The world around us is formed from three very different parts: earth, water and air. Each of them is unique and interesting in its own way. Now we will talk only about the last of them. What is atmosphere? How did it come about? What is it made of and what parts is it divided into? All these questions are extremely interesting.

The very name "atmosphere" is formed from two words of Greek origin, translated into Russian they mean "steam" and "ball". And if you look at the exact definition, you can read the following: "The atmosphere is the air shell of the planet Earth, which rushes along with it in outer space." It developed in parallel with the geological and geochemical processes that took place on the planet. And today all the processes occurring in living organisms depend on it. Without an atmosphere, the planet would become a lifeless desert like the moon.

What does it consist of?

The question of what is the atmosphere and what elements are included in it has interested people for a long time. The main components of this shell were already known in 1774. They were installed by Antoine Lavoisier. He found that the composition of the atmosphere is mostly formed from nitrogen and oxygen. Over time, its components have been refined. And now we know that it contains many more gases, as well as water and dust.

Let us consider in more detail what the Earth's atmosphere near its surface consists of. The most common gas is nitrogen. It contains a little more than 78 percent. But, despite such a large amount, nitrogen in the air is practically not active.

The next largest and most important element is oxygen. This gas contains almost 21%, and it just shows very high activity. Its specific function is to oxidize dead organic matter, which decomposes as a result of this reaction.

Low but important gases

The third gas that is part of the atmosphere is argon. It is slightly less than one percent. It is followed by carbon dioxide with neon, helium with methane, krypton with hydrogen, xenon, ozone and even ammonia. But they are contained so little that the percentage of such components is equal to hundredths, thousandths and millionths. Of these, only carbon dioxide plays a significant role, since it is the building material that plants need for photosynthesis. Its other important function is to keep out radiation and absorb part of the sun's heat.

Another rare but important gas, ozone, exists to trap ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun. Thanks to this property, all life on the planet is reliably protected. On the other hand, ozone affects the temperature of the stratosphere. Due to the fact that it absorbs this radiation, the air is heated.

The constancy of the quantitative composition of the atmosphere is maintained by non-stop mixing. Its layers move both horizontally and vertically. Therefore, anywhere in the world there is enough oxygen and there is no excess of carbon dioxide.

What else is in the air?

It should be noted that steam and dust can be detected in the airspace. The latter consists of pollen and soil particles, in the city they are joined by impurities of particulate emissions from exhaust gases.

But there is a lot of water in the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, it condenses, and clouds and fog appear. In fact, this is the same thing, only the first ones appear high above the surface of the Earth, and the last one spreads along it. Clouds take on a variety of shapes. This process depends on the height above the Earth.

If they formed 2 km above land, then they are called layered. It is from them that rain falls on the ground or snow falls. Cumulus clouds form above them up to a height of 8 km. They are always the most beautiful and picturesque. It is they who are examined and wondered what they look like. If such formations appear in the next 10 km, they will be very light and airy. Their name is cirrus.

What are the layers of the atmosphere?

Although they have very different temperatures from each other, it is very difficult to say at what particular height one layer begins and another ends. This division is very conditional and is approximate. However, the layers of the atmosphere still exist and perform their functions.

The lowest part of the air shell is called the troposphere. Its thickness increases when moving from the poles to the equator from 8 to 18 km. This is the warmest part of the atmosphere, since the air in it is heated from the earth's surface. Most of the water vapor is concentrated in the troposphere, so clouds form in it, precipitation falls, thunderstorms rumble and winds blow.

The next layer is about 40 km thick and is called the stratosphere. If the observer moves to this part of the air, he will find that the sky has become purple. This is due to the low density of the substance, which practically does not scatter the sun's rays. It is in this layer that jet planes fly. For them, all open spaces are open there, since there are practically no clouds. Inside the stratosphere there is a layer consisting of a large amount of ozone.

It is followed by the stratopause and the mesosphere. The latter has a thickness of about 30 km. It is characterized by a sharp decrease in air density and temperature. The sky appears black to the observer. Here you can even watch the stars during the day.

Layers with little to no air

The structure of the atmosphere continues with a layer called the thermosphere - the longest of all the others, its thickness reaches 400 km. This layer is characterized by a huge temperature, which can reach 1700 ° C.

The last two spheres are often combined into one and called it the ionosphere. This is due to the fact that reactions occur in them with the release of ions. It is these layers that allow you to observe such a natural phenomenon as the northern lights.

The next 50 km from the Earth are reserved for the exosphere. This is the outer shell of the atmosphere. In it, air particles are scattered into space. Weather satellites usually move in this layer.

The Earth's atmosphere ends with a magnetosphere. It was she who sheltered most of the artificial satellites of the planet.

