Give examples of different types of soils. The value of soil in nature

What are the soils

Look at the pictures of the soil samples. Compare them to each other. Which of these soils do you think is the most fertile? Why? Check yourself against the textbook.

Sections of the main types of soils:
1. Tundra soil. 2. Podzolic soil. 3. Gray forest soil. 4. Chernozem. 5. Swamp soil. 6. Meadow soil.

In different places of our country, the soils are not the same. Soil scientists distinguish a large number of soil types.

In the tundra, tundra soils are common, in the taiga and mixed forests - podzolic soils, in deciduous forests - gray forest soils, in the steppes - chernozem soils, or chernozems. Swamp soils are typical for marshes, meadow soils for meadows.

The most common soils in our country are podzolic. And the most fertile - chernozem. These soils are especially rich in humus, which gives them a very dark or even black color. Chernozem is one of the most fertile soils peace.

Bog soils are interesting because they contain a thick layer of peat. And in meadow soils, a thick layer of turf is clearly visible, formed by intertwining roots of herbaceous plants.

Find information about the soils of your region in local history literature. Make notes in your workbook. Think and tell what human activity can threaten the soils of your region.
Sculpt from plasticine a model of a section of the soil characteristic of your region.
Imagine that you need to convince your classmates great importance soil for life on earth. Prepare your presentation. Compare it with the sample provided on the Self-Check Pages (8).

soil conservation

One centimeter of soil is formed in nature in 250-300 years, twenty centimeters - in 5-6 thousand years!

You already know that plants protect the soil from the action of wind and water currents. Where there are no plants, wind and water can quickly disperse and wash away all or part of the soil. This is what happens in many fields.

To protect the soil in the fields, it is necessary to plant shelterbelts, and in winter to carry out snow retention. The most common method of snow retention is the construction of snow banks. They are cut using a tractor with special snow plows at a distance of 5-10 meters from one another.

It is very important to properly plow the soil on the slopes. Remember how to do it.

The soil is “afraid” of many things, for example, pesticides. If they are used more than the norm, they accumulate in the soil, pollute it. As a result, worms, insect larvae, bacteria die, without which the soil loses its fertility.

If too much fertilizer is applied to the soil or it is watered too abundantly, an excess of salts accumulates in it. And this is harmful to plants and to all living things in the soil.

check yourself

Give examples various types soils.
What soil is the most fertile?
What are the soils like in your area?
Why is it important to take good care of the soil?
How should soils be protected?

Homework assignment

In the book "The Giant in the Glade" read the story "More expensive than pearls and gold - underfoot." How can each of us conserve the soil?

In the next lesson

We learn what a forest is, what organisms make up the natural community of the forest. We will learn to characterize the forest community according to the plan.

Remember what forest zones there are in Russia. Is there a forest in your area? Remember your observations in the forest. What did you find particularly interesting?

Fertilize, apply pesticides, water and loosen, from morning until late at night in the beds, but the harvest is not happy? Spend money on zoned modern varieties and hybrids, and as a result, miserable diseased plants on the site? Maybe it's all about the soil?

Horticulture and horticulture is aimed at obtaining good harvests. Suitable varieties plants, timely application of fertilizers and pesticides, watering - all this affects the final result.

But proper agricultural technology gives the desired result only when taking into account the characteristics of the soil in this area. Let's look at the types and types of soil, their pros and cons.

Soil types are classified according to the content in it:

minerals (main part);
organics and, first of all, humus, which determines its fertility;
microorganisms and other living beings involved in the processing of vegetation residues.

An important quality of the soil is the ability to pass air and moisture, as well as the ability to retain incoming water.

For a plant, such a property of the soil as thermal conductivity (it is also called heat capacity) is extremely important. It is expressed in the period of time during which the soil is able to heat up to a certain temperature and, accordingly, give off heat.

The mineral part of any soil is sedimentary rocks formed as a result of the weathering of rock formations. Water flows over millions of years divide these products into two types:

sand;
clay.

Another mineral-forming species is limestone.

As a result, 7 main types of soils can be distinguished for the flat part of Russia:

clay;
loamy (loam);
sandy;
sandy loam (sandy loam);
calcareous;
peat;
chernozem.

Soil characteristics

clayey

Heavy, hard to work with, takes a long time to dry and warms up slowly in the spring. Poorly pass water and moisture to the roots of plants. Beneficial microorganisms develop poorly in such soil, and the process of decomposition of plant residues practically does not occur.

loamy

One of the most common soil types. In terms of quality, they are second only to chernozems. Suitable for growing all horticultural and horticultural crops.

