The Far East is an amazing territory, whose nature is capable of surprising with its diversity, beauty and even some fabulousness. And the flora of this region is so rich that a detailed list of it will take more than one page. Thus, a significant area of ​​the territory of the Far East is covered with mixed forests. Let's talk on this page www.site about what the mixed forests of the Russian Far East are in a little more detail, recall which plants in mixed forests are found more often than others, including trees characteristic of these territories.

The main feature of the mixed forests of the Far East is that in these places the Siberian taiga, as well as the subtropics, come together, mixing in the most amazing way. Sullen spruces can be fancifully wrapped in bunches of wild grapes, and cedar with larch can grow near the cork tree, as well as near the Manchu walnut. The slopes of the mountains can be covered with larch with birch undergrowth, and cranberries can be found in its moss cover. And literally a few meters away, a linden forest with lush thickets of prickly aralia and fragrant jasmine bushes grows safely.

Plants of mixed forests of the Far East. General list

Forests are the predominant type of vegetation in the Far East. They cover approximately 60% of its territory. Mixed forests are represented by coniferous-deciduous forests.

The dominant species of conifers are considered to be solid-leaved fir and Korean pine. Korean cedar also occupies a significant place. Whole-leaved fir forms forests, in all tiers of which there are various thermophilic representatives, including hornbeam and small-fruited, actinidia, Sakhalin cherry, Manchurian and pseudosibold maples, dimorphan, etc.

Also, the mixed forests of the Russian Far East are rich in various types of lindens, for example, Amur, Take and Manchurian. There are elms, for example, valley and mountain elms. In addition, Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut and other types of maples (small-leaved, green-barked, etc.) grow in the Far East. The second canopy of the tree layer consists of Amur acatnik, mountain ash (Amur and two-color), Amur lilac, Maksimovich cherry, etc.

As for the shrubs, the mixed forests of the Far East include chubushniki, honeysuckle, eleutherococcus, aralia, weigela, euonymus, Manchurian hazel, etc.

In forest glades, as well as along the edges different trees and bushes are entwined with vines, in total there are about fifteen species. The most famous plants of this type are the Amur grapes, Chinese magnolia vine, among them grape, red bubble, actinidia, etc.

As for the grass cover, in mixed forests it can be either poorly developed or dense, rather high and at the same time diverse. In particular, many flowering grasses are found on the edges of the forest, as well as in its meadows. The most common crops of this type are forest volzhanka, palm-shaped meadowsweet, lilies of the valley, lilies, krasodnevy and others.

In spring, before the leaves bloom on trees, as well as on shrubs, ephemeroids appear, which delight the eye with a bright color. Such plants include forest poppy, adonis, anemone, corydalis. After the withering away of the ephemeroids, various ferns appear: osmund, maidenhair, woodsia, etc.

The main mixed forest trees in the Far East

Whole-leaved fir is the tallest tree in the Far East, its height can exceed forty-five meters, and its diameter is one and a half meters. Such a tree is characterized by a powerful beautiful spreading crown and has valuable timber.

Ayan spruce is considered a classic representative of the mixed forests of the Far East. It usually reaches a height of up to forty meters. Such a tree gives medium-sized cones - no more than three to five centimeters long, and is considered one of the most important species of the forest industry.

The hornbeam is a fairly recognizable plant, its trunk is wrapped in silvery ribbons, similar to the skin of a snake. Usually the tree reaches ten to twelve meters in height, less often fifteen meters. It grows slowly.

The small carp is a fairly common plant with edible fruits. Most often, the height of a tree does not exceed eighteen meters, its crown may look narrow, pyramidal or ovoid (the shape depends on the level of illumination). Trees can grow in groups or by themselves.

Sakhalin cherry can reach fifteen meters in height. This plant blooms in May and produces small, bitter, globular fruits that are inedible.

The Manchu maple is a slender and attractive tree that usually reaches twenty meters in height. The bark on its trunk is painted in light gray tones, and the leaves have complex shape and are graceful triplets.

The pseudosibold maple is a beautiful small tree or shrub, it resembles the Siebold maple, which grows in Japan. This plant has small, rounded, beautifully cut leaves and is characterized by a surprisingly graceful tiered growth pattern. Pseudosibold maple is found in the shrub layer of forests on rocky slopes, and its leaves adorn the slopes with luxurious colors ranging from orange-yellow to wine-red.

Small-leaved maple is a small tree - its average height does not exceed fifteen meters. The plant has a pyramidal crown, five or seven-fingered leaves.

The main difference between the green-horned maple is the bark colored in green color and covered with vertical white stripes, with age, its color changes to dark gray. The height of the plant is also small - no more than fifteen meters. The crown width is no more than nine meters, the tree can grow like a shrub.

The vegetation of the mixed forests of the Far East is also represented by dimorphan, also known as kalopanax. Such a culture can reach twenty-five meters in height, its main feature is beautiful and large five or seven-lobed leaves, whose length can reach twenty five to thirty centimeters. Dimorphant is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Among the common trees of mixed forests in the Far East, there is also Korean cedar. It is a giant tree that can reach forty meters in height and two meters in diameter. Korean cedar can live up to five hundred years, it has a strong, durable and beautiful wood. The seeds of such a plant are the most important food source.

Trees growing in a mixed forest, as we mentioned above, coexist with lindens. The Amur linden is a common leafy tree that reaches twenty five to thirty meters in height. Most often, such a culture grows on the lower parts of the mountain slopes, as well as in river valleys. This type of linden is similar to the small-leaved linden.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, the Amur linden is usually adjacent to the take linden, it grows to the same size, and its main difference is the dense reddish pubescence of the leaf petioles, as well as young shoots.

As for the Manchurian linden, it differs from the already listed varieties in a drooping inflorescence and a larger size of leaves.

