Municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum No. 2"

Performed:

student of class M-10-2

Egorova Maria Sergeevna

Cheboksary, 2016

Man as a spiritual being

Remembering the words of the famous writer-publicist V. A. Sukhomlinsky that a person is born not to disappear without a trace as an unknown speck of dust, but in order to leave an eternal mark on himself, many people strive to realize their place in social relations and outline their own directions of development and self-education. This process in philosophy is called "human self-construction". The object of such construction is the spiritual world of man.

The world of man is multifaceted and determines his inner, spiritual life, which includes consciousness, faith, feelings, aspirations, dreams. In the scientific understanding, the spiritual life of people embraces all the wealth of feelings and achievements of the mind, unites the assimilation of accumulated spiritual values ​​by mankind and the creative creation of new ones. In general, spirituality is the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality. At this level, the meaning of human life is not personal needs and relationships, but the highest human values: goodness, truth, beauty….

A person living in society cannot but obey certain rules, the most important of which are norms and morals. Morality is a system of norms and rules governing the communication and behavior of people. The moral attitudes of the individual have been studied by many great philosophers. For example, the German thinker I. Kant. formulated the categorical imperative of morality in this way: do not do to another what you do not wish for yourself, i.e. he affirms personal responsibility for the acts committed.

Also, the spiritual world of the individual includes values ​​and ideals. The ideal is perfection, the highest goal of human striving, the idea of ​​the highest moral requirements. Values ​​are what is most dear and sacred to a person. Based on these values, human relations are built, priorities are determined and goals of activity appear. I believe that patriotism is one of the most important value orientations. This concept denotes the relationship of a person to his state and people and love for his Fatherland.

In the history of philosophical and ethical thought, there was a point of view according to which moral qualities are inherent in a person from the moment of his birth. So some French philosophers believed that man is by nature kind and sincere. And representatives of Eastern philosophy believed, on the contrary, that man by nature is the bearer of evil. However, over time, philosophers nevertheless came to a consensus that moral principles are not laid down in a person from birth, but are formed in the family, on the example that is before their eyes, in the process of communicating with other people, in the process of education and learning, and to form their own moral values ​​on the basis of self-education. Self-education is self-control, high demands on oneself and in all activities.

Spirituality is one of the most sought-after concepts these days. Philosophers, politicians and publicists talk about it. Recently, Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said: "If we could combine our technological successes with such spirituality, which distinguished the Silver Age of Russian culture, it is unlikely that other countries could provide such a rapid advancement, which in this case we, that is, the Japanese, would have gained ". They often write about the lack of spirituality in society, about the absence of ideals as an obvious phenomenon of our days.

But here's the problem. Almost none of the psychological dictionaries has an entry on spirituality. There is no such concept in cultural dictionaries. So, almost everyone realizes that this is an important factor in the development of civilization, the discovery of new forms of social life. Everyone yearns for the desired predominance of spiritual, moral, intellectual values ​​in a person. But at the same time, modern social thought does not advance beyond general words.

Spirituality - a concept that generally reflects values ​​(meanings) and the corresponding experience, opposite to the empirical ("material", "natural") existence of a person, or at least different from it. Historically, there have been two directions in the understanding of spirituality: religious and secular. The hidden meaning of the religious interpretation of spirituality is found in direct communion with God. "We do not 'believe' only... We spiritually already see (as we see the sun) that the Master of the world is God, and He is the spiritual Sun of all life. Without Him, there would be nothing. Without eternity and immortality, everything "What is in the world is useless and there is no need. With God everything is meaningful, gets its meaning and its purpose. All difficulties, all the labors and sufferings of a person are illuminated with meaning, and death itself carries the light of eternal being."

The concept of transcendence

Man and animals explore the environment with the help of the senses: they listen, smell, look and touch, as a result they form coherent ideas about this environment, they remember and connect these ideas, and based on past impressions, they develop expectations. So, a person is closed in the space of the physical world. He can cognize this world and achieve great success in cognition. However, people vaguely guess that there is some other world outside the physical world. We receive signals from this world. Moreover, many visionaries, mystics, esotericists acquired the ability to enter this spiritual world and convey their own impressions of meeting with it. In the history of philosophy, such a transition from the realm of this world to the realm of the other world has been called transcendence. In philosophy, this is how the transition from the sphere of possible experience (nature) to the sphere that lies on its other side is designated.

