The Austrian Republic is a thriving democratic state located in Central Europe, in the international Danube Basin. State occupying small area, total 83,858 sq. km, is a model for those wishing to live in organic unity with nature.

Austria is a landlocked continental state. Its northern neighbor is the Czech Republic; in the northeast, Austria borders on Slovakia. Austria's eastern border with Hungary is known for its lowest point. It is the Neusiedler See salt marsh lake, located at an altitude of 115 m above sea level. The southern border of Austria is formed by Slovenia and Italy. The state has the longest border in the west. It is formed by: Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Germany. The most densely populated, economically developed are the eastern regions of the country.

The country is dominated by mountainous terrain: 70% of the state's area is occupied by the Eastern Alps and their spurs. The highest point in Austria is Mount Großglockner (3797 m), located in the Central Crystalline Alps. The popularity of the mountain is due to the Pasteurse glacier located here, the largest in Europe.

This is where Austria is located on the world map:

Sorry, the card is temporarily unavailable

Austria is a small country in the very center of Europe. Population 8.46 million. The capital is Vienna. The form state structure- federation, parliamentary republic.

Many beautiful corners attract crowds of tourists here every year. Those who want to visit this country will definitely need a detailed map of Austria. It will help you navigate the roads and get to the area of ​​interest as quickly as possible.

Austria on the world map: geography, nature and climate

Austria is a relatively small mountainous country - the record holder for the number of neighbors. Austria on the world map neighbors the dwarf state of Liechtenstein and Switzerland in the west, Germany and the Czech Republic in the north, Slovakia and Hungary in the east, Slovenia and Italy in the south.

75% of the territory of Austria is Eastern Alps... Their wide ridges stretch to the east, where they diverge like an open fan. These are young mountains of folded or block-folded origin. The highest point in Austria - Mount Großglockner(more than 3.7 km high). It is now owned by the Austrian Alpine Community. At its foot lies the largest glacier in the country - Pasteurz, stretching nine kilometers. You can see it in all its glory from the Großglockner High Alpine Road. The map of Austria in Russian will help you with this. This whimsically winding serpentine has about 36 turns.

The visiting card of the country is Vienna Woods... On one side are the Danube Valley and picturesque vineyards, and on the other - the hot sulfur springs of the Baden resort. The forest itself occupies 1250 km 2. These are oak and beech groves, which are under the protection of UNESCO.

Of great interest and Central Danube Plain... This tectonic lowland is rich in fertile soils. The territory of Austria is rich in river valleys. The largest waterways - Danube, Rhine, Inn. V summer time tourists love to relax on the lakes. Due to their glacial origin, they are all quite deep, with cold water.

Climatic conditions are characterized by vertical zoning. The lowlands are characterized by a moderately warm climate. The average July temperature is kept within + 18 degrees, and in January it rarely drops below zero. These indicators are typical for Vienna.

In high mountain areas, frosts, heavy snowstorms and snowfalls are considered normal. In summer, thermometers rarely rise above + 36˚C. The first night frosts are observed in October. In January and February, a decrease in temperature to -8 - - 10 ˚C is recorded. The ski resorts are characterized by mild -2˚C and heavy snowfalls.

The flora of Austria is represented by both mixed and deciduous forests. In the south of the country, the proximity of the Mediterranean is clearly felt. Subtropical plant species can be found here. Important place the flora of this country is occupied by shrubs and grasses. There are no trees in the so-called alpine belt. But here you can admire such a miracle of nature as edelweiss.

A large population of wild animals is concentrated in the Austrian Alps. However, they do not always compete with humans. Some species have survived only thanks to nature reserves. Here you can get acquainted with such rare species as roe deer, wild boars, red deer. The highlands are home to chamois, rock goats and purple herons. Mountain rivers and lakes are rich in different types of fish.

Map of Austria with cities. Administrative division of the country

Map of Austria with cities in Russian is divided into 9 federal states... Each of them has its own legislative body. It is called the Landtag. These territories are governed by land councilors and governors.

