1 area of use
This standard applies to installation seams of junctions of window and external door blocks (hereinafter referred to as window blocks) to wall openings.
The standard is used in the design, development of design and technological documentation, as well as in the performance of work during the construction, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures for various purposes, taking into account the requirements of current building codes and regulations. The requirements of the standard are also applied when replacing window units in operating premises.
The requirements of this standard can be applied when designing assembly seams junction points of stained glass and other façade structures, as well as assembly seams connecting structures to each other.
The standard does not apply to assembly seams at the junction points of window units for special purposes (for example, fire-proof, explosion-proof, etc.), as well as products intended for use in unheated rooms.
The standard can be used for certification purposes.
This standard contains references to the following standards:
GOST 166-89 Calipers. Specifications
GOST 427-75 Metal measuring rulers. Specifications
GOST 2678-94 Rolled roofing and waterproofing materials. Test methods
GOST 7076-99 Construction materials and products. Method for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance under stationary thermal conditions
GOST 7502-98 Metal measuring tapes. Specifications
GOST 7912-74 Rubber. Determination method temperature limit fragility
GOST 10174-90 Polyurethane foam sealing gaskets for windows and doors. Specifications
GOST 17177-94 Heat-insulating construction materials and products. Test methods
GOST 23166-99 Window blocks. General technical conditions
GOST 24700-99 Wooden window blocks with double-glazed windows. Specifications
GOST 25898-83 Construction materials and products. Methods for determining vapor permeation resistance
GOST 26433.0-85 Accuracy assurance system geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. General provisions
GOST 26433.1-89 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. Factory-made elements
GOST 26433.2-94 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements of parameters of buildings and structures
GOST 26589-94 Roofing and waterproofing materials. Test methods
GOST 26602.1-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining heat transfer resistance
GOST 26602.2-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining air and water permeability
GOST 26602.3-99 Window and door blocks. Method for determining sound insulation
GOST 30673-99 PVC profiles for window and door blocks. Specifications
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions are used in this standard:
Junction of a window block to a wall opening– a structural system that ensures the interface of a wall window opening (including elements of external and internal slopes) with the frame of a window block, including an installation seam, a window sill board, a drain, as well as facing and fastening parts.
Mounting clearance– the space between the surface of the wall opening and the frame of the window (door) block.
Assembly seam– an element of the junction unit, which is a combination of various insulating materials used to fill the installation gap and having specified characteristics.
Forceful operational impact on the assembly seam– the impact arising from the mutual movements of the window frame (frame) and the wall opening when linear dimensions change due to temperature, humidity and other influences, as well as during shrinkage of buildings.
Deformation resistance of assembly seam– the ability of an assembly seam to maintain specified characteristics when the linear dimensions of the assembly gap change as a result of various operational influences.
4 Classification
4.1 The designs of installation seams of junctions of window blocks to wall openings are classified according to the following performance characteristics:
Heat transfer resistance;
Resistance to operational force impacts;
Air permeability;
Water permeability;
Soundproofing;
Vapor permeability.
4.2 Indicators of the main performance characteristics of installation seams are divided into classes according to Table 1.
4.3 The class of the installation seam in terms of resistance to heat transfer, air and water permeability, vapor permeability, deformation resistance, sound insulation is established in the working documentation for the joints of window blocks to wall openings.
4.4 The resistance of installation seams to operational force impacts is classified according to the deformation resistance indicator. The indicator of deformation stability is taken as the ratio of the value of the largest change in the specified size of the installation seam (without destruction or critical reduction of the specified characteristics) to the value of the specified size of the seam, expressed as a percentage.
4.5 Classification criteria for vapor permeability of assembly joints are:
The magnitude and ratio of the vapor permeability resistance values of the layers (materials) of the assembly seam;
The amount of increment in the calculated mass ratio of moisture in the material of the central layer of the seam during the period of moisture absorption.
The vapor barrier properties of assembly joints can also be characterized by design features. For example, the presence or absence of a vapor barrier between the foam insulation and the surface of the wall opening.
Requirements for vapor barrier of assembly joints and their values are established in the design and construction documentation for specific construction projects.
4.6 The symbol for the installation seam must include letter designation“ШМ” - assembly seam, digital designations of classes based on heat transfer resistance and deformation resistance.
An example of a symbol for an assembly seam:
ШМ III–I GOST 30971-2002 – assembly seam with classes of heat transfer resistance – III, deformation resistance – I.
In the contract, passport and other documentation for installation seams, it is recommended to additionally indicate the classification of seams according to other classified parameters, as well as other technical information as agreed between the manufacturer and the consumer. If necessary, it is allowed to provide specific values (ranges of values) of the technical characteristics of installation seams and materials used for their construction, confirmed by test results
5.1 General provisions
5.1.1 The assembly seam consists of three layers, which are divided according to their main functional purpose:
external – waterproofing, vapor permeable;
central – thermal insulation;
internal – vapor barrier.
Each of the layers of the assembly seam can, in addition to the main ones, also perform additional functions(for example, the outer layer may have significant resistance to heat transfer), which must be taken into account when determining the design characteristics of the structure. The schematic diagram of the installation seam is shown in Figure 1.
5.1.2 The construction of installation joints is established in the working documentation for the assembly units connecting specific types of window blocks to wall openings, taking into account the current building codes and regulations and the requirements of this standard. Examples of design solutions for installation joints are given in Appendix A.
5.1.3 The construction of assembly joints must be resistant to various operational influences: atmospheric factors, temperature and humidity influences from the room, force (temperature, shrinkage, etc.) deformations.
I – outer waterproofing, vapor-permeable layer;
II – central thermal insulation layer;
III – internal vapor barrier layer
Figure 1 – Schematic diagram of the installation seam
5.1.4 The selection of materials for installation of installation joints and determination of the dimensions of installation gaps should be made taking into account possible operational (temperature, sedimentary) changes in the linear dimensions of window blocks and wall openings in terms of deformation resistance. In this case, elastic insulating materials intended for operation in a compressed state must be selected taking into account their design (working) degree of compression.
5.1.5 The value of heat transfer resistance of the installation seam must ensure the temperature inner surface window slope and designs not lower than those required by building codes and regulations.
The values of air, water permeability, and sound insulation of installation joints should not be lower than the values of these indicators for the window blocks used.
5.1.6 Depending on the configuration of the surfaces of wall openings, installation seams can be straight (window opening without a quarter) or angular (window opening with a quarter).
5.1.7 C outside assembly seams can be protected with special profile parts: rainproof strips, soundproofing linings, etc.
WITH inside assembly seams can be covered with a layer of plaster or cladding parts of window slopes.
5.2 Requirements for the outer layer
5.2.1 The outer layer of the assembly seam must be waterproof when exposed to rain at a given (calculated) pressure difference between the outer and inner surfaces of the assembly seam.
5.2.2 For the construction of the outer layer, it is recommended to use materials that have adhesion to the surface window openings and boxes of window blocks. The peeling resistance (adhesive strength) of tape and film materials must be at least 0.3 kgf/cm2, and the adhesion strength of sealants must be at least 0.1 MPa (1.0 kgf/cm2).
5.2.3 The outer layer materials must be resistant to operating temperatures in the range:
for conventional seams - from minus 35° C to 70° C;
for frost-resistant seams - from below minus 36° C to 70° C.
Note - The lower limit of negative operating temperatures, confirmed by test results, is indicated in the accompanying documentation (passport) for the outer layer material.
5.2.4 The insulating materials of the outer layer (not protected from exposure to sunlight during operation) must be resistant to UV irradiation (the total irradiation dose of the front surfaces during testing is at least 5 GJ/m2).
5.2.5 The materials of the outer layer should not interfere with the removal of vaporous moisture from the central layer of the seam. The value of the vapor permeability coefficient of the outer layer material is not less than 0.15 mg/(m*h*Pa). The use of vapor barrier materials as outer layer materials is not permitted, except when sealing materials are used in combination with plaster mortar, providing the required vapor permeability of the outer layer.
5.3 Requirements for the central layer
5.3.1 The central insulating layer must provide the required resistance to heat transfer of the installation seam. The value of heat transfer resistance must be in the range of values of this indicator for the wall and window design.
5.3.2 The filling of the installation seam with heat-insulating materials must be continuous across the cross-section, without voids, tears, cracks and overflows. Delaminations, through gaps, cracks, as well as shells with largest size 10 mm are not allowed.
5.3.3 The vapor permeability resistance of the central layer of the assembly joint must be within the range of values of this indicator for the outer and inner layers.
5.3.4 The adhesive strength of assembly foam insulation with the surfaces of window openings and frames of window blocks must be at least 0.1 MPa (1.0 kgf/cm2).
5.3.5 Water absorption of foam insulation of the central layer when completely immersed in 24 hours should not exceed 3% by weight.
5.3.6 If necessary, to prevent the influence of moisture from the side of the wall opening on the central insulating layer (in the plane of possible condensation), it is allowed to install a vapor barrier tape between the inner surface of the wall opening and the assembly seam.
5.4 Requirements for the inner layer
5.4.1 Vapor barrier materials The inner layer of the assembly joint must have a vapor permeability coefficient of no more than 0.01 mg/(m*h/*Pa).
5.4.2 Vapor barrier materials of the inner layer must have resistance to peeling (adhesive strength) from the surfaces forming the installation gap not lower than the values established in 5.2.2 for materials of the outer layer.
5.4.3 The design and materials of the inner layer must ensure reliable insulation of the materials of the central layer from the effects of water vapor from the room.