The Austrian psychologist Viktor Frankl emphasizes that "the essential difference between man and animal is that man's intellect is so high, that man, unlike any animal, has one more ability: to understand that there must be wisdom that is fundamentally superior to his own, namely, suprahuman wisdom, which created both human wisdom and the wise instincts of animals, and distributed them harmoniously between them.

Transcendental (from lat. transcendere - to cross) - "flying" (Kant), going beyond the boundaries of possible (not only individually and at the present time) experience, lying outside this experience, going beyond the limits of human consciousness. If we talk about the concept of "transcendence" in the ontological sense, then it expresses the recognition of being, which is not the object of our thoughts and perceptions.

According to N. A. Berdyaev, the spiritual principle in man has a transcendent basis. In other words, it is not derived from nature, from the surrounding world. Man's dissatisfaction with the finite, striving for the infinite reveals the divine in man. According to N. A. Berdyaev, a person cannot be self-sufficient, this would mean that he does not exist. “This is the secret of human existence,” N. A. Berdyaev shows, “it proves the existence of something higher than man, and this is the dignity of man. Man is a being that overcomes its limitations, transcends to the highest.”

Man as a product of biological, social and cultural evolution

The appearance of man

Scientific study of the origin of man (Darwin, Engels); 20th century - concept of human biosocial nature

Today, the study of anthropogenesis goes in three directions:

connection with geological processes, comparison of the stages of human evolution with the stages of the evolution of the earth's crust (restoration of the missing links of evolution to the modern form)

biological prerequisites and genetic mechanisms of the evolution of human ancestors in accordance with the appearance of exc. signs (upright walking, use of hands as hands, development of speech and thinking, etc.)

Refinement of the general theory of anthropogenesis as a complex process of interaction of biological and social factors.

The beginning of formation

ramapithecus(14-20 million years ago) - savanna, tools

australopithecines(5-8 million years ago) - selected and partly worked tools

skilled man(Homo habilis)(2 million years ago)

Homo erectus(Homo erectus) (1-1.3 million years ago) - hunting tools, fire, mb speech

reasonable man(Homo sapiens)(150-200 thousand years ago)
on the stage Cor-Magnon(40-50 thousand years ago) - close to modern people in physical terms. shape, intellect.
could: organize a team. activity, build dwellings, make clothes, use highly developed speech, had an interest in beauty, a sense of compassion, etc.

In general, the theory of anthropogenesis of the 20th century. singled out work as a leading factor in the formation of man and human society. But then changes began, they added to the work:

speech development

consciousness

the formation of moral ideas

Only all together ensure social development and find their embodiment in culture.

The purpose and meaning of human life

The distinguishing feature of man is striving for a philosophical understanding of life. Finding the meaning of life - purely human occupation.

Subjective side: Why, in fact, does a person live? - there is no unambiguous solution, everyone solves it individually.

objective side(not dependent on man) - awareness of the unity of man and mankind with all life on the planet - has a great ideological significance.

In the history of philosophy, two approaches to the problem of the meaning of life can be distinguished:

The meaning of life is associated with the moral institutions of the earthly existence of man.

The meaning of life is associated with values ​​that are not directly related to earthly life, which in itself is fleeting and finite.

Positions of some philosophers

Aristotle. The meaning of life is happiness.

Renaissance. The meaning of life lies in human existence itself.

classical German philosophy Kant and Hegel) - connected the meaning of human life with moral quest, self-development and self-knowledge of the human spirit.

Fromm(20th century) - there are two kinds of people. One needs to be taken, to have. Others - to create, to love, to give, to sacrifice oneself.

Man like biological individual being mortal. At the same time, the individual has the possibility of the eternal, i.e. about infinite existence socially. As long as the human race exists, so much the personality exists.

Human Sciences

consider it in four dimensions:

biological. Biology, genetics.

Mental. Psychology

Social. Social psychology, sociology, mythology, religion, philosophy, law, politics, mysticism, cultural studies.

space. Mythology, religion, astrology, philosophy.

Man as a spiritual being

The concept of the spiritual life of people embraces all the wealth of feelings and achievements of the mind. H, who has a highly developed spiritual life, has an important personal quality - spirituality (striving for the height of ideals). A person whose spiritual life is poorly developed is unspiritual. So, spirituality is the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality. At this level, the highest human values ​​become the motive and meaning of the life of Ch. Assimilation of certain values ​​(truth) creates value orientations.

H, being a social being, obeys certain rules, this is a necessary condition for the survival of the human race. Established norms and rules are designed to protect the interests and dignity of each individual. Moral standards are the most important. Morality is a system of norms, rules governing communication and behavior of people, ensuring the unity of common and personal interests. The norms and rules of morality are formed naturally and are derived from mass everyday practice.