These three varieties of linden blossom in different time of the year. At the end of June, the Amur linden begins to bloom, a week later - the take linden, and the Manchurian is the last to bloom. Linden, or rather its color, is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Such a common tree as the valley elm can be easily recognized by its wide-spreading, as it were, broken crown, which is bordered by long, thin and light gray branches. The branches of such trees are planted with flower heads, which are collected in bunches, and in winter they look like rounded buds.

As for the mountain elm, its crown has a wide-cylindrical shape, the tree can reach thirty meters in height. The bark is colored brown and looks deeply riddled with cracks. The leaves are large and rough.

Manchurian ash is considered a fairly common tree in mixed forests in the Far East. It has a slender columnar trunk and a high crown. Such trees are considered one of the largest in this part of Russia and can reach thirty-five meters in height.

Manchurian walnut is a relative of everyone's favorite walnut. This tree has a spreading crown and can reach twenty five to thirty meters in height. This type of nut has long been used by our ancestors for medicinal purposes: to treat diathesis, diarrhea, rickets and stomach diseases.

Also in the forests of the Far East Amur velvet is found, which is a dioecious, perennial and deciduous tree with a beautiful openwork crown and feathery leaves. Such a culture can reach twenty-eight meters in height, and its distinctive feature is the specific aroma of leaves, which can be felt after rubbing them in your hands. The fruits of Amur velvet are used in folk medicine: for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, hypertension, etc.

Amur acatnik is another tree of the mixed forests of the Far East, it can reach a height of twenty-five meters and has amazingly valuable wood that is resistant to aggressive influences. Amur acatnik is actively used by folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antineoplastic, expectorant and pain reliever.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, there are also mountain ash: Amur and two-colored. Amur mountain ash is a small tree (4-15m in height), and bicolor usually ranges from 7 to 10m in height. Such a culture gives juicy, bitter-sweet and tart fruits, which are a source of a significant amount of ascorbic acid, and have multivitamin, antiscorbutic, choleretic, astringent and diuretic qualities.

Amur lilac is a common low-growing tree, it blooms late, and the color of its leaves may differ depending on the season. The flowers of such a culture are characterized by a small size, cream or white color, they are collected in large inflorescences that smell nice of honey.

A well-known tree in the Far East is also the blood-red hawthorn. This is a short tree that rarely grows more than three to four meters in height. Such a plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes; on its basis, cardiotonic drugs and blood circulation regulators are prepared.

Shrubs

One of the most beautiful shrubs of the mixed forests of the Far East is the chubushnik, which can reach a height of three meters. Such a plant has attractive, rather large flowers, due to which it is often mistakenly called jasmine.

Another representative of shrubs is honeysuckle. It can reach one and a half to two and a half meters in height, and its fruits are actively used for therapeutic purposes: to prevent cardiovascular and gastrointestinal ailments.

Eleutherococcus spiny is also a widely known medicinal shrub of the Far East. Its height reaches four to five meters in height, and the rhizomes and root of this culture are used to prepare a liquid extract and other medicines that have a general tonic and adaptogenic effect.

Occasionally, in the forests of the Far East, you can find a high aralia or a Manchurian aralia. This shrub usually grows singly or in small groups, preferring well-lit places. Aralia is actively used for therapeutic purposes, its components have an exciting effect on the central nervous system.

Another well-known shrub of the Far East has similar medicinal qualities - acantopanax sessile, also known as a medicinal plant. Such a plant is used by gardeners for growing in decorative purposes.

Weigela is also considered a widespread shrub of mixed forests in the Far East. This culture usually reaches a height of no more than one and a half meters. It pleases the eye with large flowers (up to five centimeters) of different colors - red or pink.

Winged euonymus are also found among the bushes. They usually reach a height of one to two meters. Such plants look especially decorative in autumn - their leaves and fruits turn red in different shades. It should be noted that euonymus are poisonous.

Manchurian hazel is also a common shrub in the mixed forests of the Far East. It reaches three to four and a half meters in height. In forests, such a plant plays the role of undergrowth; in clearings, it can form thickets.

Also in this group of plants is the buckthorn - a perennial low shrub (usually one to three meters high). The bark of this plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes: for internal and external use. Buckthorn bark has a pronounced laxative effect, it is used as a choleretic and anthelmintic agent.

Vines

Actinidia kolomikta is a fairly common plant in the mixed forests of the Far East; it is a woody liana, the thickness of the trunk of which can reach two to five centimeters in diameter. Interesting feature actinidia - leaves that change color. At first they are bronze, then green, before flowering they become bright white, and after flowering - pinkish, then - crimson-red.

Amur grapes are widespread in the forests of the Far East, its vines rise to the tops of trees, braiding them, they can also creep over shrubs, grasses, stones or stumps. This powerful liana can reach twenty to thirty meters in length, in autumn its leaves are painted in attractive reddish, purple, chestnut and transitional tones. Edible berries, up to 1.2 cm in diameter.

Schisandra chinensis is a well-known plant of the mixed forests of the Far East - a liana-shaped perennial climbing culture. This plant is actively used in folk medicine as a stimulating and tonic agent for the central nervous system.

Another liana found in the Far East is the red bubble (tree-nose). It is a creeping or weakly climbing shrub that can reach two and a half to five meters in length. The roots of this culture are used for medicinal purposes, medicines based on them help to improve blood circulation and cure skin diseases.

Also a common plant in the mixed forests of the Far East is the vineyard - a deciduous ligneous liana, which climbs a support, fixing itself with twisting tendrils. The fruits of such a culture reach 0.7-0.9 cm in diameter, they are inedible.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, dioscorea nippon can also be found - a perennial liana that can reach a length of four meters. This culture tends to populate secondary plant communities that are formed after felling and fires. Dioscorea nipponskaya is used for medicinal purposes for the treatment of cardiovascular ailments.

Herbs

Volzhanka forest is a common herb that feels great on forest edges and glades. This plant belongs to perennials and can reach a meter or even more in height. In summer, Volzhanka blooms beautifully - with small white or cream flowers, which gather in large inflorescences thirty to sixty centimeters long.