Largest cities in Austria:

• Vein. The main city of Austria, lying at the very foot of the Alps on the Danube coast. Slovakia and Hungary are only 60 kilometers from Vienna. There are many sunny days here. Winters are mild, but sometimes frosts can get quite thorny (down to -18˚C). But summer is extremely sultry - up to + 38˚C.
• Salzburg. The capital of the federal state of the same name. It is located 145 km east of Munich, 300 km west of Vienna. from Salzburg to the German border only 5 kilometers. It is located on the coast of the Salzach River, at the foot of the Alps. Average temperatures in July are from +24 to + 32˚C, in January - -3 - - 5˚C.
• Hallstatt. The population is 923 people. Area - 60 km². It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Located in an alpine area near Lake Hallstatt. Here are the salt mines, which are more than 3000 years old and the oldest pipeline in the world, which has been delivering dissolved salt to Ebense for more than four hundred years.

Having visited the country at any time of the year, you will want to return to this amazing state more than once.

Austrian Republic is one of the countries Central Europe with a rich history and long cultural traditions.

Austria on world map

Geographical position
Austria is located in the east of the Alps, in the Danube Valley. Her neighbors:
from the north - the Czech Republic;
from the east - Slovakia and Hungary;
from the south - Slovenia and Italy;
from the west - Liechtenstein, Germany and Switzerland.
The capital of Austria is the city of Vienna, whose history begins in the 1st century AD. The construction of Vienna was started by Roman legionnaires.
Mountains occupy most of the country. The highest point is Mount Großlockner, 3797 m high, and the largest glacier in Europe is located on it.

Administrative divisions
The Austrian Republic is divided into 9 federal states: Lower Austria, Burgenland, Salzburg, Carinthia, Styria, Vorarlberg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vienna. The lands are divided into counties, and the counties into communities.
Besides Vienna, the largest cities are Salzburg, Graz, Linz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt. Each of these cities has its own rich history.

Climate of Austria
Depending on the relief in Austria, there are different climatic conditions. The eastern and northeastern regions located in the lowlands have a moderately warm climate. Summers are sunny and dry, the average temperature is + 20 ° С, winters are mild, the temperature is not lower than -3 ° С.
In mountainous areas, precipitation is frequent, the climate is humid with frequent westerly winds... In the lowlands of the Alps, it is moderately warm, in the highlands, it is moderately cold.

Map of Austria in Russian

Austria landmarks
Ancient history Austria has created many cultural monuments.
Tourists are primarily attracted by Vienna, which has preserved its unique architecture. ancient city... After the end of the Second World War, the capital was practically rebuilt.
The famous "Vienna Woods" includes a park, hotels, resorts, thermal springs.
Austria has preserved medieval castles and palaces, among them the palaces Artstetten (16th century), Riegersburg (Baroque era) and Schallaburg, built during the Renaissance.
The country is known for its first class ski resorts. All conditions for winter sports have been created. The tracks, stretching for many kilometers, are located at an altitude of 3200 m. There are also snowboard parks, and flat tracks, and trekking trails.
The Baden resort is famous for its SPA centers. There is also a garden exotic plants... The largest casino in Europe operates in Baden.
In Austria there is the Neusiedlersee steppe lake, the only one in Europe. Organized here national park where many rare species birds and animals. Used photographs from Wikimedia © Foto, Wikimedia Commons

General information

Geographical position.

Austria is an inland state located in the southern part of Central Europe. Square. The territory of Austria is 83 859 square meters. km.

Main cities, administrative divisions. The capital of Austria is Vienna. The largest cities: Graz (260 thousand people), Linz (210 thousand people), Salzburg (150 thousand people), Innsbruck (120 thousand people).

Austria is divided into 9 federal states: Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vorarlberg and Vienna. The federal states, in turn, are divided into districts, which are made up of communes, urban and rural.

Political system

Republic of Austria. The head of state is the president. The head of the federal government is the chancellor. Parliament consists of two chambers: the Federal Council and the National Assembly.

Relief. Most of the territory is occupied by the Eastern Alps (the highest point is Mount Grossglockner, 3 797 m) and their foothills. With its famous alpine slopes and meadows, Austria faces the Danube, along which lies a low-lying plain.