The moral attitudes of the individual have been studied by the greatest philosophers. One of them is Kant. He formulated the categorical imperative of morality - this is an unconditional compulsory requirement that does not allow objections, and is binding on all people. The categorical imperative and the "golden rule" affirm Ch's personal responsibility for his actions. In addition to direct norms of behavior, morality also includes ideals, values, categories.

The ideal is perfection, the highest goal of human striving, the idea of ​​the highest moral requirements, the most sublime in Ch. Values ​​are what is most dear, holy both for one Ch and for all of humanity. Values ​​reflect H's attitude to reality, to other people, to himself. Based on the values ​​that people accept and profess, human relations are built, priorities are determined. Values ​​can be legal, political, religious, artistic, professional, moral. The most important moral values ​​constitute the system of value-moral orientation of H, inextricably linked with the category of morality. Moral categories are pair-related in nature, such as good and evil.

Also one of the most important moral categories is conscience. Conscience is the ability of a person to learn ethical values, independently formulate their moral duties, and exercise moral self-control. There is no morality without conscience. Patriotism is one of the most important values. This concept denotes the value attitude of Ch to his fatherland. The qualities of citizenship are also associated with the patriotic guidelines of H (and the feeling of love for the motherland and responsibility for the normal development of its social and political institutions, awareness of oneself as a full citizen).

Moral principles are not laid down in H from birth, he must develop some of them in himself on his own. Self-education in the sphere of morality is self-control, making high demands on oneself in all types of activities.

Worldview - a holistic view of nature, society, H, which is expressed in the system of values ​​and ideals of the individual, social group, society. There are different classifications of worldview types:

some philosophers give priority to God (theocentrism)

nature (nature-centrism)

H (anthropocentrism)

But the most common is the following classification of worldview types.

ordinary (occurs in the life of H in the course of his activity)

religious (worldview, the basis of which are religious teachings)

scientific (scientific picture of the world, generalized results of the achievements of human knowledge, accepted relationship of H with the environment)

The outlook gives Ch orientations and goals for all his practical and theoretical activities. It is the worldview that makes it possible to understand how best to achieve the intended guidelines and goals, equips them with methods of cognition and activity. Based on the value orientations contained in the worldview, Ch gets the opportunity to determine the true values ​​of life and culture. It is in the worldview that the understanding of the world, good and evil, beauty and ugliness is contained.

Topic Man as a spiritual being

Purpose: the formation of moral guidelines for students, a humanistic worldview, citizenship and a general culture.

Tasks:

developing an understanding of the concept of “spirituality”;

formation of communicative, informational, sociocultural competence, own position;

education of moral and spiritual values.

Estimated result(acquired skills):

cognitive:

the ability to use concepts: morality, morality, conscience, patriotism, citizenship, ideal in arguing one's own opinion;

ability to analyze situations;

informational:

ability to take notes, work with diagrams.

ability to use information resources;

analytical:

apply problem analysis schemes;

draw conclusions on your own.

Form of conducting: Lesson-research

Lesson equipment

Textbook "Social Studies Grade 10" edited by Bogolyubov L.N., Prosveshchenie publishing house, 2007.

Multimedia projector.

Lesson Plan

What does the concept of "spiritual life of people" include?

Spiritual guidelines of the individual: morality, values, ideals

Worldview and its role in human life

During the classes

I question Teacher's story with elements of conversation.

Have you thought about your life path, the meaning of your life? Have you tried to treat yourself consciously, to self-develop, to educate yourself. Surely each of you asked yourself similar questions that relate to a very important area of ​​our life - the spiritual world of man.

What isspiritual world human? Let's start with the word "peace". It is multi-valued. In this case, it denotes the inner, spiritual life of a person, which includes knowledge, faith, feelings, aspirations of people.

In scientific use, the conceptspiritual life of people encompasses all the wealth of feelings and achievements of the mind, unites the assimilation of accumulated spiritual values ​​by mankind and the creative creation of new ones.

There are a thousand ways to be a very bad person without breaking a single law.

One should not think that a person who acts in accordance with his convictions is already a decent person. It is necessary to check whether his beliefs are decent.

One of the most common and leading to the greatest disasters of temptations is the temptation of the words "Everyone does it."

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

Exercise: choose each one of the statements that is closest to your beliefs.