Loams are easy to process, have normal acidity. They heat up quickly, but do not immediately release the stored heat.

A good environment for the development of underground microflora. The processes of decomposition and decay, due to air access, are intense.

Sandy

Easy for any processing, well pass water, air and liquid fertilizers to the roots. But these qualities also have negative consequences: the soil quickly dries up and cools down, fertilizers during rains and irrigation are washed out with water and go deep into the soil.

sandy loam

Possessing all positive qualities sandy soils, sandstones hold better mineral fertilizers, organics and moisture.

Lime

The soil is not suitable for gardening. It has little humus, as well as iron and manganese. Alkaline environment requires acidification of limestone soil.

Peat

Plots in swampy places need to be cultivated and, above all, to carry out land reclamation work. acidic soils must be notified annually.

Chernozem

Chernozem is the standard of soil, it does not need to be cultivated. Competent agricultural technology is all that is needed to grow a rich crop.

For a more accurate classification of the soil, its main physical, chemical and organoleptic parameters are considered.

Soil type characteristics	clayey	loamy	sandy	sandy loam	calcareous	peaty	black soil
Structure	Large-blocky	lumpy, textured	fine-grained	Finely lumpy	stony inclusions	loose	Granular-lumpy
Density	high	average	low	average	high	low	average
Breathability	Very low	average	high	average	low	high	high
Hygroscopicity	low	average	low	average	high	high	high
Heat capacity (heating rate)	low	average	high	average	high	low	high
Acidity	subacid	Neutral to acidic	Low, close to neutral	subacid	alkaline	sour	Slightly alkaline to slightly acidic
% humus	Very low	Medium, closer to high	short	average	short	average	high
Cultivation	The introduction of sand, ash, peat, lime, organic matter.	Maintain the structure by adding manure or humus.	Introduction of peat, humus, clay dust, planting green manure.	Regular application of organics, autumn sowing of green manure	The introduction of organic, potash and nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium sulfate, sow green manure	The introduction of sand, abundant liming, manure, compost.	In case of depletion, the introduction of organic matter, compost, sowing green manure.
Crops that can grow	trees and shrubs with a developed root system that goes deep into the soil: oak, apple, ash	Almost all zoned varieties grow.	Carrots, onions, strawberries, currants	Grows most crops when used proper agricultural technology and zoned varieties.	Sorrel, lettuce, radish, blackberry.	Currant, gooseberry, chokeberry, garden strawberry	Everything grows.

The main types of soils in Russia

More than a hundred years ago, V.V. Dokuchaev discovered that the formation of the main soil types on the Earth's surface follows the law of latitudinal zonality.

Soil type is its attributes that occur under similar conditions and have the same parameters and conditions of soil formation, which in turn depend on climate over geologically significant periods of time.

The following soil types are distinguished:

tundra;
podzolic;
sod-podzolic;
gray forest;
chernozem;
chestnut;
brown.

The tundra and brown soils of semi-deserts are completely unsuitable for agriculture. Podzolic taiga and chestnut soils of dry steppes are infertile.

For agricultural activity, medium-fertile soddy-podzolic soil, fertile gray forest soil and the most fertile chernozem soil are of primary importance. Humus content, climatic conditions with necessary heat and moisture make these soils attractive to work on.

We are used to seeing beauty in the clouds, in the surrounding nature, and never in the soil. But it is she who creates those unique pictures that remain in memory for a long time. Love, learn and take care of the soil on your site! She will repay you and your children excellent harvests joy of creation and confidence in the future.

Determination of the mechanical composition of the soil:

The importance of soil in the life of mankind:

Cucumber is one of the most beloved garden crops of our summer residents. However, not all and not always gardeners manage to get really good harvest. And although growing cucumbers requires regular attention and care, there is a little secret that will significantly increase their yield. It's about about pinching cucumbers. Why, how and when to pinch cucumbers, we will tell in the article. An important point The agricultural technique of cucumbers is their formation, or type of growth.

Summer is in full swing. Planting in gardens and orchards is mostly completed, but worries have not diminished, because the calendar has the hottest months of the year. The temperature scale of the thermometer often exceeds +30 ° C, preventing our plants from growing and developing. How can you help them cope with the heat? The tips that we will share in this article will be useful to both suburban and urban residents. After all, indoor plants during this period also have a hard time. In hot weather, plants need watering.

For many gardeners, slugs are a real nightmare. Although one might think, well, what's wrong with these, at first glance, peaceful sedentary creatures? But in fact they can inflict substantial harm your plants and crops. Not only do slugs persistently eat leaves, flowers and fruits in spring and summer, but with the onset of cold weather, these land mollusks move to the cellar and continue to destroy what you have so carefully grown and collected.

