Lecture number 1.

Topic number 1. Introduction. The subject of the course, its structure. Physical-mechanical and protective properties of building materials and their practical evaluation

Questions: Time: 2 hours.

1. The value of building materials in the construction of industrial and civil facilities.

2. The task and content of the course, the volume and organization of educational work on its study.

3. Classification of the properties of building materials. Dependence of properties on composition and structure.

Literature: p. 15…19, 74…94. With. 1…12.

Discipline:

"Materials Science. Technology of Structural Materials»

3 semester Lectures - 8 - 16 hours.

Laboratory work - 8 - 16 hours. Test.

4th semester Lectures – 9 am – 6 pm Exam.

INTRODUCTION:

Everything that surrounds us

Real world -

called matter (atoms, living and

material

dead cells made up of them

organisms, etc. are different types).

Forms of motion of matter:

Matter does not disappear

biological, mechanical,

re-created, it is only

electrical, thermal, etc.

changes its forms of movement.

Substance is a separate species

Materials - substances and their

matter that has

complexes with

certain composition and

consumer properties

properties

and used in

(substance can be simple,

production to obtain

complex, clean and

other materials, products and

mixed).

structures.

Materials Science- the science of methods of obtaining, the most important properties and areas of application of materials.

The cost of building materials and products in construction is more than half of the total cost of construction and installation works.

Building materials and products used in production must fully comply with regulatory requirements.

An unreasonable reduction in the quality of materials in order to save money is unacceptable and can lead to even greater losses in case of accidents.

“Paradox” – matter does not disappear, and materials often disappear without a trace!!! It is not the laws of physics that are to blame here, but criminal offenses: theft, violations of norms and negligence!

In materials science, the rules of careful treatment of materials, their safe storage, economical use and rational use are studied.

BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

The basis of any type of construction:

Capital construction of buildings and structures

Repair and restoration

Construction and reconstruction

quality, economic

efficiency and aesthetic properties largely determine the reliability, durability, utilitarian and social purpose of objects, the cost and timing of construction and installation works.

HISTORICAL ASPECT OF THE APPLICATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Ancient Russia Natural (natural) materials: forest, stone,

clay (non-firing - mortars, raw bricks), reeds, straw, natural paints, drying oil, etc.

The first artificial materials: building lime, lime mortars and paints, window glass, hardware, etc.

Middle Ages Natural (natural) materials - expansion

nomenclature - the origin of factory production and processing.

Artificial materials: alabaster, hydraulic lime, ceramic bricks, tiles, tiles, colored glass; cast iron, forged steel products, etc. - the development of factory production.

New history Natural (natural) materials - further

expansion of the range - the introduction of industrial production and processing.

Artificial materials: cements, cement concretes and mortars, petroleum bitumens and asphalt concretes, polymer binders and compositions based on them - the development of industrial production.

The newest period Natural (natural) materials - further

expansion of the range - industrial production, processing, modification with polymers.

Artificial materials: rapid development of the nomenclature; special cements, reinforced concrete products and structures, polymeric and composite materials and products - the development of information technology.

THE CONCEPT OF THE PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

Each building material has certain properties.

Material properties- these are objectively existing features of their condition and behavior depending on various factors.

Density;

Strength;

Hardness;

Porosity;

Humidity;

- hygroscopicity;

Wall blocks made of polystyrene concrete

Polystyrene concrete belongs to cellular lightweight concrete. Its porousization is achieved by introducing foamed polystyrene granules with a density of 8-16 kg/m5 into the cement mixture. In addition, unlike foam concrete and aerated concrete, the pores of polystyrene concrete have a closed structure. Due to this, it has higher heat-shielding properties than foam concrete and aerated concrete. The coefficient of its thermal conductivity is from 0.55 to 0.12 W / m C.

Granular and block foam zeolite and foam glass

The production of products is based on low-temperature foaming (up to 850°C) and local raw materials. Zeolite foam and foam glass are environmentally friendly, biologically stable and very warm materials with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.06 - 0.09 W / (m ° C). They have practically zero water absorption, are characterized by good frost resistance and are ideal for use in Siberian climatic conditions. Their service life is more than 100 years, which is twice as long as the working life of thermal insulation materials used today.

Linen slabs

Linen is an environmentally friendly material, which, thanks to modern production technologies, has received a new form of execution, improved heat-shielding characteristics and a wider scope.