After all that has been said, there should be no question about what the atmosphere is. If there are doubts about its necessity, then it is easy to dispel them.

The value of the atmosphere

The main function of the atmosphere is to protect the surface of the planet from overheating during the day and excessive cooling at night. The next importance of this shell, which no one will dispute, is to supply oxygen to all living beings. Without it, they would suffocate.

Most meteorites burn up in the upper layers, never reaching the Earth's surface. And people can admire the flying lights, mistaking them for shooting stars. Without an atmosphere, the entire Earth would be littered with craters. And about protection from solar radiation has already been mentioned above.

How does a person affect the atmosphere?

Very negative. This is due to the growing activity of people. The main share of all the negative aspects falls on industry and transport. By the way, it is cars that emit almost 60% of all pollutants that penetrate the atmosphere. The remaining forty are divided between energy and industry, as well as industries for the destruction of waste.

The list of harmful substances that replenish the composition of the air every day is very long. Because of the transport in the atmosphere are: nitrogen and sulfur, carbon, blue and soot, as well as a strong carcinogen that causes skin cancer - benzopyrene.

The industry accounts for the following chemical elements: sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and phenol, chlorine and fluorine. If the process continues, then soon the answers to the questions: “What is the atmosphere? What does it consist of? will be completely different.

The atmosphere of the Earth (from the Greek atmos - steam and sphaira - ball) is a gaseous shell that surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere is considered to be that area around the Earth in which the gaseous medium rotates together with the Earth as a whole. The mass of the atmosphere is about 5.15–10 15 tons. The atmosphere provides the possibility of life on Earth and has a great influence on various aspects of human life.

Origin and role of the atmosphere

The modern Earth's atmosphere is apparently of secondary origin and was formed from gases released by the solid shell of the Earth (the lithosphere) after the formation of the planet. During the geological history of the Earth, the atmosphere has undergone significant evolution under the influence of a number of factors: dissipation (volatilization) of atmospheric gases into outer space; release of gases from the lithosphere as a result of volcanic activity; dissociation (splitting) of molecules under the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation; chemical reactions between the components of the atmosphere and the rocks that make up the earth's crust; accretion (capture) of the interplanetary medium (for example, meteoric matter). The development of the atmosphere was closely connected with geological and geochemical processes, as well as with the activities of living organisms. Atmospheric gases, in turn, had a great influence on the evolution of the lithosphere. For example, a huge amount of carbon dioxide that entered the atmosphere from the lithosphere was then accumulated in carbonate rocks. Atmospheric oxygen and water coming from the atmosphere were the most important factors that affected the rocks. Throughout Earth's history, the atmosphere has played a large role in the weathering process. This process involved atmospheric precipitation, which formed rivers that changed the earth's surface. No less important was the activity of the wind, which carried fine fractions of rocks over long distances. Temperature fluctuations and other atmospheric factors significantly influenced the destruction of rocks. Along with this, the atmosphere protects the Earth's surface from the destructive action of falling meteorites, most of which burn up when they enter the dense layers of the atmosphere.

The activity of living organisms, which had a strong influence on the development of the atmosphere, itself to a very large extent depends on atmospheric conditions. The atmosphere traps most of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, which has a detrimental effect on many organisms. Atmospheric oxygen is used in the process of respiration by animals and plants, atmospheric carbon dioxide is used in the process of plant nutrition. Climatic factors, in particular the thermal regime and the regime of moisture, affect the state of health and human activity. Agriculture is especially dependent on climatic conditions. In turn, human activity has an ever-increasing impact on the composition of the atmosphere and on the climate regime.

The lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere, in which 4/5 of the entire air mass is located, is of the greatest importance for life, as well as the ongoing processes on Earth. Clouds, rain, snow, hail, and wind form in the troposphere. Therefore, the troposphere is called the "weather factory". The processes taking place in it often cause terrible natural disasters - droughts, floods, hurricanes and other phenomena, as a result of which people, animals and plants die.

Atmospheric air is one of the most important natural resources, without which life on Earth would be completely impossible. A person can live without water for one week, without food - five weeks, without air for 5-6 minutes.

Through the atmosphere, photosynthesis is carried out, the exchange of energy and information is the main processes of the biosphere. Under the influence of the atmosphere, complex exogenous processes occur (weathering, the activity of natural waters, permafrost, etc.). In the upper spheres of the atmosphere, before reaching the surface of the earth, most of the meteorites burn out. The atmosphere protects living beings from the destructive effect of cosmic radiation, regulates the seasonal and daily thermal regime. Without the atmosphere, daily temperature fluctuations on earth would be + -200 degrees. For some organisms (bacteria, flying insects, birds), the atmosphere is the main living environment. The atmosphere is the medium in which sounds propagate. The ozone layer of the atmosphere, located at an altitude of 16-26 km, absorbs 13% of solar radiation and most of the hard ultraviolet radiation, protecting the organic world from their destructive effects.