Vapor barrier materials along the internal contour of the installation gap must be laid continuously, without gaps, tears or un-glued areas.
5.5 General requirements for materials
5.5.1 Materials used in the construction of assembly joints must comply with the requirements of the standards, the terms of supply contracts and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
5.5.2 The materials used for installation joints are divided according to the range of operating temperatures at which installation work is allowed, into materials:
summer version (from + 35 °C to + 5 °C);
winter version (with operating temperatures below + 5 ° C).
5.5.3 The outer layer materials must be resistant to prolonged weathering.
The materials used to construct the various layers of the assembly joint must be compatible with each other, as well as with the materials of the wall opening, window frame and fasteners.
The durability of materials (service life) used to construct the assembly seam must be at least 20 conventional years of operation (the durability indicator comes into force from 01/01/2005).
5.5.4 Materials used in the construction of installation joints must have a sanitary and epidemiological certificate from the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision authorities.
5.5.5 Materials for making installation joints must be stored in dry, heated, ventilated rooms in compliance with the storage conditions specified in regulatory documentation for these materials.
5.5.6 Requirements for fastening elements and their installation are given in Appendix B.
5.6 Dimensional requirements
5.6.1 The nominal dimensions of the installation gaps for the installation of seams are established in the working drawings of the joints of the window blocks to the wall openings.
5.6.2 When establishing the dimensions of installation joints, take into account:
configuration and dimensions of the window opening, window block frame and window sill board, including their permissible maximum deviations;
expected changes in the linear dimensions of window openings and blocks during their operation due to temperature and humidity deformations and shrinkage;
specifications materials of the installation seam, based on ensuring the necessary resistance to operational loads (for example, the size of the external insulating tape is selected based on the calculated degree of compression, which allows obtaining the specified values of water and vapor permeability);
temperature conditions for installation work.
5.6.3 The nominal dimensions and configuration of window openings must correspond to those established in the working project documentation. Recommended maximum deviations from the nominal dimensions of the height and width of the opening: +15 mm. The deviation from the vertical and horizontal should not exceed 3.0 mm per 1 m, but not more than 8 mm over the entire height or width of the opening. Deviations from the vertical and horizontal must be within the tolerance range for deviations in height and width.
5.6.4 Maximum deviations from the overall dimensions of window block boxes are established in the regulatory documentation for the products.
1 When installing wooden window blocks
2 When installing window blocks made of aluminum and PVC profiles
a) window blocks from aluminum alloys for side sizes up to 2000 mm
b) window blocks made of white PVC profiles with a side size of up to 2000 mm, as well as aluminum window blocks with a side size of 2000 mm to 3500 mm.
c) window blocks made of white PVC profiles with side sizes from 2000 mm to 3500 mm, as well as from profiles of other colors with side sizes up to 2000 mm.
Figure 2 – Dimensions of installation gaps (seams) when installing window blocks
from various materials according to GOST 23166
Deviations from the vertical and horizontal of the frame parts of mounted window units should not exceed 1.5 mm per 1 m of length, but not more than 3 mm per product height.
5.7 Requirements for the preparation of installation gap surfaces
5.7.1 When preparing the window structure and opening for installation, the requirements of 5.6.3, 5.6.4 must be observed.
5.7.2 Edges and surfaces of external and internal slopes should not have punctures, cavities, mortar overflows and other damage with a height (depth) of more than 5 mm. Defective areas must be filled with waterproof compounds. Voids in the wall opening (for example, cavities at the joints of the facing and base layers of brickwork, at the joints of lintels and masonry, as well as voids formed when removing frames when replacing windows) should be filled with inserts made of rigid insulation or antiseptic wood.
Surfaces contaminated with oil should be degreased. Loose, crumbling areas of surfaces must be strengthened (treated with binders or special film materials).
5.7.3 Before installing insulating materials in the installation joint, the surfaces of window openings and structures must be cleaned of dust and dirt, and in winter conditions - from snow, ice, frost, followed by heating the surface.
5.7.4 General requirements for work when installing installation joints are given in Appendix B.
6 Acceptance rules
6.1 Acceptance of finished assembly joints is carried out at construction sites in batches. A batch is taken to be the number of window openings with installed window blocks and completed assembly seams, made using the same technology and issued with one acceptance certificate (quality document).
6.2 Acceptance of assembly seams is carried out by:
Incoming quality control of materials used;
Quality control of the preparation of window openings and window blocks;
Monitoring compliance with requirements for the installation of window units;
Production operational control;
Acceptance tests during work execution;
Classification and periodic laboratory tests of materials and assembly joints carried out by testing centers (laboratories).
Incoming quality control of materials and products, quality control of the preparation of window openings and installation of window blocks, as well as periodic tests during the installation of installation joints are carried out by a construction laboratory or the quality control service of a construction (installation) organization.
The results of all types of control are recorded in the appropriate quality logs.
Completion of work on installation of installation joints is documented in a document hidden work and the acceptance certificate.
6.3 Incoming quality control of materials and products upon their receipt and storage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the RD and design documentation. At the same time, they check certificates of conformity, sanitary and epidemiological conclusions, expiration dates, labeling of products (containers), as well as compliance with the conditions established in supply contracts.
6.4 Quality control of the preparation of window openings and installation of window blocks is carried out in accordance with the technological documentation for installation work, taking into account the requirements of the current regulatory documentation and this standard. In this case they check:
Preparation of the surfaces of window openings and window blocks;
Dimensions (maximum deviations) of window openings and blocks;
Dimensional deviations when installing window units;
Deviations from the dimensions of installation gaps;
Other requirements established in the working design and technological documentation.
The quality of preparation of window openings is documented in the window openings acceptance certificate.
6.5 Production operational quality control is carried out by the responsible contractor sequentially for each operation of the technological process in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer’s documentation.
6.6 Acceptance tests during construction of installation joints are carried out by the quality control service (construction laboratory) construction organization at least once per shift. In this case they check:
quality of installation of mounting tapes (including their adhesion strength to joint surfaces), insulation and other materials (upon completion of work on each layer of the seam);
temperature and humidity parameters of work conditions.
If the technology for installing window blocks requires a two to three day installation period (for example, the first day - installation of window blocks on mounting wedges and laying outer layer materials; second day - application installation materials central and inner layers), then quality control of the assembly seam is carried out on the same window blocks.
6.7 Classification and periodic laboratory tests are carried out at the request of design, construction and other organizations to confirm the classification characteristics and performance indicators of installation joints. Tests are carried out in testing centers (laboratories) accredited to conduct such tests.
It is allowed to determine the characteristics of installation seams using calculation methods according to regulatory documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
6.8 The manufacturer confirms the acceptance of assembly seams by issuing a quality document (passport), which must contain:
Name and address of the installation organization;
Name and address of the place of work;
Symbol and (or) description of the design with a list of insulating materials used, drawings, technical characteristics of the installation seam (including fasteners);
Number of assembly seams submitted for acceptance;
Date of passport issue;
Stamp of the quality service and signature of the responsible person;
Warranty obligations;
Other information based on specific work conditions.
6.9 Acceptance of work on installation of installation joints is formalized by an acceptance certificate signed by the contractor and the customer, to which is attached a quality document (passport), copies of approval and measurement protocols and, at the customer’s request, sanitary and epidemiological reports on insulating materials.
6.10 In the event of controversial (arbitration) issues regarding the quality of installation seams during the warranty period, the customer has the right to demand a control opening of the installation seams. In this case, it is recommended to use the control plan given in Table 2.
A batch of assembly seams is accepted if the number of defective seams in the first sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number, and rejected without assigning a second sample if the number of defective seams is greater than or equal to the acceptance number. If the number of defective seams in the first sample is greater than the acceptance number, but less than the rejection number, proceed to the second stage of control and make a second sample.
A batch of assembly seams is accepted if the number of defective seams in the second sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number.
If the number of defective seams exceeds the acceptance number during the second stage, all assembly seams must be opened and checked individually. Defective installation seams must be corrected and re-inspected.
7 Test methods
7.1 Test methods for materials at entrance control qualities are established in the technological documentation taking into account the requirements of the ND for these materials. Test methods for production operational quality control are established in the technological documentation taking into account the requirements of this standard.
7.2 The preparation of the surfaces of window openings (5.7) is assessed visually. The geometric dimensions of installation gaps and the size of defects are measured using a tape measure according to GOST 7502, a ruler according to GOST 427, a caliper according to GOST 166 using methods according to GOST 26433.0 and GOST 26433.1.
7.3 When measuring deviations from the plumb line (vertical) and horizontal level of the corresponding surfaces of window openings and structures, you should use the measurement rules in accordance with GOST 26433.2.
7.4 The appearance and quality of installation of elements and the arrangement of layers of the assembly seam are assessed visually from a distance of 400-600 mm with illumination of at least 300 lux.
7.5 Determination of the adhesion strength of sealing tapes and gaskets to structural elements when periodic testing When carrying out work, they are carried out in the following sequence:
using a special cutting tool (for example, a cutter), trim the edge of the tape installed on the surface of the installation joint;
the edge of the tape is clamped in a special grip and, through a dynamometer, torn off normal to the clutch surface, while recording the tearing force;
Peeling of the tape should occur with a force of at least 0.3 kg/cm.
7.6 Methods of acceptance and periodic laboratory tests
7.6.1 The heat transfer resistance of installation joints is determined by calculation method as the sum of the thermal resistances of individual layers, taking into account the heat transfer coefficients of the internal and external surfaces of the wall or during laboratory tests according to GOST 26601.1. In this case, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the materials used is taken based on test results in accordance with GOST 7076 or other regulatory documentation. The assessment of the temperature regime of the nodes connecting the window block to the wall opening is carried out by laboratory tests or by calculation using methods approved in the prescribed manner, taking into account the provisions of Appendix D.
