The method is based on the capillary rise of a liquid (molten solder) along the thinnest gap between the pipe walls. There are two types of soldering copper pipes: low-temperature and high-temperature soldering. The difference in soldering mainly depends on the melting temperature of the solder. For high-temperature soldering, refractory soldering rods are used, for low-temperature - soft solders rolled into coils. Accordingly, acetylene and propane torches are used to heat pipes during high-temperature soldering, for low-temperature ones it is sometimes enough to fire from a blowtorch. High temperature brazing can be applied to all types of copper wiring, including solar collectors, where pipes can be heated up to 250 ° C, low temperature brazing is more demanding on pipe heating temperatures, nevertheless it is successfully used in hot water and heating systems. There are no structural differences in these types of soldering, however, high-temperature soldering is more often used for socket pipe joints, and low-temperature soldering is used for pipe joints with fittings with solder fused into them, although vice versa is also possible.

For the installation of copper pipelines, three types of pipes are used: soft (R 220), semi-solid (R 250) and hard (R 290). As a hardness (hardness) parameter, the tensile strength in MPa (N/mm²) is proposed. Soft pipes are sold rolled into bays, semi-solid and hard - straight rods. The fundamental difference in these types of pipes is the pressure of the transported medium that the pipes can withstand. Hard pipes withstand the highest pressure (290 N/mm²), soft pipes withstand the lowest pressure (220 N/mm²). The pressure that is created in apartment and even cottage pipelines will successfully withstand any of these pipes. And if you need to build a steam boiler house or a mini-production, then you can’t do without calculation and drafting a project, but that’s another topic.

Socket soldering (Fig. 36) uses soft, semi-hard or hard copper pipes with a pre-annealed end. One of the ends of the pipe is shaped with an expander into a socket, similar to the socket of sewer pipes, the end of another pipe will be inserted into it. It must be remembered that when you anneal the ends of hard pipes, you release the metal and the pipe at the junction acquires the properties of a soft pipe. This circumstance must be taken into account when designing a pipeline according to pressure criteria.

To make a socket, you need to use only those heads on the expander that are designed for a given pipe diameter, then the diameter of the socket will automatically turn out to be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe. Typically, the gap between the inner walls of the socket and the outer walls of the pipe inserted into the socket is approximately 0.2 mm. Such a gap ensures that the molten solder is "drawn in" and distributed evenly over the entire inner surface socket at any position of the pipe. In other words, pipes can be soldered in any position, even with the socket down, the capillary gap between the pipes will still "suck" the molten solder into itself, which will be evenly distributed over the place of soldering. Using the “correct” expander head is 80% of soldering success - the gap between the pipes and the depth of the socket is set by this particular tool.

Today, pipe manufacturers produce ready-made fittings and couplings on which sockets have already been made (Fig. 37). The use of such parts makes the pipeline more expensive, but completely eliminates the "human factor" present during self-manufacturing expander socket.

The pipes at the place of the solder are covered with a flux (Fig. 38), which will act as a lubricant for the solder and a “pickle” (cleansing of the metal) for copper. When high-temperature soldering with silver or bronze solders, borax is used as a flux. It is mixed with water until a viscous slurry is obtained. The flux is applied without excess only to the collar of the pipe that will mate with the fitting or socket, and not into the fitting or socket. After applying the flux, it is recommended to immediately articulate the parts to prevent foreign particles from entering the wet surface. If, for some reason, soldering will take place a little later, then it is better for the parts to wait for this moment already in the articulated form. It is recommended to rotate the pipe in the fitting or socket, or vice versa, the fitting around the axis of the pipe, in order to make sure that the flux is evenly distributed in the mounting gap and to feel that the pipe has reached the stop. Then it is necessary to remove visible flux residues from the outer surface of the pipe with a rag.

For soldering copper pipes, solder rods with a diameter of 3 mm from copper and silver or bronze alloys are used. After the socket is made, or when using a ready-made fitting with a socket, the pipes are inserted into each other. The junction is heated from all sides with a propane or acetylene torch. Heating is carried out until the solder bar brought up and pressed against the socket begins to melt. With the acquisition of experience, the heating time of the pipes is determined by the change in color of the pipe - until a "red glow" is reached. Threaded fittings for connecting them to other pipelines or to plumbing fixtures are made of bronze and brass and require a longer heating time when soldering. To determine the solder consumption per joint, the following method is usually used: the solder bar is bent in the form of the letter G, making the bend slightly larger than the socket diameter. As soon as the place of soldering is warmed up to the desired temperature, the solder is pressed against the gap between the socket and the pipe inserted into it and is led around the pipe without stopping the heating of the joint. The solder melts and flows into the gap. It is necessary to melt the entire bent end of the solder into the gap, no more and no less. An increase in solder consumption leads to the fact that it can flow through the slot and melt the inner section of the pipes. A decrease in solder consumption leads to non-soldering of the joint.

When soldering pipes, you must follow basic safety measures for working with open flames. It is necessary to work in canvas gloves, it is better together with an assistant, to hold the pipe away from the place of heating. When working alone, use clamps to temporarily secure the pipes.

After cooling, the assembly is ready for operation - this is the most reliable connection of copper pipes and is not difficult at all. The experience of soldering copper pipes comes quickly, and for those who already know the technique of gas welding, it is immediately clear. True, to heat pipes, you need equipment for gas welding. Sometimes (for soldering joints of small diameters) you can use the hot air of a powerful building dryer, using a nozzle that limits the cone of hot air in order to achieve heating faster. Another way of heating without a flame are electrocontact devices. Outwardly, they resemble large tongs with interchangeable copper heads for covering pipes. different diameters.

Upon completion of soldering of the assembly or the entire pipeline, it must be flushed to free the internal cavities from flux residues. As already mentioned, the flux works not only as a lubricant for solder, but also as an etchant for copper, that is, in fact, it is an aggressive oxidizing agent. And if so, then there is nothing more for him to do inside the pipes, he must be removed from there by washing with water. From the outer surface of the pipes, the leaked flux is removed with a rag.

Butt soldering of pipelines is not allowed. If it is necessary to connect the parts end-to-end, then they do not solder the pipes, but weld them. In principle, almost the same operations are done as in high-temperature soldering, except that no flux is required, and the heating of pipes and fittings is increased to the melting temperature of the metal.