Geological structure and minerals. On the territory of Austria there are deposits of iron ore, oil, aluminum, lead, copper, coal and brown coal.

Climate. In Austria, a wide variety of landscape, climatic, plant forms and species coexist. In general, the country is characterized by a mild Central European climate influenced by the Atlantic. In the foothills of the Carpathians, in the Vienna Valley, in the northern regions of Burgenland, a continental climate already reigns. For the Pannonian (from the Latin Rapposch, the so-called Roman province in the territory of modern Austria), the climate is characterized by an average July temperature of about + 19 ° C, an average annual rainfall of 800 mm. The latter figure rises significantly for the western regions. The climate in Austria is characterized by a rather noticeable temperature difference, which is explained by the conditions of the mountainous terrain.

The Austrian landscape includes both high and medium mountains, as well as hills and valleys. 63 percent of the country's territory lies in the Eastern Alps. Almost 900 mountain peaks reach a height of more than 3 000 m. At an altitude exceeding 2 700 m all year round there is snow. 600 sq. km of glaciers contain 30 billion cubic meters of crystal pure water... The highlands are so intensely heated by the sun that in autumn and winter there is no less warmth here than in alpine meadows. The only difference is flaine, the wind blowing regularly on the slopes from the mountains, especially strong in the spring and autumn.

Average Maximum temperature January in Vienna is approximately + 1 ° С, mid-April + 15 ° С, in July here up to + 25 ° С, and in October about + 14 ° С.

In Salzburg and Innsbruck, temperatures are about the same as in the capital, with the exception of winter, when these alpine cities are somewhat cooler.

Inland waters... In Austria, the rivers of the Danube basin flow, on the territory of the country there are lakes: Neusiedler See, Constance.

Soils and vegetation. Austria belongs to the countries rich in forests. For Austrian flora characteristic oak-beech forest in the valleys, and at an altitude of more than 500 m-beech-spruce mixed forest. Above 1200 m, the "kingdom of the fir" begins.

Animal world... The fauna of Austria is typical of Central Europe. Roe deer, hare, deer, pheasant, partridge, fox, marten, badger, squirrel are found here. The surroundings of Lake Neusiedler are unique protected nesting places for birds of the most different types... In the high-mountainous regions of the Eastern Alps, the composition of the fauna is typically Alpine: colonies of marmots are often found, sometimes you can meet mountain goats. There are nature reserves in Austria: Neusiedler-Seewinkel, Karwendelbirge, etc.

Population and language

According to the latest estimates, the population of Austria is about 8 million inhabitants, an average of 94 people per 1 sq. Km. km. The overwhelming majority of indigenous Austrians are Germans. Most of the non-Austrians live in Vienna and in the southeast of the country.

Immigration to Austria started with late XIX century, when the industry began to develop rapidly here. Developments last decades caused the influx of new and new waves of immigrants from the East. In May 1993, about 600 thousand immigrants were living in Austria legally. These were mainly Yugoslavs who fled from the war (about 65 thousand). Other foreigners come from Turkey, Poland, Germany, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Non-Germans among the indigenous population are Croats, Slovaks, Hungarians, Slovenes and Czechs. Taken together, they make up about 300 thousand people.

The official language is German, the Austrian dialect of which is very different from classical German. The Vorarlberg dialect, which is close to the Alemannic dialect of the Swiss, is especially different from other dialects. In Tyrol, in the highlands, due to geographical conditions and historical reasons, almost every village can boast of its own dialect.

Religion

It is common knowledge that religion plays an important role in the lives of Austrians. Freedom of religion guaranteed by the constitution Austrian Republic... However, there are some age restrictions. So, until a child reaches the age of 10, his religious sympathies are determined by his parents, from 10 to 12 years old, according to the law, his opinion should be taken into account by adult family members, and from the age of 12 no one has the right to impose religious views on the child.

A national poll showed that 78% of the population consider themselves Catholics, 5% - Protestants, 9% do not prefer any of these denominations. Most Protestants live in Burgenland and Carinthia. 5% belong to other religions (for example, Muslims).

A brief historical outline

The history of Austria is largely determined by its geographic location... The country is located at the intersection of three cultural regions: Romanesque, Germanic and Slavic.