7.6.2 Air and water permeability of installation joints is determined according to GOST 26602.2.
The tests are carried out using a special device, the design of which is shown in Figure 3. The device is a cassette (for example, wooden) with a blank panel installed in it. The internal bars of the cassette imitate the dimensions and configuration of the slopes of a window opening.
The panel is a box of a window block, sheathed on both sides with sheet material (for example, waterproof plywood according to ND).
The surfaces of the cassette and panels must have a waterproof coating.
The gap between the cassette and the window block sample, as well as the design and technology of the installation seam, are taken in accordance with the design solution of the junction unit adopted in the design documentation.
The device is installed in the opening of the test chamber on sealing gaskets.
Test conditions are specified in the test program.
7.6.3 Sound insulation is determined according to GOST 26602.3. To carry out the test, use the device according to 7.6.2. The internal volume of the panel is sheathed with sheet sound-absorbing material and filled with dry sand. The device is installed in the opening of the test chamber on soundproofing putty. The design of the panel must provide sound insulation of at least 40 dBA.
7.6.4 The resistance of the outer insulating layer to ultraviolet irradiation is determined using the test regime given in GOST 30673 (irradiation in the Xenotest apparatus). Tests are carried out on three samples of insulating layer materials with a length of at least 200 mm. The test result is considered satisfactory if, after testing, there are no breaks, cracks, pits, delaminations or drips on the surface of each sample.
A, B, H – panel dimensions
s, h – dimensions of the gaps for the assembly seam.
1 – cassette with overhead bars; 2 – overhead bars; 3 – vapor-proof tape; 4 – foam insulation; 5 – panel box; 6 – panel filling (for example, soundproofing material); 7 - sound-absorbing pad; 8 – panel covering; 9 – waterproofing gasket
Figure 3 – Device for testing installation seams for air permeability and sound insulation
7.6.5 Vapor permeability and vapor permeability of construction seam materials are determined according to GOST 25898.
7.6.6 Water absorption of insulation defimg srp pc= is divided according to GOST 17177.
7.6.7 Peel resistance (adhesive strength) of film and tape materials outer and inner insulating layers are determined according to GOST 10174. The adhesion strength of sealants to the base is determined according to GOST 26589, method B (in this case, one of the glued samples is made of aluminum alloy or polyvinyl chloride with a thickness of 3-5 mm).
7.6.8 To determine the adhesive strength of foam insulation, the amount of force required to break the bond between the insulation and the structural material under the action of tensile forces directed perpendicular to the contact plane is determined.
The number of samples for testing is at least 5.
7.6.8.1 Apparatus and accessories
A tensile testing machine that ensures destruction of the sample at a speed of movement of the active gripper (10±1) mm/min and allows measuring the value of the breaking force with an error of no more than 1%;
A special device installed in the clamps of the testing machine. The device must ensure that the longitudinal axis of the sample coincides with the direction of the applied force.
7.6.8.2 Test specimens
Samples are made by pouring and foaming insulation into metal form with an internal diameter of (51±0.5) mm and a height of at least 30 mm, in the bottom of which a disk made of structural material (for example, polyvinyl chloride or aluminum alloy) is fixed. Domestic cylindrical surfaces The molds are lubricated with grease. The surface of the disc must be degreased.
After foaming and hardening, the insulation is brought by mechanical processing in diameter to the size of the disk (50±0.5) mm, and in height to (30±1) mm. It is allowed to use rectangular samples measuring [(50x50x30)±0.5] mm. The two samples obtained in this way are glued together in pairs with epoxy glue.
7.6.8.3 Procedure and processing of test results
The glued sample is installed in the clamps of the machine using devices. Tests are carried out at a temperature of (20±2) °C and at a speed of movement of the machine grips (10±1) mm/min.
Tension is carried out until the sample is destroyed or detached from the substrate, and the highest load achieved during testing is recorded.
Both parts of the tested sample are subjected to visual inspection to determine the nature of the destruction (by insulation, adhesion seam or mixed).
The adhesion strength of the insulation to the structural material σ, MPa (kgf/cm2), is calculated using the formula
where Pmax is the maximum force during separation or destruction of the sample, kgf.
S is the cross-sectional area of the sample, cm2.
The arithmetic mean value of the sample test results is taken as the test result.
7.6.9 The deformation resistance of an assembly seam is determined by the maximum value of its deformation under the influence of a force directed perpendicular to the plane of the assembly seam, at which its integrity is maintained. It is allowed to carry out this type of testing of the installation seam on foam insulation.
The number of samples for testing is at least 3.
7.6.9.1 Apparatus and accessories
A tensile testing machine that ensures destruction of the sample at a speed of movement of the active gripper (10±1) mm/min and allows the value of the breaking force to be set with an error of no more than 1%;
A special device with a clip for placing samples of the assembly seam. During testing, the device must ensure that the transverse axis of the sample coincides with the direction of the applied force (Figure 4).
A special device for preparing samples of foam insulation and installing them in a testing machine (a diagram of the device is shown in Figure 4a).
b – seam thickness;
1 – holder made of aluminum or of stainless steel 3 mm thick;
2 – sample of the tested assembly seam
Figure 4 – Diagram of a device for testing assembly seams for deformation resistance
I – position of the plates at a given (initial) sample thickness (h1);
II – position of the plates at the greatest compression of the sample (h2);
III – position of the plates at the greatest tension of the sample (h3);
1 – device body; 2 – material sample; 3 – aluminum plates with a thickness of at least 2.0 mm; 4 – lubrication
Figure 4a – Diagram of the device for preparing samples and testing foam insulation for deformation stability
7.6.9.2 Test specimens
Samples of the assembly seam for testing are obtained by layer-by-layer filling the casing of a special device with insulating materials in accordance with the design solution and installation technology (Figure 4).
Foam insulation samples for testing are obtained by filling the device body with it, shown in Figure 4a. Inner diameter case, determining the size of the sample - (60+0.2) mm, the height of the internal cavity of the case - 30 mm (excluding the thickness of the limiting plates). The inner surface of the housing must be lubricated with grease. An aluminum plate with a diameter of (60-0.2) mm is installed at the bottom of the device body before pouring the foam. The second plate with a diameter of (65-0.5) mm is installed in the upper part of the body in the form of a lid and is rigidly fixed in any way. Foam is poured into a hole with a diameter of 8 mm in the side wall of the housing. To remove excess foam, provide the same hole on the other side of the body. After pouring the foam, the sample is kept for at least a day, after which the sample is removed from the body.
7.6.9.3 Test procedure
A clip with a sample of the assembly seam (or a sample of foam insulation) is installed in the grips of the machine. The sample, which is a cylinder of hardened foam sandwiched between two aluminum plates, is installed in the grips of the machine. The test is carried out at a temperature of (20±2) °C by successive stretching and compression of the sample. The amount of tension and compression in millimeters is determined based on the purpose of the assembly seam. At least 20 cycles of tension-compression of the sample are performed. Between each cycle, the sample is kept without load for at least 20 minutes.
7.6.9.4 Evaluation of test results
After completion of the test, visually inspect the surfaces of the samples. The test result is considered satisfactory if each sample does not have through delaminations and destruction.
Deformation resistance φ, %, is determined by the formula
where Δh is the size of the punch movement (the difference between the thickness of the sample in tension and compression), mm;
h1 – specified (initial) sample thickness, mm.
7.6.10 The resistance of the installation seam to operating temperatures is determined by the materials of the outer insulating layer. Frost resistance is assessed by brittleness temperature according to GOST 7912 (bending diameter 400 mm) and heat resistance according to GOST 2678.
7.6.11 The durability (service life) of the assembly seam is determined according to RD and methods approved in the prescribed manner. Compatibility of materials is confirmed by testing the durability of the assembly seam.
8 Manufacturer's guarantees
The work contractor guarantees that the installation joints comply with the requirements of this standard, provided that the operational loads on the installation joints do not exceed the design ones (specified in the design documentation).
The warranty period for the installation seam is established in the contract between the work manufacturer and the customer, but not less than 5 years from the date of signing the acceptance certificate.
Examples of design solutions 
1 - foam insulation; 2 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – frame dowel; 4 – sealant; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – installation gap compensator (can be used to insulate a slope and isolate foam insulation from the plane of possible condensation); 7 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer)
Note - Here and below are circuit diagrams abutment nodes, the proportions of individual elements of abutment nodes may not be observed. When developing design solutions for specific junction nodes, it is allowed to combine individual elements of the nodes shown in the figures of this appendix, as well as apply other solutions that do not contradict the requirements of this standard.
Figure A.1 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening with a quarter in a brick wall, with the internal slope finished with plaster mortar
1 – plaster layer of the outer slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 2 – construction screw; 3 – sealant; 4 – false quarter from the corner; 5 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 6 – frame dowel; 7 – foam insulation; 8 – sealant; 9 – vapor barrier tape; 10 – finishing element of the internal slope; 11* – here and further the cavity can be filled thermal insulation material; 12 – rack
Figure A.2 – Assembly of the side connection of a window block to an opening without a quarter in a brick wall and finishing of the internal slope with a facing panel
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – foam insulation; 3 – flexible anchor plate; 4 – sealant; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – dowel with locking screw; 7 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 8 – reinforcing mesh
Note – If thermal calculations do not confirm the required temperature of the surfaces of the internal slopes, it is recommended to use window blocks with an expanded frame or increase the size of the outer quarter using structural materials.