Spelled horns with beef - fast food for dinner or lunch. AT recent times spelt (spelled wheat) becomes popular among supporters proper nutrition and not only. Porridges, soups are prepared from this delicious cereal, spelled and pasta are made from it. In this spelled horn recipe, we'll make healthy navy-style pasta with vegetable and lean ground beef sauce. The recipe is suitable for those who follow their figure and like to cook healthy food at home.

Incredible blooms on your favorite cacti and succulents are always made even more attractive by the amazing hardiness of the plants themselves. Luxurious bells and dazzling stars remind you that nature has many miracles in store. And although for flowering, many indoor succulents need special conditions wintering, they still remain cultures that are content with minimal care and are suitable for everyone. Let's take a closer look at the most spectacular of them.

summer snack with quail eggs and red caviar - a simple vegetable salad with a savory sweet and sour dressing that pairs well with eggs and caviar. There is an explosion of vitamins in the salad - fresh cucumber and radish, sweet pepper and ripe tomato, as well as creamy curd cheese, which perfectly complements the vegetable mix. This dish can be served before dinner as a light snack with toasted toast. For dressing, unrefined oil and balsamic vinegar are suitable.

Linden is planted in parks and squares, slender trees with a spreading crown perfectly purify the air and give long-awaited coolness on a hot summer day. She is loved for her amazing honey aroma, enveloping her in late May and early June, when the lime blossom appears. He has valuable medicinal properties, used in many folk recipes, retains its useful qualities for a long time. How and when to collect it, how to properly dry, store and use it will be described in the article.

Sometimes, watching some plants during the growing season, you can not understand when you like it best, at what point - in spring, summer or autumn? Here is the Japanese spirea from among these plants. Her appearance is constantly changing. And although I chose to write this article the moment when it blooms, I'm still not sure that I'm right. In spring and autumn, its foliage plays with incredible colors and shades. But, in addition to beauty, it is also an unpretentious shrub.

Baby Formula Candy with Coconut and Wafers is a simple homemade dessert made with inexpensive and readily available ingredients. Homemade sweets turn out to be tastier than store-bought ones, even if they do not contain chocolate, of course, we do not take elite brands of chocolate masters into account. In times of total food shortages, housewives passed each other home recipe, added something of their own to it, fantasized, as a result, delicious sweets were obtained, which are easy to prepare in half an hour.

Sultry, bright, and inviting to rest in the garden, July leaves not so much time for a lazy pastime. Dependence on the weather, the need to make up for the lack of rainfall and compensate for the heat forces all efforts to be directed to caring for plants. And a ripening crop requires a lot of time not only for harvesting, but also for proper processing. AT ornamental garden and the garden has so much trouble that it is extremely problematic to plan work in advance.

Freezing of berries and fruits - best way provide yourself with vitamins for the whole winter. Cold is a natural preservative. Frozen berries and fruits almost completely retain their benefits. And in frozen currants, for example, there is more vitamin C at times than in fresh ones! You can freeze whatever you want. Usually it is strawberries, blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, mulberries, currants, sea buckthorn, even watermelon. From fruits - apricots, plums, pears, peaches, grapes.

mediterranean style in the garden, narrow-leaved lavender will ideally embody. Many gardeners would not just like to add this plant to their flower garden, but even plant their own lavender field. But lavender seedlings are quite expensive, and a lot of lavender remains a pipe dream for most. Try growing this spicy plant from seed. In this article, we will talk about the features seed propagation lavender angustifolia and its best varieties.

Like tongues of flame, tubular dark red flowers flare up on thick, sprawling, elegant bushes of Aeschinanthus. Delightful plant textures, strict lines and a discreet combination of red and dark green are a real room classic. Eschinanthus is in no way inferior to more fashionable exotic plants. And in its whimsicality - in the first place. It is one of the most difficult to grow. indoor plants for which normal care is not enough.

Chickpea Snacks - Dried Tomato Hummus and Roasted Chickpeas - perfect solution for a friendly party with beer or home gatherings with a glass of wine. This is a budget snack that does not take much time to prepare. Chickpeas need to be soaked in the evening cold water, it is necessary. Soak chickpeas from 8 to 24 hours, during which time the beans soften, so they cook pretty quickly. Chickpeas are cooked for about 1.5-2 hours, no attention is required.

coniferous plants- favorites of Russian gardeners. They give any garden a cozy look and provide a pleasant shade. Today on the market you will find a large number of species and varieties of conifers. But to maintain their decorativeness and health, it is vital proper care. Follow the recommendations of experts in the warm season - heat and moisture deficiency are not the best companions of conifers. What to do in summer period? Stick to a simple and clear conifer care plan.

