Sometimes even a healthy person may find a sudden desire for constant cleaning, or start counting all the cars moving towards them. Usually such a desire is fleeting, it quickly and without a trace disappears. If such conditions visit a person constantly or arise with an enviable frequency, psychiatrists talk about the possibility of developing such a mental disorder as obsessive-compulsive movement neurosis.

What it is?

Obsessive-compulsive movement syndrome is included in a whole group of neuroses. Sometimes this syndrome is mistakenly referred to as obsessive-compulsive disorder, although most often this condition is one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive mental disorder. In this context, obsessive-compulsive movement syndrome refers to repetitive and involuntary repetitive actions. At the same time, a person retains the ability to critically assess his condition, tries to fight his obsessions.

In psychiatry, such repetitive movements and actions are called compulsions. Typical compulsions are checking, cleaning, ordering items, repeating meaningless actions, or recounting objects.

Compulsions properties:

• The desire to perform any action is intense and persistent;
• The experience of anxious fear is usually added to the obsessive-compulsive movement syndrome;
• Compulsions are experienced as foreign;
• A person understands the irrationalism and absurdity of his obsessions. This applies to about 80% of patients;
• The person suffers from compulsions, experiencing a strong desire to resist them.

Usually, obsessive-compulsive movement neurosis takes one of two forms:

Obsessive movements themselves are such automatic movements as curling hair on fingers, breaking pencils, drawing figures on paper, senseless rearranging dishes on the table, biting nails, twitching an ear. Such actions also include biting lips, snapping fingers, sniffing, tugging at clothes, endless rubbing with hands ... Almost all such actions are performed unconsciously, a person does not notice them at all. When the will is strained, they can be temporarily controlled or not done at all, but as soon as attention is diverted to something else, the obsessions appear again.

Rituals (ceremonies) - if, in addition to obsessive actions, the patient has such disorder syndromes as phobias, then the person creates rituals. Such rituals (often lengthy, complex) are necessary for a person to protect himself from an expected disaster or to calm him down with oppressive doubts.

If obsessions are added to the syndrome of motor obsessions (), then they talk about the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Reasons for development

The exact cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder is unknown. Among the most likely, the following reasons are indicated:

Biological - birth trauma; some diseases, for example; functional and anatomical features of the brain - there are more left-handers with this syndrome; heredity; violation of the exchange of neurotransmitters; infectious factor.

Psychological - psychotrauma, getting stuck in the anal-sadistic phase, various accentuations, anankastic character traits.

Sociological - strict religious education, attempts to model the environment and inadequate response to specific situations.

Manifestations in adults

Usually, such a syndrome occurs in adults of a thinking type of character with anxious and suspicious features. The main etiological factor is chronic trauma. The prevalence of the syndrome in adults is about 2%. Men and women get sick in the same way. Obsessive compulsive disorder often develops between the ages of 15 and 25. The level of intelligence and education of patients with motor obsessional disorder is higher than the average for the population.

If we talk about the mechanism of the occurrence of obsessive movements in adults, then most often this syndrome is a manifestation of psychological defense mechanisms used to relieve anxiety and gain control over their impulses.

How does it happen in adults? The person suddenly finds that a certain action relieves the anxiety associated with the obsessive thought. Then it starts to happen periodically. So, the action initially helping to relieve anxiety is fixed, turning into an acquired pattern of behavior.

Usually, an adult patient realizes the absurdity of such obsessive actions or rituals, tries to fight them, but to no avail.

Motor compulsions can also occur in healthy adults. Their occurrence is provoked by overwork, general asthenia or lack of sleep.

Manifestations in children

Obsessive-compulsive neurosis in children is manifested by motor obsessions combined with fears. Obsessive-compulsive movement syndrome in children can manifest itself in a wide variety of forms. Grimacing and obsessive tics are most common. Among children, the predominance of this syndrome in boys is noted. From early childhood, these children are shy and fearful, they are afraid of everything new, they are afraid of independence.

A distinctive feature of childhood obsessive-compulsive movement neurosis is that children of early and primary school age are uncritical about this state. The reasons for the emergence of obsessive movements in children are: different phobias, a contradictory type of upbringing, unrealistic requirements for the child, criticism and ridicule from relatives.