Figure A.3 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening with a quarter of a layered brick wall with effective insulation and finishing of the internal slope with plaster mortar
1 – window sill board; 2 – foam insulation; 3 – vapor barrier tape; 4 – flexible anchor plate; 5 – support block for the window sill board; 6 – plaster mortar; 7 – dowel with locking screw; 8 – liner made of antiseptic lumber; 9 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 10 – noise-absorbing gasket; 11 – drain; 12 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape
Figure A.4 – Assembly of the lower connection of the window block, window sill and drain to the opening of a layered wall with effective insulation
1 – liner made of certified lumber; 2 – dowel with locking screw; 3 – reinforcing mesh; 4 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer), finishing with sheet material (moisture-resistant panel) is possible; 5 – flexible anchor plate; 6 – vapor barrier tape; 7 – sealant; 8 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 9 – steel lintel with anti-corrosion coating; 10-foam insulation;
Figure A.5 – Assembly of the upper junction of the window block to the lintel from a steel corner in the opening of a multilayer wall with brick lining
1 – foam insulation; 2 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – frame dowel; 4 – sealant; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – panel for finishing the internal slope; 7 – rack; 8 – plaster leveling layer of the internal slope
Figure A.6 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening with a quarter in a wall made of aerated concrete blocks (density 400 - 450 kg/m3) with brick lining and finishing of the internal slope with a panel
1 – plaster layer of the outer slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer); 2 – sealant; 3 – flashing; 4 – spacer (washer); 5 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 6 – foam insulation; 7 – frame dowel; 8 – sealant; 9 – vapor barrier tape; 10 – plaster layer of the internal slope (with a chamfer for the sealant layer)
Figure A.7 – Unit for the side connection of a window block to an opening without a quarter in a wall made of cellular concrete blocks with façade, external and internal slopes finished with plaster mortar
1 – finishing element of the external window slope; 2 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 4 – frame dowel; 5 – foam insulation; 6 – vapor barrier tape; 7 – decorative cover
Figure A.8 – Unit for the lateral connection of a window block to a concrete wall opening with external insulation of the facade and installation of an internal decorative stripping
1 – foam insulation; 2 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 3 – flexible anchor plate; 4 – decorative cover; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – finishing element of the internal slope; 7 – dowel with locking screw
Figure A.9 – Assembly of the side connection of the window block to the wall panel opening with finishing of the internal slope with the panel
1 – vapor barrier tape; 2 – window sill board; 3 – foam insulation; 4 – plaster mortar; 5 – support block of the window sill board; 6– noise-absorbing gasket; 7– drain; 8 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 9 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape;
Figure A.10 – Assembly of the lower connection of the window block, window sill and drain to the wall panel opening
1 – waterproofing tape; 2 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 3 – liner made of material with low thermal conductivity; 4 – foam insulation; 5 – vapor barrier tape; 6 – flexible anchor plate; 7– sealant
Figure A.11 – Assembly seam in the junction of the balcony door frame made of PVC profile (127 mm) to the wall opening
1– noise-absorbing pad; 2 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape; 3 – foam insulation; 4 – vapor barrier tape; 5 – load-bearing support block; 6 – sealant
Figure A.12 – Assembly seam in the junction of a window frame made of PVC profile (127 mm), window sill and ebb in the opening of a single-layer wall
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – additional; 3 – sealant; 4 - moisture resistant drywall with vapor barrier coating; 5 – foam insulation
Figure A.13 – Assembly of the side and top connection of a window block made of PVC profiles to a wall opening with a quarter and finishing of the internal slope with panels
1 – finishing of the outer slope with a plaster solution with a vapor permeability coefficient in accordance with the requirements of this standard; 2 – vapor-permeable facade painting; 3 – foam insulation; 4 – sealant; 5 – frame dowel; 6 – sealant; 7 – paint vapor barrier; 8 – layer of plaster mortar with a high coefficient of resistance to vapor permeation
Figure A.14 – Assembly seam of the junction of the window block to the wall opening with finishing of the outer slope and facade with vapor-permeable plaster mortar
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – connector
Figure A.15 – Window frame connection unit
1 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape; 2 – corner connector
Figure A.16 – Corner joint of window frames
1 – channel for supplying warm air from heating device to the window block (grooves in a screed made of plaster mortar); 2 – window sill board; 3 – decorative grille of the outlet
Figure A.17 – Diagram of the lower junction with the warm air supply channel from the heating device to the window unit
Requirements for fasteners and their installation
B.1 Fastening elements are designed for rigid fixation of window blocks to wall openings and for transferring wind and other operational loads to wall structures.
B.2 For fastening window frames to wall openings, depending on the design of the wall and the strength of the wall materials, various universal and special ones are used fasteners(parts and systems), Figure B.1:
Expansion frame (anchor) dowels, metal or plastic, complete with screws. Screws may have a countersunk or cylindrical head;
Universal plastic dowels with locking screws;
Construction screws;
Flexible anchor plates.
Screws, screws and plates are made of stainless steel or steel with an anti-corrosion zinc chromated coating with a thickness of at least 9 microns.
Fastening window frames and anchor plates to wall openings with nails is not permitted. If it is necessary to attach a window block to walls made of low-strength materials, the use of special polymer anchor systems is allowed.
B.3 Expansion metal frame anchor dowels are used to provide resistance to high shear forces when attaching window blocks to walls made of concrete, solid brick and with vertical voids, expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete, natural stone and other similar materials.
a – metal frame dowel;
b – plastic frame dowel;
c – universal plastic dowel with a locking screw;
d – construction screws;
d – flexible anchor plate.
Figure B.1 – Examples of fasteners
Expansion plastic frame dowels are used in aggressive environments to prevent contact corrosion, as well as to thermally insulate the elements being connected.
The length of the dowels is determined by calculation depending on the operational loads, the size of the window block frame profile, the width of the installation gap and the wall material (the depth of the dowel embedded in the wall must be at least 40 mm, depending on the strength of the wall material). The diameter of the dowel is determined by calculation depending on the operational loads; In general, it is recommended to use dowels with a diameter of at least 8 mm. The dowel material is structural polyamide according to ND. For the manufacture of screws and screws, steels with a temporary tensile strength of at least 500 N/mm2 are used.
B.4 The load-bearing capacity of frame dowels (permissible pullout loads) is taken according to the manufacturer’s technical documentation. Reference values for the load-bearing capacity (permissible pull-out and shear loads) of frame expansion dowels with a diameter of 10 mm are given in Table B.1.
B.5 Plastic dowels with locking screws are used for fastening window blocks to walls made of brick with vertical voids, hollow blocks, lightweight concrete, wood and others building materials with low compressive strength. The length and diameter of plastic dowels with locking screws are taken similarly to B.4. To attach window blocks to mounting wooden embedded elements and rough frames, the use of construction screws is allowed.
B.6 Flexible anchor plates are used for attaching window blocks to multilayer walls with effective insulation. Fastening to flexible anchor plates is possible when installing window blocks in other wall structures. Anchor plates are made of galvanized sheet steel with a thickness of at least 1.5 mm. The bending angle of the plate is selected locally and depends on the size of the installation gap. The plates are attached to the window blocks before they are installed in the openings using construction screws with a diameter of at least 5 mm and a length of at least 40 mm. For a multi-layer wall, flexible anchor plates are attached to the inner layer of the wall plastic dowels with locking screws (at least 2 fastening points per plate) with a diameter of at least 6 mm and a length of at least 50 mm.
B.7 It is allowed to use other fastening elements and systems, the design and conditions of use of which are established in the technical documentation.
B.8 To seal the dowels in the wall opening, drill holes. The drilling mode is selected depending on the strength of the wall material. The following drilling modes are distinguished:
B.9 The depth of drilling holes should be at least one screw diameter greater than the anchored part of the dowel. To ensure the calculated traction force, the diameter of the drilled hole should not exceed the diameter of the dowel itself, and the hole should be cleared of drilling waste. The distance from the edge of the building structure when installing dowels should not be less than twice the anchoring depth.
B.10 The location and configuration of fastening elements should not lead to the formation of thermal bridges that reduce the thermal parameters of the assembly seam.
Options for mounting window blocks to walls are shown in Figure B.2. The recommended minimum depths (screwing depth) of construction screws and dowel fits are given in Table B.2.
B.11 The heads of dowels and locking screws should be buried in the internal fold of the box profile, the mounting holes should be closed with decorative caps (plugs).
a – fastening with equal expansion dowels;
b – fastening with construction screws;
c – fastening using flexible anchor plates
Figure B.2 - Schemes for attaching window blocks to the side slopes of openings
Appendix B
(required)
General requirements for the production of installation joints
B.1 General requirements
B.1.1 Installation of assembly joints is carried out simultaneously with the installation of window blocks. Installation must be carried out by specialized organizations according to technological documentation developed on the basis of standard installation instructions.
B.1.2 Standard instructions for the installation of window units and construction of installation joints (including albums of design solutions for junction units) are developed by competent organizations. Standard instructions coordinated with regional construction authorities. Based on it, specialized installation organizations Taking into account local climatic conditions and the requirements of territorial building codes, we develop technological documentation for installation work.
B.1.3 During the construction and reconstruction of construction projects, work on the installation of window blocks and installation of assembly joints is carried out after the building or part of it is handed over for installation according to the acceptance certificate for window openings.