Lambar grass is another common herb found in the mixed forests of the Far East. Such a culture grows very quickly on large areas, reaches a height of sixty-one hundred centimeters. The meadowsweet can be used for medicinal purposes, and is also a good honey plant.

On the edges and glades of mixed forests, lily of the valley is often found. Its amazingly beautiful and fragrant flowers are familiar to everyone. They are white and bell-shaped. Lilies of the valley are often used medicinally.

Also in the mixed forests of the Far East, wild lilies can be found. It is believed that in such climatic zone you can find several varieties of such plants, represented by drooping, pseudo-tiger, calloused, two-rowed and honey lilies. Such plants usually grow on forest edges and slopes.

Krasnodnev is a common herb that is found on the outskirts of mixed forests, in meadows, slopes and among bushes. It is also known as the daylily for its distinctively shaped flowers.

Also in the forests of the Far East, you can find aconite (wrestler), it can grow rapidly, forming gloomy thickets. Such a plant can reach a height of one and a half to two meters, it is very poisonous, although it attracts attention with dense tall inflorescences.

Among the mixed forests, there is occasionally a zamaniha, which got its name from its bright red juicy berries that attract (lure) birds. But it is very difficult for people and four-legged to get to them, since its parts are covered with very sharp thorns.

Another amazing plant The Far East is ginseng. This culture has been known since ancient times, as Chinese healers have been using its root for therapeutic purposes for four millennia. But it is not easy to find her in the forest, because she hides in bushes, ferns and at the bottom of ravines.

Stinging nettle is a widespread herb in the mixed forests of the Far East. it weed plant Known for its ability to cause severe burning sensation upon contact with skin. In addition, it is actively used by traditional medicine specialists as a hemostatic and cosmetological composition.

Occasionally, hemlock grass can be found on the edges of the mixed forests of the Far East. This is a biennial poisonous plant that has many medicinal properties. Traditional medicine experts advise using it for the treatment of very serious diseases, including cancer.

Ephemeroids

Such plants are characterized by an extremely short growing season, which occurs at the most optimal time of the year. Among them, the forest poppy is a perennial, whose height usually does not exceed twenty to forty centimeters. This is a poisonous plant that can be used for medicinal purposes, as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and sedative.

Adonis is another ephemeral found in the mixed forests of the Far East. This plant is also known as the adonis due to its large, bright flowers of intense color. Adonis is actively used for therapeutic purposes, as an anticonvulsant, diuretic and sedative.

Another ephemeral is the anemone. It usually grows in shrubs, forest edges and hills. This herb got its name due to its sensitivity to the wind, because even a slight movement of air leads to its fluttering and to the swinging of flowers on long peduncles.

Also, in the mixed forests of the Far East, there are several varieties of the corydalis (deceiving corydalis, smoky-leaved, spaced and Bush's corydalis). Usually such plants reach a height of no more than twenty-five centimeters, they are distinguished by attractive medium-sized flowers of different colors: pink-violet, bluish-lilac, lilac, sky blue, etc.

Ferns

Ferns are among the most ancient plants on Earth. Among them are osmund, which have large, feathery, non-wintering leaves of a light green color. In especially favorable conditions, these plants can reach a height of two hundred centimeters, but their average height is eighty to one hundred centimeters.

The medium-sized ferns of the mixed forests of the Far East include maidenhair. The leaves of these plants are colored light green, they are arranged in a fan-shaped manner. Usually the height of this fern variety does not exceed fifty centimeters.

Another undersized fern of the Far East is woodsia. This plant usually does not grow more than twenty centimeters in length. This type of fern sheds leaves for the winter, but it looks very decorative, so many gardeners tend to cultivate it in their plots.

Various mixed forests grow on the territory of the Far East, the plants of which we have examined today. It is possible to talk about such cultures and their unique properties for a very long time. It's time, nevertheless, to finish the story for today. We will continue this topic in future publications.

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Aconite (Wrestler) - Aconite L. This is a perennial herb with erect or climbing stems. Leaves are long-petiolate. The flowers can be yellow, blue or purple. There are 37 types of aconite in the Far East. All Far Eastern aconites are extremely poisonous. They contain substances belonging to the group of cardiovascular poisons. The main representative of these substances is the alkaloid aconitine, which disrupts both the nervous regulation of cardiac activity and the efficiency of the heart muscle itself. In severe poisoning, death quickly occurs from heart paralysis, or from respiratory arrest.

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Adonis (Adonis) Amur (Adonis Amurensis Rgl) Adonis Amur is outwardly similar to the spring adonis, which is widespread in the western regions of the country, but is found only in the Far East. It is a perennial herb. Its large, bright yellow flowers on short stems attract attention in early spring... After flowering, the stems grow up to 30-40 cm and numerous leaves develop on them, dissected into narrow, jagged lobules along the edge. At the end of the stem, dense oval inflorescences develop. In adonis Amur, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids and some other substances were found.

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Arisema Amur (Arisaema Maxim) Arizema has one five-part leaf and a round smooth root - a tuber. A fancy yellow-green flower with dark veins flaunts on a separate leg. The flower has a pitcher-shaped blanket with a wide hole, in the depth of which the top of a succulent rod can be seen. After ripening, the stem is exposed and its surface is strewn with dark red, juicy seeds, tightly pressed against each other. All parts of arizema contain special burning substances that cause sensitive burns and redness of the skin. The roots are highly toxic, and to a lesser extent the aerial parts of the plant. In case of poisoning, there is abundant salivation and loss of sensitivity of the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips.