The role of the atmosphere in retaining heat on the planet

Due to the inclination of the Earth's axis of rotation by 23.5 ° to the plane of the ecliptic, the amount of solar radiation arriving at the upper boundary of the atmosphere is a function of the geographic latitude of the area and the time of year.

When passing through the earth's atmosphere, the intensity of solar radiation decreases markedly. The attenuation depends on the properties of the cloud cover, the dust content in the atmosphere, and also on daily and seasonal variations in various physical quantities.
On average, 25-30% of the incoming solar radiation per year is reflected by clouds back into outer space. Another 25% of the radiation is absorbed and then re-emitted by clouds, dust, gases, i.e. in the form of downward, diffusely scattered radiation. Approximately the same amount comes to the Earth's surface in the form of direct solar radiation.

The ratio between direct and diffused light naturally changes depending on the geographical latitude. In the polar regions, scattered radiation predominates, accounting for up to 70% of the total radiant flux, and in the equatorial regions it does not exceed 30%. This is due to the better passage of rays of direct radiation through the atmosphere vertically downwards, and not at a small angle to the horizon.

Part of the radiation reaching the surface is returned to the atmosphere. Its amount depends on the albedo (reflectivity) of the surface: snow reflects about 80-95%, a grassy surface - 20%, and dark soils - only 8-10% of the incoming radiation flux. The average albedo of the Earth is 35-45%.
Most of the solar energy absorbed by water bodies and soil is spent on water evaporation.

Is the atmosphere renewable?

Atmospheric pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere or the formation of physical and chemical agents and substances in it, due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural include volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires, weathering, sea salt, bacteria, mold spores, decomposition products of plants and animals, etc.

Atmospheric air can only conditionally be considered an inexhaustible natural resource. Under the anthropogenic impact of man, the chemical composition and physical properties of the air are constantly deteriorating. There are practically no areas left on earth where the air retains its natural purity and quality, and in most industrial areas the state of the atmosphere poses a serious health hazard. A person consumes up to 25 kg of air per day. But the normal life of a person and all living organisms requires not only the presence of air, but also a certain purity of it. Not only human health, the condition and quality of biological resources, but also the safety of raw materials for the production of consumer goods depends on the quality composition of the air. Pollution from the air enters the water, soil, and through food chains - into the human body. Many substances can have a harmful effect on humans and animals even in small concentrations - in ten-thousandths of a mg per 1 m 3 of air.

The end of the term is always a busy time for caring parents. :) Since I think it's a shame to have a 4 in geography, I decided to pull up my son in this subject and give a short lesson explaining to him what is called the atmosphere and what its role is. By the way, the efforts were not in vain, and my son "shines" five!

What is atmosphere

First you need to figure out what it is. So, this is the lightest shell of all, however, its role in all processes of our planet is very significant. She is heterogeneous- the higher from the surface of the planet, the more it is discharged, as a result of which its composition is also changing.. Science considers this shell in the form of several layers:

troposphere- here the maximum density is observed, and here all atmospheric phenomena occur;
stratosphere- characterized by a lower density, and the only phenomenon observed here are noctilucent clouds;
mesosphere- there is a significant decrease in temperature;
thermosphere- here the air density is several hundred thousand times less;
exosphere- represented by ionized gases - plasma.

What is the meaning of the atmosphere

First, it made it possible emergence of life. Animals cannot survive without oxygen, and plants cannot survive without another gas, carbon dioxide. It is essential for plants the main component of the photosynthesis process, as a result of which the oxygen necessary for animals is produced. It should be noted the special importance of this shell as a shield, which counteracts solar radiation and meteors - they simply burn in its thickness. It acts as a heat regulator, leveling temperature fluctuations: excessive overheating during the day, and hypothermia at night. She wraps our planet like a blanket, delaying back heat radiation.

Due to the fact that the planet warms up unevenly, pressure drops occur, which cause winds and weather changes. Winds are involved in processes called "weathering", forming various relief zones. In addition, without it, another paramount process would be impossible - the water cycle, thanks to which clouds form and precipitation falls.

Results

Thus, the meaning of the atmosphere is as follows:

protection- from radiation and asteroids;
climate- maintains relative temperature stability;
source of oxygen- the most important condition of life;
transportation- is a medium in which air masses and moisture move;
habitatI- for insects, birds, bacteria.

The role of the Earth's atmosphere

The atmosphere is the lightest geosphere of the Earth; nevertheless, its influence on many terrestrial processes is very great.