B.1.4 When repairing or replacing window units in operating premises, installation work is carried out in a manner that ensures compliance with the requirements of this standard, taking into account the specific conditions of the facility as agreed with the customer.
B.2 The procedure for inspecting objects, carrying out design measurements and agreeing on the conditions of work
B.2.1 Before developing design solutions for junction units during reconstruction and major renovation buildings, as well as when replacing window units in operating premises, they conduct an examination of the conditions of the construction situation, the characteristics of the operation of the premises and carry out the necessary design measurements.
B.2.2 When inspecting a construction site, briefly describe its purpose, number of floors, orientation, technical condition of the building (including the condition and design of the wall fence), and the condition of the ventilation and heating systems. If necessary, floor plans of the building are drawn up, window openings are numbered and the alignment of the base lines relative to the facade is determined. Measurements of the actual geometric dimensions of wall openings are carried out using methods in accordance with GOST 26433.0, GOST 26433.1 and GOST 26433.2 (in this case, deviations in horizontal and vertical planes), at the same time they assess the technical condition of the openings, their preparation for installation in accordance with the requirements of this standard and the terms of the order.
B.2.3 To develop optimal design solutions and installation technology, the following should be agreed upon with the customer:
Drawings (sketches) of the designs of window blocks to be installed, options for installing window blocks along the depth of the opening, dimensions of the window sill board;
The proposed construction of the installation seam, including the choice of insulating materials and fasteners;
Design of finishing elements (cladding parts) of a wall opening;
Sequence of work on dismantling the structures being replaced, restoring the slopes, installing window blocks, installing assembly joints, installing sills, window sills and other elements;
Conditions for organizing the installation area for work, as well as measures to ensure their safe execution.
In addition, the specifics of the construction situation during the work should be discussed with the customer: expected temperature and humidity conditions, the procedure for ventilation and heating of the room, etc.
B.2.4 Design measurements, survey data and conditions agreed with the customer are documented with the relevant documents: a sheet (card) of measurements and an approval protocol.
B.3 Preparing the opening
B.3.1 The preparation of openings may be preceded by the establishment of base lines linked along the facade of the building, relative to which window blocks will be placed vertically and horizontally.
B.3.2 Before installing assembly seams, the adjacent surfaces of the window frame and wall opening must be cleaned of dust, dirt, oil stains, ice and frost.
B.3.3 When repairing objects and replacing window units in operating premises, the surfaces of internal and external slopes destroyed during the removal of old windows should be leveled with plaster mortar without the formation of thermal bridges (cold bridges). The procedure for restoring damaged sections of the opening under the removed frame is established locally in agreement with the customer.
B.3.4 In external enclosing structures of walls with low resistance to heat transfer and if it is necessary to place the frame of the window unit outside the plane of possible condensation, it is necessary to insulate the surfaces of the internal slopes with materials with a low thermal conductivity coefficient.
B.3.5 In the absence of window opening quarters, it is allowed to install a false quarter (for example, using a corner made of weatherproof polymer materials or metal alloys). For the same purposes, it is allowed to use strips without sealing the places where they adjoin the frame of the window block or the surface of the wall opening (Appendix A, Figures A.2 and A.7).
B.4 Installation and fastening of window blocks
B.4.1 The installation location of the window block along the depth of the wall opening is selected in accordance with the design solution.
When replacing window units in operating premises or in the absence of design solution it is recommended to place the box of a window block in a homogeneous (single-layer) enclosing structure at a distance of no more than 2/3 of its thickness from the inner surface of the wall, and in layered walls with effective insulation - in the area of the insulating layer.
B.4.2 Window blocks are installed level within permissible deviations and temporarily fixed with installation wedges or in another way at the corner joints of frames and imposts (installation wedges are removed after installing the insulating layer, the places where they are installed are filled insulation material). In the lower junction of the box, it is allowed to use support (bearing) blocks as mounting supports (installation wedges). After installation and temporary fixation, the window block box is attached to the wall opening using fasteners (see Appendix B).
B.4.3 The selection of fastening elements and the distance between them along the contour of the opening, as well as the depth of embedding in the thickness of the wall are established in the working documentation based on calculations depending on the area and weight of the window product, the design of the wall opening, the strength of the wall material, the magnitude of wind and other operational loads
The minimum distances between fasteners should not exceed:
For window frames made of wood - 800 mm;
For boxes made of aluminum alloys and PVC profiles white - 700 mm;
For boxes made of colored PVC profiles - 600 mm.
Distances from internal corner the window block box to the fastening element is (150-180) mm, and the distance from the mullion connection to the fastening element is (120-180) mm.
B.4.4 Transfer of power loads to the installation seam is not allowed. To transfer loads acting in the plane of the window block to the supporting building structure, support (load-bearing) blocks made of polymer materials or hardwood impregnated with protective agents with a hardness of at least 80 units are used. according to Shore A. The number and location of support blocks are determined in the working or technological documentation. The recommended block length is 100-120 mm. The support blocks are installed after attaching the window block to the wall opening with fasteners. The fit of the side blocks should be snug, but not exert a force on the box profiles. Examples of the location of support (bearing) blocks and fasteners are shown in Figure B.1
B.5 Installation of assembly seam
B.5.1 The construction of the installation seam is carried out in accordance with the design and construction solution, in accordance with the technological documentation and the requirements of this standard. The installation gap is filled in layers, taking into account temperature and humidity conditions environment, as well as recommendations from the manufacturer of insulating materials. The procedure for installing window installation joints at temperatures below those recommended by the manufacturers of insulating materials (for example, using heating materials and surfaces building structures), must be provided in the technological documentation.
B.5.2 When using self-expanding insulating tapes in the outer layer, the following requirements are taken into account:
To ensure a tight fit in the horizontal and vertical directions of the seam, the tapes are cut along the length with an allowance of 1.0-1.5 cm on each side;
The tapes are attached using a self-adhesive mounting layer at a distance of 3-5 mm from the edge of the quarter along the inner surface of the window opening;
If a quarter made of brick has jointing or depressions in the seams, then the tape is attached directly to the frame of the window block before installing it in the opening;
Fracture of the tapes at an angle is not allowed;
It is possible to bend the tape when insulating the seam of a window block with an arched or round configuration;
Application of a plaster layer, putty or painting compositions to the vapor-permeable material of the outer layer is not allowed.
a – window block with a vertical impost;
b – window block with a mullion-free (shoulder) vestibule;
A – distance between fasteners;
– support (bearing) pads;
– fasteners (systems)
Figure B.1 – Examples of the location of support (load-bearing) blocks and fasteners
B.5.3 For the installation of a central heat and sound insulation layer, it is recommended to use foam insulation. Filling the installation gap with foam insulation should be done with the window unit fully assembled and finally secured, and the completeness and degree of filling of the installation gap should be monitored.
Before starting work, you should conduct a trial test for the primary expansion of the foam material in the environmental conditions of the installation area and during work, do not allow excess foam to escape beyond the inner plane of the window block frame profile. Cutting off excess foam insulation is allowed only from the inside of the installation seam, provided that a continuous vapor barrier layer is installed using vapor barrier tape.
In the case of using box profiles with a width of more than 80 mm and if the width of the installation gap exceeds the dimensions provided for by this standard by more than 1.5 times, the gap should be filled in layers, with intervals between layers using the technology recommended by the manufacturer of the foam insulation.
B.5.4 The internal vapor barrier layer is installed continuously along the entire contour of the wall opening.
When using vapor barrier tape materials to insulate the inner layer, the following requirements should be followed:
Cutting the tapes along the length should be done with an allowance for overlap at the corner joints;
The connection of the tapes with the surfaces of the window block and the wall opening along the entire perimeter should be tight, without folds or bulges;
When installing a vapor barrier tape under the plaster layer, tapes with an outer coating should be used, which ensures the necessary adhesion to the plaster mortar;
It is allowed to join the tapes along the length in straight sections, with an overlap of at least 1/2 of the nominal width of the tape.
B.6 Arrangement of junction points for finishing elements (cladding parts) of wall openings to window blocks
B.6.1 The junction of the internal slopes (regardless of their design) to the frame of the window unit and the assembly seam must be sealed, and measures must be taken to prevent the appearance of cracks and crevices during operation. For example, sealing joints with sealants or other materials that have sufficient deformation resistance.
B.6.2 When installing a window drain at the junction points with the wall opening and frame of the window unit, measures should be taken to prevent moisture from entering the installation seam, and gaskets (dampers) should be installed under the drains to reduce the noise impact of raindrops. The recommended overhang of the drain beyond the outer surface of the wall is 30-40 mm.
B.6.3 The connection of the window sill to the frame of the window block is made tight, airtight and resistant to deformation. It is recommended to install the window sill on support bearing pads and foam insulation.
B.6.4 At the points where individual frames of window units are connected to each other or where they are connected to stand, spacer, rotary or expansion profiles, measures should be taken to prevent the formation of thermal bridges. It is allowed to install self-expanding tapes or other insulating materials that provide the necessary resistance to heat transfer and deformation stability in such units along the entire abutment contour.
B.6.5 Protective films from profiles of sashes and frames are removed in accordance with the recommendations of the profile manufacturers, taking into account the conditions for safe work.
B.7 Safety requirements
When carrying out work on installing installation joints, as well as when storing insulating and other materials, the requirements of building codes and safety regulations in construction, fire safety rules during construction and installation work and SSBT standards (system of occupational safety standards) must be observed. Safety instructions must be developed for all technological operations and production processes (including operations related to the operation of electrical equipment and work at height).