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Belena (Hyoscyamus) In the Far East, there are 2 species of this extremely poisonous plant... Helen has a long stem. On it are sessile leaves, as if hugging the stem, and large, jug-like flowers. They are light yellow in color with a dense network of dark purple veins and a dark purple spot in the pharynx. The plant is covered with sticky pubescence and has an unpleasant odor. In all its parts, henbane contains extremely active alkaloids (scopolamine, atropine, hyoscineamine). Signs of poisoning: The face turns red, the pupils dilate greatly, vision deteriorates, delirium, hallucinations. The temperature rises, a rash appears on the skin. Blood pressure drops. In very severe poisoning, the victims die from respiratory paralysis during the first day.

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Marsh calla (Calla Palustris L.) The appearance of the plant resembles a decorative calla in miniature. Also luscious heart-shaped leaves and a white wing that surrounds the signet. It inhabits the swampy shores of water bodies and rivers in swampy and humid places. All parts of the plant are poisonous. The plant contains alkaloids and a burning substance similar to saponin, the rhizome contains starch. Cases of poisoning of mass cattle are known. In folk medicine, recipes for tincture of rhizomes are known, used for the bite of poisonous snakes.

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Marsh Ledum (Ledum Palustre) An upright evergreen shrub 50-60 cm high. The stems are recumbent. Leaves are alternate, short-petiolate. Flowers on long thin pedicels, white, less often red with a strong stupefying odor. Grows in moss bogs, peat bogs and boggy coniferous forests. Ledum is poisonous. All its parts, especially the leaves, contain glycoside, ericoline, essential oil and tannins. Iceol was isolated from wild rosemary oil - a substance that makes leaves poisonous. Icebreaker poisoning causes vomiting, heart palpitations, and choking. Headache can cause poisonous vapors of rosemary oil.

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Bogilov Spotted (Conium Maculatum) In the Far East, bogilov is an imported weed. It is a biennial herb with a taproot and a tall, branched stem. Leaves are petiolate, deeply dissected into small lobules. The flowers are white, in complex numerous umbrellas. Blooms in June-July. All parts of the plant contain poisonous alkaloids, of which the main one is konyin. Bogilov's poison primarily has a paralyzing effect. paralysis of the respiratory muscles is the direct cause of death in cases of bogilov poisoning.

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Poisonous milestone (Cicuta Virosa) Poisonous milestone is a perennial herb with a high stem up to 150 cm in height and about 2 cm thick at the bottom. Leaves are large on long petioles, dissected into narrow, serrate-edged lobules. The flowers are small, white, collected in an inflorescence - a complex umbrella, consisting of small, globular umbrellas up to 2 cm in diameter. All parts of the plant are poisonous, but the rhizome is especially dangerous. The poison is very persistent. It is preserved during prolonged boiling, when the plant is dried, and even when it is exposed to acids and alkalis. A person who has eaten 1-2 grams of rhizome, after a few minutes, has convulsions, and loses consciousness, and if you do not take action, death occurs. The main active ingredient is cicutotoxin, which belongs to the group of convulsive poisons.

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Daphne Kamtschatica Maxim is a low shrub, popularly called "Wolf's bast" .. Its pale yellow small flowers sit on half-dead branches sticking out of the ground. At the end of June, shiny crimson berries appear on the branches of the plant. All parts of the plant are poisonous: berries, bark, wood, flowers. But berries are the most dangerous. 10-15 pcs. lethal dose for humans. Inhalation of small particles of bark (dust) leads to irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The contact of plant sap on the skin, especially on the mucous membranes, causes their acute inflammation.

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Raven Eye (Paris Hexaphilla Cham.) Poisonous enough herb. It got its bizarre name very aptly. The plant has only one single berry, which at the end of the shoot is surrounded by 6-8 lanceolate pale green leaves collected in a whorl. The rhizome and fruits are especially poisonous. They contain a structureless substance - parastifin, as well as cardiac glycosides and saponin - convallarin. Signs of poisoning: daze, convulsions, paralysis. All parts of the plant act differently: berries disrupt cardiac activity, leaves have antispasmodic properties, and the rhizome induces vomiting.

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Pointed Raven (Actaea Acuminata Wall.) Ravens are among the most poisonous representatives of the buttercup family. They are found in mixed and coniferous forests. It is a perennial herb. Stems up to 70 cm tall. Leaves are complex. The flowers are small, white, collected in an oval raceme. Flowering in May-June, fruits in August-September. The raven has a pointed berry of black color, and the red-fruited one has red.

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Red-crowned crow (Actaea Errythorocarpa Fisch.) Brush of bright fruits look very effective and can be and may be available to children, which is very dangerous. All parts of plants are toxic, and the toxicity does not disappear even when dried. Vorontsov has a very pronounced local irritant effect, and blisters appear rather quickly on the skin areas in contact with them.

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Common Datura (Datura Stramonium L.) It is an annual herb with an erect stem up to 100 cm in height. The leaves are alternate, on long petioles, ovoid with a pointed tip. Large, white funnel-shaped flowers are arranged singly in the forks of the stem. The whole plant possesses unpleasant smell... The fruit is a capsule that looks like a spiked egg. Datura contains alkaloids in all parts (hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine), and eating its leaves or seeds leads to severe poisoning. Signs of poisoning: mental disorder, delirium, hallucinations, loss of control over behavior and coordination of movements. Seizures may develop. The victim sometimes remains unconscious for more than 2 days. Having recovered, the person does not remember anything that happened to him during the poisoning.

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Kupena (Poygonatum Adans) 8 types of kupena grow in the Far East. These are perennial herbaceous plants... Small flowers, one or two on stalks emerging from the axils of the leaves. Blooms in late May - June, the fruits are globular blue-black berries. The fruits look quite tempting, but they are toxic at the same time. Cases of poisoning of children have been repeatedly observed. Kupena contains active glycosides of cardiac action.

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Lily of the Valley Keiske (Convallaria Keiskei Mig.) Lily of the valley is a perennial herb. Every spring, a green shoot tube leaves the growing rhizome. The tubule unfolds into 2-3 wide leaves and a pedicel with 6-15 flowers is extended. In the second half of summer, red fruits, pea-sized berries, hard and poisonous, appear on the places of flowers. In all parts, lily of the valley contains glycosides, which in moderate doses have a beneficial effect on the heart. An overdose of lily of the valley preparation can lead to serious consequences. For example, a severe violation of the heart.