For a thousand years BC, tribes of the Illyrians settled on the territory of modern Austria. Judging by the found and studied archaeological sites, the Illyrians had a developed culture.

In a later period, the Celtic state of Noricum was formed on the territory of modern Carinthia. Even later, the right bank of the Danube becomes a province of the Roman Empire, and then not only the political border passes through the territory of modern Austria, but also the border between the Christian (Roman) and pagan (Germanic) worlds.

In the era of the great migration of peoples, the foundations of the future national-territorial structure of the Austrian lands were laid.

From the IV century. n. NS. in the foothills of the Alps, an important point of intersection and unification of peoples of different languages ​​is formed.

The Germans conquer the northern Roman provinces in the 5th century. Their wave meets the wave of Slavs who migrated in the same direction. In the 500-700s, the power of the Dukes of the Bavarian Mark was established here. Later, Charlemagne recaptured these lands from the Avar tribe (the decisive battles took place near Vienna). Finally, with the emergence of the Hungarians, who moved from beyond the Urals, and their consolidation to the east of the German lands, the migration of large ethnic groups ceased.

Since the X century, during the reign of the Babenbergs, the Austrian borders were significantly expanded to the south and east, and the residence of the Babenbergs - Vienna - became the capital of a prosperous country, later an empire. The Babenbergs laid the foundation for an independent Austrian state... By the time of their reign (about 996), the first mention of the name of the state - "Ozwrpsy", that is, "eastern country, empire".

The influence of the Babenbergs was constantly increasing and expanding, including thanks to prudently entered into marriages with politically and religiously strong European surnames. After during the XI century. under their leadership were Vienna and most of modern Lower Austria, the same happens with Styria and Upper Austria (1192).

The period of intensive development of trade for Austria began in the middle of the 12th century. In 1156 the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa elevated the status of Austrian territory to a duchy. Since that time, as national symbol the image of an eagle is being used.

The political and economic strengthening of Austria was accompanied by a flourishing of spiritual life: missionary routes of Christian monks passed through its territory, leaving behind centers of a new, Christian culture - monasteries. Theologians, philosophers, historians, and writers worked within the walls of the monasteries.

Austrian lands served as a transshipment base for the crusaders during their campaigns to the East to Christian shrines. In the vicinity of monasteries, secular culture also develops: the famous minnesinger (literally translated from German - "the singer of love") Walter von der Vogelweide lived and worked at the Vienna court, and "The Song of the Nibelungs" (the most significant epic in German) took its final form here, on the banks of the Danube.

In 1246, Duke Frederick II Babenberg died in a battle with the Hungarians on the Austro-Hungarian border, leaving no heir behind. This allows the Czech king Otgokar II to intervene in the affairs of his neighbors and take control of huge, by European standards, territories (all the space from the Sudetenland along the northern borders of the modern Czech Republic to the Adriatic Sea).

Ottokar II overestimated his capabilities when he refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Rudolph of Habsburg. It cost him his life: King Ottokar died in a battle with a powerful enemy in the town of Markfeld in 1278.

In 1282 Rudolph grants his two sons Austria and Styria as fiefs. This was the beginning of one of the most powerful dynasties ever to rule in Western Europe. The Habsburgs retained power in these lands until the 20th century.

In the initial period of their reign, the Habsburgs experienced considerable difficulties in relations with their neighbors (including several defeats in the wars with the Swiss), but they managed to consolidate their inner strength and resources: Carinthia and Carniola were annexed in 1355. These provinces were followed by Tyrol (1363).

Rudolph IV (Founder), Duke of Austria in 1358-1365, wishing to unite all the lands under one flag, introduced the image of five eagles, in imitation of the symbolism of the Roman emperors. He achieved an increase in his status to Archduke. During the reign of Rudolph, the first stone was laid in the foundation of the Cathedral of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (today the image of the cathedral is one of the symbols of the capital), the University of Vienna is established.