For low-temperature soldering, fittings with solder fused into them are used. Outwardly, these are the same fittings for socket soldering, but a belt is squeezed out along the surface of the socket (Fig. 39), inside which manufacturers poured solder even at the stage of fittings manufacturing. Both refractory and low-melting solder can be poured into the fitting, thanks to which both types of soldering can be performed. However, most often, low-melting solder is poured into the fittings, so the joints on such fittings are classified as low-temperature soldering.

The technology for connecting copper pipes on fused solder fittings is even simpler than on conventional fittings. Pipes and fittings are processed in exactly the same way as described above. The pipes are then inserted into fittings or couplings. The fittings are heated by the fire of a blowtorch or the hot air of a building hair dryer, the solder embedded in the fittings melts and spreads along the socket, soldering the parts (Fig. 40). That's the whole technology: stuck the cleaned and fluxed parts into each other, warmed up the knot blowtorch and let it cool.

Soldered copper pipe connections can be used for all types of house piping, with the exception of pipelines with high temperatures (about 150–250 ° C), which are not found in an ordinary house.

Connecting pipes by soldering
Tight joining of copper pipes without soldering
Mandatory Connection Rules

Even taking into account the fact that polymer pipes are used more and more often, hardware are still enjoying great success. As a rule, copper, brass and steel are used as the metal. IN better side copper differs in terms of resistance to corrosion and high temperatures. Actually, the connection of copper pipes will be discussed in this article.

Even despite the fact that copper pipes are distinguished by their high cost, given all the characteristics of the material, their use is quite justified.

First of all, before connecting copper pipes, it is worth deciding how to connect them, by soldering or otherwise.

Connecting pipes by soldering

Consider the connection of copper tubes with fittings, followed by soldering, which can be low- and high-temperature. In the first method, soldering is carried out at a temperature of 300 ºC. The second method is used in the arrangement of systems with high loads for industrial purposes.

Couplings act as connectors for copper pipes; tin-lead solder and flux are additionally needed.

The pipe soldering technology will be as follows:

• First of all, a pipe of a certain size is cut.

  Copper pipe connection: types and features

  This process must be carried out carefully, taking into account the dimensions of the existing fittings.

• Pipe ends should be inspected for any defects such as chips, cracks or burrs. If they are not eliminated, then there will be problems with the tightness of the connection after all work has been completed.
• After making sure that the ends are cleaned, you can start connecting. Due to the fact that several pipes will be connected, and they can be with different sections, the fittings must be selected accordingly.
• Next, the end of the pipe and the inner walls of the couplings should be treated with a flux, which will degrease the surfaces to obtain the highest quality connection.
• Now the end of the pipe is threaded into the copper tube connector and heated. It must be selected so that the cross section is 1-1.5 cm larger than the pipe section. The pipes are heated with a gas burner. The gap between the pipe and the coupling is filled with molten solder. Nowadays, you can find any type of solder to suit your needs on the market, so choosing should not be any problem.
• After the solder is evenly distributed around the circumference, the parts to be joined must be left until it has completely hardened.

• At the final stage, you need to check the connectors for copper pipes and the entire system by running water into it. At this point, not only the system will be checked, but it will also be cleaned of flux residues, which over time can cause metal corrosion.

Tight joining of copper pipes without soldering

In addition, it is worth noting that, despite the fact that connecting pipes by soldering is considered the most reliable method in most cases, there are still situations when it is not possible to use this method. In such cases, you can resort to connecting copper tubes without soldering. You will need special fittings that will ensure a secure connection due to the clamping effect that is formed during the threaded connection.

In this case, the connection is made in the following sequence:

• First, the fittings are disconnected, which often have two components.
• One of the elements is put on the pipe. As a rule, this is a nut and a clamping ring.
• Next, a pipe is threaded into the fitting and the nut is tightened.

Typically, such fittings are completed with detailed instructions, which must be followed without fail, otherwise the work performed will be of poor quality.

It is worth noting that before you connect copper pipes without soldering, you should be aware of all the risks, since it is quite difficult to get a high-quality connection. Minimal distortions of the connected parts are not allowed at all, otherwise the technology is grossly violated. To threaded connection it turned out to be extremely tight, it is desirable to additionally seal it with special threads. At the same time, care should be taken that they do not end up with inside pipes, as subsequently the water may not pass through the system properly.

Mandatory Connection Rules

For any type of connection, the list of work performed will look like this:

• The pipes to be joined must be made of the same metal. In case you are going to connect a copper pipe with a pipe made of any other material, you must decide on the right method connections. For example, for joining pipes made of copper and polyvinyl chloride, the soldering method cannot be used.
• When connecting a copper pipe to a steel pipe, the copper pipe should be placed after the steel pipe.
• When tightening a threaded connection, you need to be extremely careful, especially if you have thin-walled pipes at your disposal.
• To correctly determine the amount of solder needed, a piece of wire must have the circumference of the pipe to be soldered.
• A special burner is best suited for heating pipes.

  You can, of course, use a simple blowtorch, but in this case you need to be prepared that the junction will overheat, and the whole workflow will become somewhat more complicated.

• It is no secret that copper pipes are quite expensive material. In this regard, even before the work is carried out, it will not be superfluous to carry out preliminary calculations of the volume of the necessary material. However, remember that all connecting parts also have their own dimensions, so they must be taken into account.

In conclusion, it would not be out of place to note that the connection of copper pipes is technologically a process of medium complexity. If you are engaged in such work for the first time, then you need to be prepared for the fact that some nuances may arise. To understand the process and get as much insight as possible about it, it will not be superfluous to get advice from professional workers, or at least to get acquainted with the available video materials.

How to connect copper pipes: basic methods

There are many methods for connecting copper pipes into a single piping system. The market provides a huge number of fittings, solders, fluxes, fasteners, allowing you to create detachable and non-detachable, serviced and unattended connections.

Work with copper pipes consists of:

• sizing - if the pipe is incorrectly measured, it is impossible to cut it correctly;
• cutting - made strictly perpendicular with a pipe cutter, given that it is better to make more turns than to apply force;
• stripping - removing burrs after cutting and oxide film (it is better to do this with a special napkin);
• connections.

Ways of connecting copper pipes:

• capillary soldering;
• high-temperature soldering;
• various fittings.

Connection by soldering

For connecting copper products by soldering flux should be applied to the cleaned surface and the parts should be immediately connected. Heat the connection unit evenly with a gas burner (blowtorch, soldering iron) until the flux begins to change color and the solder melts. The burner fire is diverted, the solder fills the gap between the elements.

In order for the amount of solder to be optimal, experts offer a simple guideline - the length of the solder rod should be equal to the diameter of the pipe. You can cut the bar of the required length before soldering. If one of the elements is a fitting that has already been soldered at the factory, then it does not need to be added.