This is a significant group of vicarious species that are extremely similar to our trees and shrubs: Mongolian oak, Manchurian ash, Amur linden, fluffy alder, whole-leaved fir, Daurian larch, etc. Typical plantings can be created from these plants, although many of them are quite decorative and suitable for tapeworms in park plantings. However, the most interesting are those plant species that give the local nature a unique originality. These species have survived since the time of glaciation, which spared the local flora. In the forests of the Far East and on numerous islands near it, representatives of the taiga and subtropics coexist. This is perhaps the only place in our country where you can see cedar pine and magnolia, lemongrass and austere spruce nearby. The harsh climate of the Far East has developed many valuable properties, first of all, frost resistance. Therefore, the "Far Easterners" take root well in the temperate latitudes of the European part of the country. But what always distinguishes them from other plants is the early end of the growing season. European, North American and other plant species are still vegetating, while the "Far East" plants begin to turn yellow in September and even shed their leaves.

When it comes to the most decorative representatives of the flora of the Far East, cedar pines are most often remembered from conifers. These majestic trees are so unique that it is difficult to compare any coniferous tree with them. Sometimes cedar pines are incorrectly called cedars: real cedars are not found here, and they do not look like cedar pines. The most beautiful and powerful is the Korean cedar pine. The huge trees of this cedar pine are typical of the Far Eastern taiga. Silvery-green dense needles cover the branches almost to the base of the trunk, so the cedar pine seems to be a giant ornate column among the surrounding vegetation. Siberian cedar pine is widespread in Siberia, which is slightly inferior to Korean in beauty and elegance. Dwarf cedar is found everywhere in Siberia and the Far East - a low shrub with characteristic creeping shoots. He repeats everything as if in miniature features cedar pines. The peculiar shape of elfin is unusual for pines, and this makes it one of the most decorative coniferous shrubs in culture.

Cedar pines differ from ordinary pine not only in the appearance of trees, needles (they have 5 needles in bunches) and cones. They are quite shade-tolerant, grow slowly at a young age, preferring moist and sufficiently fertile soils (dwarf pine even gets by with sand and stone earth). Cedar pines are very hardy, so the northern border of their cultivation approaches the border of the forest and tundra. They are propagated by seeds, which must first be stratified in wet sand or peat. To accelerate the growth of young cedar pines, they are often grafted onto Scots pine. In the same way, mature plants can be propagated, which means that the formation of cones on grafted trees can be accelerated.

Of the several types of spruce that are found in the Far East, the Ayan spruce is the most decorative. It is distinguished by flat, curved needles, the underside of which is bluish-white in color. The crown of the tree looks very elegant. Ayan spruce is quite winter-hardy not only in Moscow and Leningrad, but also in more northern latitudes. It takes root well on moist loamy soils. It grows slowly at a young age. Ayan spruce is very shade-tolerant, and therefore it can be planted even under the canopy of trees. This breed is propagated by seeds. They germinate well 12-14 days after sowing. Before sowing, it is advisable to soak the seeds in water for 8-12 hours.

Fir trees are quite numerous in the Far East. There are about a dozen of them here. These moisture-loving breeds like the damp climate of Primorye.

Many of them are very decorative. For example, solid-leaved fir has long pointed needles. The crown of the tree falls down to the ground. Unfortunately, whole-leaved fir is quite rare in crops, especially in park plantings, and this is not only an ornamental, but also a frost-resistant tree. Of all the fir, it is one of the fastest growing. Whole-leaved fir is easy to grow from seeds. Like all fir, this species is picky about fertile and moist soils. Other types of Far Eastern firs are quite decorative in culture: white-brown, Sakhalin, etc.

The pointed yew, a relict tree of the Far East, is well known in landscaping. Unlike other coniferous species, the yew does not form cones, but bright pink seedlings that look like berries. Such "berries" are formed only on female specimens of yew, which makes them especially decorative during the period of seed ripening. Hard yew seeds germinate for a very long time, at least 2 years, therefore they need long-term pre-sowing stratification. Yew easily propagates in other ways: by cuttings and offspring from a stump (by the way, the latter property is extremely surprising for conifers). Yew pointed shade-tolerant, winter-hardy enough, grows better on fertile and moist soils. The yew tree has many different decorative forms: thick, low, golden. They differ in appearance and color of the needles. Such forms are propagated mainly by vegetative methods.
Far Eastern junipers are beautiful in plantings. They are quite diverse. For example, a hard juniper grows into a tree up to 8 m high. But the Siberian juniper forms dense almost spherical cushions. Another species - coastal juniper - grows in a low carpet with creeping branches. So among these plants one can find the most opposite life forms, which form a rare contrast in decorative plantings. These plants are very unpretentious and frost-resistant, they can be cultivated in various plant and climatic zones of the country. Unfortunately, it should be noted that they are practically not used in landscaping. Far Eastern species of juniper can be grown from seeds (they need pre-sowing stratification) or by vegetative methods. They grow relatively slowly. Plants are quite shade-tolerant, and therefore get along well under the canopy of trees.

There is another interesting coniferous plant in the Far East - cross-pair microbiota. This species is found only in the Sikhote-Alin mountains, on the stony placers of the southern slopes. Botanists call the microbiota endemic because it doesn't grow anywhere else in the world. It is a creeping shrub, long branches of which are easily rooted by adventitious roots. The needles of the microbiota are small, opposite. She has large single-seeded bumps. Seeds germinate after preliminary stratification. This rather frost-resistant and shade-tolerant plant can be used for planting even in the most northern regions of our country: the creeping form of a bush in winter is completely hidden under the snow, frosts are not afraid of it. Microbiota grows best in moist, humid soils. This is one of the most beautiful low-growing shrubs. It can be propagated not only by seeds, but also by rooted branches. Microbiota is better suited for creating rocky slides, casing the banks of a reservoir, for planting in mixborders. In the collection of plants from the Far East, it needs to be allocated a place in the foreground of the exposition.

