For more than two centuries, the internal troops, together with the troops of the Armed Forces, have been vigilantly guarding the security of the Fatherland. Their combat watch does not stop even for a minute. They live with the same thoughts with the entire Russian people, protecting their interests.
Created at the beginning of the 19th century, the internal troops went through a glorious military path. They grew up and got stronger in the fight against various kinds of criminal elements, groups, gangs, courageously defending the security of every citizen, society and the state as a whole.
More than one generation of defenders of Russia has been brought up on the traditions of the internal troops. Three stages are clearly traced in their history: pre-Soviet (1811 - 1917), Soviet (1918 - 1991), post-Soviet (1991 to the present).
The pre-Soviet period of development of the internal troops is characterized by their formation and strengthening as an organized military force, combining a clear organization, appropriate weapons and equipment.
The need to create internal troops was dictated by the fact that the ideas of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in France at the end of the 18th century began to quickly penetrate into Russia, which led to popular unrest in a number of provinces, up to riots, a significant number of fugitive peasants appeared (serfdom still existed in Russia ), criminals and deserters.
In addition, the significant armed forces that Russia had at that time, the threat of the invasion of the Napoleonic troops required reliable support for the rear of the troops and the country as a whole.
Given the circumstances, by decrees of Emperor Alexander I of January 16 and March 27, 1811, the Russian Internal Guard was created under the Military Ministry, consisting of 20 brigades (46 provincial battalions).
On July 3, 1811, the position for the internal guard was approved, according to which such tasks as the protection or restoration of internal order were assigned to it; prevention of disobedience and riots; detention of fugitives, criminals and deserters; conducting rescue operations in case of natural disasters; acceptance and escort of recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners.
On March 30, 1816, the internal guard became known as the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard. Adjutant General Count E.F. was appointed the first commander of the corps. Komarovsky. From 1817 to 1836, the corps included gendarme teams stationed in 56 cities of Russia.
In 1864, after the abolition of serfdom in Russia, the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard was abolished and its functions were assigned to the newly created local troops.
On January 20, 1886, according to the Decree of Emperor Alexander II, 567 escort teams were formed, which made up the escort guard. Local troops were exempted from the duties of escorting prisoners. The escort guard had a double subordination: to the War Ministry and the Ministry of the Interior.
In such a structure, local troops, the gendarme corps and the escort guards existed until February 1917.
The February revolution abolished the gendarme corps, but retained the escort guards. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, by order of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of April 20, 1918, it was reorganized. The last head of the escort guards of Russia (he was called the chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners) was Lieutenant General N.I. Lukyanov.
In the first years of Soviet power, the internal troops underwent significant changes both structurally and in their purpose.
Their main function was to ensure the internal security of the Republic of Soviets. The new state needed to create its own bodies of protection and protection, since the protection of order is one of the most important tasks of the state.
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 7 (20), 1917, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission under the Council of People's Commissars for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK) was formed, the main tasks of which were the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage; conducting a preliminary investigation within the limits of the tasks to be solved; the bringing to trial of the Revolutionary Tribunal of counter-revolutionary elements and the development of measures to combat them.
On December 11 (24), 1917, the Cheka was given the right to have its own armed force - 30 people for guard duty. Subsequently, the need for the armed forces of the Cheka grew more and more.
During the first half of 1918, several detachments came at the disposal of the Cheka. According to the decision of the Cheka of March 18, 1918, these detachments were united into the Combat Detachment of the Cheka, which by the end of April 1918 had 5 companies of 125 people each, 50 cavalrymen, 60 machine gunners, 40 artillerymen, 80 scooters, 3 armored vehicles. At the same time, detachments were formed under the peripheral organs of the Cheka.
In accordance with the decision of the 1st All-Russian Conference of Extraordinary Commissions, on June 13, 1918, the collegium of the Cheka decided to give the existing detachments the form of a single, harmonious military organization, uniting them into the Corps of the Cheka. By November 1918, throughout the Republic there were 24 separate infantry battalions of the Cheka with a total number of about 20 thousand people. These troops were entrusted with the task of combating internal counter-revolution, profiteering, and sabotage. The main combat unit of the corps was a separate battalion of 750 people. It consisted of three infantry companies, a cavalry team, machine gun teams, communications and an artillery platoon.
During 1918, along with the formation of the Cheka troops, other special formations arose that were at the disposal of individual departments (the food army under the People's Commissariat of Food, the railway guard under the People's Commissariat of Justice, the court guard of the Main Directorate of Water Transport, the guard of Glavsugar, Centrotextile, etc. ).
An important task of the internal troops in these years was the protection of railway and waterways.
On January 30, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR formed the All-Russian Interdepartmental Extraordinary Commission for the Protection of Roads, which was entrusted with the formation of railway guard detachments. In March 1918, this task was completely entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Railways. On July 17, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars established the Directorate for the Protection of Communication Lines under the NKPS, setting the number of guards at 70 thousand people. In December 1918, 14 infantry regiments and 9 separate infantry battalions of the railway guard were formed to protect the railways of the center of Russia. The number of these troops by June 1919 amounted to 102 thousand people.
In the system of the Main Directorate of Water Transport, since 1918, there were armed detachments of ship guards numbering 8,000 people. The following tasks were assigned to these troops: protection of waterways; fight against speculation and unauthorized transportation of goods; fighting stowaways and disorderly transport of goods; protection of marinas, embankments, ships located along the rivers of warehouses and elevators.
In connection with the increased number of citizens of the RSFSR convicted of various crimes, by order of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs dated 04/20/1918 No. 264, an escort guard was created under the People's Commissariat of Justice. By the end of 1918, about 100 escort teams had already been formed. In October 1922, the escort teams were organizationally united into a separate corps of the GPU escort guards with a total number of about 17 thousand people.
The escort guard was entrusted with: escorting prisoners along railway routes, foot tracts and waterways, and inside cities - to judicial institutions; external guarding of prisons and prisoners at external works; assisting the administration in stopping the riots; conducting searches in places of detention under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Justice.
By the spring of 1919, the situation in the country continued to be tense. For the successful implementation and life of all the activities of the Soviet government to strengthen the rear of the country, strict coordination of the activities of all types of protection and their centralized management were required. There is a need for a radical reorganization of the internal troops. At the suggestion of F. E. Dzerzhinsky, the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense on May 2, 1919 adopted a resolution on the transfer of auxiliary troops, which are at the disposal of individual departments (Narkomprod, Glavvod, Glavsugar, etc.), with the exception of the troops of the railway and border guards, to the subordination of the NKVD through the headquarters of the Cheka troops, which was transformed into the headquarters of the troops of the internal security. The number of troops was set at 120,000 people. The troops were reorganized according to standard states into battalions and brigades, they were assigned the following tasks: the fight against counter-revolutionary rebellions, the protection of state institutions, structures and enterprises of special importance, the protection and defense of communications, the fight against fraud, the protection of agricultural products registered by the state , guarding forced labor camps, guarding the rear of the army in the field, fighting banditry.
On January 19, 1921, by decision of the Council of Labor and Defense, the troops of the internal service, with the exception of the troops of the Cheka, the railway and water police, were transferred to the military department, reorganized and partially reduced.
On December 1, 1921, they consisted of one division and 7 brigades for the protection of coal mines and communications in Ukraine and special forces: two special forces (OSNAZ), 5 regiments of nine companies, 8 battalions of six companies, 12 battalions of four companies, 65 battalions three-company, 46 separate companies, 6 squadrons, one engineering company, one armored division.
In connection with the end of the civil war and the weakening of the operational situation in the country, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in February 1922, the Cheka was transformed into the State Political Directorate of the GPU under the NKVD of the RSFSR. The troops of the Cheka were transformed into GPU troops. They were entrusted with the following tasks: performance of operational tasks of the GPU; fight against the remnants of banditry; guard duty in garrisons; protection of especially important state facilities, structures and transport; protection of the Donetsk coal basin; cargo escort, including food. In connection with these tasks, the troops were divided into internal troops at the disposal of the GPU (80,601 people); railway units subordinate to the bodies of the transport department of the GPU (37,939 people); units serving the border special departments and departments (7760 people). The total number of troops was 126,000. At the end of 1922, the escort guards from the People's Commissariat of Justice were transferred to the GPU.
In connection with the formation of the USSR (December 1922) in 1924, the escort troops were again transferred from the OGPU to the jurisdiction of the NKVD of the Union republics. As part of the troops of the OGPU of the USSR, only the border and internal troops remained.
As a result of organizational changes, by the mid-30s, the NKVD troops organizationally consisted of a separate special-purpose motorized mechanized division (OMMDON); individual regiments and divisions that carried out the operational tasks of the NKVD; brigades, regiments and divisions guarding especially important industrial enterprises and railway facilities. By 1938, the number of troops amounted to: operational units - 21,120 people; escort units - 28,800 people; parts for the protection of railways - 50,200 people; units for the protection of industrial facilities - 41,149 people; anti-aircraft artillery and anti-aircraft machine-gun units and air defense units - 3,100 people. Total in internal troops NKVD by this time, about 145,000 people were serving.
In connection with the increased volume of tasks, a significant increase in units, as well as the intensification of reconnaissance and subversive activities of foreign special services, their agents and the direct preparation of Germany, Italy and Japan for the Second World War in 1939, the NKVD troops were reorganized.
The main department of border and internal search of the NKVD of the USSR was divided into six main departments (GU): search for the protection of railway facilities; search for the protection of industrial facilities; convoy troops; military supply; military construction; border troops.
They were subordinated to: troops for the protection of railway structures (7 divisions and 5 brigades); troops for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises (5 separate brigades, 2 separate regiments and 9 separate battalions); convoy troops (10 separate brigades and 2 separate regiments); in addition, several special-purpose units were part of the internal troops (in Moscow and the capitals of the union republics).
In 1940, the NKVD of the USSR was additionally entrusted with the task of preparing the protection of the population, cities and towns. from enemy air attack.
A serious test for the soldiers of the internal troops was the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, during which thousands of soldiers, sergeants, officers and ensigns showed examples of courage and heroism.
In addition to their direct tasks during the war years, the internal troops from the burrow until the last day additionally solved the following tasks: they participated in battles with the Nazi invaders; provided protection for the rear of the army; fought against sabotage and reconnaissance and bandit formations; participated in the liquidation of enemy airborne assault forces; carried out garrison service in the cities liberated by the Red Army from the enemy; supported the regime of martial law in large cities; carried out search and detention of deserters; guarded government communications lines; carried out escort and protection of prisoners of war and prisoners.
In addition, in the initial period of the war, the NKVD troops took part in the formation of destruction battalions, training for partisan detachments and formations for the army. In December 1942, a service was organized as part of the internal troops to counter the enemy with the help of radio interference.
The number of troops during the war was constantly changing. If in 1942 the total number of NKVD troops was 517,268 people, then by May 1, 1945 it had reached 833,000 people.