After filling the gap with solder, it is necessary to allow time for cooling without exposing the assembly to mechanical stress. Once the solder has completely cured, remove any remaining solder and flux with a damp cloth.

Copper fittings: soldered and flared, threaded and crimped

After the entire system is mounted, it should be flushed hot water. Flux contributes to corrosion, so its presence on the inner surface is undesirable.

Types of fittings for connecting copper pipes

The connection without soldering is made using fittings, which are divided into two large groups - straight (connection of elements of the same diameter) and transitional (connection of elements of different diameters). Diameters can be from 8 to 100 millimeters.

Based on the configuration, a fitting (connector) for copper pipes is called:

• coupling - must be made of the same material as the pipes, can be used both for elements with the same diameter and for elements with different diameters, used when there is no need to change direction;
• square - designed to change the direction of the system by 30, 45 or 90 degrees;
• tee - used to connect three ends located relative to each other at an angle of 45 or 90 degrees;
• cross - joins together four pipes located perpendicular to each other on the same plane;
• adapter ("American", futorka, squeegee, nipple) - for combining pipes from different materials using various methods;
• plug - a cap, a plug for sealing the end of the tube;
• fitting - for connecting a pipe and a flexible hose.

Based on the method, the connection of copper pipes with fittings can be:

• using a soldering fitting, under the thread of which there is tin. A flux-treated pipe is inserted into it, the assembly is heated until the solder becomes liquid and fills the gap;
• using threaded (equipped with threads);
• crimp (compression), allowing you to connect elements of different diameters. The pipe is fixed with a fitting using an O-shaped seal and a split or one-piece ring.

  Conventional tools are suitable for installation;

• press - fitting, consisting of a body and a sleeve and mounted using press - tongs;
• self-locking fitting, which is based on internal rings, one of which is equipped with teeth. When pressed with a special key, the teeth enter another ring, forming a secure connection. Just as easy as putting on, taking off.

Features of copper products: what to consider

When installing a copper pipeline, it is important to know not only how to connect copper pipes, but also to fulfill several additional conditions:

• to extend the life of the system, only copper and its alloys should be used;
• if it is necessary to use products from other materials, then it should be taken into account that copper cannot be combined with galvanized steel, as this leads to corrosion in steel elements;
• if the use of steel products cannot be avoided in any way, then they should be mounted in front of the copper elements;
• safe connection of copper and acid-resistant steel.

Fasteners

For the final installation of any pipeline, clamps for copper pipes are required.

For domestic pipelines are used:

• metal C-shaped (fastening with one bolt) and O-shaped (fastening with two bolts) clamps made of steel and equipped with a rubber coating that neutralizes mechanical and acoustic vibrations;
• plastic clamps (movable and stationary) - for internal systems, equipped with a dowel and a screw;
• brackets - for hanging or arranging system elements.

It is obvious that for each system it is necessary to select its own methods of installation and fastening. Only when choosing quality materials And correct installation the pipeline will be reliable and durable.

In the market of modern communication systems, the most popular products are plastic and of stainless steel. They are widely used to create pipelines for water supply, sewerage and heating. However, copper communications, despite the high cost, also firmly occupied their niche. They are less susceptible to corrosion (unlike steel), more reliable than plastic, which allows you to create durable pipelines that will work for decades.

How to choose copper pipes for arranging a heating or plumbing system in a house, and how to install copper pipes with our own hands, we will describe in our article.

The undeniable and most important advantages of copper communications are:

• resistance to corrosion;
• high strength;
• plasticity and flexibility, which makes it easier and faster to install;
• no growths of inorganic compounds and microorganisms are formed inside the products;
• longevity of communication systems.

Most important question is how to choose copper pipes so that they fulfill their purpose for a long time without additional maintenance and repair measures.

When choosing copper communications, you need to consider a number of factors:

• pipe dimensions;
• pressure in specific system heating or water supply;
• temperature of transported substances;
• the presence of an insulating layer of polyvinyl chloride or other polymer;
• pipeline assignment.

One of the main parameters is the diameter of copper pipes, on which technical specifications depend. characteristics of the pipeline and the choice of fittings for installation. For the construction of domestic pipelines, products of the two most common sizes are used

For larger systems, larger products can be used.

The difference between copper pipes and steel counterparts is that even with such a small thickness, the working pressure of copper products is much higher.

Methods for connecting copper pipes

The installation of copper pipes and the connection of individual elements of the pipeline made of copper can be done using threaded couplings, using a press fitting, as well as by soldering copper parts when using gas burner.

The first two methods are the simplest and should not cause difficulties, even with self-assembly communications. Soldering of copper products is carried out only by specialists with experience and special tools. However, this is the most reliable, strong and durable type of connection of copper products.

To equip a copper pipeline, you may need the following tools:

• grinder with cutting disc or special device- pipe cutter;
• calibrator, which is needed to restore the ideal round shape after processing products;

Copper pipe calibrator

• regular set wrenches, including adjustable;
• a file with a fine notch for cleaning pipe sections;
• pliers and abrasive skin for removing oxide and preparing metal for soldering;
• gas burner or powerful hot soldering iron;
• solder and flux for better adhesion of copper to tin.

Features of the installation of the pipeline

Consider in detail each connection of copper pipes.

To connect products with a threaded method, the following procedure is performed in stages.

cut off the pipe required size. Calibrate and, if necessary, flare the pipe section, depending on the type of fitting used. Clean the ends of the products to be joined from burrs and dust and make a small chamfer for better connection with clutch.

If the fitting does not contain a polymer gasket, then a special winding tape must be wound around the cut of the product, which will improve the sealing of the connection.

Put the fixing nut on the pipe.

Fittings for copper pipes: types, characteristics, installation features

Install a cone-shaped compression ring to create a reliable connection of the entire structure. Insert the section of the product into the fitting and tighten the connection with a nut using a regular wrench

The entire installation process can be seen more clearly in the video below:

Installing copper pipes with a press fitting will not cause any difficulties. Sections of the product are prepared in the same way. The ends of the pipes to be connected are inserted into the clamp fitting, inside which there is a gasket, and with the help of the clamp, the material is squeezed.

To do this, you need special pliers that wrap around the product around the entire circumference. Ordinary pliers will not work, as they only grab certain areas connections.

This method and the threaded connection of copper pipes are the most simple and convenient. Anyone, even a novice communications system installer, can quickly do this job. However, they are designed for pipelines with low water pressure. To perform bends, turns and bypass obstacles when laying pipes, there are special elements made of the same metal.