In their manifestations, motor obsessions are very variable:

• Obsessive tics. They can be simple (cheek twitching, blinking) or complex (rotating your arms, twisting your fingers);
• Automated movements. These include patting, pinching or stroking different areas on the body, snapping fingers, curling hair on a finger, wiping your face with a handkerchief, etc.
• Destructive habits. These are finger sucking, nail biting, hair pulling. Such motor obsessions are more often manifested in young children;
• Protective rituals - The fear of the school can be accompanied by specific rituals. The child wears a knapsack in a peculiar way, emphasizes individual letters in a notebook, etc. The nature of such protective rituals can be very complex.

Long-term obsessions cause weakness, high fatigue, timidity, uncertainty, indecision and an acute sense of inferiority in the child. These manifestations contribute to the maladjustment of the child in the children's team.

Diagnostics

They talk about obsessive-compulsive neurosis only when actions are constantly repeated, disrupt the functioning of a person and cause suffering. In most cases, compulsions are accompanied by obsessions, and the disappearance of obsessions leads to the cessation of compulsions.

] 17. Physical and grammatical time

There is nothing very complicated in the forms of the verb, but the most important thing is ahead - how to use these temporary forms. To do this, you need to very clearly understand the difference between physical, real time and grammatical tenses, which in speech and writing describe real actions in the past, present and future.
Let's take a sentence:

The steamer leaves tomorrow.

A future event is described by a verb in the present tense. We used to say that and don't pay attention to grammar. But when studying English, you need to carefully understand in what cases what grammatical tenses you need to use.

THE PRESENT

To describe actions in the present tense, two grammatical tenses are most often used - a simple present and an extended present.

1) to express actions that are performed in general, constantly (not at the moment - that is, they capture, in addition to the present, also a fairly close past and future) use simple (indefinite) present:

I play tennis I play tennis (I play tennis).
Jack smokes Jack smokes (has this habit).

2) to express actions that occur at the time of speech, they are most often used continued present.

I am playing tennis I play tennis (at the moment).
Jack is smoking Jack is smoking (at the moment).

An exception are the so-called state verbs, which, as a rule, are not used in an extended tense and a simple tense is used to describe an action at the moment of speech:

I hear you. I hear you.

State verbs include want to want, need to need, interest to be interested, understand understand, hear hear, smell smell, see see, feel feel, seem / appear to seem. There are few such verbs, you just need to gradually memorize them and get used to the fact that you need to say I understand, and not I am understanding, I hear and not I am hearing, etc.
The bottom line is that state verbs do not express an active, controlled action (for a long time, it is used, as a rule, with such verbs) - the actions they describe occur against the will of a person. This is evident in the difference between the verbs hear and listen. When I hear something (for example, the sound of a shot), it happens against my will. But when I listen to something - this is an active, controlled by me action (if you wish, you can not listen to someone). That's why:

I am listening you
I hear you. I hear you.

But the most important thing is to immediately start accustoming yourself to what by describing active actions that are taking place at the moment, it is necessary to use a prolonged, and not a simple time.

I am reading a book I am reading a book (not I read a book).
He is writing a letter he writes a letter (not he writes a letter).
She is swimming in the river she swims in the river (not she swims in the river - that would be correct if we want to say that she does it all the time).

3) Continued present They are also used to describe actions that are taking place at the present time, but not necessarily the present moment:

He is writing a book he is writing a book (currently, but not necessarily at the time of his speech).

And in addition, an extended time is sometimes used to emphasize that the action is performed constantly:

She is always smiling she always smiles.

4) To describe sequential actions taking place at a given moment in time (usually this happens in stories or anecdotes), it is used simple present:

So she goes up to the policeman. "There" sa burglar in my house! "She says." Are you sure of that? "Asks the policeman." Yes ", she says. So the policeman goes to her house and starts looking for the burglar. Then she goes to to the policeman and says: "There is a thief in my house!" "Are you sure about this?" the policeman asks. “Yes,” she replies. The policeman goes to her house and starts looking for the thief.

PAST

The two main grammatical tenses for expressing actions in the past are the simple (indefinite) past and the perfect present. It is imperative to immediately understand why the grammatical present tense is used to express the action in the past - there is nothing complicated about this, but if you do not understand this, then there will be confusion in your head.

1) to express actions that took place in the past and are not directly related to the present, it is used simple (indefinite) past:

He wrote a letter he wrote a letter (sometime in the past).
she bought a car he bought a car (sometime in the past).