In 1453, Frederick III succeeds in obtaining the status of archduke by legal means, and he is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He also convinces Pope Paul II of the expediency of raising Vienna - in 1469 the city becomes a bishopric. Frederick's ambitions at times barely fit within a reasonable framework. Thus, the abbreviation AEE11 became his motto, which, as a rule, is deciphered as follows: "Aisinna Ez11treraor Orgy Ituerzo" (translated from Latin: "Austria is the emperor of the whole world"). In an effort to realize his plans, Frederick began a war with the King of Hungary, Mattius Corvinus. This led to the occupation of Vienna by the latter in 1485-1490. The reason for the failure, according to eyewitnesses, was primarily that Frederick could not or did not want to attract the Archbishop of Salzburg to his side, and he took the side of Frederick's opponent. Salzburg was at that time an influential ecclesiastical principality.

The name of Frederick III is associated with the continuation of the tradition of marriages of convenience - the successful political course of the Austrian ruling families (Babenbergs and Habsburgs), which allowed them to spread their influence over many European countries. In 1477 Frederick's son Maximilian, having married Mary of Burgundy, sought control over Burgundy and the Netherlands.

The eldest son of Maximilian, Philip, in 1496 marries the Spanish Infanta, and Charles, the son of Philip, achieves even more: in 1516 he becomes Carlos I, King of Spain, and then Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1519 ).

Charles transferred power over all Austrian territories to his younger brother Ferdinand in 1521, who also inherited Bohemia and Hungary through his marriage to Princess Anne after her brother, King Louis II, died in a battle with the Turks in 1526. In 1556 Charles abdicated the imperial throne and title , and Ferdinand was crowned in his place. Charles' huge territorial inheritance passed to his only son Philip II.

For several centuries in a row, one of the main concerns of the Austrian rulers was the security of the southern borders, from where hordes of Turks incessantly invaded. In the 20s of the XVI century. the Turks conquered almost the entire Balkan region, and their eyes were already fixed on Vienna. But Vienna withstood the siege, fortunately for a short time due to the early onset of winter.

In 1571, Maximilian II grants his subjects the right to freedom of religion, as a result of which most of the Austrians converted to Protestantism.

In 1576, the eldest son of Maximilian, Rudolph II, having become emperor, began the counter-reformation, which led to the return of the majority of those who had gone to the Protestants in the bosom of the Catholic Church, sometimes not without coercion. Religious intolerance was the cause of the Thirty Years War, which devastated the whole of Central Europe. In 1645, the Protestant Swedish army attacked the walls of Vienna, but this time the city was not damaged either. Then, drained of blood by the war, internal religious strife between Catholics and Protestant Evangelicals, Vienna could hardly withstand the onslaught of a strong enemy. In the current desperate situation, Kaiser Ferdinand III calls for help from the church. The Kaiser himself vows to erect a column in honor of the Virgin Mary if the city is saved from enemy troops. The story of the siege ends with the fact that, without even trying to storm the city, the commander of the Swedish army, Torstenson, gives the order to withdraw the troops.

In 1646, the monument promised by the Kaiser was built on the central square of Vienna and adorned it with itself until 1667, when it was dismantled at the direction of Kaiser Leopold I, the son of Ferdinand, and transported to the city of Wernstein, where it is located to this day. The place of the original on the square was taken by a bronze copy. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia was signed, according to which Austria ceded part of its territories to France.

The Austrian capital was miraculously lucky once again, when in 1683, seized by a terrible plague epidemic, it was ready to capitulate to the troops of the Turks, but the armies of the friendly Christian powers, Germany and Poland, arrived in time, and the enemy forces were driven first from Vienna, and then and even further, to the southeastern borders of Europe. The memory of the defeat of the Turkish troops is kept by frescoes and sculptural compositions made in the Baroque style and decorating the buildings of that era in many cities of Austria.

With the death of Charles II, the last of the Habsburgs on the Spanish line, Austria is embroiled in a war for Spanish heritage(1701-1714), which ended with the fact that Charles IV, the Austrian emperor, got only a part of the Spanish possessions (in the Netherlands and Italy). Charles calls his daughter, Maria Theresa, into the dispute, who, in the absence of male heirs, ascends the Habsburg throne in 1740. The support of Britain and the Netherlands largely contributed to the success of Austria and its empress in the struggle for political leadership on the continent - the rich lands of Bavaria were withdrawn to the empire.