Connection of copper pipes by soldering

The highest quality and reliable installation- copper pipes are connected by soldering.

Products must be prepared and cleaned from foreign metal particles and dust.

If there is an insulating layer of polymer on the copper pipe, then it must be removed at a distance of 15-20 centimeters from the cut of the product.

The surface of copper is subject to oxidation on outdoors, therefore, a layer of metal oxide is formed on top, which can interfere with high-quality soldering of elements. It is removed mechanically using fine sandpaper.

After processing the cut of the product, it is necessary to wipe the place of soldering with a clean and dry cloth to remove sawdust and dust. Then the cleaned surface should be treated with a flux, which is a solution of sulfuric acid and other substances that promote the best adhesion of metals.

It will not be superfluous to tin with solder the part of the pipe that is to be soldered. For this it needs to be heated up and applied thin layer molten solder. For the installation of copper pipes, this is extremely important.

The end of the product prepared in this way must be inserted into a fitting with a small gap, into which molten solder will enter during soldering. Next, heat the place to be soldered with a gas burner or a powerful soldering iron.

However, it should be noted that too high a temperature can damage the connection, as the solder will roll down.

Before soldering, you need to firmly fix the joint, because even a small vibration can disrupt the quality of the connection.

At the final stage of laying copper pipes, insert solder into the gap between the product and the fitting, which is similar in shape to an ordinary wire, and melt it. After cooling, the connection is ready for use.

I would like to draw attention to the fact that the process of cooling the place of soldering should occur gradually in a natural way. The procedure with cold water or a damp cloth, as in electric welding, is strictly prohibited in this case. Otherwise, the solder will crumble, and the connection will have to be redone.

After the installation is completed - copper pipes are installed in the pipeline in compliance with all the rules, it is necessary to test the performance of the entire system by briefly supplying water. During the test, all pipe connections and connections to plumbing fixtures should be carefully inspected. For your peace of mind, you need to supply water with a pressure slightly higher than the working value. If the pipeline passes this test, then it can be safely connected to the operating mode.

The connection of copper pipes is made in three ways: on compression fittings, by means of capillary soldering and using press fittings. Each of these methods has its pros and cons. It all depends on the conditions in which it is planned to operate the plumbing system.

Connections on compression (compression) fittings

The main advantage of this technique is ease of installation, minimum auxiliary tools. Each person will be able to cope with such work, because you only need to tighten the nuts with two keys. Disadvantages of connection through fittings: limited maximum pressure (up to 10 bar) at a system temperature of 100 degrees.

Connection of copper pipes with compression fittings

During installation, it is also extremely important to prevent the slightest distortion. If the fittings are intended for "soft" pipes, a special bushing is required. The last factor is extremely important, but it is often neglected.

Connections made by capillary soldering

The advantages of soldering: accuracy and evenness of the seams, the minimum amount of solder required, democratic value. Operating characteristics: maximum working pressure 40 bar at maximum system temperature 150 degrees. Capillary soldering requires a torch (on propane or acetylene), flux, solder. This method of connecting copper pipes requires a certain experience and knowledge from a person.

With press fittings

Advantages installation work without soldering: high reliability, average cost with a quick payback. To perform work without soldering, by means of press fittings, a minimum of knowledge and skills is required from a person. Connecting copper pipes in this way is a matter of minutes.

How to connect copper pipes with steel?

Traditionally, copper products are mounted with steel parts using compression (compression) fittings. Work technology:

The fitting is disassembled, then a pipe is inserted into it, on which a compression ring and a clamping nut are preliminarily put on.

By hand the nut is tightened to the stop. It is important to ensure that there are no distortions. Based on the diameters of the copper pipe or the instructions indicated in the passport documents or special tables, the nut is tightened by a certain number of turns with a wrench. Usually the number of turns is from ½ to ¼. It is important to follow the recommended RPM. Otherwise, the pipe may be deformed.

Connecting copper products to steel parts is quite simple. If you still don't understand something, we strongly recommend watching the instructional video, which explains in detail how to mount copper parts with steel pipes.

Mounting technology

How to connect copper products?

1. Cut off, as in the previous version, the desired segment of the product;
2. The outer and inner parts are cleaned of contaminants using a special ruff or sponge for copper;
3. The pipe is inserted into the capillary fitting to the limit, flux is applied, the excess of which can be removed with a clean cloth;
4. The connection is heated by means of a gas burner or a special building hair dryer, solder is applied. The solder should melt and evenly fill the mounting gap;
5. We are waiting for the natural cooling of the solder. Flux residues are removed with a damp and clean cloth.

Now you know how to connect copper pipes in several ways. If something in the installation of copper products seems unclear to you, you can always watch the instructional video. In principle, this work is quite simple and you can do it yourself, without resorting to the services of professionals.

Pipe products made of copper, as well as fittings for connecting copper pipes, allow you to create reliable and durable communications that differ in a number of ways. unique properties. The advantages and quality characteristics that distinguish such pipelines largely explain their relatively high cost.

Communications from copper pipes and fittings

High-quality copper pipes and fittings, the technical and operational characteristics of which correspond to international standards ISO 9002, BS2 and DIN are now produced by both foreign and domestic companies. Such pipes, as well as connecting elements for them, successfully withstand the high pressure of the media transported through them, high and low temperatures, mechanical impacts to which they may be subjected during operation, transportation and storage.

Unlike popular nowadays polymer pipes, copper pipe products do not deteriorate from exposure to sunlight, they are not afraid of corrosion, which is a real scourge for products made of ferrous metals. In terms of service life, which copper pipes and fittings differ in, no similar product made from another material can be compared with them. It is noteworthy that copper products are practically eternal, the service life of communications from them is at least 100 years.

Pipe products, as well as fittings made of copper, are used for arranging engineering networks for various purposes:

• heating systems;
• air conditioning;
• cold and hot water supply;
• gas communications.

Those consumers who decide to use copper pipe products and copper fittings mainly use them to equip reliable and durable water supply networks. Fittings made from copper are more compact and look much cleaner than those made from ferrous metals. This is explained by the fact that during the design and manufacture copper fittings there is no need to make their walls thicker, given their further corrosion, since they are simply not subject to it.