In this case, the fact of performing an action in the past is simply expressed. If desired, the duration of the action can be specified:

He wrote a letter yesterday he wrote a letter yesterday.

2) to express actions that took place in the relatively recent past and in the present there is a result of this action, it is used perfect present:

He has written a letter he wrote a letter ("he has a letter written")
She has bought a car she bought a car ("she has bought a car")

The past participle expresses the fact that the action was in the past, and the auxiliary verb have (to have) - that the result of the action is present at the moment. He wrote a letter and you can send it, for example. She bought a car and now you can ride it. Each time, the presence of the result and the essence of this grammatical tense in the connection between the past and the present are emphasized. When using the simple past, there is no such connection. Adverbs of the past tense cannot be used with this tense (for example, he has written a letter yesterday), since this loses the connection of the recent past with the present, which is the main distinguishing feature of this grammatical tense.

Also, to express actions in the past, continuous tenses are used (they are used much less often):

3) To emphasize the duration of any action in the past, it is used continued past:

Jack was writing a letter Jack was writing a letter (for example, I want to emphasize that when I came to him, he was busy writing a letter - semantic emphasis on the process of performing an action).

4) To express long-term actions in the past, the result of which is felt at the moment, are used continued perfect time:

It has been raining it was raining (it was raining for a long time - maybe it continued to fall at the time of the speech - and, for example, all the grass was wet as a result of this).

Continued perfect past can also be used:

It had been raining it was raining (same thing in the past).

5) To express an action, the result of which is felt at some point in the past, is used perfect past:

Jack had written a letter Jack wrote a letter (this means that the letter was ready at some point in the past - for example, I came to him and he just finished writing a letter and was going to give it to me).

This time is also not used very often.

6) And, finally, to express habitual, often repeated actions in the past, a combination of the verb is used used with an infinitive.

I used to be a farmer I was a farmer (this sentence emphasizes that this was my constant occupation at one time).

Verb used it is imperative to remember, since such a turn is used often and without it it is impossible to express such habitual actions in the past.

FUTURE

When expressing events in the future, three main cases can be distinguished:

1) To express actions that do not depend on the will of the speaker, it is used simple (uncertain) future:

He will come soon he will come soon.
Tomorrow will be Friday tomorrow will be Friday.

This does not depend on me in any way, I am just describing what will happen in the future.

2) The same form is used to express actions, the decision on the commission of which was made right before the moment of speech:

I'll close the door I'll close the door.

For example, I noticed that someone forgot to close the door and I am about to do so. In fact, in this case, the verb shall / will is no longer used as an auxiliary, but as modal - it expresses my intention to perform an action.
It is quite simple to distinguish this - the combination of the modal verb shall / will with the infinitive is used, as a rule, with the first person. Here it must be remembered that shall is a stronger modal verb and expresses a greater determination to do something, therefore, when describing actions such as closing doors, it is not used (it is appropriate in phrases such as I shall make a direct appeal to the President, I will turn to the President.). In colloquial speech, the abbreviation 'll is usually used, and then the question of distinguishing between shall and will does not arise at all.

That is, outwardly the same form is used in two cases:

He will come soon he will come soon (the action does not depend on my will).
I will close the door I will close the door (the decision just made to do something is expressed).

3) To express future actions that are planned in advance, are used extended times... There are two options here.

a) can be used for an extended period of time:

I am playing tennis tomorrow tomorrow I am playing tennis.

b) and even more often a combination of the verb is used go in continuous tense with infinitive:

I am going to play tennis tomorrow tomorrow I am going to play tennis.

In addition, other grammatical tenses are also used to indicate future actions.

4) for an action that will be performed according to a schedule or an officially approved plan, use simple present:

The ship leaves tomorrow the ship leaves tomorrow (according to the schedule).

5) To emphasize the process of action in the future, you can use continued future:

At 5 o'clock I will be watching TV at 5 o'clock I will be watching TV (so, for example, do not disturb me at this time).

6) To express an action, the performance of which will give a tangible result at some point in the future, it is used perfect future:

I will have written the letter by 5 o'clock by five o'clock I will write a letter (that is, by this time it will be ready).

Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions of what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect kind.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change in mood.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor face, nor gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of a verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an addition, a definition, a circumstance.