After the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, work began on the reduction of the Armed Forces, including internal troops. The military guards were abolished at a number of especially important industrial enterprises, the troops for the protection of the rear of the army were liquidated, the number of operational units located on the territory of Germany, Poland and Austria was reduced. By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the regular number of troops on January 1, 1946 was established and the number was 471,945 people.
In January 1947;) in order to increase the effectiveness of the fight against banditry in the western regions of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states, operational units were transferred to the USSR Ministry of State Security. These units were entrusted with the task of combating banditry, assisting the state security agencies in eliminating enemy agents, protecting enterprises and institutions of state importance, serving to maintain public order in cities and towns, and performing special tasks of the USSR Ministry of State Security.
In connection with the increased need to protect nuclear production facilities, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 04/20/1946, the internal troops were entrusted with the task of protecting all the most important research institutes and laboratories of the USSR Academy of Sciences. For its implementation, both the existing troops for the protection of industrial facilities and the newly created units, which were called special units of the internal troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, were involved.
The escort units continued to carry out tasks for the protection of prisoners of war and prisoners. In 1946 they numbered about 150 thousand people. On January 1, 1948, they guarded 1,497 camp departments and prisoner-of-war hospitals. Subsequently, their numerical strength in connection with the repatriation of prisoners of war began to decrease. At the beginning of 1951, there were only 92 thousand people in their composition.
The formations and units of the internal troops, which had a different structure from the army in 1954-1967, by the end of the 60s returned to their previous organization (division, regiment, battalion, company, platoon). The names "internal troops", "internal security" and "escort security" were replaced by the single name "internal troops".
In 1979, two divisions were formed to protect facilities on the Trans-Siberian Railway and BAM. Officers and other specialists of the internal troops in 1979 - 1989. participated in the armed conflict on the territory of the Republic of Afghanistan.
In 1979 To In order to increase the effectiveness of command and control of troops, districts of the internal troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs were created. In connection with the sharp deterioration in interethnic relations in a number of regions of the country, it was decided to increase the number of operational units (divisions and brigades) and motorized military units. Thus, the number of only operational units from July 1988 to July 1990 increased almost 2 times and reached 50.3 thousand people, and the number of motorized military units over the same period increased more than three times.
The post-Soviet period in the history of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is characterized by their further quantitative and qualitative growth due to the sharp aggravation of interethnic conflicts after the collapse of the USSR. In this situation, Russia adopted the Federal Law "On the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation", which states that the internal troops are part of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and are called upon to protect the interests of the individual, society and the state, the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens from criminal and other unlawful acts. Subsequently, this Law was amended and issued in a new edition on January 22, 1997. Based on the purpose of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the following tasks are defined for them in the Law: assisting the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in protecting public order, ensuring public safety and the legal regime of emergency regulations, protection of important state facilities and special cargoes, participation in the territorial defense of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Law, the structure of the internal troops is also determined, which currently consists of formations and military units of operational designation. formations and military units for the protection of important state facilities and special cargo, special motorized military units, aviation and naval military units, military units for special purposes, government agencies, institutions and military units for ensuring the activities of internal troops, military educational institutions.
At present, the internal troops, enriched with combat experience in protecting law and order in hot spots - Nagorno-Karabakh, Uzbekistan, Chechnya - continue to carry out their honorary watch, day and night, protect the peace of Russian citizens. Every year, together with the entire Russian people, they adequately celebrate their professional holiday - March 27, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 19, 1996.
In 1917 the old army was disbanded. The escort guard has not undergone significant changes, continuing to perform its functions in a reformed form under the Soviet regime.
The October Revolution broke the old state institutions of power, but it soon became clear that it was impossible to manage the country without power structures. Already the first days of the existence of Soviet power showed that in order to establish a new system, not only the army, navy, and government bodies are needed, but also special forces to prevent counter-revolutionary actions within the country and fight against them, establish and maintain revolutionary order in the localities, protect important institutions, enterprises, railways, escort and protection of counter-revolutionary elements, criminals and other tasks.
The process of creating internal troops took the whole of 1918 and part of 1919. These troops were heterogeneous, their core was the armed formations of the Cheka.
On May 28, 1919, a resolution of the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense "On Auxiliary Forces" was adopted. Now these formations began to be called "troops of the internal protection of the Republic (VOKhR)". This event was a milestone in the construction of the internal troops of the Soviet state.
On September 1, 1920, on the basis of the troops of the internal security of the Republic and other formations, the troops of the internal service of the Republic (VNUS) were created. On January 19, 1921, the VNUS troops were transferred to the military department. The exceptions were the units serving the emergency commissions, as well as the railway and water police, which in all respects were subordinate to the Cheka, and later the GPU - OGPU. Along with the solution of special tasks, the troops were often involved in combat operations at the front.
The success of the industrialization of the country, the growing importance of railway transport in the economy and defense of the USSR led in the late 1920s and early 1930s to the formation of such an integral part of the OGPU troops as the troops for the protection of important industrial facilities and railway structures.
By the end of the 1930s, there was a need to reorganize the command and control of the NKVD troops, which was due to the constant increase in the volume of tasks they performed, the diversity and difficulty of control of the troops.
During the Great Patriotic War, along with guarding the rear of the army in the field, fighting enemy landings, saboteurs, nationalist gangs, units and formations of internal troops took a direct part in the battles against the Nazi invaders. It is estimated that during the years of the war, 53 divisions and 20 brigades of the NKVD troops were part of the active army at different periods and participated in the battles. In addition, the NKVD of the USSR formed and transferred to the front 29 divisions.
In the post-war years, the number of internal troops decreased by half. The volume of tasks performed by the units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises and railways has also been significantly reduced. The new situation made it possible to gradually move from military protection of railway facilities and industrial enterprises to a paramilitary one.
In January 1947, in order to increase the effectiveness of ensuring state security, operational units, and in April 1948, special units of the troops, were transferred from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of State Security. As part of this department, they were until March 1953, and then were again reassigned to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Important organizational measures for the construction of the troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs-MGB were carried out in 1951. During this period, the troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises and railways were abolished, and their functions were transferred to the paramilitary guards. The escort troops were also significantly reduced; they were reorganized, together with the internal troops, into escort and internal guards.
On March 15, 1953, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security were merged into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In this composition, they were until 1954, when the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR was formed. The formations and units of the internal and escort guards remained part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the border troops became subordinate to the KGB.
In January 1960, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was abolished. Its functions are transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union republics. The Main Directorate of Internal and Convoy Troops also ceased its activities. From that moment and for the next six years, there was no single body for command and control of internal troops in the country. In each union republic where troop directorates and departments were formed within the ministries of internal affairs, the issues of troop development were resolved in different ways, based on local conditions. The lack of unity in the leadership of the troops had a negative impact on their service and combat activities. Therefore, in 1966, the Union-Republican Ministry for the Protection of Public Order of the USSR (MOOP USSR) was created.
As part of the newly created ministry (since November 25, 1968, it became known as the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR), the Main Directorate of Internal Troops was formed.
On March 21, 1989, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Decree "On the withdrawal of border, internal and railway troops from the Armed Forces of the USSR." The decree spread among the troops the order, conditions and terms of service, recruitment in the same way as for the Soviet Army and Navy, and preserved the order of their material, technical and financial support.
At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, there was a sharp aggravation of the internal political situation in a number of regions of the former USSR, sharp conflicts arose on an interethnic basis. One of the forces that extinguished the flames of discord in hot spots was the internal troops. The history of the troops of this period keeps the memory of numerous examples of selfless performance of military duty, courage and courage, for which thousands of servicemen were awarded orders and medals, and Lieutenant Oleg Babak, who in April 1991 performed a feat while protecting the inhabitants of one of the Azerbaijani villages from Armenian militants, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
With the collapse of the USSR, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR ceased to exist. In the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Main Directorate of the Commander of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was created. The Internal Troops have entered a new stage in their development.
Introduction
Any state should have the Armed Forces in the power structure to ensure stability and public security. World history has shown that, regardless of the change in the state system and socio-economic formation, each country has always been in dire need of protection and protection, which was carried out by a man with a gun - an armed guard. Today, internal troops are one of the most important parts of the security system of the Russian state. With their selfless work, they ensure the security of our Fatherland, stand guard over law and order, protecting the rights and freedom of citizens. They are entrusted with a responsible mission to prevent and suppress criminal manifestations, political extremism and terrorism, ensure the safety of the population, maintain public order and effectively solve service and combat tasks.
Internal troops are warring troops. There are no breaks or pauses in this war. There is a tense struggle to ensure public safety. We wish the servicemen and veterans of the internal troops success in their hard work, peace, prosperity and health.
Purpose of writing work on the topic "Internal Law Enforcement Troops" is a comprehensive study of the institute of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
To achieve the above goal, you need to solve the following tasks, which should be considered in detail:
1. Study the history of internal troops;
2. Internal troops in daily activities;
3. Internal troops in the fight against terrorism.
History of internal troops
A separate corps of the internal guard was created by bringing together, in 1816 on February 7, the units of the internal guard created in 1811, by decrees of Alexander the First of January 16 and March 27 (the European territory of the Russian Empire was divided into districts of the internal guard. There were at different times from 8 to 12 -ti districts (50 battalions)). On February 1, 1817, the regulation "On the establishment of gendarmes of the internal guard" was approved, developed by the favorite of Alexander I, cavalry general A.A. Arakcheev, who headed the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. The gendarme guards include metropolitan divisions (with a staff of 334 people) and gendarme teams (31 people) in 56 cities. The metropolitan gendarmerie divisions are subordinate to the chief police officers of the capitals, and the provincial and port gendarme teams are subordinate to the commanders of local garrison battalions. The duties of the gendarmes coincided with the duties of the internal guard, with the exception of collecting taxes and protecting the presence of places and prisons. The whole country was divided into several (first five, then eight) gendarmerie districts. After the revolution, in 1918, the escort guards were reorganized on new principles, and a year later the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense adopted a resolution on the unification of all auxiliary troops that existed under certain departments and the creation of internal guard troops of the Republic. Subsequently, the troops of the VOHR-VNUS-VChK-OGPU-NKVD were repeatedly reorganized, but their tasks remained the same - protecting the population from any threat, including external ones. So it was in the civil war, and during the incidents on Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin-Gol River, and in the Soviet-Finnish war.
Chronology of the reform: 1918-1920 - internal security troops (VOHR), 1920-1921 - internal service troops (VNUS), 1922-1923 - GPU troops, 1923--1934 - OGPU troops (also included border troops), 1934-1938 - border and internal guard troops, 1938-1939 - border and internal troops, 1939 - division into 6 parts, 1941-1951 - internal troops, 1951-1956 - troops internal security, 1956-1957 - border and internal troops, 1957-1960 - internal and escort troops, since 1960 - internal troops.
look at essays similar to "History of the development of internal troops"
INTERNAL GUARD
(1811-1880)*
* The data are taken from the documents of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), tsarist decrees, circulars, orders of the Minister of War, the General Staff, the head of the main prison department, stored in the Russian State Library (RSL) in cases where the language and style of documents are preserved.