Let's start with the fact that it was thanks to the atmosphere that the origin and existence of life on our planet became possible. Modern animals cannot do without oxygen, and most plants, algae and cyanobacteria cannot live without carbon dioxide. Oxygen is used by animals for respiration, carbon dioxide - by plants in the process of photosynthesis, due to which complex organic substances necessary for life, such as various carbon compounds, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, are created.

Important for the normal life of organisms on Earth is the role of the atmosphere as a protector of our planet from ultraviolet and X-ray radiation from the Sun, cosmic rays, and meteors. The vast majority of the radiation is retained by the upper layers of the atmosphere - the stratosphere and mesosphere, as a result of which such amazing electrical phenomena as auroras appear. The rest, a smaller part of the radiation, is scattered. Here, in the upper layers of the atmosphere, meteors also burn out, which we can observe in the form of small "shooting stars".

Different parts of the Earth heat up unevenly. The low latitudes of our planet, i.e. areas with a subtropical and tropical climate receive much more heat from the sun than medium and high areas with a temperate and arctic (antarctic) climate type. Continents and oceans heat up differently. If the former both heat up and cool much faster, then the latter absorb heat for a long time, but at the same time give it off for a long time as well. As you know, warm air is lighter than cold air, and therefore rises. Its place at the surface is occupied by cold, heavier air. This is how the wind is formed and the weather is formed. And the wind, in turn, leads to the processes of physical and chemical weathering, the latter of which form exogenous landforms.

As altitude increases, climatic differences between different regions of the globe begin to blur. And starting from a height of 100 km. Atmospheric air loses the ability to absorb, conduct and transfer thermal energy by convection. Thermal radiation becomes the only way to transfer heat, i.e. heating of air by cosmic and solar rays.

In addition, only in the presence of an atmosphere on the planet is the water cycle in nature possible, precipitation and the formation of clouds.

The water cycle is a process of cyclic movement of water within the earth's biosphere, consisting of the processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. There are 3 levels of the water cycle:

A small, or oceanic, cycle - water vapor formed above the surface of the ocean condenses and falls as precipitation back into the ocean.

Intracontinental circulation - water that has evaporated above the land surface again falls on land in the form of precipitation.

It is also worth noting that precipitation becomes possible only if there is a so-called. condensation nuclei - the smallest solid particles. If there were no such particles in the earth's atmosphere, then no precipitation would fall.

And the last thing I wanted to say about the role of the Earth's atmosphere is that only thanks to it on our planet is it possible for the propagation of sounds and the emergence of aerodynamic lift. On planets lacking or having a low-power atmosphere, dead silence reigns. A person on such celestial bodies is literally speechless. In the absence of an atmosphere, controlled aerodynamic flight becomes impossible, which is replaced by ballistic flight.

The role of the atmosphere in the life of the planet

Atmosphere

I want to smoke American cigarettes. .

The atmosphere is one of the necessary conditions for the emergence and existence of life on Earth.

Atmosphere:

participates in the formation of the climate on the planet;
regulates the thermal regime of the planet;
contributes to the redistribution of heat near the surface;
protects the Earth from sudden temperature fluctuations. In the absence of the atmosphere and water bodies, the temperature of the Earth's surface during the day would fluctuate in the range of 200 0С;
Due to the presence of oxygen, the atmosphere participates in the exchange and circulation of substances in the biosphere. In its current state, the atmosphere has existed for hundreds of millions of years, all living things are adapted to its strictly defined composition;
the gas envelope protects living organisms from harmful ultraviolet, x-ray and cosmic rays;
the atmosphere protects the Earth from falling meteorites;
the atmosphere distributes and scatters the sun's rays, which creates uniform illumination;
The atmosphere is the medium in which sound propagates.

Due to the action of gravitational forces, the atmosphere does not dissipate in world space, but surrounds the Earth, rotates with it.

Atmosphere, security, free, BZD, Earth, climate, term paper, planet, essay, download

Question 135: Which layer of the atmosphere is most important for life on earth?

Answer: troposphere

Question 136: How long does it take for atmospheric moisture to change?

Answer: 10 days

Question 137: Human part….

Answer: biosphere

Question 138: Who first introduced the term "biosphere"?

Answer: Zyusom

Question 139: Which of the spheres was the last to appear in nature? L

Answer: biosphere

Question 140: Who first created the doctrine of the biosphere

Answer: Vernadsky

Question 141: Which shell consists of sedimentary and igneous rocks?

Answer: lithosphere

Question 142: What is the maximum distance between the Earth and the Sun?

Answer: 4 million km.

Question 143: Who was the first to speak from the sphericity of the Earth?