There are several reasons explaining the high popularity of pipes and fittings for them made of copper:

• copper, as you know, has antiseptic properties, therefore, pathogens do not develop in water pipes made from this metal, and the quality of the water transported through them even improves;
• installation of pipelines for which pipes and fittings made of copper are used is much easier than communications from black pipes;
• due to the high ductility of copper, pipes made of this metal, when water freezes in them, do not burst, but simply deform; to destroy a copper pipe, it is necessary to apply an internal pressure of 200 atm to it, and such pressures simply do not exist in household communications.

Elements for copper pipe connections

Copper fittings, with the help of which copper pipes are connected, are presented on the modern market in a wide variety of sizes and their design. The most well-known types of such connecting elements are:

• threaded fittings for copper pipes;
• self-locking connecting elements;
• compression or crimp type fittings;
• so-called press fittings;
• connecting fittings of capillary type.

Of all the listed types of connecting elements, press fittings for copper pipes are the least commonly used in our time, which is explained by the following reasons: their installation requires the use of complex and expensive equipment: special presses. The design of press fittings was originally developed in order to connect plastic and metal-plastic pipes, so their use for the installation of copper products is not always advisable.

In order for the pipeline, in the arrangement of which copper parts are used, to serve as long as possible and be highly reliable, it is advisable to use elements of homogeneous materials during its installation. Connecting copper pipes with fittings that are made from other raw materials should be done only in rare exceptions.

If it is not possible to avoid the use of fittings made of dissimilar materials during the installation of pipelines, then such a process must be carried out, adhering to the following simple rules:

• copper pipes in communications, for the creation of which elements from different materials, are always installed after ferrous metal products: in the direction of the liquid;
• copper parts of pipelines cannot be connected to galvanized fittings and, failure to comply with this requirement will cause electrochemical reactions to operate in such systems, which will significantly accelerate the corrosion process of steel parts;
• copper elements of pipe structures can be connected to parts made of acid-resistant steels, but if possible, it is better to replace such parts with fittings made of polyvinyl chloride.

Threaded fittings

Copper fittings belonging to the category of connecting elements of the threaded group are recommended to be used if the engineering communication being created is planned to be periodically disassembled in order to perform it Maintenance. To carry out such technological operations as disassembly and assembly of the pipeline, allows the presence of external and internal thread on its structural elements.

Fittings connected to copper pipes with threads are significantly inferior to capillary and compression products in terms of their reliability. For this reason, such connecting elements must be checked regularly and, if necessary, replaced with new ones. In addition, it is best to use such fittings in those places in the pipeline that are easily accessible.

There are several most common types of threaded fittings for connecting copper pipes, which include:

• couplings are fittings with which you can connect pipes made of different materials, as well as create straight sections of pipelines formed from segments of the same or different diameters;
• corners - these include fittings with which you can change the direction of movement of the pipeline by 45 or 90 degrees;
• fittings - fittings that allow you to divert the transported medium from the main pipeline;
  crosses, tees, which are also called manifolds - these are fittings with which they create branches from the main pipeline, while maintaining its main direction;
• fittings used to close the end of a copper pipeline; as they can be used special plugs or caps.

When installing a new copper pipeline, specialists most often use crimp-type connecting elements, and when repairing or upgrading such communications, threaded-type fittings are used.

Connectors of compression and self-locking type

Fittings for connecting copper pipes, belonging to the category of compression or self-locking, are also called collet or crimp. Such connectors are a good alternative to fittings that are connected to copper parts by soldering. A collet-type fitting is an element whose design consists of sealing rings and gaskets, as well as a crimp ring, which, when tightened, contributes to the tightness of the connection being created. The material for the manufacture of compression or collet fittings can be not only copper, but also brass or metal-plastic.

Crimp type collet fittings are the best option for heating and plumbing systems, for the installation of which copper pipes of different diameters or tubular products made of various materials. IN Lately self-locking fittings are becoming increasingly popular, which are distinguished by more preferable performance characteristics.

Self-locking fittings, in terms of the speed of making the connection and in terms of its reliability, can completely replace soldering. The design of such fittings includes a whole set of rings, one of which is equipped with special teeth. The principle of operation of such connecting elements is based on the fact that when exposed to a ring with teeth using a special assembly key, it is fixed in an adjacent element, thereby creating a reliable and durable connection of copper pipe sections. Unlike soldering, dismantling a connection obtained with such a fitting is as simple as obtaining it, using the same installation key.

It should be borne in mind that compression type fittings are always made of copper, while they can be used to connect elements made of ferrous metal and polymer materials.

Capillary method of connecting copper pipes

Which is rightfully considered the most reliable and durable method of connecting copper parts, is performed based on the principles of capillary technology. In accordance with this effect, which is based on the laws of physics, the liquid can rise through the capillary, overcoming the force of gravity, if between the bottom and top point there is a certain distance to lift it.

This physical effect allows you to solder copper pipes in such a way that the solder melted by a gas burner is evenly distributed over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe connection being created. In order to effectively perform such soldering, pipes can be placed in any spatial position, the main thing is that the molten solder is supplied from the bottom of the joint being formed.

In more detail, the process of performing capillary soldering is as follows:

• using a gas burner, the place of the future connection is thoroughly heated;
• molten solder is supplied into the gap between the ends of the pipes to be connected or between the pipe and the fitting used, which completely fills it due to the capillary effect;
• the resulting compound is allowed to cool completely;
• after the complete cooling of the formed joint, its elements are carefully cleaned using a special cleaning compound.

With the help of soldering, based on the capillary effect, pipeline elements are connected not only from copper, but also from ferrous metals. In the event that a steel fitting is used as a connecting element for copper pipes, then a layer of a special flux is applied to the place of the future connection. As a solder, when performing soldering using capillary technology, a very current wire is used, which can be made of tin, copper, and in some cases even silver.

The connection of elements of copper pipelines using collet-type fittings is performed without pre-training connection points. But in order to perform high-quality soldering of such pipes and fittings, it is necessary not only to thoroughly clean the place of the future connection from dirt and dust, but also to degrease it.

Copper pipe rolling process

When arranging heating and plumbing systems, the parts of which are made of copper, such technological operations as flaring or disassembly of copper pipes. With this operation, for which you can use a different tool, you change geometric parameters ends of connected pipes without change performance characteristics products.

The simplest tool with which to perform this operation is a rod with a conical tip, which is inserted into the end of a copper pipe and rotated in it until it acquires the desired geometric shape. This device, although quite simple to use, does not allow for high-quality flaring, providing uniform pressure on the walls.