1811
January 16th. By decree of Emperor Alexander I, it was ordered to bring security formations into proper compliance. Local provincial teams, subordinate to the civilian authorities, and performing the duties of maintaining internal order, were transferred to the Military Department.
March 27th. By decree of the emperor, regular provincial companies and teams were relocated to provincial capitals. Military battalions were formed from the transferred teams, which were consolidated into internal guard brigades.
3 July. Emperor "Alexander I approved the "Regulations for the Internal Guard", which, in addition to general military duties, assigned guard, escort service. It was used:
“I) to aid the execution of laws and judgments of the court;
2) to capture, pursue and exterminate robbers and disperse crowds prohibited by law;
3) to pacify disobedience and violence;
4) for the capture of fugitive, departed criminals and deserters;
5) for the prosecution of prohibited and smuggled goods;
6) to help free movement of domestic food;
7) to facilitate the collection of taxes and arrears;
8) to preserve the order and tranquility of church rites of all confessions, tolerable by law;
9) to maintain order at fairs, auctions, folk and church festivals, etc.;
10) for receiving and seeing off recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners;
11) to send the military who overstayed their holidays to their teams;
12) for fires, to help with river flooding and the like;
13) to dispatch the necessary sentries to government offices, prisons and prisons, and
14). for seeing off the treasury, and moreover, for use in recesses at the opening of the tavern and for "guarding the guilty until they are sent to court."
"In addition, the internal guards were obliged to:" I) take into custody and present to the provincial authorities people caught "at the scene of a crime, riot, or violence against a person or property and found with a bloodied weapon or dress, and 2) capture gatherings of thieves and robbers" .
During a year. With the establishment of the internal guard, 8 districts were formed, each commanded by a major general. The district was subordinate to several brigades, consisting of 2-3 battalions.
The battalions were stationed in the provincial cities and bore their name.
(Astrakhan, Minsk, etc.).
In each county town there was a disabled team.
Such a structure of internal guards was created throughout Russia with the exception of Siberia.
September 13th. By decree, the military orphanage departments of the military department were entrusted with the training of clerks for the battalions of the internal guard.
1812
April-August. Provincial battalions and district teams stationed in the western part of Russia took an active part in defensive battles against the Napoleonic troops.
September-December. Separate battalions of the internal guard, in addition to collecting and escorting recruits, are entrusted with the task of recruiting horses for the army in the field. In the Volyn and Podolsk provinces, 13 thousand horses were collected.
1813
September. The manifesto on the general recruitment of August 21, 1813, 22 provinces were granted the right to supply horses instead of people.
The fulfillment of this task was entrusted to the internal guard, which by the end of the year sent up to 40 thousand horses to the cavalry reserve.
1816
February 7th. The subdivisions of the internal guard were consolidated into a separate corps of the internal guard *. The European territory of the Russian Empire was divided into districts of the internal guard. existed at different times
8 to 12 districts (50 battalions).
1817
February 8th. The military department has introduced a staged system for escorting prisoners; as part of the battalions of the internal guard, stage teams were formed to escort prisoners along approved stage routes.
1818
June, 22. The military department has established the procedure (general, private) for manning the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard.
General - once a year, from the regiments, all recognized as unfit for field service after inspection reviews were sent to their homeland at the disposal of internal battalions. Private-monthly after discharge from hospitals. In turn, the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard once a year handed over recruits to civilian departments for service as postmen, policemen, firefighters, patrolmen and in the protection of banknotes.
5th of August. Salt disabled teams have been established in the salt mines to carry out guard duty.
12th of August. Salt teams are ranked among the inner guard.
December 31 The General Headquarters is forbidden to send to the internal guard battalions persons who have not acquired the proper skills by their service in the field units.
1822
The Senate adopted a Decree on the punishment of prisoners for escapes with gauntlets.
28 January. By the Regulations of the Committee of 22 Ministers, Highest approved in
On the 28th day of January 1822, relief was sought, the detention of prisoners was decided:
1. Chains or shackles should be used only for males.
2. Do not impose leg chains on women, but apply hand chains to them only during the journey.
3. Juveniles of both sexes shall be freed from wearing fetters while they are really in infancy.
4. The weight of male shackles is determined from 5 to 5 "/2 pounds." 5. Hoops, imposed on the legs, sheathed with leather ... "
22 July. The Charter on the stages for the transfer of exiles to the Siberian provinces was approved by the Highest. § 50 of the Charter determined that the convicts were separated from the settlers and followed in chains.
1824
November December. The units of the internal guard ensured order and assisted in eliminating the consequences of a large flood in the city of
Petersburg. "
1825
August 19. In order to combat escapes, the military and prison departments have established a procedure for fettering those being transported. prisoners with a metal bar.
.
1829
23 July. A separate corps of the internal guard consisted of 9 districts. In District
2-3 brigades, 5-8 battalions.
July 25th. The Regulations on line battalions and mobile companies designed to protect mining plants, mints and other institutions subordinate to the Mining Administration were approved. 5 line battalions and 3 mobile companies were formed. In a battalion of 4 companies - 728 people, in a mobile company - 177 people. Organizationally, they entered the combined inner guard.
2 October. The Minister of War, in order to distinguish the military personnel of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard from other troops, maroon-colored piping was introduced for their uniforms.
1830
May 21st. The commander of the Separate Corps of Internal Guards presented the project
-new staging system, in which it was proposed to have. 399 stages of 4 categories and 296 half-stages, as well. in places of lodging for the night - the construction of stage houses.
1832
March 1. The chaining of convicts being transported with a metal bar has been replaced by chaining them with special handcuffs to a common metal chain.
1835
/ Nov. The military department entrusted the district generals of the internal guard with the duty of supervising the organization of military training in the correctional departments of military prisoners.
November. The reorganization (experimental) of the milestone business from Moscow to
Nizhny Novgorod. For these purposes, 69,709 rubles were allocated. 47 1/2 kop. and allowed the purchase of 155 horses for the transport of prisoners on carts.
1837
March 24. At the suggestion of the commander of the Separate Internal Guard Corps, the transfer of prisoners in the European part of Russia and along the stage route to Tobolsk on carts was established.
April 6: By order of the General Staff, stage teams were established on the tracts.
1840
Under the battalions of the internal guard, correctional departments were established to hold convicted lower ranks of the internal guard. Abolished by order of the military department of May 18, 1861.
July 8. To improve the maintenance of the lower ranks of the Separate Internal Guard Corps, the Regulations on the reserve capital of the Separate Internal Guard Corps were approved, which consisted of the savings of the internal garrison battalions.
1842
July 15. The Holy Synod, at the request of the commander of the Separate Internal Guard Corps, allowed the priests to instruct the criminals sent to Siberia.
1846
11th August. The State Council replaced the stigma “thief” with “kat” among the prisoners. A decision was made to brand fugitives, criminals on the right arm and shoulder blade
(SB-exiled fugitive, SK-exiled convict). Each escape was branded. Persons who do not remember kinship were branded with the letter "B" (tramp).
1854
February 21st. In the Perm province, a two-hundred detachment of internal guards was created to catch the fugitives.
1857
October 21. By order of the commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, it is prescribed to select officers for appointment as heads of local county teams "with extreme legibility", with a rank not lower than "second lieutenant".
1858
March, 3rd. 15 staging teams between St. Petersburg and Moscow were abolished, instead of them a Special Escort Department was formed to escort prisoners by rail (beginning, rail transportation of prisoners).
March 27th. The Regulations on the transportation of prisoners along the Nikolaev railway were approved, on the basis of which special prison cars were arranged, attached at the end of freight trains. The prisoners along the entire route were kept chained in "iron fortifications".
1859
April 3rd. In order to deliver prisoners to their destination and to avoid changing their surnames, an open sheet with their signs was introduced.
1862
In connection with the increase in guard posts, the opening of new staging routes and prisons, staging teams were renamed into teams of internal guards of 16 ranks. There were 471 teams in total. The number of each - 265 people.
1864
August 6th The separate corps of the internal guard was abolished. Local troops were formed, which included provincial battalions and district teams performing (among other duties) the external guard of prisons, as well as teams designed exclusively for escorting exiled and transit prisoners.
December 6. Established horse transportation of prisoners from Nizhny Novgorod to,
Tyumen.
1865
December. A stage-transit unit is being established as part of the General Staff. Through her efforts, a coherent system of service for escort teams was created, interaction with the prison administration, and the command of local troops.
1867
January 27th. The position of the Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners was approved
* at the Main Headquarters of the military department with the rights of the chief of the local troops of the district in relation to the escort teams. -
* See the personalities of the Chief Inspectors for the Transfer of Prisoners
1877
March 24. The Minister of War approved the Regulations on the transportation of prisoners by rail, which determined:
- the procedure for guarding, loading, following prisoners;
- Arrangement of prison wagons;
- the head of the convoy was given the right to “impose” fetters on the disobedient, deprive them of part of the food, and in special cases use weapons;
- the chiefs of the escort teams are entrusted with the duty of monitoring the strict observance of the transportation of prisoners along the railway networks and managing this matter.
1879
Hiking of the exiled convicts on about. Sakhalin was replaced by their transportation on steamers through Odessa. The General Staff issued an order on the escape of prisoners, both military and civilian, the head of the escort team, in charge of which they were, is obliged to submit a detailed report to
The highest name.
1880
July 13. By order of the Main Prison Department, an Instruction was approved on the procedure for the detention and transfer of persons accused of state crimes or convicted of political unreliability.
CONVOY GUARD
(1886-1917)
1886
January 20th. The State Council decided during 1886 to form an escort guard in the amount of 567 escort teams. Tasks:
- escort of prisoners of all departments and categories;
- escort of prisoners within settlements to administrative and judicial institutions in cases provided for by law;
- assistance to the prison administration in the event of open riots among the prison population and in the production of mass searches of prisons; ,
- escorting those arrested for forced labor:
- external protection of prisons and other places of detention. The escort guards were divided into escort teams led by officers, there were 65 of them, and others, led by non-commissioned officers - 466 teams *. The escort teams were part of the local troops and were named after the place of deployment (Moskovskaya,
Kievskaya, etc.).
The end of the year. In Russia there were 875 places of detention, they contained 686,760 prisoners. 397 people fled in a year, 196 people were caught.
* In fact, 532 escort teams were formed.
1887
December 17th. The General Staff issued a circular on the direction of the most capable lower ranks of the escort guards to study as non-commissioned officers for a period of 2 months.
December 18th. It was determined to equip convoy teams with recruits on a common basis with other troops.
1890
In the escort teams, the institution of long-term conscripts was introduced (sergeant major, non-commissioned officer, senior clerk, medical assistant, etc.).