For a gardener and gardener, the most important factor is the quality of the land on his site.

The different types have the following characteristics:

structure;
ability to pass air;
hygroscopicity;
heat capacity;
density;
acidity;
saturation with micro and macro elements, organic matter.

For a practicing gardener, knowledge of the types of soil and their characteristics will allow you to choose the right crops for cultivation on personal plot, select and optimally plan agrotechnological processes.

clayey

This is the land with high density, with a weakly expressed structure, contains up to 80% clay, slightly warms up and releases water. Poorly passes air, which slows down decomposition in it. When wet, it is slippery, sticky, plastic. From it you can roll a bar 15-18 cm long, which is then easily rolled into a ring without cracks. Clay soils are usually acidic. It is possible to improve the agrotechnical indicators of clay soil in stages, over several seasons.

Important! For better heating of the beds on clayey areas they are formed quite high, the seeds are less buried in the ground. In autumn, before the onset of frost, they dig up the earth, do not break the lumps.

Optimize such soils by introducing:

lime to reduce acidity and improve aeration - 0.3-0.4 kg per sq. m, is brought in the autumn period;
sand for better moisture exchange, no more than 40 kg / square meter;
to reduce density, increase friability;
to saturate with minerals;
for replenishing organic matter, 1.5-2 buckets per sq. m per year.

Peat and ash are brought in without restrictions.

This type of soil must be carefully loosened and mulched. and with a developed root system grow quite well on clay soils.

Did you know? Red grapes of technical grade« Merlot» grows well on clay-pebble soils of Pomerol, the smallest wine region in France, province of Bordeaux.

loamy

Outwardly similar to clay, but with the best for Agriculture characteristics. Loam, if you want to visualize what it is, is soil, which can also be rolled into a sausage when wet and bent into a ring. A sample of loamy soil holds its shape, but will crack. The color of loam depends on impurities and can be black, gray, brown, red and yellow.

Due to neutral acidity, balanced composition (clay - 10-30%, sand and other impurities - 60-90%), loam is quite fertile and versatile, suitable for growing almost all crops. The structure of the soil is distinguished by a fine-grained structure, which allows it to remain loose and pass air well. Thanks to clay impurities, loam retains water for a long time.

To maintain the fertility of loams, perform:

fertilizing crops with fertilizers;
manure application for autumn digging.

Sandy

Light, fluffy, loose sandy soil contains a high percentage of sand, does not retain moisture and nutrients.

To positive properties sandstones can be attributed to high air permeability and rapid heating. Grows well on this kind of soil.

and berry trees;
plants of the gourd family.

To increase the yield under crops, they also apply

Sandstone can be cultivated by adding additives that increase viscosity:

Sideration improves the mechanical structure and saturates it with organic and mineral substances.

To save resources, there is another method of organizing beds - a clay castle.

In place of the beds, a layer of clay 5-6 cm is poured, on top of which a layer of fertile soil is applied - loam, black soil, sandy loam soil, into which plants are sown. The clay layer will retain moisture and nutrients. If fertile soil is not available for planting beds, it can be replaced with improved sandstone mixed with additives for viscosity and fertility.

sandy loam

To determine this type of soil, we also try to mold a bagel from wet earth. sandy soil rolls into a ball, but it cannot be rolled into a bar. The content of sand in it is up to 90%, clay up to 20%. Another example of what kind of soils are that do not require costly and long cultivation. The substrate is light, warms up quickly, retains heat, moisture and organic matter well, and is quite easily processed.

It is necessary to choose zoned plant varieties for planting and maintain fertility:

dosed application of mineral and organic fertilizers;
mulching and sideration.

Lime

Soils of this type can be light and heavy, their disadvantages are:

poverty - low levels of nutrients;
low acidity;
rockiness;
fast drying.

Improve the following soil:

making
enrichment with ammonium sulfate and to increase acidity;
mulching;
sideration;
application of organic fertilizers.

To retain moisture, calcareous soils must be loosened regularly.

Peat

These soils are highly acidic, warm slightly, and may become waterlogged.

However, they are quite easy to cultivate.

Any gardener knows that when growing horticultural crops, the yield on his plot depends primarily on the land, its composition and properties. It is known that each natural area suit their specific climatic conditions. Due to such differences in weather conditions, and different types soils with different characteristics.