Write a short essay in your notebooks using the scheme you already know

slide 5

1. Carefully study the statement, understand its content

2. Formulate the problem

4. Argument your position (2-3 arguments)

5. Draw conclusions

After completing the task, voice 2-3 students' work

In addition to direct norms of behavior, morality also includes ideals, values, categories (the most general, fundamental concepts).

Exercise: on this slide you see a table in which only the left side is filled. Using the paragraph material on pages 37-39 find definitions for these terms

slide 6

an unconditional compulsory demand (command), which does not allow objections, is obligatory for all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances.

Ideal

perfection, the highest goal of human striving, the idea of ​​the highest moral requirements, the most sublime in man

Values

that which is most precious is holy both for one person and for all mankind. Values ​​reflect a person's attitude to reality (to certain facts, events, phenomena), to other people, to himself.

Moral categories

The most important moral values ​​that make up the system of value-moral orientation of a person, inextricably linked with the categories of morality, are paired.(bipolar) character, such as good and evil.

Conscience

the ability of a person to learn ethical values ​​and be guided by them in all life situations, independently formulate their moral duties, exercise moral self-control, be aware of their duty to other people.

Patriotism

the value attitude of a person to his Fatherland, devotion and love for the Motherland, his people

citizenship

socio-psychological and moral qualities of the individual, combining a feeling of love for the Motherland and responsibility for the normal development of its social and political institutions, and awareness of oneself as a full-fledged citizen with a set of rights and obligations

Definitions on the right side of the table appear after students have voiced them

Teacher's story Are moral principles formed in a person spontaneously or do they need to be formed consciously?

In the history of philosophical and ethical thought, there was a point of view according to which moral qualities are inherent in a person from the moment of birth. Thus, the French Enlightenment believed that man is by nature good. Some representatives of Eastern philosophy believed that man, on the contrary, is inherently evil and is the bearer of evil. However, the study of the process of formation of moral consciousness has shown that there are no grounds for such categorical statements.

Moral principles are not laid down in a person from birth, but are formed in the family on the example that is before his eyes; in the process of communicating with other people, during the period of education and upbringing at school, in the perception of such monuments of world culture, which allow both to join the already achieved level of moral consciousness, and to form one's own moral values ​​on the basis of self-education. Not the last place is occupied by the self-education of the individual.

The ability to feel, understand, do good, recognize evil, be persistent and uncompromising towards it are special moral qualities of a person that a person cannot receive ready-made from others, but must develop on his own.

Self-education in the field of morality - this is, first of all, self-control, making high demands on oneself in all types of one's activities.

Conclusion Moral self-education means the unity of consciousness and behavior, the steady realization of morality.venerable norms in life and activity. Only in experiencegood deeds and opposition to evil, one can consciously carry out moral self-improvement.

III question.

Teacher's story An important part of the spiritual world of a person is his worldview.

Slide 7

In the simplest, most common understanding, a worldview is a set of a person's views on the world that surrounds him.

A worldview differs from other elements of a person's spiritual world in that, firstly, it represents a person's view not on some separate side of the world, but on the world as a whole. Secondly, the worldview reflects the attitude of a person to the world around him: is he afraid, is a person afraid of this world, or does he live in harmony with it? Is the person satisfied with the world around him or strives to change it?

Thus, the worldview is a holistic view of nature, society, man, which is expressed in the system of values ​​and ideals of the individual, social group, society.

What determines one or another worldview?

Slide 7.

First of all, we note that a person's worldview is of a historical nature: each historical era has its own level of knowledge, its own problems, its own approaches to solving them, its own spiritual values.

Classification of worldview types may be different.Slide 8

But the most common is the following classification of worldview types.

Ordinary worldview arises in a person's life in the process of his personal practical activity, therefore it is sometimes calledlife outlook.

The views of a person in this case are not justified by religious arguments or scientific data. Such a worldview is formed spontaneously, the everyday, everyday basis prevails.

Slide 8

The ordinary worldview is very widespread, since the efforts of educational institutions and pastors of the church often touch only the very “surface” of the sphere of a person’s spiritual life.

Religious worldview - a worldview based on religious teachings contained in such monuments of world spiritual culture as the Bible, the Koran, the sacred books of Buddhists, the Talmud, and a number of others.

Scientific outlook is the legitimate heir to that direction of world philosophical thought, which in its development constantly relied on the achievements of science. It includes the scientific picture of the world, the generalized results of the achievements of human knowledge, the principles of the relationship of man with the natural and artificial environment.

What role does worldview play in people's activities?Slide 9

Firstly, it gives a person guidelines and goals for all his practical and theoretical activities.