A separate brochure published a memo to the escort "Keep your eyes open!" It was sold in special stores for the ranks of the escort guards.
REMINDER TO THE GUARD
1. The escort is the same sentry, and therefore he must understand himself in this way and observe himself in this way.
2. When accompanying a prisoner, remember that he is thinking about how to run away or deceive you, and you must think about how not to miss him.
3. Do not enter into any conversations or jokes with the prisoners and do not accept any food from them, treat them kindly, without rudeness, but if you have to deal with hardened criminals, die yourself, but do not let the prisoner out of your hands.
4. If you are appointed for the senior in the convoy, then when receiving prisoners, do this: check the prisoners according to the documents, carefully make sure that their signs are similar to the person, ask whether each of them goes where it is written in the document, examine in detail whether state-owned clothing is safe and sound, if something is not found, make a note about it in the clothing note; in winter, make sure that the prisoners are warmly dressed, that is, they have short fur coats with vargas and cloth onuchi.
5. When searching prisoners, pay the main attention to the fact that they do not carry knives, razors, scissors, needles; playing cards, smoking and snuff, soap, lard and other things harmful to the prisoner, which are right there in prison, hand over to the head of the prison for dealing with them according to the law.
6. If valuable things (gold or silver) or money are found on the prisoner, then, having taken them away, also hand over to the head of the prison and, having received a receipt from him, hand it to the prisoner.
7. Before setting out on the road, announce to everyone the prisoner loudly and distinctly like this:
"If any of you dare to flee or rage, then the force of arms will be used against such a person."
8. Also observe the actions of the escorts given to help you, so that they sacredly fulfill the duties assigned to them in relation to the prisoners and any violation of the established rules by any of them - stop immediately, and upon returning from a business trip report to your nearest superiors , never cover an unreliable comrade-escort, remembering that by doing this you are doing harm to him and "to yourself, and to the service, violating the oath given by you.
9. Watch vigilantly for the prisoners entrusted to you, so that no one approaches them; so that they themselves do not ask for alms, without forbidding them to accept it, but at the same time strictly see that nothing is invested in alms. -
10. Watch that the prisoners do not weaken or damage the shackles, i.e., leg shackles and handcuffs, do not spoil official clothes and do not exchange them among themselves.
* 11. Prevent and stop all disputes, quarrels, fights among the prisoners among themselves, but do it decently, without guarantees, on the grounds that too rude and cruel treatment of the escorts drops and humiliates their importance in the eyes of the prisoners.
12. Do not offend a prisoner unnecessarily: a guard is not a robber.
13. Resort to force and weapons only in extreme cases "and then, only with the permission of the escort commander or the "senior" in the escort, on which the order depends on how to act: by force or weapons. At your own discretion, never dare to resort to any strict measures.
"senior" - execute immediately.
14. On halts, rests, and in general, at any stops, do not let go of the gun, but always have it ready.
15. Do not stop for a halt near a forest, a bush, a swamp, a river, a cemetery, and in general near such places, behind which it is easy for a prisoner to hide in case of escape.
16. Before letting the prisoners into the stage house, carefully inspect the premises and make sure that the window bars are strong and that there are no defects that may facilitate escape.
17. At night, at lodging for the night, observe as often as possible what is happening in the cell of prisoners.
18. In case of illness of a prisoner on the way, demand from the village authorities a cart for him, but under no pretext do not leave him in the village, but by all means deliver him to the city.
19. In the event of the death of a prisoner, leave his body in the first village along with travel documents and clothes, which you hand over to the volost or village authorities, and when accepting the deceased, documents and things, take a receipt, which you present upon arrival in the city to the district military commander and report to him about this incident.
20. In case of illness or death of the “senior” in the convoy, one of the remaining convoys takes his place and takes command of the convict party. .
21. On a hike, keep yourself clean, clothes and shoes in order. Take care of your gun and legs more than your eyes: wrap your footcloths well and soak them with fat - your leg will be softer, and in severe frosts, with the permission of your superiors, put on felt boots.
22. The escort must be healthy, honest, incorruptible.
23. Remember that for any violation of the rules of escort service, a military prison or a disciplinary battalion awaits you, and for exact execution - praise from the authorities.
Author staff captain Drozdovsky.
1900
Convoy teams are armed with 3-line rifles.
1901
January 2. By a circular of the General Staff, escort teams were assigned to escort prisoners from places of detention to police departments and other public places (courts, etc.) within the cities.
1902
10 October. The General Staff instructed to send recruits of strong constitution, with good eyesight, to the escort teams. It was forbidden to call Jews. In addition, it was instructed to transfer an inferior recruit to the escort team of the county from where he was called up.
1903
The brochure “Detailed set of questions and answers of the escort service” was published, in which, in a concise and accessible form for the lower ranks of the escort guard, the tasks facing the escort teams, the procedure for organizing and performing service, etc. were explained. It was distributed among the ranks of the escort guard through a network of bookstores shops.
1904 *
April 30. By order of the military department, for especially outstanding feats shown by the lower ranks of the escort guards, at the request of their immediate superiors, it was established to award them with a silver medal
"For diligence" on the Stanislav ribbon for wearing on the chest, as well as money at the expense of the prison department.
21st of June. The Minister of War, by circular, authorized the transfer of lower ranks from the escort teams to the reserve and field troops.
1905
March 22. The main prison administration has established the procedure for admitting officials to check the escort service to all premises, on railways, along waterways and pedestrian-stage routes.
December 14., Decrees of the Emperor created the Main Committee for the Protection of Railways under the Ministry of Railways.
1906
29 April. The military department has established that lower ranks assigned to railway, water and postal routes to escort prisoners should be given money in excess of provisions for the purchase of food. A new type of prison cars was introduced, which in 1910-1911. have been improved.
The State Council granted the civil authorities the right to call in escort teams to suppress riots in places of detention.
1907
April 7th. In order to prevent escapes, the chiefs of the escort were granted the right to impose chains with handcuffs on the prisoners by the circular of the Main Prison Department in order to prevent escapes.
June 10th. The decree approved the draft Charter of the escort service (it consisted of 13 chapters, 484 articles).
FROM THE CHARTER OF THE CONVOY SERVICE
Establishment of a convoy guard
1. The performance of escort service in the presence of prisoners of all departments is assigned to the escort guards, with the exception of those localities in which this duty lies with other parts of the troops or police ranks.
The escort guard consists of separate escort teams of the following categories:
1) having special chiefs from staff and chief officers, enjoying the rights of the commander of a separate battalion, and
2) who do not have special commanders from officers, and therefore subordinates: a) in areas where there are district military commanders - this last and b) in localities where there are no district military commanders - to the heads of local teams located in the same point with escorts commands.
Note. In the area of Nerchinsk penal servitude, escort teams were formed, on the basis of general regulations on escort guards, with the exceptions indicated in the appendix to Art. 25 Set Exiled (according to the prod. 1902).
2. The escort teams, in combat and economic relations, are under the jurisdiction of the chiefs of local brigades and are subordinate, on a common basis for the troops, to the chiefs of garrisons and commandants.
3. The management of the prisoner transit unit is entrusted to the Chief
Main Prison Department. All the ranks of the escort guards and the persons participating in its management are subordinated to him, as part of the service with prisoners of the civil department, as well as monitoring the performance by the ranks of the escort guards of their duties in this service.
4. All escort teams, according to the duties of the escort service, are subordinate
Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners.
5. The duties of the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners include: monitoring the departure of escort teams of escort service with prisoners, personal inspection and revision of the record keeping of these teams, in terms of their official use.
6. Under the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners, there are senior and junior staff officers and a chief officer for assignments, whose duties are entrusted with:
Empire and b) the production, on behalf of the Chief Inspector, inspections of convoy teams in terms of their special service and verification of the service of the convoys accompanying the convict party.
7. The closest supervision of the transfer of convicts and the service of escort teams in the Irkutsk and Amur governorates-general is entrusted to the inspector for the transfer of prisoners in Eastern Siberia.
8. The responsibility of the Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners includes: a) orders for the transfer of prisoners along all stage routes; b) appointment of officers to escort teams; c) the movement of officers and lower ranks from one team to another; d) awards for officers and lower ranks for escort service and special merits in the prison department; e) secondment or transfer of lower ranks from one escort team to another, in accordance with the actual size of their service with prisoners and to equalize teams in terms of their quality; f) bringing junior officers to court-martial for crimes relating to the violation of the escort service, and g) all questions in general relating to the escort service itself.
9. The chiefs, in whose immediate jurisdiction the escort teams are, in all cases indicated in the previous (8) article, enter with a presentation directly to the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners, and in other cases - on command.
Note. The heads of the escort teams, prior to the dismissal of the junior officers of these teams on vacation, every time ask for permission
Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners.
10. All escort teams in relation to the escort of prisoners are interconnected with each other. Therefore: a) the head of the convoy of junior officers and lower ranks, as well as all other ranks of the convoy, upon arrival at the locations of the escort teams, during the entire stay in these places, are subordinate to the heads of the indicated teams, or the district military commanders, or the heads of local teams, according to their affiliation, who give them all the necessary instructions on the escort service, and b) the head of the escort team, who arrived at the same points as the head of the escort accompanying the prisoners, resolves all issues that arise regarding the transfer of these prisoners by agreement with the above local commanders, whom he is obliged to notify in time about his arrival at these points, as well as about departure from the latter.
11. When the lower ranks of the escort team are in places of detention of a civil department, all orders and instructions from the authorities of these places are executed by the designated ranks only by order of the head of the escort.
12. The lower ranks assigned to the escort to the prisoners, during their stay in places of detention, as well as in all their relations with the civil class ranks of prison institutions, observe the rules of respect and courtesy, for which, in the presence of the designated persons, when they are in their assigned uniforms do not have the right to sit or smoke, etc., if permission does not follow from the latter, and with verbal explanations with them, they put their right hand to the headdress.
13. The rules of respect and courtesy indicated in the previous (12) article are observed by the escort lower ranks when they are in judicial and other government institutions in relation to all civil class ranks serving in these institutions when they are in the uniform assigned to them.
14. The officer ranks of the escort guards are obliged to have constant monitoring of the execution of the lower ranks subordinate to them specified in the previous (12 and 13) articles of the rules. In official, personal and written communications with officials of a civil department, the procedure established in military laws is observed.
Chapter II General conditions of escort service
A) Duties of convoy teams.
15. Convoy military ranks during the performance of the duties of the service of escorting, guarding prisoners are for all equated with the ranks of the military guard. The convoy dressed up for the above purpose is considered to have performed its duties from the time of departure from the barracks and until the head of the convoy appears before the head of the convoy with a report at the end of the trip (Article 241).