Many, in my opinion, erroneously, believe that copper pipes for installing plumbing or heating a house are quite expensive, and some that the age of copper for these purposes is a thing of the past. In this post, we will try to prove to you that this is not so, precisely because copper is enough comfortable material for the installation of any structures, and if we take its durability into account, then it is indispensable in many cases, and it is she who will be chosen by a zealous owner for his own home.

If we compare copper with other materials from which water pipes and other communication pipes are made (for example, with plastic or), then its advantages are obvious. First of all, it is an unusually long service life: copper pipes and fittings often last as long as the building itself exists.

Copper is very ductile, which increases the safety of plumbing and retains its properties in wide range temperatures (from -200 to +250 °C), which makes the pipes resistant to freezing when filled with water.

Copper pipes are resistant to ultraviolet radiation (unlike plastic), have a low roughness coefficient, which allows them to be used in similar conditions

Copper piping is virtually unaffected various kinds viruses and bacteria, he is not afraid of oils, fats and various harmful substances. Even chlorine, which is inevitable for our water pipes, is not able to destroy a copper pipe, but, on the contrary, due to the formation of an oxide layer on its inner walls, chlorine helps to extend the life of the pipe.

Pipes

Plumbing copper pipes round section are produced both in bays (25 and 50 m long) and in segments (rods of various lengths). The most commonly used pipes have diameters from 8 to 28 mm with a wall thickness of 1 mm. It is worth emphasizing that copper pipes due to thin walls are much lighter than steel pipes. They may be insulated.

Installation of copper pipes does not cause any particular difficulties, mainly due to the fact that they are well cut and bent. Copper pipes can be connected in two ways: detachable and one-piece. The second includes soldering, welding, crimping.

To connect pipes, connect to fittings, various fittings are used to existing water supply.

Fitting

Exists a large number of types of connecting and transitional fittings. Examples of some are shown in photos 1-12. So, for soldering, not only ordinary and adapter couplings are used, but also various elbows, tees, crosses, contours, rolls and plugs. There are fittings with the transition of a soldered connection to a threaded one, for example, an “American” with a cone seal (15 × 1/2 ″). Threaded press fittings often use a ferrule, which, when the union nut is tightened, compresses the pipe, thereby sealing the connection.

Soldering copper pipes

Soldering is carried out due to adhesion between molten copper-phosphorus or silver solders and heated pipes to be joined. The solder is distributed at the junction under the action of capillary forces, "wetting" the base metal. To improve the quality of soldering and increase the adhesion coefficient, special fluxes are used, and the soldering surfaces are pre-cleaned. When soldering, you need to evenly heat the parts to be joined to the required temperature.

Therefore, when soldering, the type of burner flame is important, which indicates the balance of the gas mixture. A decreasing burner flame indicates an excess amount of fuel in the mixture that exceeds the oxygen content. A supersaturated gas mixture, due to an excess of oxygen, forms a flame that oxidizes the surface of the metal. A sign of this phenomenon is a black coating on the metal. A balanced gas mixture, when burned, forms a flame that heats the metal without any other effect.

When working on soldering copper pipes, also note that:

• The application of flux promotes adhesion of the solder to the metal.
• The place of soldering is preliminarily serviced.
• For high-quality soldering, the necessary heating of the soldered parts is required.
• For soldering copper pipes, cleaning of the joint is required.

Copper soldering tools

For soldering copper, special soldering irons and gas burners are used.

When working with copper pipes, in addition to soldering and crimping, they have to be cut, bent, expanded, beaded. Pipe bending to avoid wrinkling and flattening is performed using a lever pipe bender. Moreover, for pipes with a diameter of up to 15 mm, the bending radius must be at least 3.5 diameters. For pipes of large diameters, the bending radius must be at least 4 diameters. You can also cut pipes with a hacksaw, but it is best with a pipe cutter, which allows you to do this exactly at the mark and without distortions. After each revolution, it is necessary to tighten the cutting roller by tightening the set screw. Burrs appearing during the cutting process must be removed.

To ensure the insertion of the pipe into the pipe, special expander pliers and mandrels are used.

How to bend copper pipes

In the photo above, the numbers indicate

1. The pipe is inserted and fixed in the grip of the pipe bender at the start of the bend.
2. Applying force, gradually turn the movable handle of the lever pipe bender, bending the pipe around the mandrel.
3. You can also bend the pipe using a spring with a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the pipe.

Pipe expansion

In the photo below, the numbers indicate

To connect pipes with fittings with union nuts (especially when repairing connections), it is necessary to do flaring.

1. If necessary, remove the union nut by cutting off the flared end of the pipe.
2. You can cut off the flaring with a roller pipe cutter by sliding the nut along the pipe.
3. To restore the flaring, the pipe is clamped in the matrix so that the end of the pipe protrudes above the surface of the matrix by about 1 mm.
4. By screwing the fixture screw, the end of the pipe is deformed with the formation of a conical expansion.
5. After removing the screw clamp, check the funnel flare, which must have the correct shape.
6. The end of the pipe can be flattened with light blows of a hammer, again clamping the pipe in the matrix.
7. smooth and flat surface flaring can be obtained with a velvet file.
8. It remains to put the sealing gasket, and the pipe can be connected.
9. If necessary, flaring can also be done on fittings, for example, couplings, squares.

How to expand a copper tube

To connect pipes by soldering without the use of connecting fittings, the end of one pipe can be expanded using special pliers.

Having inserted the pipe into the tongs with a head of the required diameter, apply force to the handles of the tongs, expanding the end of the pipe.

After the expansion of the pipe, a mandrel-caliber is inserted into the pipe and with light hammer blows on the mandrel, the expansion diameter is adjusted to the required expansion using special pliers.

How to cut copper pipes with a pipe cutter:

The pipe is placed between the jaws of the pipe cutter and the cutting roller is pressed with a set screw.

Having made one or two turns around the pipe with a pipe cutter, the roller is tightened with a screw and the pipe cutter is turned again.

With a folding knife, burrs are removed from the inside of the pipe.

Continue cutting the pipe until the part of the pipe to be cut can be separated by hand.

Typical types of copper pipe connections

When performing installation work, for example, a water supply system using copper pipes, it is necessary to provide connections, make bends, bypasses, and install plumbing fittings.

In the photo, types of “copper” connections

1. Flexible hose connection.
2. Connection of pipes of different diameters by soldering with a straight coupling.
3. The outlet is made using a tee and a single-pipe bypass.
4. square with wall mount and the valve provides connection of a flexible eyeliner.
5. Outline with extended sockets.
6. sidebar ball valve connected with union nuts.