When choosing exotic plants of the Far East to form the main exposition group or as tapeworms, first of all, from deciduous species, it is necessary to pay attention to the obovate magnolia. This is the only species of the oldest family of magnoliaceae, which in its natural state is found on the territory of the USSR. Magnolia obovate grows in the deciduous forests of the island of Kuna-shir and in Japan. It is a large tree with unusually large leaves up to 30-40 cm long. The flowers are white or creamy white, up to 15-18 cm in diameter. Fruits, it is better to call them compound fruits, ripen in September and look like long red cucumbers. Magnolia obovate reproduces by seeds. They must first be stratified. Young plants need shelter for the winter, but their hardiness increases over the years. This magnolia is successfully cultivated in Ukraine and the Baltic States, but in Moscow and Leningrad it freezes a lot. Magnolia needs fertile and moist soils, can grow with a little shade, but blooms only in lighted areas. Magnoliaceae also include Chinese magnolia vine - the most valuable medicinal and fruit plant Of the Far East.

The most interesting species of exotic species are found among the representatives of the Araliev family. Aralia themselves in the Far East grow in the form of trees and perennial grasses. For example, the Manchurian Aralia grows to a height of 12-15 m. Its thick, almost unbranched stem is covered with thorns, and rosettes of long, up to 1 m, difficultly dissected leaves are located at the top. It is not for nothing that at home this aralia is called the "Far Eastern palm" or "devil's tree" - there are enough reasons for both names. Aralia flowers are unattractive, but by autumn numerous black fruits ripen in long panicles, and they greatly adorn the plants. Herbaceous species (racemose aralia and continental aralia) rise to a height of up to 2 m over the summer, forming lush clumps of greenery and paniculate clusters with fruits.

The seven-bladed kalopanax, or dimorphan, is also very peculiar - another representative of the Aralievs. It is a large maple-like tree. Dimorphan is quite winter-hardy in Moscow, although it freezes somewhat there in severe winters. Small thorny bush Eleutherococcus grows, the complex five-tip-shaped leaves of which are so similar to the leaves of ginseng. Both of these plants are considered the most valuable medicinal species, so growing them on the site is a great pride for a gardener. All araliaceae are demanding on fertile and moist soils. They are propagated mainly by seeds (root-growing aralia and Eleutherococcus - by transplanting in roslevin). Seeds require preliminary stratification. Herbaceous and shrub species bloom as early as 3-4 years, and woody ones a little later, after 6-7 years. Araliaceae are one of the best decorations in the collection of Far Eastern plants.

It should be noted that the flora of the Far East abounds in vines, among which there are many amazing exotic species: Chinese magnolia vine, petiolate hydrangea, different kinds grapes, woodworms and actinidia. Many of them are very cunning.

Panicle hydrangea with large, numerous inflorescences is especially appreciated in landscaping.

It blooms late, around August - September, when most of the plants are already completing their seasonal development. Therefore, decorators value hydrangea very highly. The large-flowered form of this species is also known in culture, in which the panicles consist of sterile, but unusually beautiful flowers. Their corollas do not crumble after flowering. Gradually, the color of the petals changes from white to pink. In this state, the bushes remain throughout the winter. Hydrangeas are propagated by seeds or cuttings. Panicle hydrangea is quite winter-hardy. It is planted in an open area with moist fertile soil, where it blooms annually and abundantly. This is one of the most attractive and ornate shrubs for the foreground of the exhibition.

From low, but very ornamental shrubs In the Far East, first of all, it is necessary to name the wrinkled rosehip and the bicolor woodworm. Rosehip rugose is one of the local attractions of the Primorskiy Territory. It forms dense thickets near the sea coast and on the slopes of hills. Shiny wrinkled leaves with large red flowers adorn these thickets very much, but they are especially attractive in August - September, when numerous bright red ones ripen on the tops of the shoots. They are very nutritious, containing up to 2% ascorbic acid and about 14 mg% provitamin A on a dry weight basis. Rosehip rugose is quite winter-hardy in temperate latitudes of the European part of the country. Grows and bears fruit abundantly even on the poor sandy soils, where it forms root clumps and thickets. Rosehip seeds must be stratified before sowing.

You can breed this type of rose hips and transplant individual piglets. They take root well and can bloom and bear fruit in the very first year.

Lespedetsa bicolor is a relatively low shrub from the legume family. It blooms in the second half of summer, and then the bushes are covered with red or purple clusters of flowers. Until the very frosts, the flowering of Lespedets continues, because of this, it is rightly considered one of the most ornamental late-flowering shrubs. Lespedetsu is successfully bred in the Baltic States, Ukraine. In Leningrad and Moscow, she is severely beaten by frost, but she grows up quickly. Propagated by seeds. It grows better on lighted fertile soils, but does not tolerate drought.

Finishing the review of the most promising exotic plants of Far Eastern origin, one cannot fail to note Amur velvet and Manchurian walnut. These are rather large trees, reaching a height of 25 m in their homeland. The leaves of both are complex, pinnate. Trees are also beautiful during the period of fruit ripening, for velvet - black fleshy drupes that remain on the tree throughout the winter, for a nut - false drupes in long, peculiar garlands. Both trees are quite winter-hardy and suffer little from frost even at the latitude of Moscow and Leningrad. By the way, Manchurian walnut is the most frost-resistant type among other nuts. Therefore, its future is in cultivation not only as an ornamental tree, but also as a fruit tree. Velvet and walnut are propagated by seeds, which must first be stratified. Young plants grow relatively quickly. When loosening near-trunk circles both species significantly accelerate growth. The majestic crowns of velvet and walnut are one of the main attractions of the collection of Far Eastern plants.