During the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), a change of political sympathies took place, and Austria, already with the confrontation of Britain, tried to unsuccessfully recapture Silesia from Prussia.

The 40-year reign of Empress Maria Theresa is considered a golden era in the history of Austria. It was during this period that a strong power of the center was established, the institution of civil service was introduced, the economy, the army and the system were reformed. general education... Since that time, Austria has acquired the fame of the "country of great musicians".

Maria Theresa left a fond memory of herself, showing extraordinary courage during the smallpox epidemic in 1763: the Empress, who lost two of her children, at the risk of infection, looked after her sick daughter-in-law.

The successor to the cause of Maria Theresa was her son Joseph II, whose innovations include the edict of religious tolerance, the secularization of church property, and the abolition of serfdom.

Under Emperor Franz, the first national anthem was adopted, composed by Joseph Haydn and performed on February 12, 1797 (according to the plan, the adoption of the anthem was to unite the nation in the face of the impending danger from France and Napoleon). The anthem is based on the Croatian folk melody of the Burgenland land.

The sunset of the golden age for Austria was the appearance on the arena of the European theater of Napoleon Bonaparte. His triumph and military successes forced Franz II to renounce first the Austrian and then the German imperial crown and the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Military spending led to a financial collapse, and it is not known how it would have ended for Austria, if not for the help of Russia.

In 1814-1815 a congress is being held in Vienna, according to the decisions of which Austria returns to itself a part of the lost.

The era of the reign of Chancellor Clemens von Mitternich, the restoration of the monarchy, the formation of Austria-Hungary in 1867, the establishment of common suffrage are accompanied by a new upsurge in the development of culture and art, primarily music.

On June 28, 1914, an attempt was made on the life of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo; a month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

November 12, 1918 - the date marking the proclamation of Austria as a republic, and with it the end of the centuries-old Habsburg dynasty. Under the peace treaty of September 1919, Austria was forced to recognize the state independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia. Austria is losing its influence in neighboring Romania and Bulgaria. All this together became the cause of a serious economic crisis that lasted in Austria until the mid-20s and was accompanied by a shortage of material food resources. Gradually and thanks successful actions the federal government, the situation has stabilized.

Second world war Austria entered even before it began: on March 11, 1938, troops of neighboring Germany were marching through the streets of Vienna, and the Austrian by origin, who had recently left the country as a failed, unrecognized artist, Adolf Hitler was greeted with triumph on Vienna's main square, Heldenplatz. Seven years will pass before the liberation of Austria by the allied forces. The first

Soviet tanks will enter Vienna on April 11, 1945. At the end of the war, Austria and Vienna, as a special district, were divided into four areas of responsibility. On May 15, 1955, in the Belvedere Palace, a state treaty was signed between the victorious countries and Austria, proclaiming the political neutrality of Austria, and the allied troops were withdrawn from its borders.

Times " cold war"Brought diplomatic fame to Austria, its capital Vienna. Representatives of major international organizations, including the UN, have settled here. The country's economy developed successfully.

Brief economic outline

Austria is one of the most economically developed countries in Europe. Extraction of iron ore, magnesite, brown coal, oil, graphite, lead-zinc and tungsten ores. The most developed are: mechanical engineering (transport, agricultural, electrical engineering), ferrous metallurgy, aluminum production, chemical, pulp and paper, woodworking, textile, leather and footwear, clothing industry. Agriculture intensely and highly varno; large landholdings prevail. The leading industry is dairy farming. Poultry keeping. Wheat, barley, sugar beets, fodder crops are grown. Fruit growing and viticulture.

The monetary unit is the Austrian schilling.

A brief outline of culture

Art and architecture. From the Romanesque monuments to this day, the purity of the style of the basilicas in Gurke and Seckau and the Cathedral of St. Stephen's in Vienna (partially rebuilt).

In fact, no Gothic monuments have survived. Only a few elements of the Gothic past are visible in the Cathedral of St. Stefan (Vienna), in some buildings of Innsbruck (for example, the so-called "Golden Roof").