Starch is used as a binder; for fire and biological protection, the material is impregnated with natural boron salts. Flax slabs do not support combustion and are characterized by excellent thermal conductivity and sound absorption, providing protection from heat, cold and noise at home. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material with a thickness of 5 cm and a density of 32-34 kg / m3 is 0.038 - 0.04 W / mK. Sound absorption coefficient - 0.98.

Diabase is a finely dispersed powder formed during the crushing of diabase rock to obtain crushed stone. When it is introduced into the composition of the masonry building material, the appearance of efflorescence on the surface of such a block or brick is practically excluded, the quality of the product itself improves, the material gains strength in the early stages of hardening. The complete replacement of cement with diabase as part of a building masonry or finishing material ensures the production of waterproof products.

In tandem with other industrial waste (flax fire, sawdust) diabase allows to significantly improve the characteristics of heat-insulating and structural-heat-insulating materials in terms of thermal conductivity.

Liquid thermal insulation

The composition of the heat-insulating material includes calibrated ceramic and silicone microspheres with rarefied air. During the polymerization of the material, they create the necessary "vacuum". Thermal conductivity coefficient of microspheres - no more than 0.00083 W/mK. The basis of liquid thermal insulation is an acrylic binder, plus catalysts, fixatives and additives.

The paintwork material has excellent adhesion to almost any type of surface (concrete, metal, plastic, wood) of various architectural forms. The elasticity of the coating allows the use of thermal protection technology in new construction, as well as on surfaces subject to thermal expansion. No "spider" cracks on the walls of the house with subsidence of the building structure are formed.

Large format ceramic slabs

They have all the properties of porcelain stoneware - fire resistance, moisture resistance, frost resistance, durability. However, having a thickness of only 3 mm, they also have extraordinary impact resistance - it is quite difficult to break them with a hammer even if desired. Compared to porcelain stoneware, large-format slabs are lightweight and can be bent. The material is cut with a conventional glass cutter.

In the production of plates, a mixture of clay, feldspar, quartz sand and mineral dyes is pressed, but not in a form, but by rolling. The sheet obtained in this way is fired in a special furnace at a temperature of over 1220°C, which ensures the homogeneity of the ceramic mass and the finished product.

Plates made using the new technology are distinguished by an exceptionally high degree of flatness and the absence of internal stress in the material. The new material almost does not wear out, does not scratch, is not afraid of ultraviolet radiation and does not change its color. He is not harmed by constant cleanings. Plates are environmentally friendly and hygienic, because they do not emit harmful substances.

Roll self-adhesive waterproofing material

It is produced on the basis of reinforcing fiberglass impregnated with a bitumen-polymer composition with targeted additives that improve performance properties. This structure has many advantages. Thanks to this basis, the material is quite flexible, which greatly facilitates the installation of waterproofing. The upper bitumen-polymer layer protects the waterproofing from any kind of damage. With the help of the bottom - the waterproofing fabric is glued to any base.

Extruded polystyrene foam

With it, you can build any structure, including walls, partitions, floors, ceilings. The fundamental difference between extruded polystyrene foam boards and other structural materials is that the new product has high heat and sound insulation properties.

Plates made of expanded polystyrene do not crumble, do not get wet, fungus and mold do not form on them, and the construction of them does not deform from dampness. With the help of cuts on the slab, and making them much easier than on drywall, you can build any bent structure. Also, extruded polystyrene foam can be used at objects for various purposes and with different levels of humidity.

Clinker

Clinker is a brick, but a brick with a number of advantages that conventional brick lacks. Its main advantage over other facing materials is the price. Compared to, say, facing decorative stone, clinker is much cheaper and allows you to save a significant amount of money spent on finishing the facade. The next advantage of clinker is the variety of shapes and colors. Clinker brick does not contain chemical impurities in its composition, and consists only of water and clay with the addition of dyes. This is another advantage of such a facing material, it is natural and environmentally friendly. Well, the last thing I would like to note about clinker bricks is its frost resistance and resistance to various natural phenomena that have a devastating effect on ordinary bricks.

Teplosten

The heat wall is presented in the form of a block, which consists of three layers. The first layer is a load-bearing block that carries the main load, the second is a layer of insulation, usually polystyrene, less often mineral wool, and the last is a decorative facade layer. In terms of thermal conductivity, such a block is 6 times superior to ordinary brick. The heat wall is mounted using tile adhesive, which is applied in a thin layer, which eliminates the appearance of efflorescence on the wall surface. This material has a large variety of configurations and design options. In terms of thermal conductivity, these blocks have no equal; they can retain both heat in winter and coolness in summer.