16. The duties of the service of escort teams include: a) escorting prisoners of all departments along railways, waterways and pedestrian routes; b) escort of persons sent during stage games (Article 31); c) escorting prisoners on their way from the places of detention of the civil department to railway stations, steamship piers and back; d) escorting prisoners to the area of cities from places of detention of a civil department: (Article 2, paragraphs 4, 5, 6, 7 of the Ussod, under the page of the ed. 1890) to judicial institutions, to judicial and military investigators, to officials to persons conducting investigations in criminal cases and to other public places, to a hospital and a bathhouse located outside the prison fence and a photograph (when the card must be removed by order of the authorities), as well as back to places of detention; e) escorting, separately from other prisoners, the persons listed in Art.
27 of this statute; f) escorting civilian prisoners when they are sent to work outside the prison fence; g) assistance to the prison authorities in carrying out searches in places of detention of a civil agency; h) assistance to the prison authorities in ending riots among prisoners in places of detention of the civilian department; i) external protection of places of detention of a civil department: a) as a permanent measure - subject to a corresponding increase in the staff of the subject escort teams (The Highest Command of November 4, 1886, art. 16 p.g. P.S.
3989) and b) in exceptional cases, as a temporary measure, with the permission of the commanders of the troops in the districts.
17. The duties of the escort teams are assigned to escort to the Police
Offices and other public places are only for those prisoners who are expelled from the places of detention to the designated institutions and are subject to return to the places of detention or even to be left in custody.
The escort of persons who have served their terms of punishment, as well as those who are not in custody, does not apply to the duties of escort teams.
18. When escorting stage parties of such a composition for which the regular number of ranks of the ranks of the escort teams would be insufficient, in the cases referred to in paragraphs a, b, c and d of the previous (16) article, an additional escort is assigned from the nearest parts of the field, reserve or local troops, by order of the head of the garrison, and, if the ranks of these troops are on a business trip for more than three days, their food and travel allowances are charged to the Ministry
Justice.
19. Accompanying to the area of cities the prisoners of the military and naval departments held in places of detention (Article 16, paragraph d) of these departments, lies with the duties of the military units of the aforementioned departments, according to their affiliation.
20. In those points where there are no permanent escort teams, the performance of the duties of the escort service is assigned, by order of the military district authorities, to the parts of the garrison located in these points.
21. The ranks of the escort guards are prohibited from entrusting any assignments that are not related to the duties (Article 6) of the escort service.
22. Parts of the field, reserve and local troops, when performing escort service in the cases required, are guided by the rules prescribed by this charter.
Assistance to escort guards in stopping riots and conducting searches in places of detention of a civil department
473. At the request of the civil authorities, escort guards are sent to the places of detention of the civil department in order to stop by force the disturbances or disorders that have arisen among the prisoners, if it is impossible to restore
"enforcing order by the prison guards.
474. For the purpose indicated in the previous (473) article, the teams of the escort guards dress up: a) in the absence of units of field, reserve and fortress troops in their quarters, and b) when in the designated places, although there are named troops, there are teams of escort guards, in depending on local conditions, they may arrive at the scene of unrest earlier. In this case, the escort guard team provides assistance to the prison authorities until the arrival of the units indicated in paragraph a of the troops. The demand in the case referred to in paragraph b is presented to the escort team simultaneously with the demand of the troops.
475. Teams of escort guards are sent upon receipt of an order from the head of the garrison.
476. In cases of urgent need, when the prisoners have already attempted violent acts, damage or destruction of state or private property, teams of escort guards are sent at the request of the governor-general, governor, town governor or prison authorities, presented directly to the district military commander or the heads of the escort or local commands.
477. The order of the head of the garrison or the demand of the persons indicated in the previous (476) article must be in writing; in extreme cases, they may be given in person, by telephone, or verbally through a sent proxy. In the latter case, the person transmitting the demand is left with the command of the escort guards and follows with it to the place of unrest.
478. Commands of the escort guards, on a call to suppress unrest among prisoners, always go out under the command of their chief, and where individual chiefs from officers are not allowed by the state, the county military commander or persons interceding them, moreover, in the full composition of the escort team, if any less than 50 people - the strength of the expelled team is determined by its head, depending on the available information about the size of the unrest, the number of prisoners, etc., but in any case, the team dressed up for the specified purpose, if possible, should be at least 50 people.
479. The escort guards, called upon to suppress prison unrest or disturbances, are guided in their actions by the rules on the procedure for calling up troops to assist the civil authorities.
480. The prison authorities, in cases of need to assist the escort guards in carrying out searches of prisoners, apply for the dispatch of a team directly to the district military commander or the head of the escort or local team, according to their affiliation.
481. The amount of the deportation for the need indicated in the previous (480) article is determined by the commanders indicated in the same (480) article, who are in accordance with the information provided by the prison authorities on the number of prisoners to be searched and other related circumstances.
482. The head of the exiled team, with the assistance of the search, complies with the instructions of the prison authorities.
483. Convoy lower ranks do not take part in the actual search of prisoners and prison premises.
484. When rendering assistance to the prison authorities in the unhindered conduct of searches among the prisoners, if necessary, the summoned escort guard team is entrusted with: b) removal from among the prisoners of those who will be indicated by the prison authorities; c) providing protection to the searchers, and d) taking measures to restore order, in the event of unrest among the prisoners, before the arrival of the team called for this.
1908
March, 3rd. The Chief Inspector of the Transfer of Prisoners issued a circular, which determined the procedure for checking the service of escort teams.
November 5. A procedure has been introduced for "attaching" photographs to open sheets of prisoners sentenced to hard labor, exile and settlement, and vagrants. V
Petersburg and Moscow, the transportation of prisoners began to be carried out on special vehicles.
1911
March 27th. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the escort guards and local troops, the highest favor was declared to all officers and class ranks, and royal thanks to the lower ranks.
The badge "100 years of the escort guards" was approved: silver oxidized for officers, white metal for lower ranks.
March. The chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners, Major General N. I. Lukyanov, donated 3,000 rubles to the escort guards. Concerning. The chief of the General Staff approved the Capital Regulations of Major General Lukyanov for the issuance of temporary benefits to the lower ranks and their families who suffered during the execution of the convoy service. By 1912, the capital was 5059 rubles, by 01/01/1916 - 7802 rubles.
1912
11th of November. The Minister of the Interior approved the regulation of the armed guards on the railways (1 guard for 10 civilians).
1913
Places of detention in Russia were served by 1389 senior guards, 16635 guards, 737 guards, 153 full-time prison priests, clerks, psalmists, more than 140 churches, schools, libraries.
1914
25th of April. On the railways, the police guard is replaced by the railway guard. Armed guards have been established on the South-Eastern Railways.
August 23. With the outbreak of the 1st World War, the Main Committee for the Protection of Railways decided to strengthen the protection of bridges, establish internal supervision in trains and a pass system on bridges.
The end of the year. There were 531 escort teams in Russia. They escorted 1,573,562 prisoners, including 680,019 by rail, 20,208 by waterways, 134,770 on foot to railway stations - 372,664, and within cities - 36,584.
1915
During a year. The escort teams of the western provinces of Russia are entrusted with escorting prisoners of war and escorting military cargo to the front. They transported 176,060 transit soldiers, 134,000 foreign nationals deported to the interior of the country and for transfer to the authorities of their states, 142,000 prisoners of war, and 5,090,325 pounds of military cargo.
|
1916
September 24th. The tunnels on the Transbaikal road were taken under protection. Post and mobile armed guards have been created.
1917
Formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
The revolutionary moods that have engulfed the army are also penetrating into the escort guards.
March 1. The military units of Petrograd, which supported the revolution, occupy the Winter Palace.
March, 3rd. The program of the new government has been promulgated. It provided for an amnesty “on all political and religious matters”, the granting of political freedoms to all, including military personnel, the abolition of class, religious and national restrictions, the replacement of the police by the people’s militia, democratic elections of local self-government bodies, preparations for convening a constituent assembly to establish a form of government and drafting the constitution of the country, etc.
March 17. The Provisional Government abolished the imposition of all types of shackles, such as shackles, handcuffs. Prisoners are allowed to carry soap, lard, fats. The fodder salary of prisoners was set at 50 kopecks. per day.
April. The Petrograd escort team was entrusted with escorting artillery cargo to the army in the field. For this purpose, personnel from other escort teams were seconded.
October 25 (November 7). The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies adopted a programmatic appeal to the workers, soldiers and peasants!", which, in particular, stated: "... The Soviet government will offer an immediate democratic peace to all peoples and an immediate truce on all fronts. It will ensure the free transfer of landlord, appanage and monastic lands to the disposal of the peasant committees, defend the rights of the soldier by carrying out the complete democratization of the army, establish workers' control over production, ensure the timely convocation of
The Constituent Assembly, will attend to the delivery of bread to the cities and essential items to the countryside, will ensure to all the nations inhabiting Russia the true right to self-determination. The congress decides: all power in the center and in the localities passes to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which must ensure genuine revolutionary order ... "
1917
February 27. February Revolution in Russia. The overthrow of autocracy.
Formation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
Formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
The revolutionary moods that have engulfed the army are also penetrating into the escort guards.
The soldiers of the Petrograd and Moscow escort teams supported the revolution.
/ March. The military units of Petrograd, which supported the revolution, occupy the Winter Palace.
2nd of March. Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne. Interim Education
Government (Prince G.E. Lvov became Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior).
March, 3rd. The program of the new government has been promulgated. It provided for an amnesty “in all political and religious matters”, the granting of political freedoms to all, including military personnel, the abolition of class, religious and national restrictions, the replacement of the police by the people’s militia, democratic elections of local self-government bodies, preparations for convening a constituent assembly to establish a form governance and the development of the country's constitution, etc.
March 17. The Provisional Government abolished the imposition of all types of shackles, such as shackles, handcuffs. Prisoners are allowed to carry soap, lard, fats. The fodder salary of prisoners was set at 50 kopecks. per day.
April. The Petrograd escort team was entrusted with escorting artillery cargo to the army in the field. For this Purpose, personnel from other escort teams were seconded to her.
October. Re-elections of members of the command committee took place in the escort teams.
"on October (November 7). The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies adopted a program appeal "To the workers, soldiers and peasants!", Which, in particular, said: "... The Soviet government will offer an immediate
INTERNAL TROOPS (1917-1922)
1917
October 26 (November 8). The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR was formed under the chairmanship of V. I. Lenin, among other People's Commissariats created
People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. A. I. Rykov was appointed People's Commissar.
October 28 (November 10). The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs adopted a resolution "On the workers' militia".
16 (29) November. The Council of People's Commissars passed a resolution on the appointment
G. I. Petrovsky as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs and the formation of the Board of the People's Commissariat.
State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 130, op. 1, d. 2, l. 3.
December 7 (20). The Council of People's Commissars decided to create
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) under the Council of People's Commissars for the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. F. E. was appointed chairman of the commission.
Dzerzhinsky.
1918
January 15 (28). The Council of People's Commissars adopted a Decree on the organization of the Workers' and Peasants'
Red Army (RKKA).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 1.-M.; Politizdat, 1957.-
pp. 356-357.