Answer: Aristotle, Pythagoras

Question 144: What part of the volume of the hydrosphere consists of fresh water?

Answer: 2,5%

Question 145: What is the name of the condensation of water vapor in the lower atmosphere?

Answer: weather

Question 146: The state of the troposphere at a given location at a given moment called.

Answer: weather

Question 147: Soil is

Answer: the top thin layer of the earth, which has fertility

Answer: Irtysh

Question 149: Part of the geographical envelope inhabited and modified by organisms is

Answer: biosphere

Question 150: The largest lake in the world 1 p

Answer: Caspian

Question 151: The earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle are called.

Answer: lithosphere

Question 152: The top fertile layer of the earth is

Answer: the soil

Question 153: Air shell of the Earth

Answer: atmosphere

Question 154: A device that measures atmospheric pressure

Answer: barometer

Question 155: The composition of the geographic envelope -

Answer: hydrosphere, biosphere, part of the atmosphere, part of the lithosphere

Question 156: The main force that forms the geographic shell T

Answer: solar radiation

Question 157: Climate change, ozone depletion is a problem

Answer: ecological

Question 158: The ecological direction in geography was opened

Answer: I.V. Mushketov

Question 159: The height of this layer in the atmosphere reaches 50-55 km.

Answer: stratosphere

Question 160: How many sources of air pollution are there

Answer: 3

Question 161: What is the most polluting air?

Answer: industrial production

Question 162: The resources of the river waters of the Republic are ...

Answer: 100.5 km

Question 163: How much volume of river water is formed per ter. Coffers

Answer: 56.5 km

Question 164: The third largest endorheic reservoir Kaz-na

Answer: R. Or

Question 165: How much per ter.

Kav-na diluted groundwater deposits

Answer: 700

Question 166: In what year was the Law on the Protection of Atmospheric Air adopted?

Answer: 2002

Question 167: What is released during the combustion of sulfur ores

Answer: sulfurous anhydride.

Question 168: How much sulfur dioxide is emitted per year

Answer: 170 million tons.

lektsii.net - Lectures. No - 2014-2018. (0.007 sec.) All materials presented on the site are for the sole purpose of familiarizing readers and do not pursue commercial purposes or copyright infringement

The atmosphere is the lightest geosphere of the Earth; nevertheless, its influence on many terrestrial processes is very great.

As altitude increases, the partial pressure of oxygen begins to decrease. What does it mean? This means that there are fewer and fewer oxygen atoms in each unit of volume. At normal atmospheric pressure, the partial pressure of oxygen in the human lungs (the so-called alveolar air) is 110 mm. rt. Art., pressure of carbon dioxide - 40 mm Hg. Art., and water vapor - 47 mm Hg. Art.. When rising in height, the pressure of oxygen in the lungs begins to fall, while carbon dioxide and water remain at the same level.

Starting from a height of 3 kilometers above sea level, most people begin oxygen starvation or hypoxia. A person has shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness, tinnitus, headache, nausea, muscle weakness, sweating, impaired visual acuity, drowsiness. The performance drops sharply. At altitudes above 9 kilometers, human breathing becomes impossible and therefore it is strictly forbidden to be without special breathing apparatus.

The atmosphere serves as a regulator of seasonal temperature fluctuations and smoothes the diurnal, preventing the Earth from excessive heating during the day and cooling at night. The atmosphere, due to the presence of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone in its composition, easily passes the sun's rays that heat its lower layers and the underlying surface, but delays the return thermal radiation from the earth's surface in the form of long-wave radiation. This feature of the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect. Without it, daily temperature fluctuations in the lower layers of the atmosphere would reach colossal values: up to 200 ° C and would naturally make it impossible for life to exist in the form in which we know it.

Thermal radiation becomes the only way to transfer heat, i.e. heating of air by cosmic and solar rays.

In addition, only in the presence of an atmosphere on the planet is the water cycle in nature possible, precipitation and the formation of clouds.

A large, or world, cycle - water vapor formed above the surface of the oceans is carried by winds to the continents, falls there in the form of precipitation and returns to the ocean in the form of runoff. In this process, the quality of water changes: during evaporation, salty sea water turns into fresh water, and polluted water is purified.

studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018. (0.001 s) ...

Atmosphere and its protective functions.

Terrestrial life is vulnerable to cosmic rays and needs constant and reliable protection from them. The air shell of the Earth, like any outer cover, also performs protective functions. Although, by our everyday standards, the atmosphere does not fit into the concept of a means of protection, it is the "weightless" air that is a reliable barrier to the destructive effects of space.