Secondly, it is the worldview that allows people to understand how best to achieve the intended guidelines and goals, equips them with methods of cognition and activity.

Thirdly, a person gets the opportunity to determine the true values ​​​​of life and culture, to distinguish what is really important for a person’s activity in achieving his goals from what has no real meaning, is false or illusory.

Each worldview has its advantages and disadvantages.Slide 10

In the form of a conversation, the teacher leads students to the correct answers. They appear on the slide as they are spoken.

Types of worldview

Advantages

Flaws

Ordinary worldview

based on direct human experience

makes little use of the experience of other people, the experience of science and culture, the experience of religious consciousness as an element of world culture

Religious worldview

close connection with the world cultural heritage, focus on solving problems related to the spiritual needs of a person, the desire to give a person faith in the possibility of achieving their goals.

sometimes manifested intransigence to other positions in life, insufficient attention to the achievements of science, and sometimes ignoring them.

Scientific outlook

strong scientific validity, the reality of the goals and ideals contained in it, an organic connection with the production and social activities of people

man has not yet taken his rightful place in the scientific worldview

Conclusion. Our time allows a person to make worldview self-determination. But it should be remembered that the ordinary worldview leaves a person at the level of everyday concerns and does not give him sufficient grounds for orientation in the complex and rapidly changing modern world. Everyone chooses what, in his opinion, helps him to live.

Consolidation of the studied material.

Now let's see how the material of this topic can be presented in the USE materials in social scienceSlides 11-18. Students give answers by explaining them

1. A popular composer is working on a new song dedicated to protecting the world. What type of activity is illustrated by this example?

1) spiritual

2) economic

3) political

4) social

2. A person is a unity of three components: biological, mental and social. The social characteristics of a person include

1) age features

2) racial differences

3) manifestations of heredity and variability

4) spiritual ideals and values

3. Insert the missing word in the diagram

Secondary (acquired needs)

social

prestigious

4. From the examples given, select those that relate to the spiritual activity of a person

material and production activity

cognitive activity

social transformational activity

predictive activity

value-oriented activity

5. Spiritual values ​​include:

1) microscope

2) computer

3) scientific discovery

4) television

6. Worldview is formed under the influence of:

A. Personal experience.

B. Environmental cultural environment.

B. Education and upbringing.

G. Psychological characteristics of personality.

1) A and D are correct

2) correct A C D

3) C and D are correct

4) correct A B C D

7. The ability of a person to moral self-control is called:

1) conscience

2) persuasion

3) talent

4) etiquette

8. The foundation of the spiritual life of society is:

1) knowledge

2) art

3) science

4) culture

Conclusions on the topic. There are a lot of very different opinions about morality and ethics - about the fact that the end justifies the means, and that the winners are not judged. Perhaps those who think so have the right to do so.

But I want to finish our lesson with another statement - the words of L.N. Tolstoy

Everything can be forgiven, but not the perversion of those higher truths,

to which humanity has reached with such difficulty.

Homework 1. Paragraph 4 of the textbook, task 1-4.

2.On the Internet, find the definition of the concept of "humanistic worldview"

• outlook- a system of views on the objective world and a person's place in it, on a person's attitude to the reality around him and to himself, as well as the main life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, principles of knowledge and activity, value orientations conditioned by these views.

Worldview. Its types and forms

The structure of the worldview

• Knowledge- a form of existence and systematization of the results of human cognitive activity.
• Principles- Leadership position, basic rule, installation for any activities. Internal conviction in anything point of view on anything, the norm of behavior.
• Ideas -(other Greek . ἰδέα - visibility, appearance, form, prototype) The main idea of ​​a work or the general principle of a theory, invention, a certain prototype, idea or its most essential part.
• Beliefs- element (quality) worldview giving personalities or social group confidence in their views of the world, knowledge and assessments reality .
• ideals - (lat. idealis from Greekἰδέα - image, idea) - the highest value, the best, completed state of one or another phenomena- an example of personal qualities, abilities; higher norm moral personalities(personal ideal).
• Spiritual values- values ​​necessary for the formation and development of the inner world of people, their spiritual enrichment.