Penoplex

This is a new generation heater. It is a board made of extruded polystyrene foam with a very low thermal conductivity, resistant to various loads, moisture resistant, frost resistant, with a high level of sound insulation and non-flammable. Penoplex has a very wide range of applications in insulation and sound insulation. As a heater, it can be used almost everywhere, from pools to paving. Plates have grooves for more reliable and convenient attachment to each other. It is permissible to fix them both mechanically and with the help of special adhesive compositions.

linocrom

Roofing material linocrom is, perhaps, the most perfect rolled roofing today. It is a layer of polyester or fiberglass, which is coated with a special bituminous binder coating. It has high performance, is resistant to temperature extremes, water and is durable. Linocrom can be produced with or without special crumbs. This material is used not only on flat roofs, but also on pitched ones, as well as waterproofing foundations and plinths.

Liquid rubber

When using liquid rubber, the risk of water leakage through the roof is completely eliminated, because. The coating is applied by spraying in a continuous uniform layer. A distinctive feature when using liquid rubber is the possibility of its use on roofs with any configuration, as well as from any materials - concrete or wood. The use of liquid rubber does not require the removal of the old coating.

liquid tree

Liquid wood is a very practical and reliable building material.

It is made in the form of a board of polymer resins mixed with natural wood fibers.

The advantages of such boards are obvious. First of all, the price.

The price of this material is lower than the price of natural wood, despite the laborious and complex production process. Liquid wood is a real find for designers and planners who want to embody the reliability of plastic and the beauty of natural wood in their ideas.

cork floor

Cork flooring is made from the bark of the cork tree, which grows mainly in countries such as Tunisia, Spain and Portugal. A cork floor has amazing elasticity, which is achieved due to air pores that occupy half the volume of the cork itself. Such a floor is resistant to mechanical loads, such as heels or the legs of tables and chairs, and restores its original shape after the load is removed.

In addition to resistance to deformation, the cork floor has amazing soundproofing properties, so it is relevant if noisy neighbors live on the floor below. Thanks to its fine-grained structure, cork flooring is always unique and individual.

rubber tile

Rubber tiles have amazing strength, are able to withstand both hail and heat, are not affected by temperature changes and have an original appearance.

Recycled tire shingles are stronger than any known roofing material due to their ability to stretch and compress.

The warranty period for this novelty is set at around 50 years, but in reality it will last much longer. Even after the end of its useful life, the product can be recycled to produce new tiles, so in essence it is an eternal roof.

Building materials are materials used for the construction and repair of buildings and structures.

The classification of building materials is diverse. By origin, materials are divided into:

Natural (materials obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition) forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay)

Artificial (obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies) binders (cement, lime), artificial stones (brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes

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Slides captions:

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

BUILDING MATERIALS Building materials are materials used for the construction and repair of buildings and structures.

Reinforced concrete structures

BY ORIGIN - natural (materials obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition) forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay) - artificial (obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies) binders (cement, lime), artificial stones (brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes

General purpose materials (building materials that serve various purposes of their use and are used in the construction of buildings and structures of various types) forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay) - special-purpose binders (building materials that have certain properties), refractory, heat-insulating waterproofing, acoustic, X-ray protective

BY PURPOSE -wall -finishing (to give building structures decorative qualities -facing (to protect the east and west from harmful environmental influences -roofing or waterproofing (to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from harmful effects) moisture) - refractory (have increased fire resistance) - heat-insulating (to ensure a certain thermal regime) - acoustic (have sound absorption and sound insulation properties) - sanitary-technical - structural (materials that perceive and transmit loads in building structures

ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF READINESS Building materials themselves (they are processed before use) Building structures and products (finished parts and elements assembled into the building at the construction site)

BY CHEMICAL NATURE Organic (flammable, easily decomposed) Mineral Metals

BY THE TECHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE - produced by mechanical processing of natural raw materials - obtained by roasting mineral raw materials - produced on the basis of inorganic binders - obtained as a result of processing organic raw materials - produced by technological processing of organic binders

Regulatory documents for SM For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and technical conditions - TU. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, applications, classification, division into grades and brands, test methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises manufacturing building materials.