Only large meteorites with an initial mass of tens and hundreds of tons can penetrate this "armor" - an extraordinary phenomenon, as you know. Smaller meteorites are by no means uncommon. Every day, up to 200 meteorites pierce the sky over Moscow, for example, completely burning up in the atmosphere.
Energy comes from the Sun to the Earth, and consequently, the very possibility of life. But the atmosphere "measures" the vital dose of solar energy. Without it, during the day the Sun would heat the earth's surface to + 100 ° C, and at night to - 100 ° C its icy cosmos would chill; A 200-degree diurnal temperature difference far exceeds the survival of most living organisms.
When Alexei Leonov first went into outer space, his life and health were protected by the most durable spacesuit. And on Earth, we are reliably protected by an air blanket.
Every second, a powerful stream of solar and other cosmic radiations of a wide range of waves and energies falls on the upper boundary of the atmosphere: - gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared radiation, etc. If all of them reached the earth's surface, then instantly deadly their energy would incinerate all life. This does not happen, and life exists on Earth thanks to the atmosphere.
For all the variety of radiation, the atmosphere leaves only two "transparency windows", two narrow "slits" through which some radio waves penetrate, as well as light with a part of ultraviolet and infrared rays. The main role in this is played by the ionosphere and the ozone screen at an altitude of 20-55 km. Although ozone is extremely rarefied, it is here that most of the energy of ultraviolet rays is spent on the destruction of oxygen molecules. Strained through an ozone filter, they are still dangerous for some microorganisms, including pathogens, and are beneficial to humans.

Ultimately, the light and heat that bring life to the Earth are passed through the atmosphere; everything that sows death is delayed by the atmosphere.
Climate and weather. The atmosphere regulates the most important climate parameters - humidity, temperature, pressure.
The accumulation of moisture droplets or ice crystals, i.e., the formation of clouds, is possible only if there are condensation nuclei in the air - solid particles with a diameter of hundredths of a micrometer, or, more simply, the finest dust. In an absolutely "sterile" atmosphere, rain is impossible.
Vertical and horizontal movements of warm and cold, dry and humid air masses, the local distribution of temperatures and precipitation, i.e., the formation of weather, is carried out due to differences in atmospheric pressure and the occurrence of winds.
The role of the atmosphere in the circulation of substances. Cycles of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, water necessarily go through the atmospheric stage. The air pool acts as a giant reservoir where all these substances accumulate and, most importantly, are distributed around the globe. Thus, the regulation of the speed and intensity of the circulation of substances in nature is carried out.

The atmosphere is part of the living environment. For most land inhabitants, including humans, the physical properties of the atmosphere are important.
Atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth (about 9.8 104 Pa) is called normal. This is the norm for the existence of terrestrial organisms, which we, like any norm, do not notice, although 10-12 tons of air presses on a person. For us, only deviations from it are noticeable: when the pressure drops at an altitude of about 5 thousand meters, signs of “altitude sickness” appear (dizziness, nausea, weakness); when immersed in water to a depth of 10 m, the pressure has a noticeable effect on the human body (pain in the eardrums, shortness of breath, etc.). In absolute vacuum, death occurs instantly.
The transparency, i.e., the permeability of the atmosphere for solar radiation - visible, ultraviolet, infrared - is extremely important for living organisms. The quantity and quality of light determine the intensity of photosynthesis - the only natural process of fixing solar energy on Earth. An increase in the level of ultraviolet radiation can lead to burns and other painful phenomena, a decrease creates conditions for the mass reproduction of pathogens. A complex influence of transparency on the heat balance of the Earth has been established, which will be discussed in more detail below. Modern changes in the transparency of the atmosphere are largely determined by anthropogenic influences, which has already led to a number of serious problems.
The state of the gas balance is very important for the biosphere. Over 3/4 of the air is nitrogen, which Lavoisier called "lifeless". It is included in the fundamental principle of the carriers of life - proteins and nucleic acids. True, atmospheric nitrogen does not directly participate in their synthesis, but it is a giant reservoir of primary "raw materials" both for the activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and algae, and for the nitrogen fertilizer industry. The scale and especially the rate of growth of industrial nitrogen fixation are already making some adjustments to the idea that its reserves in the atmosphere are inexhaustible.
What has been said is even more applicable to oxygen, which makes up a fourth of all the atoms of living matter. Without oxygen, breathing and, consequently, the energy of multicellular animals is impossible. At the same time, oxygen is a waste product released by photosynthetic organisms. The accumulation of only 1% of oxygen during the mutual evolution of the atmosphere and the biosphere created the conditions for the rapid development of modern life forms. At the same time, an ozone screen was formed - protection from high-energy cosmic rays. The reduction of oxygen in the atmosphere would entail a slowdown in life processes. The loss of oxygen would cause the inevitable replacement of aerobic life forms with anaerobic ones.
Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere contains only 0.03%. But today it is the subject of great attention and considerable concern. With an increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide to only 0.1%, the animals experience difficulty in breathing, more than 4% of carbon dioxide in the air means an emergency. Even quite insignificant (by thousandths of a percent) changes in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere change its permeability for heat rays reflected from the earth's surface.
Life on Earth without an atmosphere is impossible. But it is impossible without water, and without nutrients, and without many other things. A person can live without food for weeks, without water - days, without air - minutes, without atmospheric protection - seconds.
Such striking differences are justified, in particular, by the different ability of the body to store certain substances. On average, a person consumes over 500 liters of oxygen per day, passing through the lungs over 10 thousand liters (about 12 kg) of air and 1.5-2 kg of water and food.
Another significant circumstance. In the course of evolution, animals have developed multi-stage and fairly reliable systems of protection against poisonous and other substances of natural origin that are unfavorable for the body (poor quality water and food, dust, smoke, etc.).