Also read on the topic:

A variant of the plumbing system using copper components

In order to optimize plumbing system, equalization of pressure in the system, reduction of additional loads on the pump and the cost of the system, the diameters of copper pipes are selected depending on the water flow at each point of consumption. Usually, at a flow rate of up to 50 l / min, pipes with a diameter of 10 mm are used, at a flow rate of up to 160 l / min - pipes with a cross section of 16 mm, at a flow rate of 250 l / min - pipes with a cross section of 20 mm. The variant of the plumbing system and the diameters of the copper pipes are shown in the figure.

For pipes of different diameters, threaded fittings of the appropriate sizes are usually used. For example, turnkey fittings 15 × 22 mm can be used for solder joints with pipes with a cross section of 10-18 mm (table).

Fitting	Pipe diameter, mm
12×18	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22
15×22	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22
20×28	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22

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Copper pipes are used during installation DHW systems, cold water, air conditioning, heating, gas supply. They are expensive, but durable, plastic, resistant to corrosion. But to engineering Communication of them have served for decades, the connection of copper pipes must be done correctly.

We will tell you how the installation of copper pipelines is carried out, ensuring the tightness of the transported medium or the circulating coolant. The article presented for review describes in detail the installation technologies. Based on our advice, the construction of systems will be done “perfectly”.

To perform the installation of internal pipelines in the house, you can choose a pipe made of plastic, metal-plastic or stainless steel. But only an analogue made of copper is able to serve without problems and overhaul for more than half a century.

Properly installed copper piping systems in practice work properly throughout the entire period of operation, which is assigned to a cottage or apartment building.

According to accident statistics, the fittings and joints used for installation by soldering turn out to be more reliable than the copper pipes themselves - if a breakthrough occurs in the system, then only on the wall of the tubular product

Copper pipes are not afraid of long-term thermal loads, chlorine and ultraviolet. When freezing, they do not crack, and when the temperature of the internal environment (water, sewage, gas) changes, they do not change their geometry.

Unlike plastic counterparts, they do not sag. This plastic is subject to expansion at high temperatures, with copper this does not happen by definition.

Pipe copper products have two drawbacks - the high price and the softness of the metal. However, the high cost of the material pays off long term operation.

And so that the walls of the pipes are not damaged from the inside by erosion, filters must be installed in the system. If there is no pollution in the form of solid particles in the water, then there will be no problems with the destruction of pipelines.

Pipe processing and welding requirements

When working with copper pipes, the following rules must be observed:

1. When mounting cold water or hot water pipes by soldering, the use of lead solder should be excluded - lead is too toxic.
2. The water flow rate must be no higher than 2 m/s, otherwise the smallest particles of sand or other solid gradually begin to destroy the walls of the pipe.
3. When using fluxes, after completion of installation, the pipeline system must be flushed without fail - the flux is an aggressive substance and will contribute to the corrosion of copper pipe walls.
4. When soldering, overheating of the junction should not be allowed - this can lead not only to the formation of a leaky joint, but also to loss of strength of the copper product.
5. Pipe transitions from copper to other metals (steel and aluminum) are recommended to be performed using brass or bronze adapter fittings - otherwise steel and aluminum pipes will quickly begin to corrode.
6. Burrs (metal deposits) and burrs at the cutting points must be removed - their presence leads to the formation of turbulent eddies in the water flow, which contributes to erosion and a reduction in the operational life of the copper pipeline.
7. When preparing copper pipes for connection, it is strictly forbidden to use abrasives - their particles left after installation inside will lead to damage to the metal and the formation of a fistula.

If in the plumbing or heating system in the house, in addition to copper, there are also pipes or elements made of other metals, then the water flow should go from them to copper, and not vice versa. The flow of water from copper to steel, zinc or aluminum will lead to rapid electrochemical corrosion of pipeline sections from the latter.

Copper pipes are cut and bent without problems, even a novice master is able to cope with their connection into a single pipeline system. You just need to pick related tools and follow the instructions

Due to the ductility and strength of the metal, copper pipes are easily cut and bent. The pipeline can be rotated either by using a pipe bender or by using fittings. And for branching and connections with various devices there are many parts made of heat-resistant plastics, brass, stainless steel and bronze.

On the interaction of copper with other metals

In most private houses, household water pipes are assembled from steel and aluminum pipes. In heating systems, there are also radiators made of steel or aluminum. Wrong tie-in in such a layout of copper pipes is fraught with considerable problems.

By building codes to exclude corrosion processes in the pipeline from pipes of different metal, the water flow must be directed to copper

Most best option installation is the use of pipes and devices exclusively from copper and its alloys. Now you can easily find bimetallic aluminum-copper radiators, as well as the corresponding fittings and valves. Combining different metals is only in extreme cases.

If the combination is unavoidable, then copper should be the last in the chain of pipeline elements. It is impossible to rid it of the ability to conduct electric current.

And in the presence of even a weak current, this metal creates galvanic couples with steel, aluminum and zinc, which inevitably leads to their premature corrosion. When installing a water supply system, it is imperative to insert bronze adapters between them.

Another potential problem is the oxygen in the water. The higher its content, the faster the pipes corrode. This applies to pipelines both from the same metal, and made from different ones.

Often, cottage owners make a serious mistake by often changing the coolant in heating system. This only leads to the addition of completely unnecessary portions of oxygen. It is best not to change the water completely, but to add it when the need arises.

Mounting Choice: Detachable vs Fixed

In order to form a single pipeline system, you can use several methods of their articulation. Different plumbers use crimp and press fittings, welding or soldering. But before you start work yourself, you need to decide whether the pipeline should be one-piece or detachable.

There are three installation technologies for connecting copper pipes:

• electric welding;
• soldering with a torch or electric soldering iron;
• pressing.

All these technologies can be applied in the formation of both detachable and non-detachable systems. It is more a matter of using a variety of fittings and adapters or abandoning them.

If the structure cannot be disassembled without destroying its individual parts, then it is considered one-piece - it turns out to be cheaper, but it is more difficult to repair

If the pipeline system needs to be detachable, as well as simpler in terms of repair and adding new elements, then the connections must be made detachable.

For this, fittings are used:

• compression;
• threaded;
• self-locking.

Detachable connections are easier to make on your own, you can even do without soldering. They do not require unnecessarily high qualifications from the master.

However, such units need constant inspection and tightening of the nuts to prevent leaks. Pressure and temperature fluctuations in the system lead to loosening of the fasteners. And from time to time it is recommended to pull them up.