Plant world- the greatest miracle of nature, the kingdom of beauty and our healing wealth. In the structure of the biosphere, the entire animal world can be regarded as its consuming organs, and the plant world as energy-structural producing organs. Thus, the role of the plant world in human life can hardly be overestimated. V general view it is a powerful component of the physical and mental health humans and animals. It is known that since ancient times, plants have been used as therapeutic and prophylactic agents. For thousands of years, plants for these purposes have been selected in each region, therapeutic and prophylactic recipes have been created (India, Tibet, China, Mongolia).

Interest in medicinal plants and preparations from them is determined by the entire way of life of mankind. Harmful impact chemical substances located in environment, synthetic drugs, to which humans are evolutionarily not adapted, chemical food additives lead to allergic diseases.

In connection with the above, the issues of searching for resources and isolating from them drugs that have tonic, adaptive, antioxidant and other types of actions are becoming very relevant. They are necessary for rehabilitation, prevention, protection from stress, for the correction of some physiological functions in oncology, geriatrics, etc. As experimental studies have shown, many of the medicinal plants used in folk medicine for allergic conditions have pronounced antihistamine activity, for example common lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)... Essential oils and terpene fractions marsh rosemary (Ledum palustre) in acute inflammatory conditions, they prevent the development of vascular disorders and associated exudative phenomena.

In the process of evolution, plants have changed and adapted to certain environmental conditions, climate, solar and cosmic influences. As a result, they accumulated environmental and biochemical information, including biologically active substances (BAS) necessary for their own life and, as it turned out, for humans and animals. Despite the active development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries in recent years, the creation of new highly efficient drugs, medicinal herbs continue to occupy an important place in the arsenal of remedies. They are especially often used at home.

Wealth and diversity Far Eastern flora admired her researchers. The plant kingdom of the southern part of the Far East is especially impressive. Untouched by glaciers, it is a bizarre mixture of evolutionarily young and very ancient relict plants that grew here millions of years ago, back in the crust of the Lower Cretaceous. The close proximity of northern and southern, taiga and steppe species is striking. The life forms of plants are also diverse, trees are found. shrubs, semi-shrubs, annual and perennial grasses; there are also woody vines climbing to a height of more than 20 meters.

Plants with medicinal properties occupy a special place in the Far Eastern flora.Of more than 2 thousand species growing in Primorye and Priamuye, more than half are medicinal. Among them there are both world-renowned and plants that were used only local population... Some of the species are common with those growing on the territory of the European part of Russia - celandine, wild rosemary, calamus. Other plants - Keyske lily of the valley, motherwort, various-leaved valerian, Amur and Korean valerian are inherent only in our region, however, being closely related to European species, they have a similar chemical composition and application. We also have a lot of plants that have no analogues in the vegetation of other regions of our country. These include the entire Araliev family, whose representatives are found only in the Far East, with the exception of ivy, which also grows in the western regions of the country. Finally, it is often possible to find plants that are not indigenous to the vegetation of the southern Far East; they appeared here exclusively thanks to man. This is the well-known oregano and sea buckthorn.

Currently, medicinal plants are widely used in medicine, veterinary medicine and the food industry as food additives. Plant preparations are prescribed for the treatment of various diseases of the cardiovascular, digestive, broncho-pulmonary systems and other diseases. They are also used for the prevention of digestive disorders, hypovitaminosis, metabolic disorders and in the complex treatment of various diseases.

A variety of nutritional supplements have appeared, which are various extracts of active substances or simply crushed plants.

The advantage of medicinal plants is their low toxicity and the possibility of long-term use without pronounced side effects. In case of functional disorders and mild forms of pathology, medicinal plants should be preferred for maintenance therapy.

Medicinal plants- the oldest and not entirely replenished treasury of medicines and technical raw materials. After all, about half of all medicines are obtained by pharmacists from plants. The aphorism of ancient healers remains unforgettable today: "The doctor has three tools - a word, a plant and a knife".

We present to your attention a list of some medicinal plants of the Far East:

Buttercup family - Ranunculaceae

Aroid family - Araceae

Actinidium family - Actinidiaceae

Araliaceae family - Araliaceae

Heather family - Ericaceae

Family saxifrage - Saxifragaceae

Barberry family - Berberidaceae

Root family - Rutaceae

Lingonberry family - Vacciniaceae

The valerian family - Valerianaceae

The grape family - Vitaceae

Buckwheat family - Polygonaceae

Family Compositae - Compositae

Legumes family - Leguminosae

Beech family - Fagaceae

Family labiates - Labiatae

Araliaceae family - Araliaceae

You can get some idea of ​​the Far Eastern taiga without leaving the city of Khabarovsk. Amur velvet (cork tree), Manchurian walnut, Mongolian oak grow on the streets and boulevards. Moreover, in the very center of Khabarovsk, you can step directly from the asphalt heat under the arches of the cool Ussuri forest. The arboretum of the Far Eastern Research Institute of Forestry is located here.

Walk along its alleys, and you will personally see how wild Amur grapes, Chinese magnolia vine and other lianas braid the trunks of birches and firs. You will be enchanted by the palm-like aralia. You will marvel at the Maak bird cherry, whose trunk resembles a yellow birch, stand with reverence at a living relic - a pointed yew that grows only in the Far East. This patriarch of the vegetable kingdom lives up to three thousand years.

In the Khabarovsk arboretum, you will see majestic Korean cedars, mausoleum pine, iron birch drowning in water, Manchurian walnut with meter-long feathery leaves, slender ayan spruce. Here come the wild ones fruit trees- Ussuri pear, Manchurian apricot, Manchurian apple tree. There is even a mulberry with edible fruits - this is the world's most winter-hardy mulberry. Among the numerous lianas, actinidia kolomikta stands out, the sweet fragrant berries of which are so similar to candy.