Austrian art acquired wide international significance during the Baroque era (17th-18th centuries). At this time in Vienna, Salzburg, Melk, Linz, magnificent country residences, monasteries, city palaces and churches were erected, distinguished by their large scale, plastic richness of forms and decor, and at the same time - * cold elegance. The art of sculpture, painting (D. Grahn, P. Troger, F.A. Maulberg), carving, furniture, ceramics (the famous Viennese porcelain from 1718) reached the highest flowering.

The science. K. Doppler (1803-1853) - a physicist who pointed out the existence of an effect later named after him (the change in wavelength observed when the source of waves moves relative to their receiver); L. Boltzmann (1844-1906) - one of the founders of statistical physics and physical kinetics; E. Mach (1838-1916) - physicist, idealist philosopher, one of the founders of empirio-criticism (Machism); G. Mendel (1822-1884) - natural scientist, founder of the doctrine of heredity; K. Landsteiner - (1868-1943) - one of the founders of immunology; VF Gess, the physicist who discovered cosmic rays; F. Porsche (1875-1951), Austrian engineer, creator of the electric car; 3. Freud (1856-1939) - the founder of psychoanalysis.

Literature. S. Zweig (1881-1942) - master of psychological novels (collections "Amok", "Confusion of feelings", etc.) and portrait (Stendhal, 3. Freud, F. Nietzsche, F. M. Dostoevsky and many others), a novelized biography (Marie Antoinette, Balzac).

Music. Of all the arts for Austria, Music has always been the most important. Already from the XII century. Vienna was famous for its Minnesinger troubadours and itinerant musicians.

During the XVIII-XIX centuries. Vienna, thanks to the patronage of the Habsburg family, was the musical capital of Europe. Moreover, many members of the imperial family were themselves passionate musicians. The most diverse forms of classical music, first appeared to the world of listeners here, in the Danube lands.

Opera, which originated as a musical genre in Italy at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, found fertile ground for itself in Vienna, reached the apotheosis of popularity and the highest level development. Here Christoph Willibald von Gluck (1714-1787) reformed the genre of opera, combining music with some dramatic forms (for example, in Orpheus and Eurydice or Alsete).

On new level development was raised by the opera genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), who took Gluck's place in the court orchestra from 1787: The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787) with a libretto in Italian, The Magic Flute ( 1791), called the progenitor of the German opera of the 19th century.

Mozart's teacher is considered to be Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), the most significant figure in the musical life of Europe in the 18th century. Haydn conducted the Esterhazy Orchestra for 38 years. Then his famous oratorios "Creation" (1798) and "The Seasons" (1801) appeared.

Ludwig van Beethoven, born in Bonn, came to Vienna as a 21-year-old already virtuoso pianist to study with Haydn. In this city he remained until his death, changing one after another about 80 addresses.

The name of Franz Schubert (1797-1828) is associated with the return to life of the traditions of the ancient German folk song. The most famous cycle is called "Schubertiada".

For a foreigner, not experienced in the intricacies of music, the most familiar of all the genres that have made Austria famous is the waltz. Originated in Vienna in early XIX century, the waltz was approved with approval at the Congress of Vienna, which decided the fate of post-Poleon's Europe. Johann Strauss Sr. (1804-1849) and Joseph Lanner (1801-1843) are considered the first waltz writers. Johann Strauss Jr. (1825-1899) with his "Blue Danube" and "Vienna Woods" remains unsurpassed. The genre of operetta, where the composer shone just as brightly, stood on a par with opera and ballet. The most famous are his operettas " Bat"(1874)," The Gypsy Baron "(1885).

Other musical celebrities in 19th century Austria include: Anton Bruckner (1824-1896), an outstanding organist and composer of church music; Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), romantic composer; Gustav Mahler (1860-1911), author of a cycle of symphonies and director of the Vienna Imperial Opera from 1897 to 1907; Richard Strauss (1864-1949).

In the XX century. in Vienna, the "New School" of music is being formed. Such musical performing groups as the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Vienna Boys' Choir, and the State Opera are world-famous today.