Calculation method for assessing the temperature regime of junctions of window blocks to wall openings
The method is intended for assessing the temperature conditions of junctions of window blocks with wall openings and selecting the most rational design solution for installation joints, taking into account the geometric shape, location and thermal conductivity of sealing materials, window blocks and wall structures.
The essence of the method is to model the stationary process of heat transfer through the joints of the window block to the wall opening using appropriate software.
D.1 Software requirements
D.1.1 The software used to carry out the calculation must have accompanying technical documentation and provide the ability to calculate a two-dimensional (flat) or three-dimensional (spatial) temperature field, heat flows and heat transfer resistance in a given area of enclosing structures at inpatient conditions heat transfer.
D.1.2 Input of initial data should be done either graphically (from the monitor screen) or in the form of tabular data and provide the ability to set the required characteristics of materials and boundary conditions of the structure being calculated in a given area; In this case, it is possible to use both a data bank and specify initial data in the form of calculated values.
D.1.3 Presentation of calculation results should provide the ability to visualize the temperature field, determine the temperature at any point in the calculated area, determine the total incoming and outgoing heat flows through given surfaces and the heat transfer resistance of local sections of structures.
D.1.4 The final results of the calculation must be presented in documented form and include: calculated temperatures of external and internal air, heat transfer coefficients of surfaces, temperature distribution over a given section of the calculated unit, information on incoming and outgoing heat flows, heat transfer resistance values of local sections of structures.
D.2 General instructions
D.2.1 An assessment of the temperature regime of junctions between the window block and wall openings should be carried out for the following characteristic sections (Figure D.1):
The interface between the window block and the pier (horizontal section);
Interface unit with the window sill (vertical section);
Interface unit with window opening lintels (vertical section);
Interface unit between the balcony door threshold and the floor slab (for balcony doors).
When using a program for calculating three-dimensional temperature fields, the temperature regime of the indicated sections can be assessed based on the calculation of one spatial block, including a fragment outer wall with filling the window opening.
For surfaces bordering external and internal air - in accordance with the outlines of the structural elements of the fences;
For surfaces (sections) limiting the calculation area - along the symmetry axes of enclosing structures or at a distance of at least four thicknesses of the structural element falling within the section.
D.2.3 Boundary conditions should be accepted:
For surfaces bordering external and internal air in accordance with the design standards of relevant buildings and structures and the climatic region of construction;
For surfaces (sections) limiting the computational area, the heat flow and heat transfer coefficients should be taken equal to zero.
D.2.4 It is recommended to calculate the temperature conditions of junction nodes in the following order:
The dimensions of the computational domain are determined and characteristic sections are selected;
Draw up design diagrams of junction nodes; in this case, complex configurations of sections, for example curved ones, are replaced by simpler ones if this configuration has a minor impact in terms of thermal engineering;
Prepare and enter into the program the initial data: geometric dimensions, calculated thermal conductivity coefficients, calculated temperatures of external and internal air, calculated heat transfer coefficients of surface sections;
The temperature field is calculated;
Visualize the calculation results; analyze the nature of the temperature distribution in the area under consideration, determine the temperature of the internal and external surfaces at individual points; set the minimum temperature of the internal surface; the calculation results are compared with the requirements of this standard and other regulatory documents; determine the total heat flux entering the computational domain; if necessary, the design solution of the junction node is changed and repeated calculations are carried out;
Prepare a documented report based on the calculation results.
D.3 Basic requirements for accompanying technical documentation
The accompanying technical documentation must contain:
Scope of application of the software;
Information about certification of software products;
A detailed description of the purpose of the program and its functions;
Description of the procedure for installing the program on a personal computer;
Description of mathematical models used in the program;
Detailed user manual with implementation examples;
Technical support service coordinates.
D.4 Calculation example
It is necessary to calculate the temperature field and evaluate the possibility of condensation on the surface of the junction of a window block made of laminated wood according to GOST 24700 to the single-layer wall brick wall from solid brick on cement-sand mortar (horizontal section). The outer waterproofing layer is a pre-compressed sealing tape, the central thermal insulation layer is foam insulation, the inner vapor barrier layer is vapor barrier tape. The surface of the window slope is insulated with a thermal liner made of extruded polystyrene foam 25 mm thick. The main dimensions and characteristics of the materials of the window block and the outer wall are presented in Figure D.2.
Analysis of the calculation results shows that the minimum temperature of the internal surface is observed in the area where the window frame interfaces with the slope of the window opening and is . Comparison of the minimum temperature of the internal surface with the “dew point” temperature indicates the absence of conditions for condensation on the surface of this junction unit (at the same time, the temperature on the internal surface of the glass unit in the area of the spacer frame is 3.4 ° C, which will cause condensation in this area) .
Figure D.1 - Layout of sections for checking the temperature conditions of junctions of window blocks to external walls: a – window block; b – balcony door
Figure D.3 - Results of calculating the temperature distribution at the junction of a window block made of laminated wood to a wall made of solid brick
Appendix D
(informational)
Information about the developers of the standard
This standard was prepared by a working group of specialists consisting of:
N.V. Shvedov, Gosstroy of Russia (head);
HELL. Krivoshein, SibADI;
G.A. Pakhotin, SibADI;
A.A. Klimukhin, NIISF RAASN;
V.A Lobanov, NIISF RAASN;
V.A. Mogutov, NIISF RAASN;
V.A. Anikin, MNIITEP;
P.E. Nesterenko, “illbruk”;
A.A. Lokochinsky, “illbruk”;
V. Miller, Gealan Werk Fickenscher GmbH;
V.A.Kozionov, JSC "KBE - Window Technologies";
V.A. Ignatenko, CJSC “KBE – Window Technologies”;
V.A. Tarasov, JSC "KBE - Window Technologies";
S.A. Maryasin, SPK Concept LLC;
Yu.P. Alexandrov, JSC "TsNIIPromzdanii";
V.A. Zubkov, IC "Samarastroytest";
A.Yu. Kurenkova, NIUPTS "Interregional Window Institute";
O. Naumann, Fischer;
A.V. Spiridonov, APROK;
I.A. Rumyantseva, State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy";
IN AND. Snetkov, State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy";
D.N. Shvedov, Center for Certification of Window and Door Technology;
O.M. Martynov, Federal Center for Certification in Construction;
N.Yu. Rumyantsev, Robitex LLC;
V.S. Savich, Federal State Unitary Enterprise CNS
The threshold on a balcony or loggia performs many functions. But first of all, it is thermal insulation and decor. In the latter version, such an element requires additional finishing with one of the types of flooring: tiles, boards, linoleum and others. Most often the question arises of how to make a threshold for a balcony from laminate, since such material has become quite common today, displacing competitors. What is worth knowing about such finishing, and the principles of installing laminated boards at the transition between two rooms?
This is what a laminate threshold looks like between the room and the balcony
Despite the fact that such an element as the threshold to the balcony is located indoors, it performs several important functions that improve comfort and living in the apartment:
These are the main reasons why it is necessary to make and finish a threshold between rooms. Otherwise, unpleasant consequences may arise, from drafts or freezing to water entering through an unglazed room in the form of precipitation. 
However, most often such an element as a threshold is already in the design of the apartment, and it just needs to be finished, and not necessarily with laminate, because the range of materials is more extensive.
Various options for balcony thresholds
When choosing this or that material for making or finishing the threshold between the balcony and the room, you should be guided by the rule that this part should be matched to the door leading to the balcony, or to the main flooring in the room. They should be selected in the same color scheme without creating too sharp contrasts that will catch the eye.
Design option for a laminate threshold between the room and the balcony
So, depending on design solution In terms of design, it is possible to use the following types of threshold finishing on a loggia or balcony:
- Tile covering. Ceramic tiles are used if they are also used for flooring the entire room. Typically, this option is used when there is access to the balcony from the kitchen. Tiles are a very practical material, they are easy to clean and wash, and installation does not take much time. But, you should carefully approach the choice of material and try to choose non-slip types, otherwise in the future it will be difficult to move on a wet surface;
- Wood. Natural wood remains the most popular flooring, despite the emergence of many of its substitutes. Thresholds and floors made from this material have excellent thermal insulation properties. However, the main reason for its popularity is that no one artificial material cannot exactly replicate the individuality of its natural counterpart. When planning to finish the threshold with wood, it is worth remembering that periodically you will need to renew the protective paintwork to protect against wear and damage;
Wooden threshold to the balcony
- Plastic. With the spread of metal-plastic entrance systems, thresholds made from the same material have become widespread. After all, in fact, the finishing does not require constant maintenance and renewal, and the service life is quite long. The plastic floor is practical and easy to keep in order by periodically wiping it with a cloth. The only drawback is that such a threshold can be broken under heavy load on the surface;
- Linoleum. The most budget-friendly type of threshold finishing, used for flooring of the same material. It is very easy to maintain, and its strength and wear resistance are comparable to its plastic counterparts. The only downside is that the surface can be scratched or torn;
An example of a linoleum threshold for a balcony
- Laminate. A cheaper analogue of natural wood, but does not require preventive re-coating. The resulting ideal threshold surfaces can be easily cleaned from contamination. The downside is that if the laminated layer is damaged, the material will lose its quality.
The most common types of threshold covering today are linoleum, tiles and laminated boards, selected depending on the design of the room.
But, if everything is clear with the first two options, then how to make a threshold for a balcony from laminate?
The window frame and door to the balcony have already been installed, glazing has been done and interior decoration, but there was one more small detail left - the threshold at the door. It is a must do. But how? If you are familiar with construction, then doing all the work will not be difficult. But if you have no experience, you will have to suffer a little. It is better to follow the advice of experts, then all the work will not take much time and will seem easy.