24 February. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the formation of 1 armored detachment under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which subsequently became part of the troops
VNUS and VChK. Yu. V. Konopko was appointed the first commander.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 648.
Not earlier than March 9th. From the composition of the 1st scooter battalion of the Petrograd Military District, 72 scooters were seconded to the disposal of the Cheka
(excluded from the list of the battalion on March 27, 1918).
Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), f.
16073, op. 1, d. 4, l. 89.
March 18. The collegium of the Cheka made a decision to unite the detachments of the local Cheka into
Combat detachment of the Cheka.
From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard. Documents and materials.
(1917-1921).-M.: Military Publishing, 1958.-S. 5.
March 23. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a Decree on the centralization of administration, the protection of roads and the increase in their carrying capacity.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 2.-M.: Politizdat, 1959.-S. twenty.
20 April. By order of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, the escort guard of the Republic was reorganized. To manage it, the Main Inspectorate of the Escort Guards under the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR was established.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.- S. 35-36.
May 9. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the Emergency Powers of the People's Commissar for Food" (approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on May 13, 1918)
The People's Commissariat of Food was granted the right to have armed force. The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 27 (in the final version of May 30) determined the form of organization of this armed force, the principle of recruitment and tasks. The decrees laid the foundation for the formation of the Food Requisition Army (Prodarmiya).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 2.-M.: Politizdat, 1959.-S. 264-266, 307-312.
May 29. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a Decree on the transition to compulsory military service for workers.
Collection of legalizations and orders of the Workers 'and Peasants' Government of the RSFSR
(hereinafter SU), 1918, No. 41, art. 518.
June 13th. The Board of the Cheka decided to unite all the detachments, consisting of emergency commissions in the center and in the field, into the Corps of the Cheka. (V. V. Kamenshchikov was appointed the first chief of staff of the Corps of the Cheka troops, and from October 1918, K. M. Valobuev).
From the history of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission. 1917-1921-S. 137-138.
July 6-7. There was a Left SR rebellion in Moscow. As a fighting force, the rebels used the regiment of the Cheka D. Popov. A detachment of the Cheka under the command of A. Polyakov participated in the liquidation of the rebellion.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 15.
10 July. The 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a resolution on the organization of a regular Red Army.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 2.-S. 541-544
10 July. The Chief Sugar Committee decided to form an armed guard to protect sugar production. (At the beginning of 1919, the number was set at 5500 people and consisted of two regiments, two separate companies and 90 separate platoons),
Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), f. 6967, op. 1, d. 56a, ll. 91-93.
23 July. The Moscow provincial conference of textile workers decided to protect the property of factories, which marked the beginning of the organization of military protection
Centrotextile. Bulletin of Centrotextile. - 1918, No. 27, July 27.
July 25th. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the reorganization of the river protection of the Main Directorate of Water Resources (Glavovod).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3.-M.: 1964.-S. 86.
August 19. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, all armed forces
The republics formed both by the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs and other departments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs for recruiting, training, supply, combat training and use as a military force. Acquisition-on a common basis with the Red Army.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3. - S. 224-226.
2 September. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Soviet Republic was declared a single military camp. The Revolutionary Military Council (Revolutionary Military Council) was created
Republic, the post of Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces (Commander-in-Chief) of the Republic was established. The Supreme Military Council, which functioned from
April 1, 1918, abolished. Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3.-S. 268.
16 of September. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee established the Order of the Red Banner of the RSFSR. During the Civil War, more than 150 servicemen of the internal troops were awarded this order. SU, 1918, No. 69, p. 742.
Not later than September 19th. A detachment of the Simbirsk Gubchek consisting of 100 infantrymen and
20 cavalrymen after a 16-hour battle with an enemy force of 500 people. liberated mountains. Kurmysh. Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 51.
October 11. By order of the troops of the Eastern Front, distinguished in battles
September 14-15 with the enemy Combat detachment of the Cheka, operating as part of
Inza (later 15 Sivash) Rifle Division.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 52-53.
12 October. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, the order of recruitment, supply and combat training that was in force in the Red Army was extended to auxiliary troops.
Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), f. 4, op. 3, d. 1560, l. 68, 68 rev.
October 26th. The number of the Corps of troops of the Cheka was 12841 people. (24 battalions).
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1970, l. 180.
28 of October. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Regulations on the All-Russian and Local Extraordinary Commissions for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Offenses. Clause 7 of the Regulations read: “The All-Russian Emergency Commission and all local emergency commissions have the right to organize special armed detachments with them ...
All detachments of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and local emergency commissions are under the control and account of the Revolutionary Council
Republic".
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3.-S. 457-459.
November 14th. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established the procedure for recruiting the Corps of the Cheka troops on a common basis with the Red Army.
RGVA, collection.
November 28. Schools for the illiterate and semi-literate were organized by order of the Corps of the Cheka troops.
From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard. - S. 47-49.
29th of November. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee considered and approved the Charter of the internal service and the Charter of the garrison service. Later, on January 30, 1919, the Disciplinary Charter of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was approved. General military charters approved
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, acquired the force of law. They regulated the order of service, the life and life of units and subunits, determined the relationship, duties of military personnel. The troops of the Cheka were also guided by these charters.
November 30th. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the Council of Workers' and Peasants'
Defense. In April 1920, it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 4-M.: 1969.-S. 92-94.
1919
January 16th. The headquarters of the Corps of troops of the Cheka was renamed the Headquarters of the troops of the Cheka.
RGVA, f. 11, op. 5, d. 559.
February 13. The order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established the procedure for supplying units of the Cheka troops on the same basis as the Red Army.
RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d. 51, l. 198.
February 18. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a Decree on the organization of the railway police and railway guards. At the same time, the Regulations “On Railway Guard” were approved.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 4.-M.: 1968-S. 407-408,
409-410.
March 12th. The Presidium of the Cheka approved the "Regulations on the troops of the Cheka".
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 84-85.
March 14th. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and the People's Commissariat of Food, the management of the food army was reorganized. RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d. 1586, l. 3.
16 April. The Board of the NKVD decided to transfer the shipping security to the NKVD and establish the Main Directorate of Shipping Security.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 88.
May 28 The Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense adopted a resolution "On Auxiliary Forces". The troops of the internal security of the Republic, subordinated to the NKVD of the RSFSR, were created. The internal security troops (VOHR) included all auxiliary troops that were at the disposal of the People's Commissariat of Food,
Glavoda, Glavsugar, Glavneft, Centrotextile, etc. The headquarters of the Cheka troops was renamed the Headquarters of the VOKhR troops.
Decrees of Soviet power, T. 5.-S. 508-510.
June 18th. The headquarters of the troops of the internal security of the Republic was renamed into the Main Directorate of the troops of the VOKhR.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. - S. 113.
July 8-30. By orders to the troops of the VOKhR of the Republic, in order to better control the units, sectors of the VOKhR were created: Moscow (July 8); Kursk, Petrograd
(July 11);. Vostochny (July 14); Kievsky (July 30).
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 122.128.
September 27. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic decided to increase the troops of the VOKhR by 45 thousand people. and bring the total number to 165 thousand people.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 129.
10 October. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense adopted a decision to involve the troops of the All-Russian Union of Arts and Sciences and units of the Red Army in assisting customs institutions in protecting the economic interests of the RSFSR.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 6.-S. 461-462.
October 21. A military council of the troops of the VOKhR was formed (approved by the Revolutionary Military Council
Republic December 31, 1919). Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S.
130.
November 5. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic determined the procedure for attracting the troops of the VOKhR for military operations on external fronts.
RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d. 33, l. 389.
November 24th. By order of the military council of the troops of the VOKhR, the Main Directorate of the Internal Guard Troops was renamed the Headquarters of the Internal Guard Troops of the RSFSR.
From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard.-S. 93-94.
December 7th. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic awarded the 249th Rifle Regiment (former 6th Combined Regiment of the Cheka troops) with the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner for distinction in battles on the strike front in February-July 1919.
Combat exploits of the Red Army units (1918-1922). Collection of documents.-M.:
1957.-S. 27-28.
1920
January 11th. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, under the military council of the troops of the VOKhR, the Revolutionary Military Tribunal of the Internal Guard Troops was established.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 144-145.
January 23. The Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense entrusted the troops of the VOKhR with the protection and defense of railways and railway facilities throughout the territory
Republic, except for the front line.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 7.-M.: 1975.-S. 129-131.
January 31st. The troops of the VOKhR are entrusted with the protection of forced labor camps.
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1348, l. 44
28th of February. The Military Council of the VOHR troops issued an order on the introduction of unity of command in the troops.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. - S. 334.
20th of March. By decision of the military council of the troops of the VOKhR, a main inspection of the troops of the VOKhR was created.
GARF, f. 393, op. 1, d. 121, ll. 1-3.
April 21. The STO adopted a resolution on the troops of the Internal Guard of the Republic, which sets out the tasks and procedure for using these formations.
It was determined that they are entrusted with the protection of transport, the country's production, and they are the reserve of the Red Army, operating on external fronts.
SU, 1920, No. 11, art. 70, 19 June.
April 30. The "Regulations on political and educational work in the troops of the VOKhR" were approved.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.- S. 343-346.
May 27th. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the troops of the VOKhR of the Autonomous Republics", explaining that they are the reserve of the Red Army, are fully subordinate in all respects to the head of the VOKhR troops. SU, 1920. No. 50, l.
220.
2 June. By order of the troops of the VOKhR, in order to raise military education and the general development of junior command personnel, schools were organized for each brigade
(training teams) 1 for the training of junior command staff. The term of study is 4 months.
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1396, l. 436.
23 July. At the meeting of the STO, the issue of reorganizing the troops of the VOKhR was considered.
RTSKHIDNI, f. 19, op. 3, d. 138, l. 5.
August 13th. STO adopted a resolution on the transfer of units of the VOKhR Troops to
North Caucasus and Kuban as a labor force for the assignment
People's Commissariat of Food.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 205.
September 1. STO adopted a resolution on the creation of internal service troops
Republic (VNUS). They included the troops of the VOKhR, guards, railway defense, railway police, water police, etc.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.- S. 207-209.
September 15th. The STO adopted a resolution on providing the People's Commissariat of Food with armed force from the internal service troops.
A SOURCE
History of the Internal Troops
Chronicle of events (1811-1991)
Moscow 1995
Colonel G.S. Beloborodov ed. GUVV MIA of Russia
Printing house of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 151 pages.
He spent his holidays at the estate of General Timashov. He was treated with koumiss, the healing properties of which he experienced on himself when he lived in Siberia. Feeling better, he became interested in hunting, but he caught a cold and fell ill. July 3, 1840 he died.
Buried in the village Nikolsky (50 km from Orenburg).
Kaptsevich was married to Princess Maria Petrovna Prozorovsky (a relative of Field Marshal Prince A.A. Prozorovsky), had two children: son Nikolai (1818–1862), an officer in the Russian army, and daughter Sophia (she was a maid of honor of the Highest Court, married General -Major A.K. Essen).