Basic soil properties

All soils are different appearance, structure and many other characteristics. According to them, the composition of the soil is estimated and attributed to one or another type. Here are the main criteria for soil quality:

Color is an external property, a description of the soil, according to which it can be attributed to chernozem, gray soil, red soil or yellow soil. Of course, the color depends entirely on how wet the soil is, what is included in its composition. For example, more humus stains the soil dark or even black. A whitish color indicates the presence of salts - calcium, magnesium, gypsum, silicon and the leaching of minerals. Red and brown tones - the presence of iron and manganese in the rock.

This indicator is not as simple as it seems. Humidity depends not only on meteorological conditions.

In other words, if you saturate the earth with moisture different type then it will look different. Influenced by underground currents, level ground water, mechanical composition of the soil mixture.

For example, the predominance of large sand particles does not retain moisture, passing it into the lower layers. Also, water evaporates quickly from this type of soil. The presence of clay particles leads to an increase in its moisture capacity.

Description and characteristics of species

The soils with which gardeners, gardeners, agronomists most often work are as follows:

sandy;
sandy;
loamy;
clay;
peat.

Properly organizing planting means knowing the characteristics of the soil and ways to improve its properties. correct handling, making the necessary minerals and fertilizers.

it light look soil, consisting mainly of sand grains and a small part of clay particles. It passes water well and is extremely free-flowing. If you take a handful of earth in your palm, you won’t be able to form a lump out of it. She crumbles. Its other qualities are high air permeability, thermal conductivity, easy workability. It is difficult to apply fertilizers to such soil. They do not linger there, they go along with the water into the deeper soil layers.

Such lands are poor and not very suitable for growing crops. But to grow garden trees, as well as carrots, onions and strawberries on it is quite acceptable. For the cultivation of sandstone, it is good to introduce peat, humus and clay flour.

Sandy loam type

This soil is the best, similar in composition to sandy, but still contains a greater percentage of clay impurities. Taking a handful and squeezing it, you can get a lump. But he doesn't hold up well. The qualities of such soil are more valuable. It retains moisture and minerals better, is breathable, dries out more slowly, warms up better, and is easier to process. You can grow all crops, not forgetting about the methods of increasing the fertility of the land. Ways to improve such soil: the application of potash and organic fertilizers, mulching, green manure and fairly frequent loosening.

loamy lands

The best type of soil in terms of characteristics, also called loam. Contains the largest percentage of nutrients. It perfectly retains moisture and is endowed with the ability to distribute it over the thickness of the horizon. Easy to handle and retains heat. From such a sample, a lump is well formed and a “sausage” can be rolled out, but it cannot be bent into a ring. This is a special technique in agronomy for determining the mechanical composition of the soil. Such land should not be improved, but only to maintain its fertile properties, for which it is mulched and humus is introduced during autumn digging.

clay soil

Or clay, as it is also called. The content of clay rocks is up to 80%. Very heavy and dense, poorly absorb water, sticks to shoes when wet. The structure is lumpy.

If you take a lump of damp earth, you can easily mold a long sausage and roll it into a ring. At the same time, it will not crack or tear.

We can say that it looks like plasticine. Accordingly, its quality deteriorates: it contains little air, does not warm up well and passes water. It is not easy to grow horticultural crops on such land.

Proper cultivation will help such land become fertile. To do this, lime, ash, compost, manure are regularly added. Careful loosening and mulching will also benefit.

acid balance

The acidity of the soil plays an important role in the cultivation of crops., optimal value which is called acid-base balance. It is one of the most important indicators of the quality of fertile land. Acidity is denoted by the symbol "pH". When this value is equal to seven units, the acidity is called neutral. If the pH is below seven the earth is acidic. Above pH 7 they are called alkaline.

With an increase in acidity, there is an increase in the content of aluminum and its salts in the soil, as well as manganese and other minerals. This does not allow plants to develop normally. Moreover, pathogenic bacteria, microorganisms and pests begin to actively multiply in such soil. The applied fertilizers do not decompose. All this leads to a violation of the imbalance of the soil.

Determining acidity is very simple at home. To do this, use a simple method of litmus indicators. Acidified soils are very common. The most common method is liming. At the same time, lime displaces aluminum and its salts from the upper layer of the earth, replacing them with calcium and magnesium. This reduces the toxic effect on the plant.

The amount of lime per square meter depends on soil type and characteristics. The table gives the application rates of lime to reduce acidity.

The principle is simple: the heavier and clayey soil, the more lime it needs. It is important to remember that when lime is applied, boron fertilizers are simultaneously laid. Acidity should be checked periodically if adjustment is needed.