The Schmallenberg virus is recognized as non-hazardous and does not bring economic damage in the EU, like a strain of the Akabane virus. The Russian Federation without any restrictions buys cattle with antibodies to the Akabane virus from the USA and Australia. The main route of spread is through the bites of blood-sucking insects. Infected countries: Germany, Holland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, etc. It is not found in the Kaliningrad region. If there is no diagnosis, there is no disease; if there is a diagnosis, there is a disease.

According to the instruction of the Rosselkhoznadzor dated November 7, 2014 No. FS-NV-2/21651, new conditions for the safe import of animals susceptible to Schmallenberg disease and their genetic material have been established. These conditions say the following:

Before export to the Russian Federation from a country not officially free from Schmallenberg disease, animals must be quarantined for at least 28 days in the territory of the exporting country;

During quarantine, blood samples from all animals included in the quarantine group intended for export must be subjected to two laboratory tests by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to identify the Schmallenberg virus genome. In this case, the first sample is taken from the 1st to the 7th day, the second - from the 15th to the 21st day of quarantine. The virus lives in the body for 3-4 days, in addition, it is not persistent, it quickly disintegrates.

Animals are allowed to be imported into the Russian Federation in the following cases:

If during the summer period of insect vectors in the entire quarantine group, laboratory tests did not reveal PCR-positive animals;

If during the absence of the summer of insect vectors in the quarantine group, laboratory tests revealed PCR positive and doubtful animals, and they were immediately excluded from the quarantine group, and the rest of the animals were subjected to repeated PCR tests and negative test results for Schmallenberg disease were obtained. One PCR test for the Schmallenberg virus costs 45-65 euros, depending on the laboratory.

In winter, insects do not fly. The virus lives in the body for 3-4 days, then natural immunization occurs. The virus can be determined by PCR analysis within 8-15 hours after blood sampling. There is no guarantee that upon arrival in Russia the animal will not be bitten by a carrier of the disease. With a positive reaction to the Schmallenberg virus, the animal will have to be destroyed at the expense of the buyer.

5. Pseudotuberculosis (Caseous Lymphadenitis) is a serious disease, but testing for pseudotuberculosis is not on the veterinary certificate. It is a slow-moving, difficult-to-diagnose infection that causes economic damage. Widespread in Spain, Canada, France. A farm certificate for the absence of pseudotuberculosis can serve as a guarantee of the absence of the disease.

Additional costs: transport; the cost of passing the veterinary inspection of the EAEU countries; import VAT 18%. Import duty on purebred breeding goats - 0%, on non-breeding goats - 5%. Even if the animal is not included in the register, the duty will still be 0%, it is necessary to show the breeding certificate at the customs.

But these are 40% of the problems, the main of which begin in Russia. This is the cost of quarantine in the Russian Federation. A Russian veterinarian must do tests in accordance with the certificate. But veterinarians take the initiative and do additional tests for leptospirosis, chlamydia, and helminthiasis.