If access to copper pipes is planned to be closed tightly with trim or concrete screed, then it is best to connect them into an integral structure by soldering or welding. Such a system is more reliable, durable and resistant to gusts.

Threading is prohibited on copper products. This metal is too soft in structure. When installing a detachable pipeline, all threaded connections must be made using fittings. The latter can be connected to a copper pipe by pressing or soldering.

Before making connections, copper pipes are prepared in a special way:

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Copper pipe is cut with a hacksaw or a pipe cutter. The cutting line must be exactly at a right angle.

After cutting, the end of the pipe must be processed with a deburring tool to remove the slightest bumps and burrs

The part of the pipe immersed in the socket prepared for soldering is thoroughly cleaned of dirt and degreased.

It is mandatory to clean and degrease the socket of the coupling, bend or tee, which will be soldered to the pipe

Cutting copper pipe before joining

Deburring with a deburring tool

Degreasing and cleaning the outer surface

Cleaning the coupling socket and fitting

Three main connection methods

Before connecting the pieces of copper pipes, they must be cut in accordance with the wiring diagram and prepared. You will need a pipe cutter or a hacksaw, a pipe bender and a file. And for cleaning the ends, fine-grained sandpaper will not hurt either.

Only having a diagram of the future pipeline system in hand, you can calculate the required amount of consumables. It is necessary to decide in advance where and what diameter the pipes will be mounted. It is also necessary to clearly understand how many connecting elements are required for this.

Option #1: Copper Pipe Welding

Automated or manual welding of copper pipes requires electrodes and gas to create a protective atmosphere (nitrogen, argon or helium). You will also need a DC welding machine and, in some cases, a torch. The electrode can be graphite, tungsten, copper or carbon.

The main disadvantage of this installation technology is the significant differences in the characteristics of the resulting seam and pipe metal. They differ in chemical composition, internal structure, electrical and thermal conductivity. If the welding is not performed correctly, the joint may subsequently even disperse.

Due to the alloying of copper as a result of the action of the deoxidizer present in the electrode, the weld in many respects differs greatly from the base metal being welded.

Welding copper pipes can only be correctly connected by a qualified craftsman. This requires certain knowledge and skills.

This installation option has a lot of technological nuances. If you plan to do everything yourself, but there is no experience with a welding machine, then it is better to use a different connection method.

Option #2: Capillary soldering

In domestic conditions, copper pipes are rarely connected by plumbing welding. This is too complex, requiring specialized skills and time consuming. It is easier to use the method of capillary soldering using a gas burner or a blowtorch.

The technology of soldering copper pipes with solder is based on the capillary rise (leakage) of the latter after melting along the gap between two pressed metal planes

Soldering copper pipes happens:

• low-temperature - soft solders and a blowtorch are used;
• high-temperature - refractory alloys and a propane or acetylene torch are used.

These methods of soldering copper pipes do not have much difference in the end result. The connection in both cases is reliable and tensile. The seam with the high-temperature method is somewhat stronger. However, due to the high temperature of the gas jet from the burner, the risk of burning through the metal of the pipe wall increases.

Solders are used based on tin or lead with the addition of bismuth, selenium, copper and silver. However, if the pipes are brazed for the supply system drinking water, then it is better to refuse the lead version due to its toxicity.

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To implement low-temperature welding, it is not necessary to have special equipment and special skills of the performer. You can do it on your own

Low-temperature solder joints are mainly used in the assembly of pipelines from R 220 soft pipes. They withstand a pressure of 220 N / mm², which does not exceed the operating parameters in domestic heating and water supply networks

To perform low-temperature soldering, it is enough to heat up the pipe and solder with a standard blowtorch

To create a melt that fills the capillaries and the gap between the connected pipes, low-melting solder is used, which quickly melts and spreads freely along the socket

Low temperature welding at home

Cove with soft copper pipes

Blowtorch for low temperature soldering

Use of low-melting solder

There are two ways to solder copper pipelines:

• socket;
• with fittings.

The first option involves expanding the end of one of the connected pipes with a special expander. Then this socket is put on the second pipe, and the joint is soldered with solder.

The end is expanded in such a way that a gap of 0.1–0.2 mm remains between the outer and inner walls of the products to be joined. More is not needed. Solder on it due to the capillary effect will still fill the entire gap.

In this technology, it is important not to damage the pipe during expansion. If it is made of hard copper (R 290), then it will have to be fired first. In this case, the metal at the junction acquires the properties of a soft analogue. It is important to keep these changes in mind when calculating the parameters of the working pressure in the pipeline.

The use of special fittings for capillary soldering eliminates errors with the degree of expansion of the pipe during the formation of the socket, they are initially adjusted to the desired dimensions

To simplify the do-it-yourself soldering of copper pipeline elements, it is enough to purchase ready-made couplings, turns, tees and plugs. They already have the necessary bell. The use of these parts leads to an increase in the cost of installation work, but greatly simplifies them.

To clean the metal at the place of soldering and lubricate the solder, the ends of the pipes to be joined are covered with flux. It should only be applied to the outside of the pipe walls. Bells and fittings are not processed from the inside. This is simply not necessary.

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High temperature soldering requires the use of a gas propane or acetylene torch

For prompt low-temperature melting, fittings with fusible solder fused into them are used. They can be used for high temperature soldering.

To improve the quality of the solder, the pipe sections to be joined are coated with a flux, which plays the role of lubrication and pickling of the metal. Borax is used as a flux in high temperature soldering.

For the production of high-temperature soldering, a refractory solder made of bronze or an alloy of silver and copper is required. It is supplied in the form of rigid rods with a diameter of 3 mm.

Propane or acetylene gas burner

Using Welded Solder Fittings

Flux treatment of the joint area

Solder rod

To perform soldering, the pipes are inserted into the socket and heated with a burner. When the desired temperature is reached, solder is brought to the gap. It starts to melt and flow inside.

If too much of it gets into the joint, it will flow out from inside the pipeline, which will lead to a narrowing of the internal diameter of the pipe. And at a low flow rate, the connection will not be soldered enough.

If problems arise with the use of solder, then you can use fittings in which it is already present in the required volumes. To simplify the work, a capillary belt made of the corresponding alloy is now introduced into these connecting elements from the inside at the factory. This part only needs to be put on the pipe and heated with a burner.

Option #3: Push-In Fittings and Press Couplings

One-piece connection of copper pipes can also be performed using press couplings or compression (collet) fittings. They use an o-ring instead of solder. The first option is clamped on the pipe with special tongs, and the second - with union nuts and a key to them.