P.). Therefore, both animal and human organisms turned out to be completely unarmed against what is not in their natural habitat - against poisonous gases without color, smell and taste, which are many in man-made emissions: nitrogen oxide (II), lead in car exhaust, carbon monoxide (CO) and many other compounds. In these cases, our respiratory tract passes unhindered both the elixir of life and the deadly poison, having no means of distinguishing between them.

Introduction

Atmospheric air is the most important life-supporting natural environment and is a mixture of gases and aerosols of the surface layer of the atmosphere, formed during the evolution of the Earth, human activity and located outside residential, industrial and other premises. The results of environmental studies, both in Russia and abroad, unambiguously indicate that pollution of the surface atmosphere is the most powerful, constantly acting factor influencing humans, the food chain and the environment. Atmospheric air has an unlimited capacity and plays the role of the most mobile, chemically aggressive and all-penetrating agent of interaction near the surface of the components of the biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

The atmosphere has an intense impact not only on humans and biota, but also on the hydrosphere, soil and vegetation cover, geological environment, buildings, structures and other man-made objects. Therefore, the protection of atmospheric air and the ozone layer is the highest priority environmental problem and it is given close attention in all developed countries.

The polluted ground atmosphere causes cancer of the lungs, throat and skin, central nervous system disorders, allergic and respiratory diseases, birth defects and many other diseases, the list of which is determined by the pollutants present in the air and their combined effects on the human body. The results of special studies carried out in Russia and abroad have shown that there is a close positive relationship between the health of the population and the quality of atmospheric air. (Chernova N.M. 1997)

The purpose of this work is: to study the impact of CJSC "Chelny Khleb" on the atmosphere.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

1. The study of the production activities of the enterprise as a source of air pollution.

2. Study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollutants.

3. Study of measures for the protection of the atmosphere of CJSC Chelny Khleb.

4. Study of environmental protection measures of CJSC Chelny Khleb.

Literature review

The role of the atmosphere in human life and other organisms

In the absence of an atmosphere, life on Earth would be impossible. When we breathe, we draw oxygen from the atmosphere, which is necessary for the life of almost any organism. Fortunately, there is a huge amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, which is constantly replenished by photosynthetic plants.

But we need the atmosphere around us not only as a source of oxygen. It also provides exceptionally favorable conditions for life on Earth in general. A powerful layer of the earth's atmosphere protects the life that rages on its surface from the direct impact of the Cosmos, in which our Earth floats like an insignificant grain of sand.

The atmosphere lets the sun's rays through when the sun is shining, but does not allow the Earth to part with the heat it received when the sun sets. Due to this, the average surface temperature of our planet reaches plus 14°C, and temperature fluctuations do not exceed 100°C.

As a result of uneven heating of the atmosphere, air currents and winds arise in it. Thanks to them, temperature and humidity are equalized, clouds and clouds are transferred from place to place, water cycles and many other substances are maintained, which are so necessary for all living things. (Mizun Yu.G., 1994)

The atmosphere - the air shell of the globe - has a heterogeneous, layered structure. Up to a height of 16-18 km above the equator and 1-10 km above the poles, the air is most dense. This layer, in which 4/5 of the entire mass of the atmosphere is concentrated, is called the troposphere. The weather is connected with the neck. In this layer, there is almost the entire variety of life forms, and therefore it is the troposphere (more precisely, its lower part) that is referred to as the biosphere. Land dwellers lead their lives in contact with the troposphere.

Above the troposphere, the stratosphere (up to heights of about 46-48 km), the mesosphere (up to 80 km) and the thermosphere (above 80 km) are distinguished. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure and air density decrease rapidly.

As altitude increases, the temperature and chemical composition of the air change significantly.