Many trees growing in the Far Eastern taiga are famous for their beautiful and durable wood. These are Manchurian ash and the already mentioned Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut. Ash and walnut plywood is used for furniture finishing. It is interesting that when the first products of the Khabarovsk cabinetmakers were sent to Moscow, they looked closely at the furniture for a long time, trying to understand how the artists managed to subtly work with precious rocks. And they were even more surprised when they learned that this was not an imitation at all. It is difficult to list even the most interesting plants that represent the Far Eastern forests in the arboretum. There are thirteen species of birch trees alone.

And how many bushes! Various spireas in foamy inflorescences, cheerful Lespedetsa bicolor, Daurian rhododendron, covered, like moths, with pink flowers. Others draw attention to themselves by their names alone - the legendary zamanikha, “the devil's bush” - Eleutherococcus.

The arboretum contains an enormous floristic wealth. But this is not just a collection. All these hundreds and hundreds of trees, shrubs, grasses of the Far Eastern taiga forest live their natural forest life. The hum of bees, the trills of birds and the persistent mushroom spirit in the fall. It is worth coming here in the spring just to enjoy the birdsong. Many birds of the tropics nest here every year. The gentle flute melodies of the black-headed oriole, the brooding trills of the gray thrush, the perky songs of the warblers, the cheerful voices of the Ussuri greenfinches enchant the soul.

It is worth going to the arboretum in order to admire the festive carnival of flowers. The days of flowering of the Far Eastern lilacs are unforgettable. White flame of a chubushnik and splashes of a living dawn - terry almonds, lacquered petals of lilies and the scent of roses - what a splendid festival of nature!

The arboretum in Khabarovsk is both an exhibition hall of the Ussuri taiga and a collection of the most interesting representatives of other plant zones that have been successfully acclimatized here.

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Grape

In gardens and in private plots, you can choose a warmer place for planting grapes, for example, on the sunny side of the house, garden pavilion, veranda. It is recommended to plant grapes along the border of the plot. The vines formed in one line will not take up much space and at the same time will be well lit from all sides. Near buildings, grapes should be placed so that water flowing from the roofs does not fall on it. On level ground, it is necessary to make ridges with good drain due to drainage grooves. Some gardeners, in the experience of their colleagues in the western regions of the country, dig deep planting holes and fill them with organic fertilizers and fertilized soil. Pits dug in waterproof clay are a kind of closed vessel that fills with water during monsoon rains. In a fertile land root system grapes develop well at first, but as soon as waterlogging begins, it suffocates. Deep holes can play a positive role in soils where there is good natural drainage, permeable subsoil, or reclamation artificial drainage is possible. Planting grapes

It is possible to quickly restore an obsolete grape bush by the method of layering ("katavlak"). To this end, healthy vines of a neighboring bush are laid in grooves dug up to the place where the dead bush used to grow, and sprinkled with earth. A top is brought to the surface, from which a new bush then grows. Lignified vines are laid on layering in spring, and green vines in July. They are not separated from the mother bush for two to three years. A frozen or very old shrub can be restored by short pruning to healthy aboveground parts or by pruning to the “black head” of an underground stem. In the latter case, the underground bole is freed from the ground and cut down entirely. Not far from the surface, new shoots grow from dormant buds, due to which a new bush is formed. Grape bushes, neglected and severely damaged by frost, are restored due to stronger fatty shoots formed in the lower part of the old wood, and the removal of weakened sleeves. But before removing the sleeve, a replacement is formed. Grape care

A gardener who starts growing grapes needs to study well the structure of the vine and the biology of this interesting plant. Grapes are lianas (climbing) plants, they need support. But it can creep along the ground and take root, as is observed in wild Amur grapes. The roots and the aerial part of the stem grow rapidly, branching strongly and reaching large sizes. V natural conditions without human intervention, a branched bush of grapes grows with many vines of various orders, which comes into fruiting late and yields irregularly. In cultivation, the grapes are formed, give the bushes a form that is easy to care for, providing a high yield of high-quality bunches. Vine

Schisandra

In the literature on climbing vines, the methods of preparing the planting holes and the planting itself are unnecessarily complicated. It is proposed to dig trenches and holes up to 80 cm deep, lay drainage from broken bricks, shards, install a pipe for drainage for food, fill with special soil, etc. When planting several bushes in collective gardens, such preparation is still possible; but the recommended pit depth is not suitable for the Far East, where the thickness of the root layer at best reaches 30 cm and it is underlain most often by a waterproof subsoil. Whatever drainage is laid, a deep hole will inevitably turn out to be a closed vessel, where water will accumulate during the monsoon period, and this will entail damping out and rotting of the roots from lack of air. And the roots of lianas actinidia and lemongrass, as already noted, spread in the taiga in the surface layer of the soil. Planting lemongrass

Chinese schisandra, or schizandra, has several names - lemon tree, red grape, gomisha (Japanese), cochinta, kozyanta (Nanai), Kolchita (Ulchi), usimtya (Udege), uchampu (Oroch). In terms of structure, systemic relationship, center of origin and distribution, Schisandra chinensis has nothing to do with a real citrus plant with lemon, but all its organs (roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, berries) exude a lemon scent, hence the name Schizandra. The lemongrass vine, clinging or twining around the support, along with the Amur grapes and three species of actinidia, is an original plant of the Far Eastern taiga. Its fruits, like real lemon, are too sour for fresh consumption, but they have medicinal properties, a pleasant aroma, and this has attracted a lot of attention to it. The taste of Schisandra chinensis is somewhat improved after freezing. Local hunters who consume such fruits claim that they relieve fatigue, give the body vigor and improve vision. The Consolidated Chinese Pharmacopoeia, compiled back in 1596, says: "The fruit of the Chinese magnolia vine has five flavors and is classified as the first category of medicinal substances. The pulp of Schisandra is sour and sweet, the seeds are bitter-astringent, and the overall taste of the fruit is salty. it has all five tastes. " Grow lemongrass