Normative documents for SM The nomenclature and technical requirements for building materials and parts, their quality, guidelines for the selection and use, depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being erected, are set out in the "Building Norms and Rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69,

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

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Building materialsIn modern construction
began to use many new
building materials,
technologies, tools for
performing various types
construction works.
Accordingly, the requirements for
modern worker
have changed.

There are many manual
electrified
tools (jigsaws,
hand mill, electric planers,
electric drills, screwdrivers,
grinding tool).

electrified tool

All these students need to be taught
use and apply, respecting
safety rules.

Many wooden products are being replaced with plastic products or metal-plastic

For example, windows, doors
blocks, plinth, platband,
window sill boards, cladding
rail.

Wooden Eurowindows

Wood + Fiberboard = Doors

Metal doors

Wooden frames are replaced with a metal profile.

Polyvinyl linoleum is replaced with carpet,

natural parquet was replaced with laminated parquet.

Wallpaper for every taste.

venetian plaster

New facing materials were introduced into production along with such as fiberboard, chipboard and plywood: OSB, MDF, Laminated

plate.

Glass wool was improved into mineral materials - Ursa, Basalt mineral slabs.

Polymeric materials from polystyrene, polystyrene foam, sandwich panels replaced expanded clay, brick; collapsible formwork

replaced - fixed formwork made of
polystyrene.

Large selection of materials for
roofing - various
types of tiles - soft - from
roofing material; metal tile;
Sheet material - ondulin,
roofing sheets.

Types of roofing materials

Flexible roof tiles

All these materials are made on the basis of polymers.

When installing windows and doors
blocks use mounting foam sealant instead of tow.
When glazing instead of putty
silicone is used.
For example, polyethylene film
replaced roofing material, only. Her
used as a waterproofing
material.
Lots of technology used
ceiling cladding: suspended
ceilings, stretch ceilings.

Conclusion:

For this reason, I need to constantly
improve your knowledge
skills and abilities to teach
students of new technologies.
To do this, together with
masters of p \ o
update annually
programs taking into account
technology improvements and
taking into account the requirements of Eurorepair.

To improve knowledge, a new
technical and normative literature. In recent
Over the years, our school has updated the literary fund of textbooks, posters, albums.
We make new stands, layouts, distributing
material.
Purchase of electrical tools
new materials.
Special technology students learn new
technologies, and in practice they are fixed.
During their internship, they
improve the knowledge and skills acquired in
school for theoretical and industrial
learning.
For our students to excel
specialists need to increase the requirements, how to
students as well as to yourself. To do this, we are increasing our
knowledge in special courses and retraining at
production.

Nothing stands still, the same applies to building technologies. Today, more and more often you can meet the presentation of certain modern building materials. Developers simply do not have time to keep up with the latest technologies.

Today, if you are thinking about building your own house, then do not rush to immediately purchase a brick or cinder block for this purpose. , foam blocks and sandwich panels, this is not a complete list of those building materials that are considered modern today.

Indeed, in recent years, a huge number of modern building materials have appeared. What are they? What advantages are given to the consumer who has chosen modern building materials for construction?

In fact, everything is very simple, and manufacturers of modern building materials use all the same raw materials that were used many years ago, only in a different “form” and with the exception of some materials that can really be attributed to modern ones.

For example, today's popular rounded log or profiled timber is made from the same wood that has been used for a long time.

The only thing that has changed is the shape of the material, its processing and installation methods. So, for example, popular today, it allows several times to increase the strength characteristics of a tree, to extend its service life.

Connecting systems of the "thorn-groove" type made it possible to assemble wooden houses, in the literal sense, like a designer, and in a very short period of time.

However, over the past ten years, absolutely, as well as technologies that have not previously been used anywhere by man have appeared on the construction markets.

For example, transparent concrete, which appeared only 10 years ago, but has already managed to win its niche in the construction markets. Fiberglass reinforcement, although not considered a fairly new material, nevertheless, with its appearance, it turned out to significantly reduce the cost of complex structures, partially replacing metal rolling with it.

No less popular was such material for building walls as ceramic bricks, houses from which are warm and relatively inexpensive.

Modern building materials noticeably overshadow the use of old building materials. This is especially noticeable in the arrangement of roofs, where modern building materials have taken a leading position.

Video presentation - modern building materials