Literature and sources
Russian biographical dictionary. - St. Petersburg, 1897. - T. 8.Herzen A.I. Past and thoughts. - M., 1979. - S. 234.
Grech N.I. Notes about my life. - M., 1990. - S. 49.
Dolgoruky I.M. The temple of my heart or the Dictionary of all those persons with whom I have been in various relationships during my life. - M., 1874.
Dubrovin N. Letters of figures in the reign of Emperor Alexander I (since 1807-1829). - St. Petersburg, 1883. - S. 264, 265, 432.
Peter Mikhailovich Kaptsevich - Governor-General of Tobolsk and Tomsk // Dictionary of Memorable People of the Russian Land, containing the life and deeds of famous generals, ministers and statesmen, great hierarchs of the Orthodox Church, distinguished by their participation in national history, compiled by Dmitry Bantysh-Kamensky and published Alexander Shiryaev in five parts. - St. Petersburg: OKVS printing house, 1847. - Part 2. - P. 90–109.
Great Prince Nikolai Mikhailovich. Russian portraits of the 18th and 19th centuries. - St. Petersburg, 1905. - T. III. - No. 82.
Military encyclopedia. - St. Petersburg, 1912. - T. VI. - S. 414.
Klodt G.A. Sculpted and cast by Peter Klodt. - M., 1989. - S. 38, 39.
Klodt G.A. The story of my ancestors. - M., 1997. - S. 35.
Story internal troops: Chronicle of events (1811-1991) - M., 1995. - P. 132.
Organs and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: A Brief Historical Sketch. - M., 1996. - S. 81–84.
Organs internal affairs of Russia. In 2 vols. - Vol. 1. Internal affairs bodies of the Russian Empire. - M., 2002. - S. 229-234.
Shtutman S.M. On Guard of Silence and Tranquility: From the History of the Internal Troops of Russia (1811–1917). - M., 2000. - S. 158-172, 175-181, 241, 242, 243, 245.
Fedorchenko V.I. Imperial House. Eminent Dignitaries: An Encyclopedia of Biographies. In 2 volumes. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000. - T. 1. - S. 524, 525.
Internal and escort guards of Russia. 1811–1917: Documents and materials. Moscow: Exam, 2002
Portuguese R.M., Runev V.A. Military elite of the Russian Empire. 1700–1917 -M.: Veche, 2009. -S.288–289.
The book says that P.M. Kaptsevich was born "in the family of Major General of Artillery Mikhail Karlovich (Magnus-Karl-Ernst) Kaptsevich (1740-1812), one of the representatives of the Russian branch of the Pomeranian family, who joined the Russian army in 1762" It further says: “... For the courage and initiative shown in the battles near Khotyn and Yass during the Russian-Turkish war, he was awarded the Golden Weapon with the inscription “For Courage”. During the Russian-Swedish war, he commanded a combined detachment, “having shown ingenuity, decisiveness in actions, skillfully using the enemy’s miscalculations. He was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir IV degree. The essay indicates the merits of P.M. Kaptsevich in the Patriotic War of 1812, and about the time of his tenure as governor-general of Tobolsk and Tomsk, commander of the Separate Siberian Corps and commander of the Separate Corps of Internal Guards. In conclusion, the authors write: “He died on July 3, 1843 in St. Petersburg, where he was buried. Cavalier of fourteen Russian and foreign orders. Author of a number of articles in military magazines, as well as the "Regulations on the General Feldzeugmeister Service", more than ten "Instructions" and "Instructions" on the organization of the internal guard service "
The information given in the essay about the origin of P.M. Kaptsevich, the years of birth and death, the place of burial require clarification and justification.
The official website of the city of Poltava presents its own version of the life of P.M. Kaptsevich (http://poltavahistory.org.ua).
Sysoev N.G.... And serve the sovereign faithfully // At a military post. - 1999. - No. 3. - P. 41-46.
Shtutman S.M. Guards of Russia // At a combat post. - 2001. - No. 3. - P. 7–13.
RGVIA, f. 439, op. 1, house 7062, l. 288–291 (form list, 1817); f. 395, op. 126, 1820, 3rd section, d. 62; op. 232, 1828, 5th section, d. 3. l. 1-40; op. 87, 1832, 2nd section, d.112; op. 146, 1840, 3rd section, d.102.
REIBNITZ Karl Pavlovich
(18.07.1782 – 15.10.1843)
commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard (May 1840 - 03/25/1843)
major general (01/01/1819)
lieutenant general (09/22/1829)
general of infantry (10/10/1843)
Descended from Courland nobles, the son of a general. He received his first officer rank in January 1798. He served in the Tobolsk Infantry Regiment, having passed all the levels of officer service from ensign to colonel (the last two ranks he received for distinction). In 1814 he was appointed chief of the 4th Jaeger Infantry Regiment, from January 1819 - commander of the 1st brigade of the 24th infantry division, from May 1827 - head of the 25th infantry division, from January 1836 - head 12th Infantry Division.
K.P. Reibniz is a participant in 11 military campaigns and campaigns, including against the French army in 1799, 1806, 1807, 1813-1815. He distinguished himself in the battles of Preussisch-Eylau (1807), during the Patriotic War of 1812 - near Smolensk, Borodino, Maloyaroslavets, Vyazma and other cities, as well as in battles on the territory of Prussia, Silesia, Saxony, France, especially in the battle of Leipzig and the capture of Paris. In 1831 he participated in the pacification of the Polish rebels. Three times wounded. He was awarded nine domestic orders and two foreign ones.
Per "great feats" in the fighting in the Preussisch-Eylau region, where he received a bullet wound, he was awarded a gold badge of distinction. For skillful command of the regiment in the battles near Smolensk, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and for courage in the Battle of Borodino he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th class, for subsequent battles - a golden sword with the inscription: "For courage", the Order of St. Anna 2nd Art., the same order, decorated with diamonds, promoted to colonel. In the Battle of Leipzig, he was wounded by a bullet in the chest, awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class. and the Prussian Military Order of Merit. Commanding a division during the pacification of the Polish uprising, he was wounded by a bullet in the shoulder, received the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class. and the Polish insignia "For military merit" 2nd class. In 1836 he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st class, decorated with the imperial crown.
Reibniz took command of the OKVS at the age of 63, when it is difficult to manage such an army, whose battalions and teams are scattered over a large area in the European part of the country. It is difficult to inspect, teach, maintain the achieved level and introduce innovations, strictly monitor the proper performance of the duties of the service, maintain order.
But we must pay tribute to the old serviceman: on the basis of his vast military experience, he managed not only to preserve and increase the useful traditions accumulated under his predecessors, but also in a short time to increase the level of training and the quality of service activities of the corps entrusted to him, to stir up and inspire his subordinates with his innovative ideas , be demanding and caring.
First of all, he personally got acquainted with the state of affairs and issued a generalizing order, in which he wrote:
“After my assumption of command of the corps, recognizing it as necessary, first of all, to inspect at least some battalions and teams in order to get to know their condition and duties better, this year I went first along the highway to the city of Grodno, then to Smolensk, and I examined 10 battalions, 40 disabled and stage teams, two mobile companies on the first voyage, and 6 battalions and 44 disabled and stage teams on the last voyage, and comparing them with each other in good condition, I find that the battalions: S. - Petersburg, Rizhsky, Tula, Mitavsky, Moscow and Novgorodsky are in good condition, but the best among them are St. Petersburg and Tula, then Tverskoy, Kaluga, Mogilev, Smolensky, Pskov, Vitebsky and Revelsky require some more improvement to catch up with first; and the Grodno, Vilensky and Minsk battalions, especially the last one, are far behind the others ... ".
Not limited to a general conclusion, the order contains a large list of comments and specific requirements to eliminate the identified shortcomings.
Reibniz showed concern for awarding the lower ranks with the insignia of St. Anna, demanding the timely presentation of worthy ones who had served 20 years, "for these signs are established in order to revive the competition in the lower ranks to blameless service and jealousy."
For better training of soldiers, he ordered to periodically collect in battalion apartments one non-commissioned officer and one corporal from each disabled team for two months of training. "exemplary front and garrison services." He supported the initiative of the Kherson battalion, which organized a school for 40 people to teach soldiers to read and write, ordered to adopt this experience. He paid special attention to the accumulation and proper use of artel soldiers' money. Under him, the Regulations on the reserve capital of the internal guard, approved by the emperor, were introduced, which is formed by saving and incremented by interest in credit institutions where it is stored, and is spent on improving the maintenance of the personnel of the corps. Interest amounts are used for table money for officers and meat portions for lower ranks.
General Reibniz tried to use every opportunity for military training of soldiers. He demands "not to miss the winter time" and to engage in single preparation and fitting of uniforms. After that, teach the battalion formation, then “bring the battalion together for battalion training”, and “train the recruits in whole shooting, initially with blanks, and then with live ammunition, observing that they are correctly applied and aimed accurately.”
Reibnitz had a paternal attitude towards the soldiers, he also took care of the officers. After another inspection trip, in November 1840, he turned to the Minister of War with a request to allow using part of the reserve capital to improve nutrition for the lower ranks of the Tambov battalion "on the occasion last year in that province of crop failure and bad welding from householders, according to this, they produced." In general, he was a supporter of the barracks arrangement of troops, seeing the vices of placing them in philistine apartments.
The content of the corps headquarters was also in a difficult situation. For renting premises, heating and lighting, 1,142 rubles are allocated. with kopecks, and up to 3000 rubles are spent. Thanks to the perseverance of Reibniz, the necessary sums were released. He is seeking an increase in the amount of running money to district generals for inspection. For the treatment of patients, a catalog of necessary medicines was developed. Measures were taken regarding the training of non-commissioned officers for OKVS. Largely due to his efforts, a rule was adopted according to which the lower ranks, who had served without fault for at least 15 years, could be sent to OKVS from the field troops (decree of 11/20/1841). But even he was unable to rid the corps of the vicious practice of its recruitment.
The diligence of General Reibniz was noticed and noted by the emperor, who signed the letter as follows:
“Your long-term excellent and diligent service and your labors in the rank of commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard have acquired the right to Our special favor. In commemoration of this, we welcome you as a holder of the Order of the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky, whose signs we present with this, we remain favorably to you by Our Imperial mercy. Nicholas."
For zealous service, he was also awarded the Orders of the White Eagle and St. George, 4th class, a distinction for 40 years of impeccable service.
However, the financial situation of the OKVS commander was in a deplorable state. The general's family consisted of a wife and four children. The cost of maintaining a house, educating children did not allow him to avoid debts. By the highest command in 1843, 25 thousand rubles were released. notes to pay off the debt.
In March 1843, at a personal request due to poor health (illness and old wounds made themselves felt), Lieutenant General K.P. Reibnitz was relieved of his post, but retained as a member of the Military Council.