Kinds of the verb

Verbs imperfect answer the question what to do ?, and the verbs perfect kind- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completeness of an action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one kind from verbs of another kind, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb species can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transient.
Transitive verbs denote an action that goes to another subject.
A noun or pronoun in a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive. if the action is not directly transition to another subject.
Intransitives include verbs with the suffix -sia (-s).

Reflexive verbs.

Suffixed verbs -sia (-s) are called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (no suffix -sya they are not used).

Inclination of the verb.

Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that actually occur or will occur.
The indicative verbs change in tenses. In the present and future tense, the vowel of the end of the stem of the indefinite form is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the base of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix -l- and particles would (b)... This particle can stand after the verb and before it, it can be separated from the verb in other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change in numbers and in the singular - in gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express a motivation for action, an order, a request.
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tensely.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the base of the present or future simple tense using the suffix -and- or zero suffix. The imperative verbs in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.

Verb tense.

Present time.

Present tense verbs indicate that the action takes place at the moment of speech.
Present tense verbs can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Present tense verbs change by person and number.

Past tense.

Verbs in the past tense indicate that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present is often used instead of the past tense.
Past tense verbs are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Indefinite verbs in -ch, -ty, -thread(imperfect) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix -l-.
Past tense verbs change in numbers, and in the singular - in gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.

Future tense.

Future tense verbs indicate that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and complex. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.

Morphological analysis of the verb.

I. Part of speech. Overall value.
II. Morphological signs:
1. Initial form (undefined form).
2. Persistent signs:
a) view,
b) conjugation,
c) transitivity.
3. Irregular signs:
a) inclination,
b) number,
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) genus (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Parts of speech

And I begin to doubt: what if he was not given an injection. Intellectually, I understand that this is nonsense. But I can’t help myself and I continue to remember all the details of our trip again and again, remember how they gave the injection, scroll through every word and movement. Look for evidence. Remove the cotton wool given after the injection from the bin. Then check it again and go back into the trash bucket to find her. There are many such examples. Until recently, I was afraid to swallow a foreign body, and when a small sharp object appeared in my hands, which I threw away or removed, I then double-checked a hundred times to see if I had thrown it away or removed it. Although I understood that it was absurd. Another example: I won a prize in a competition. I met a man, took him away. A couple of days pass and I begin to think: what if I gave money for him, although this is a gift. And so I again and again scroll in my head to the smallest details of the meeting with this person in order to convince myself that I did not give any money. I am looking for facts, evidence. And so one event is replaced by another from day to day. I constantly think about all this delirium, I can not relax. I fed the child and after five minutes I think: did I really feed him and remember every now and then how I fed him, how he chewed, I try to remember every action in order to convince myself that he is full and everything is fine. And sometimes false memories come to mind. Not so long ago, I was riding in an elevator with a suspicious guy who smelled of gasoline terribly. And later he came to my mother and asked for money. Apparently he is a drug addict. I was very scared then, being with him in the elevator, as I saw that he was "high". Thank God, nothing happened, I went out on my floor, and he drove on. Although after the trip with him my heart was pounding with fear. And the next day I watched a program in which a girl told that she had been raped in an elevator. And then I got carried away. I thought: what if he raped me. And I began to remember to the smallest detail how we drove, how we got into and out of the elevator. And my violent imagination painted terrible pictures, as if he was raping me. Although intellectually I understand that this is nonsense, I remember that this was not. In general, I constantly have fears and doubts in all my actions, even if they were committed a minute ago. I bother with everything. I am worried that I did something wrong, that I was deceived. I read on the internet that this is most likely OCD or neurosis. I would like to hear your opinion on this and how can I get out of this state. It's just that I'm tired of thinking about all sorts of nonsense and remembering the same thing a hundred times, and even more so to double-check. Only so far I can’t help myself.

Obsessions are persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that overwhelm a person's consciousness. Obsessive actions (compulsions) are repetitive and persistent behavioral or mental acts that people are forced to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety. Minor obsessions and actions are familiar to almost everyone. We may find ourselves absorbed in thoughts of an upcoming performance, a meeting, an exam, a vacation; that we are worried if we forgot to turn off the stove or close the door; or that we have been haunted by a song, melody or poem for several days. We may feel better when we avoid stepping on cracks in the pavement, turn around when we meet a black cat, follow a routine every morning, or clean up our desk in a very specific way.