The gas (chemical) composition of atmospheric air is also heterogeneous. The most interesting for us is the composition of the air of the lower, surface layers of the troposphere, which we directly breathe. It is determined by the following ratio of gases as a percentage of the volume: Nitrogen - 78.08; Oxygen - 20.95; Argon - 0.92; Carbon dioxide - 0.03. 0.02, gases at the impurity level: Xenon, Hydrogen, Neon, Helium, Krypton, Radon, Iodine, Ozone, Methane, Carbon disulfide.

The chemical (gas) composition of the atmosphere does not change significantly up to a height of 100 km. Slightly higher, the atmosphere also consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, but at altitudes of 90-100 km atomic oxygen appears, above 110-120 km almost all oxygen becomes atomic.

Under the influence of ultraviolet rays at an altitude of 10-60 km, ozone is formed, the maximum concentrations of which are located at an altitude of 22-25 km. It is he who mainly absorbs ultraviolet rays, playing an important role in the existence of life.

Considering the composition of air, it is necessary to note the presence of atmospheric dust in it - its permanent component. Atmospheric dust is of great importance for the vital activity of flora and fauna. Dust absorbs direct solar radiation and protects living organisms from its harmful effects. The dust also scatters direct sunlight, creating a more uniform illumination of the Earth's surface. In addition, it contributes to the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere, and hence the formation of precipitation.

In the air of the troposphere there is another very important component for life on Earth - water, or rather its vapor. The amount of water vapor is very variable in time, geographic latitude and serves as an important characteristic of the climate (from 0 to 4% by volume). Most often, the content of water vapor in the air is expressed in terms of relative humidity. The fact is that the ability of air to accumulate vapors of liquids in itself is the greater, the higher the temperature (at 30 ° C, 1 m3 of air can contain 30 g of water; at -20 ° C - 0.5 g). If the amount of vapor exceeds the "capacity" of air, for example, due to a drop in temperature, then their excess begins to condense in the form of droplets, which explains the formation of fogs, clouds, steam. Usually, the amount of water vapor is somewhat less and relative humidity is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor to the maximum possible at a given temperature, expressed as a percentage. A humidity range of 30 to 60% is considered optimal for humans. (Torsuev N.P., 1997)

The three gases that make up the atmosphere are of greatest importance for various ecosystems: oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These gases are involved in the main biogeochemical cycles.

Oxygen plays an essential role in the life of most living organisms on our planet. It is necessary for everyone to breathe. The modern atmosphere contains hardly a twentieth of the oxygen available on our planet. The main reserves of oxygen are concentrated in carbonates, in organic substances and iron oxides, part of the oxygen is dissolved in water. In the atmosphere, apparently, there was an approximate balance between the production of oxygen in the process of photosynthesis and its consumption by living organisms. But recently there has been a danger that, as a result of human activity, oxygen reserves in the atmosphere may decrease. Of particular danger is the destruction of the ozone layer, which has been observed in recent years. Most scientists attribute this to human activity.

Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) is used in the process of photosynthesis to form organic substances. It is thanks to this process that the carbon cycle in the biosphere closes. Like oxygen, carbon is a part of soils, plants, animals, and participates in various mechanisms of the circulation of substances in nature. The content of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe is about the same in different parts of the world. The exception is large cities in which the content of this gas in the air is above the norm.

Some fluctuations - the content of carbon dioxide in the air of the area depend on the time of day, season of the year, vegetation biomass. At the same time, studies show that since the beginning of the century, the average content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, although slowly, but constantly increases. Scientists associate this process mainly with human activity.

Nitrogen is an indispensable biogenic element, since it is part of proteins and nucleic acids. The atmosphere is an inexhaustible reservoir of nitrogen, but the bulk of living organisms cannot directly use this nitrogen: it must first be bound in the form of chemical compounds.

Part of the nitrogen comes from the atmosphere to ecosystems in the form of nitric oxide, which is formed under the action of electrical discharges during thunderstorms. However, the main part of nitrogen enters the water and soil as a result of its biological fixation. There are several types of bacteria and blue-green algae (fortunately very numerous) that are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. As a result of their activities, as well as due to the decomposition of organic residues in the soil, autotrophic plants are able to absorb the necessary nitrogen.

Other components of the air do not participate in biochemical cycles. (Kriksunov E.A., 1997.)

What does it consist of?

Low but important gases

What else is in the air?

What are the layers of the atmosphere?

Layers with little to no air

The value of the atmosphere

How does a person affect the atmosphere?

What is atmosphere

What is the meaning of the atmosphere

Results

The role of the atmosphere in the life of the planet

Question 135: Which layer of the atmosphere is most important for life on earth?

Introduction

Literature review

The role of the atmosphere in human life and other organisms

Read also