Do I need a threshold on the balcony?
Many people wonder whether a threshold for a balcony door is needed at all, especially if the balcony itself is glazed and turned into a small room? But experts will answer that it is necessary. And there are several reasons for this. Firstly, the threshold will significantly improve the aesthetic appearance. With its help you can make a smooth transition from the floor of the main room to the floor on the balcony. Secondly, it serves as additional protection against cold penetration into the apartment. The threshold will also provide some safety - when going out onto the balcony you will not be in danger of getting caught on the high threshold.
Materials for balcony thresholds
Photo 2. Selecting material for making the threshold You can make a threshold for a balcony door yourself, this will save you money on calling a specialist. But you still have to buy the material, because not a single job can be done without it. The choice of material will depend on your desires and preferences. Typically, you can use the following ideas:
- use brick, for example, silicate;
- use cement mortar and finish with tiles;
- if the door to the balcony is made of plastic, then the threshold can be made of the same material;
- use wood.
Using bricks
Photo 3. Brick balcony threshold Brick is used where the distance from the door frame strip to the floor in the room is quite large. Usage cement mortar in this case it can be quite expensive, and brick will easily eliminate these discrepancies.
Initially, you need to prepare the floor surface. Remove all uneven surfaces and old coating, then apply putty. It is better to take one that, after drying, leaves a very rough surface, so the bricks will stick better.
The next step is to prepare a mixture of cement and sand. They are taken in a ratio of one to three, respectively. For better adhesion, you can add a little gypsum mixture. Then we begin laying the bricks. The first layer must be made of cement mortar, and the first row of bricks must be laid on it. If you decide to finish the threshold with tiles, then you need to leave space from the top level of the bricks to the level of the bottom door strip. Also leave some space at the ends.
Photo 4. Leveling the floor 
Photo 5. Laying bricks on a layer of cement mortar
After the bricks are laid, cover them with a layer of cement mortar and level them with a spatula. This will prepare the surface for laying tiles. After the mixture has dried, finishing can be done. Laying tiles or simply laying linoleum is up to the owner. In any case, the durability of such a design will be ensured.
Using cement-sand mortar
If the height of the threshold is small, then a mixture of sand and cement is quite suitable. This design is much easier and faster to make, and you will need less materials. For any concrete work (and a solution of sand and cement will turn into concrete after drying), you cannot do without formwork. Don't be afraid of this construction term; these are just small wooden planks. Their height and length must correspond to the future threshold, and their thickness should not exceed two centimeters. You may also need fragments of bricks, this is necessary for strength future design.
Photo 6. Balcony threshold made of cement-sand mortar Prepare the surface first. Clean everything thoroughly and apply putty. Then install the formwork and prepare cement mixture. You need to prepare the solution according to the same “recipe” as for the option with a brick threshold. Take three parts sand to one part cement. Everything is thoroughly mixed. To do this, you can use a construction mixer or do everything by hand.
Then pour the prepared solution into the space formed between the formwork boards. The surface needs to be well leveled, because this will already be the finishing stage. After drying, you can lay out tiles or cover the threshold with linoleum at your discretion.
Plastic threshold
If the elevation of the door above the floor of the room is small, you can make a threshold from plastic. This finish has a rather attractive appearance, which is especially good if the door leading to the balcony is made of plastic. Another advantage of the design is the speed of its installation. All work may take only a couple of hours. However, there is also a minus - plastic thresholds do not last very long, which means that after a year you will have to roll up your sleeves again.
Photo 7. Plastic threshold All work consists of mounting the guides to the wall using self-tapping screws. Then the plastic threshold itself is put on them. The plastic needs to be placed on polyurethane foam, since this way it will stick well. In this way, the penetration of cold will be prevented, and such a substrate will also extend its service life. plastic construction.
Old and reliable tree
Photo 8. Wooden threshold to the balcony Wood can be used both for high threshold heights and for low ones; the difference will only be in the material consumption. Such designs are also often found in apartments, like all previous options.
Wood has many advantages over other materials, among which are the following:
- wood is easy to work with;
- the material does not allow cold to pass through, especially if such a threshold is additionally insulated mineral wool;
- tree is natural material, and therefore environmentally friendly.
For work you may need:
- wooden blocks(their height and width must correspond to the dimensions of the future structure);
- a sheet of chipboard (it will act as the top of the threshold, such material is quite durable and can withstand heavy loads);
- carpentry tools (hammer, hacksaw);
- an ordinary household drill (you can take an impact drill, it will be more convenient and faster);
- dowels, corners (to strengthen the structure), screws.
First you need to make a frame, which will be a frame of bars according to the size of the threshold. You can adjust the size using a hacksaw. The bars themselves are held together using self-tapping screws, the corners need to be strengthened metal corners. You also need to make holes in each corner through which the frame will be attached to the floor.
Once the frame is sized, lay it in place. Use a pencil to mark its location. Then, using a drill, you need to make holes on the floor for the dowels. The next step is to attach the frame to the floor. Once everything is securely fastened, installation can begin. chipboard sheet. Mark it according to the size of the threshold and saw off the excess. Then secure the sheet to the frame using self-tapping screws. The threshold is almost ready, all that remains is to refine it and give it a beautiful appearance.
As you can see, making a threshold for a balcony yourself is not a difficult task. You can use any of listed options, it all depends on the distance between the door strip and the floor in the room, as well as on your preferences. All work will take no more than one working day, but as a result your balcony will have a finished look.
1. you have done everything according to the project and absolutely correctly. No one will change anything for you and don’t even entertain yourself with illusions. Everything that is written here about claims and lawyers is nonsense. Such thresholds are found in all modern new buildings.
2. if you want to change the window unit (windows), this is from a different story. Trend recent years The reality is that developers install cheap windows, some kind of “proplex” with a width of only 58 mm, which, in general, can only be used on a balcony very carefully. Often people change them to a stronger profile, usually 70 mm thick.
3. The arrangement of your threshold does not bring anything supernatural. There is no need to build any steps (as suggested above). Everything is simpler. Here is the most reasonable algorithm:
You cut down all the brick under the window frame. The fact is that the brick is hollow and it will not be possible to level it with a hammer drill; it will simply crumble. Cut the mesh with a grinder.
Buy aerated concrete block 10 cm thick and place it instead of bricks so that from the side of the room it is flush with the frame or better 1-2 mm deep (then putty these 1-2 mm). The gap between the block and the frame is foam. In general, the block should protrude approximately 3-4 cm relative to the frame on the balcony.
As we can see from the side of the room, the issue is closed, all that remains is to fill the screed required thickness and lay a clean floor covering. On the balcony you will have to raise the floor to the height of the threshold. This height is very convenient for using expanded clay. Pour expanded clay 5 cm below the level of the edge of the block, then 5 cm of screed, it will be flush, i.e. completely flat area. Before filling the expanded clay and pouring the screed on the balcony, you need to insulate the walls, this is if you plan to insulate the entire balcony. If you don’t insulate the walls first, the floor will act as a bridge of cold from the street to the balcony.
For more information about insulating balconies with photos, read my blog about balconies
And from the side of the room you will get something like this.
1. aerated concrete block under the frame
2. already a final version
There is another option. From the side of the room you fill the area on top of the bricks. We'll have to make formwork. Subsequently, during finishing finishing, cover this platform (step) with tiles. Tajiks really like to put a window sill there, which is also, in general, an option. On the balcony side everything is the same - expanded clay and screed. Then your room will look something like this.
Specialization: master in construction plasterboard structures, finishing works and laying floor coverings. Installation of door and window units, finishing of facades, installation of electrical, plumbing and heating - I can give detailed advice on all types of work.
The threshold to the balcony is the place where two different rooms, and in this area there are often significant differences in height. If you do not refine this part of the structure and make it more convenient for use, then you risk stumbling over a protruding door frame for years.
It is much easier, after installing the balcony block, to build a comfortable and safe platform or even steps (this also happens if the height difference is too large), this is what I will talk about in the review.
Work options
From the title it is clear that I will talk about four options for carrying out the work, each of them has proven its reliability, so you need to choose the one that best suits your design. And the surrounding interior should be taken into account, because if you have wood trim, then installing plastic is at least unwise.
Method 1 - building a brick threshold
This option was previously used everywhere; in Soviet times, no one came up with simple solutions at all: “If everyone is laying bricks, then it’s right,” developers reasoned and built a threshold for the balcony from this material.
But even today this solution is often used; it is most suitable in the following situations:
- When the height difference between the balcony door frame and the opening is very large. Often installers lay down a brick when installing a balcony block, in this case ask them to position it so that it stands level, and you can then lay the rest of the space without problems;
- If the opening is severely damaged and its strength is of concern, this happens in old houses. It’s easier to lay the threshold with a brick; it will definitely strengthen the plane, and it will not crack and crumble under loads.
This work option can only be used if the difference is at least a few centimeters greater than the height of the brick. You will need to level the surface and then finish it, and if the height is not enough, then your threshold may be higher than the door frame.