Minor obsessions and actions can be helpful in life. Distracting tunes or small rituals often calm us down in times of stress. A person who constantly hums a melody or taps his fingers on the table during the test can thus relieve his tension, and this will improve his results. Many people are reassured by the observance of religious rituals: touching relics, drinking holy water, or fingering a rosary.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder can be diagnosed when obsessions or compulsions are felt to be excessive, irrational, bothersome, and inappropriate; when it's hard to throw them away; when they are distressing, time-consuming, or interfering with daily activities. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder because the sufferers' obsessions cause intense anxiety, and the obsessions are designed to prevent or alleviate that anxiety. In addition, their anxiety increases if they try to resist their obsessions or actions.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder - The person suffering from this disorder has repetitive unwanted thoughts and / or is forced to make repetitive and persistent actions or thought acts.

Every year, about 4% of the population of the Russian Federation suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is equally common in men and women and usually begins during adolescence. This disorder usually lasts for many years, and symptoms and severity may vary. Many people with this disorder also have depression, and some have digestive upset.

Obsessions are not the same as worrying too much about real problems. These are thoughts that people feel as intrusive and foreign. Attempts to ignore or resist them can be even more anxious, and when they return, they can become stronger than before. People with obsessions usually realize that their thoughts are excessive and inappropriate.

Obsessive thoughts often take the form of obsessions (for example, a repeated desire for the death of a spouse), impulses (repeated urges to swear loudly in the workplace or in church), images (images of forbidden sex scenes that appear in front of the eyes), ideas (beliefs that germs are everywhere) or doubt (a person's concern that he made or will make the wrong decision).

There are certain basic themes in the thoughts of people with obsessions. The most common topics are dirt and contamination. Other common themes are violence and aggression, orderliness, religion and sexuality.

Although compulsive actions are formally under conscious control, people who feel compelled to do them do not really have much choice. They believe that if they do not carry out these actions, then something terrible will happen. At the same time, most of these people realize that their behavior is irrational.

After performing the compulsive action, they usually feel relief for a while. Some people turn this action into a detailed and often elaborate compulsive ritual. They must perform the ritual in the same way each time, obeying certain rules.

Like obsessive thoughts, obsessive actions can take many forms. Obsessive cleansing activities are very common. People with this disorder feel that they have to constantly clean themselves, their clothes, their homes. Cleaning and cleaning can follow ritual rules and can be repeated dozens or even hundreds of times a day. People with verification compulsions check the same things over and over, such as a door lock, gas faucet, ashtray, important papers. Another common type of obsessive behavior is suffered by people who constantly seek order or proportionality in their actions and in what surrounds them. They can arrange objects (eg clothes, books, groceries) in the exact order according to strict rules.

Compulsive rituals are a detailed, often elaborate sequence of actions that a person feels he is forced to do, always in the same way.

Obsessive cleansing actions are common obsessive actions performed by people who feel the need to constantly cleanse themselves, their clothes, and their home.

Obsessive testing activities are compulsive activities performed by people who feel the need to test the same things over and over again.

Other common compulsive behaviors are touching (repetitively touching or avoiding touching certain things), verbal rituals (repeating expressions or humming motives), or counting (repeating counting of objects encountered throughout the day).

Although some people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have only obsessions or obsessions, most of them suffer from both. In fact, obsessions are often a response to obsessions. One study found that, in most cases, compulsive actions are a kind of concession to obsessive doubts, ideas, or urges. A woman who constantly doubts that her home is safe may succumb to these obsessive doubts by frequently checking locks and gas taps. A man with an obsessive fear of infection can make concessions to this fear by performing purification rituals. In some cases, obsessions seem to help control the obsessions.

Many people with obsessive-compulsive disorder worry about their obsessions being realized. A man with obsessive images of injuring loved ones may fear that he is close to committing a murder; or a woman with an obsessive desire to swear in church may worry that one day she will succumb to this desire and find herself in a stupid position. These worries are mostly unfounded. While many obsessions lead to compulsions - in particular, cleansing and testing compulsions - they generally do not lead to violent or immoral behavior.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, like panic disorder, was once one of the least studied psychological disorders. However, in recent years, researchers have begun to understand it better. The most effective is the drug effect in combination with psychotherapy.

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