While on his deathbed, the general turns to the emperor with a last request to take care of his family.
Five days before his death, another royal favor followed: the dying Reibnitz was promoted to general of infantry.
He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky Lutheran cemetery. The epitaph on the tombstone read: “My wife and children are mourning an unforgettable loss. Those who knew him remember with their hearts. In human life, he was a true Christian, a good husband, a loving father, a friend of his neighbors; in the civil field - a faithful servant to the tsar and the fatherland, an honored warrior, an infantry general, commander of the internal guard corps and a member of the Military Council.
K.P. Reibnitz was himself the son of a general, and his sons carried on the family tradition. K.K. Reibniz (18181884) became the commander of the Life Guards of the Izmailovsky Regiment, major general, then lieutenant general, a member of the Alexander Committee for the Wounded. Another son rose to the rank of colonel.
Literature and sources
Century War Ministry. 1802–1902 - T. III. Dep. 4. Memory of the members of the Military Council: Portraits and biographical sketches. - St. Petersburg, 1907.Great Prince Nikolai Mikhailovich. Petersburg necropolis. - St. Petersburg, 1912. - S. 560.
Organs and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: A Brief Historical Sketch. - M., 1996. - S. 84, 85.
Story internal troops: Chronicle of events (1811-1991) - M., 1995. - S. 133, 134.
Organs internal affairs of the Russian Empire. In 2 vols. - T. 1. - M., 2002. - S. 234, 235.
Internal and escort guards of Russia. 1811–1917: Documents and materials. Moscow: Exam, 2002
Shtutman S.M. On Guard of Silence and Tranquility: From the History of the Internal Troops of Russia (1811–1917). - M., 2000. - S. 181, 187, 246.
Shtutman S.M. Guards of Russia // At a combat post. - 2001. - No. 3. - P. 10.
Portuguese R.M. Runov V.A. Military elite of the Russian Empire. 1700–1917 -M.: Veche, 2009. -S. 480, 481.
In the essay, you can get additional information about the military service of K.P. Reibnitz and his father, however, the dates of birth and death indicated in it, the place of burial, differ from the information given in other sources.
RGVIA, f. 489, op. 1., d. 7402, l. 17–25 (form list, 1835); f. 395, op. 86.1831, 2nd section, 2 st., d. 439; op. 27/423, 1836, 1 section, 3 items, file 744; op. 95, 1840, 2nd section, d. 241; op. 98, 1843, 2nd section, d. 230; op. 149, 1843, 3rd section, d. 634.
TRSHATNY Alexander Lvovich
(2 (18?).10.1785 – 06.05.1852)
Commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, Inspector of the Reserve Infantry (03/25/1843 - 02/21/1847)
major general (1827)
lieutenant general (1835)
Descended from the nobility of the Chernihiv province. The family estate was located in the Starodubsky district, where there were serfs in the amount of 83 souls. He was assigned to military service at the age of 15 as a non-commissioned officer in the Keksholmsky regiment (02.10.1800). Having risen to the rank of second lieutenant, he was transferred to the Pernovsky Infantry Regiment (04/13/1805), in which he served for 12 years, successively going through all the stages of officer ranks.
As part of the regiment, he participated in the wars: with France (in three campaigns: 1805–1806, 1807 and 1808, on May 29, 1807, in a battle near the city of Heilsberg, he was wounded by a bullet in his right leg), with Sweden (in three campaigns of 1808 -1809) and again with France (in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-1814); was wounded three times: 07/13/1812 at the Ostrovno metro station - a tangential bullet wound to the left temple, 08/26/1812 - shell-shocked in the battle of Borodino, 05/09/1813 in the battle near the city of Baucin (Saxony) wounded by a cannonball in the left leg. After each wound, he returned to duty and continued to fight, participated in the storming of Paris.
In 1818 he was appointed commander of the Nevsky Infantry Regiment and promoted to colonel. He served in the regiment for 9 years. Then he was appointed commander of the 2nd brigade of the 4th infantry division. Participated in the war with Turkey (in the first campaign in 1828 under the fortress of Silistria). 12/06/1827 promoted to major general. More than 35 cities, settlements, fortresses, rivers and other lines passed in battles and campaigns are listed in his official list.
On April 29, 1829, he was recalled from the army on April 29, 1829 due to illness and his health, which was disturbed from wounds. He was granted a long vacation for rest and treatment.
On April 17, 1832, he was appointed district general of the 2nd district of the internal guard. He was in this position for two years.
Trishatny was a very authoritative commander and stood out even against the background of other honored and experienced district generals. There was the same rumor about the severity of Trishatny as about Kaptsevich. Both of them were reputed to be demanding commanders who did not tolerate any indulgences in relation to order and service in subordinate troops. Kaptsevich, as noted above, enjoyed the patronage of Count Arakcheev, Trishatny - Count Kleinmichel. When the exactingness of the patronized generals crossed the boundaries of what was permitted and caused obvious discontent in society, especially among the officers, their influential patrons saved the situation.
Two years later, Trishatny took command of the 16th Infantry Division, after some time he was promoted to lieutenant general.
On January 26, 1837, by order of Emperor Trishatny, he was appointed acting inspector of the reserve infantry, transferring the division to its newly appointed chief, Lieutenant General N.I. Hartung.
He is promoted to a higher position. The corps commander, Adjutant General Neidgard, gives him an excellent recommendation: “... Lieutenant General Trishatny is the most excellent, knowledgeable service and caring division chief. The internal order and arrangement in the regiments, the exact fulfillment of the duties of each, a single bearing and, in general, education and uniforms of the lower ranks, care for their maintenance and preservation - the essence of the subject is not only constant, but also very successful of his care, of which daily examples are presented to me. But a few months after the new appointment in the name of the Minister of War, Count A.I. Chernyshev from the chief of the gendarmes Count AH. Benckendorff received a note “about indecent treatment of a subordinate of Lieutenant General Trishatny”, which stated:
“There are very unfavorable rumors about General Trishatny. They say that he is incomparably more obstinate than his predecessor, Lieutenant General Skobelev; he is not only quick-tempered in dealing with officers, but seems to find food in insulting them; his insolence extends to the point that he calls them pigs.
It is no wonder that by such an appeal he brings one of his subordinates out of patience and the consequences can be mutually disastrous. Recently, in the Vladimir province, General Apostolov, wounded in campaigns, died. The acceleration of death is attributed to the displeasure caused to him by General Trishatny on the eve of his death at the review.
Trishatny was taken under the protection of P.A. Kleinmichel. Confidentially, he sent Trishatny a copy of the note of the head of the all-powerful department as a sign "desire to push away" as he put it, from Trishat "unpleasant consequences that may result from careless actions ...".
In a response letter, Trishatny tries to justify himself, assuring that he is strict, but obstinacy, which goes beyond reason and decency, is not in his rules. "V throughout his entire service, he writes, I constantly enjoyed not only the confidence of all my superiors, but also the affection of my subordinates, both in wartime and in peacetime. He knows the science of dealing with people, and the severity was aimed at pulling up the battalions of reserve brigades, which were in a deplorable state. (“Therefore I strongly demanded and will continue to demand”). “Black, based on lies and gossip, rumors about the death of Apostolov were spread in Nizhny Novgorod by the gendarme corps by Lieutenant Colonel Binyutin ... and when he confessed his negligence, I explained to him that the duty of the gendarmerie headquarters officer was not to spread, but to stop harmful gossip ... " . Trishatny asks to bring his letter to the minister of war and the sovereign, since for him, Trishatny, "All wealth is reputation and faithful service."
Thanks to the intercession of an influential patron, Trishatny's military career continued successfully. On August 30, 1839, he was approved as an inspector of the reserve infantry.
On March 25, 1843, he was appointed commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, leaving him in his former position.
He already had an idea about OKVS: in 1832-1834. was a district general, and from April 9 to October 21, 1842, for the period of vacation of the commander of the OKVS, Lieutenant General Reibniz, he acted in his duties. Obviously, this circumstance was taken into account in the new appointment. The 58-year-old general had 43 years of service at the time. He combined strictness with caring for his subordinates, their religious and moral education. "Gg. battalion commanders, heads of disabled and stage teams, - says in one of his orders, strictly observe that all the military ranks under their command perform their duty according to the rite of religion of each, by no means allowing anyone to evade this important duty. At the beginning of each year, orders were given with a list of Orthodox, Muslim and Jewish holidays, during which it was prescribed to release the lower ranks from service in order to perform the corresponding rites.
In August 1846, during the inspections of a number of battalions, Trishatny drew attention to the fact that the commanders did not care too much about "weak, weak-breasted and too young" soldiers. He demanded that they be taken to classes without knapsacks until they get stronger, not be burdened with service and study (no more than one hour a day, and then without guns), to ensure that they have "nutritious food". He constantly sought to increase the reserve capital. A report on this was submitted to the emperor, who approved the measures taken in the OKVS and noted that “The troops of this corps, without any assistance from the State Treasury, receive improved allowances at the expense of this capital, and, meanwhile, the capital itself is constantly and every year increasing.”
Trishatny took measures to improve guard and escort service. Under his leadership, the OKVS headquarters developed an Instruction on the procedure for escorting prisoners and on guard (announced in the OKVS order No. 30 of 02/05/1845). Improvements were made to the organizational structure of the corps. The commander not only strictly exacted from the negligent, but also generously encouraged those who distinguished themselves. Many soldiers and non-commissioned officers were awarded for the so-called philanthropic deeds.
The service activity of General Trishatny was carried out in parallel according to his positions in two unrelated directions.
She was successful in relation to the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard. Here he received awards and royal favors. His second incarnation (reserve infantry inspector) in the last years of his inspector activity was not so prosperous and ultimately led to the collapse of his military career.
Having examined the reserve division of the Caucasian Corps subordinate to him as an inspector of the reserve infantry and discovered major shortcomings and abuses on the part of the division's officials, Trishatny did not take measures to correct the situation, hid all this from the Minister of War, for which he was brought to court-martial, by the verdict of which, announced on August 31, 1847, demoted from lieutenant general to private, deprived of orders and insignia, noble dignity. However, when confirming this verdict, Emperor Nicholas I considered it possible to show mercy towards Trishatny and "in respect of the former excellent service, return the nobility with permission to live in the family wherever he wishes and with the determination of his disability for the wounds he received, according to his former rank." Trishatny was a participant in three wars, wounded and shell-shocked three times, awarded eight domestic and one foreign orders. For distinction in military campaigns, he was awarded the following orders: St. Anne, 4th class. (for Heilsberg), St. Vladimir 4th class. with a bow (for Ostrovno), St. Anna 2nd class. (for Borodino), St. George 4th class. (for Vyazma); a golden sword with the inscription: "For Bravery" and the Prussian Order of Merit (for Baucin). In peacetime, he was awarded the following orders: St. Vladimir, 3rd class. (1827), St. Anne 1st class. (1854), White Eagle (1839), St. Alexander Nevsky.