For work we will need the following materials:
| Brick | Most often you need several pieces, many advise using the silicate version, but, in my opinion, other types are no worse. The strength of any of the types is enough for the eyes; it will withstand much more than the weight of a person |
| Masonry mortar | I could advise you to buy cement, dig up sand and mix the solution yourself, but it is much easier to buy a bag ready-made composition, which just needs to be diluted with water and used for its intended purpose. The price of a bag weighing 25 kg is approximately 250 rubles, and we don’t need more |
| Perforated corner | We need a piece to level the corner, but the corner is sold only in pieces of 2.5-3 meters, we will have to buy a whole one. The cost of this product is cheap, so you will not incur large expenses |
| Primer | It can be used to pre-treat the surface if it is too loose. Also, the primer is applied to the finished result after the solution has dried, this is necessary to strengthen the surface, sand stops coming from it, and absorbency decreases |
In order for the solution to harden faster, you can add a little (10-15%) gypsum; no more is needed. If you overdo it, you will have to work hard with the solution, and most likely it will harden faster than you can use it.
We can’t do without a tool:
- To prepare the solution you need a container and a drill with a mixer attachment. But, as a last resort, we can do without a power tool, then we will need a strong stick with which we will vigorously stir the mixture;
- The mortar can be applied to the brick either with a mason's trowel or with a spatula; the amount of work is small, so use what you have. It is convenient to use a spatula to level the surface at the end of work; this is also important;
- Most likely, in some places you will have to put pieces of brick; the easiest way is to beat it to the required size with a mason’s hammer; we don’t need perfect accuracy, but there won’t be a column of dust, as when cutting with a grinder;
Instructions on how to make a threshold on a balcony look like this:
- First of all, it is necessary to clean the base of debris and dust; if there are sagging solutions, protruding areas and protrusions on it, then they need to be removed. Try to prepare the surface as best as possible - the smoother it is, the easier it will be for you to carry out the work. If there are sagging foam, then they must be carefully and evenly cut off with a sharp construction knife;
- Then it gets ready masonry mortar, this is done as described in the instructions on the package, everything is very simple, and the main thing is to maintain the proportions of water and mixture. It is important to mix the mass well so that there are no lumps or unmixed areas left in it, it should be uniform;
- The mortar is applied under the base of the brick. After which it needs to be spread on the end side so that the seams are also filled with the mixture. The laying is carried out in one layer, so there is nothing complicated in the work - lay an even layer and carefully press the elements;
- If necessary, the brick is beaten with a pick until the right size, here you need to look at the situation. The surface is covered with a layer of mortar, a corner is placed on the corner, level it with a spatula to achieve best result. When the surface dries, it can be slightly moistened and leveled with a foam float, so the plane will become almost perfect.
At this point the process is over, our threshold is ready, I will tell you below how it can be finished.
Method 2 – filling the threshold with solution
The device of this type of design differs from the one described above. It is suitable for cases where the level needs to be raised, but the height smaller size bricks Honestly, I use this option almost always when I need to raise the plane; I find it simpler and faster.
To work we need the following:
- Cement-sand mixture brand M-150, it is very convenient for pouring screeds and it is inexpensive - about 100 rubles for a 50-kilogram bag;
- To construct the formwork, we need a board of the required height, 25 mm thick, its length should be slightly larger than the width of the opening in which we will fill the threshold.
The tools you need are a container for stirring the solution, a spatula and a grater for final leveling.
The work is carried out according to the following scheme:
- First of all, you need to clean the base from dirt and cut off the mounting foam if it sticks out. There is no need to beat off protruding areas; if the surface is very crumbly, you can walk over it with a primer;
- Then you need to install the formwork, the board is simply pressed tightly against the wall and fixed with any heavy object - a tile, a bag of mixture, etc.;
- The solution is prepared as indicated on the package; its consistency, in fact, is not important, but you should not add a lot of water, as the mixture will turn out to be too liquid;
- If the layer of mortar is thick, then stones, broken bricks, crushed stone or concrete chips are placed in the cavity. The layer should not be higher than the level of the future threshold; if the thickness of the fill is small, then you can do without filler;
- The solution is poured carefully so that it fills the entire volume and reaches the level we require. The surface is leveled with a spatula, and excess composition, if any, is also removed;
- After the surface has dried (in an hour or two), you need to moisten it and rub it with a grater., so you will get flat surface, the side that is adjacent to the board will already be smooth.
Again, I’ll tell you about the finishing below.
Method 3 – threshold from a plastic window sill
This option is good for its simplicity and low cost. But there is one important nuance: if the window sill is of poor quality, it will quickly break when people move around, and you will have to replace it. But if you buy a good option, there will be no problems.
To work we need the following:
- Plastic window sill required length and width;
- Polyurethane foam for gluing the element;
- Sealant for filling joints;
- End plates for side faces;
- Blocks for stops (if necessary).
A plastic threshold from a window sill is made as follows:
- The base is cleaned of dust and dirt, excess foam is cut off;
- The opening is measured and the window sill is cut according to the profile we need.. Do not cut too much at once, it is better to fit the element as accurately as possible, it is undesirable to make mistakes;
- The element is tried on, you need to determine to what height it needs to be raised; if the difference is small, then you can put the threshold on foam, but if the height is more than 1 cm, then it is better to place bars or plastic plates at the required level;
- Then apply in an even layer polyurethane foam, you don’t need to put too much of it, as it expands during polymerization and can lift our structure. The threshold is carefully glued to the surface and pressed with a weight to hold it in the desired position;
- After the foam has hardened, it is worth inspecting our structure; if there are cracks at the joints, then they need to be sealed with white silicone, it will protect the space under the threshold from moisture. The ends are closed with special plugs, and the work is completed.
On the Internet, I often saw advice to screw the threshold with self-tapping screws, in my opinion, this is at least frivolous: there is simply nowhere to screw in the hardware, concrete is not the best base for them. And I have no doubts about the strength of the fastening without self-tapping screws.
Method 4 - constructing a wooden threshold
This option is good in the appropriate setting, if you have wooden trim or the room is decorated in a rustic style and other similar trends. To work we need the following:
- Board or others wooden elements for the construction of a threshold;
- A couple of bars to create a base for the threshold.
Let's figure out how to install such a structure:
- First of all, as always, the base is cleaned and all unnecessary is removed;
- Next, you need to build a frame, it is made from bars of a tedious height; if necessary, they can be trimmed or, conversely, slats can be placed under them to create a flat plane at the level we require;
- Using a hammer drill, holes are drilled in the base and block, into which quick-installation dowels of the required length are then inserted and screws are driven in to secure the structure. You should get a flat, solid base for the future threshold;
- Next, our board for the threshold is placed; it can be fixed around the perimeter with screws or nails. In the future, all joints will be covered with a wooden corner and no fasteners will be visible. The easiest way to glue corners is with liquid nails;
- You can assemble a balcony threshold from clapboard; to do this, it is cut into pieces of the required length and attached to the groove. After installation is completed, the outer corner is glued or nailed with finishing nails;
- Naturally, wood needs protection from moisture and abrasion. The surface must be treated with an antiseptic composition, after which either varnish is applied to it, it all depends on your wishes. The compositions must be wear-resistant; the threshold must be painted at least twice.
Threshold finishing options
Of the options we reviewed, two provide an excellent final result, and two act as a base on which to lay the coating. Let's figure out how to finish a threshold on a balcony using brick and mortar with your own hands. The first option is to use ceramic tiles, this material is characterized by the highest strength and wear resistance, which means it is excellent for our purposes.
The technology for carrying out the work is as follows:
- Since our plane is prepared and primed, we can immediately begin measuring. You need to calculate how the tiles will be positioned. It should lie symmetrically, that is, it should not look like a whole piece is laid on one side and half on the other; arrange the elements evenly, it looks much better;
- Ceramics are cut using a tile cutter or grinder with a concrete disc. It is important to take careful measurements so that the elements lie evenly;
- The tiles are placed on a special adhesive, which is applied with a notched trowel. To ensure that the seams are the same size, you need to insert spacer crosses into them. Control the plane using a level; all elements must lie flat;
- You can also tile the wall under the threshold, it all depends on your wishes, the work here is carried out in the same way. For strength, you can insert a special element into the corner joint, but this is not necessary if you have a smooth joint;
For the threshold, choose tiles with a structured surface; smooth ceramics are extremely undesirable, as you can very easily slip on them.
- After the adhesive composition has hardened, its excess is removed, and the seams are filled with fugue; it makes the appearance of the threshold neater and protects the base from water penetration.
The second finishing option is a laminate threshold; it is quite simple to implement and therefore popular these days. The technology of work is as follows:
- Measurements are taken and the required piece of laminate is cut out; most often, one strip is enough, especially since they come in different widths and can be selected optimal solution. You can cut the material with a fine-toothed wood hacksaw or a metal hacksaw, but if you have a jigsaw, the process will be even easier;
- The finished piece is tried on, if everything is fine, then liquid nails are applied to its back side, after which the element is pressed tightly to the surface. Proper Use The instructions on the packaging will tell you the composition;
- IN last resort The corner is attached to the step, they are sold in hardware stores, and you just need to cut a piece of the required width.
I’ll tell you about one more solution - finishing the threshold on the balcony with linoleum. This material is inexpensive, especially since you can buy a piece from waste. The work is done like this:
- A piece of material is applied to the surface, after which the lines along which it will be cut are marked; try to cut the linoleum as carefully as possible so that the joints are without defects;
- Then the base is lubricated with linoleum glue, and the material is pressed at its location, level it and press tightly for the best adhesion, paying special attention to the joints;
- Lastly, a metal corner is attached, which will strengthen the protrusion and prevent damage to the linoleum in this place.
Conclusion
The threshold to the balcony should not only be reliable and safe, but also attractive, so be sure to use one of the options described above. The video in this article will help you understand some important nuances even better, and if you suddenly do not understand something, then do not hesitate to ask questions in the comments under this review.