• mythological - (from Greekμῦθος - legend, legend) is based on an emotionally figurative and fantastic attitude to the world. In myth, the emotional component of the worldview prevails over reasonable explanations. Mythology grows, first of all, from fear a person in front of the unknown and incomprehensible - natural phenomena, illness, death. Since mankind did not yet have enough experience to understand the true causes of many phenomena, they were explained using fantastic assumptions, without taking into account cause and effect relationships .
• Mythological the type of worldview is defined as a set of ideas that were formed in the conditions of primitive society on the basis of a figurative perception of the world. Mythology is related to paganism and is a collection of myths, which is characterized by the spiritualization and anthropomorphization of material objects and phenomena.
• The mythological worldview combines the sacred (secret, magical) with the profane (public). Based on faith.

Worldview. Its types and forms. Historical views of the world

• Theological (religious) - (from lat. religion- piety, holiness) is based on belief in supernatural powers. Religions in contrast to the more flexible myth, rigid dogmatism and a well-developed system of moral precepts are characteristic. Religion distributes and supports models from its point of view of correct, moral behavior. The significance of religion is also great in uniting people, but here its role is dual: uniting people of one denominations, it often divides people of different faiths.

Worldview. Its types and forms. Historical views of the world

• philosophical - (φιλία - love, desire, thirst + σοφία - wisdom → other Greek . Φιλοσοφία (literally: love of wisdom) is defined as system-theoretical. Characteristic features of the philosophical worldview are consistency and consistency, consistency, a high degree of generalization. The main difference between the philosophical worldview and mythology is the high role of reason: if the myth is based on emotions and feelings, then philosophy- First of all, on logic and evidence. Philosophy differs from religion in the admissibility of freethinking: one can remain a philosopher by criticizing any authoritative ideas, while in religion this is impossible.

Worldview. Its types and forms.

• Ordinary (everyday) worldview - is a product of people's everyday life, in the sphere of which their needs are met

• Lack of integrity.
• Predominance of arbitrary ideas. Based on common sense and worldly experience.
• Fragmentation of views on the world. Such a worldview takes shape spontaneously, in the process of everyday experience, and it is difficult to imagine it in its pure form.
• Lack of integrity. As a rule, a person forms his views on the world, relying on clear and harmonious systems of mythology, religion, and science.

Morality, values, ideals

Morality- a form of social consciousness, consisting of a system of values ​​and requirements that regulate people's behavior. Approaches to the origin of morality: naturalistic, theological, sociological, cultural.

Morality, values, ideals

Moral functions:

• estimated
• estimated- consideration of actions in the coordinates of good and evil

(as good, bad, moral or immoral);

• regulatory controlling integrating educational
• regulatory- establishment of norms, principles, rules of conduct;
• controlling- control over the implementation of norms on the basis of public condemnation and / or the conscience of the person himself;
• integrating- maintaining the unity of mankind and the integrity of the spiritual world of man;
• educational- formation of virtues and abilities of correct and justified moral choice.

Morality, values, ideals

• good and evil
• moral and immoral
• goals and means to achieve it,
• morals and manners,
• proper and real.

Morality, values, ideals

• moral values, as opposed to material meet the needs of the spiritual life facilitate the process of human moral existence.
• The highest moral values ​​usually include generalized concepts that reflect the essence of morality and human existence: goodness, freedom, the meaning of life and happiness. Everyone needs this kind of value. they matter to everyone which determines their universal status.

• Morality as a special form of spiritual culture. / Morality is a set of norms approved by public opinion.
• The most important aspects (sides) of morality:
• a) cognitive (formation of a moral picture of the world);
• b) evaluative (assessment of social phenomena and actions of people from the position of good and evil);
• c) regulatory (a set of norms provided by public opinion).
• 3) The main categories of morality:
• a) good and evil
• b) duty and conscience;
• c) justice;
• d) honor and dignity;
• d) happiness.
• 4) Moral culture of the individual and society.
• 5) The golden rule of morality is the universal law of human life in society.

outlook

• Worldview as a system of generalized views on the world and a person's place in it.
• The structure of the worldview

• Knowledge Principles Ideas Beliefs Ideals Spiritual values
• Knowledge
• Principles
• Beliefs
• ideals
• Spiritual values
• Historical views of the world: mythological; theological (religious); philosophical.
• mythological;
• theological (religious);
• philosophical.
• Ordinary (everyday) worldview and its features: the predominance of arbitrary connections; fragmentary view of the world; lack of integrity.
• the predominance of arbitrary connections;
• fragmentary view of the world;
• lack of integrity.
• The main features of the scientific worldview: logical harmony; systematic; universality; criticality; validity.
• logical harmony;
• systematic;
• universality;
• criticality;
• validity.
• Classification of worldview types by emotional coloring optimistic outlook pessimistic outlook
• optimistic outlook
• Pessimistic outlook