Communication permeates all our material and spiritual activities, supports and ensures it. Communication for a person is his environment. Without communication, the formation of a person's personality, his upbringing, and adaptation to life are impossible. In the process of communication, there is a transfer of social experience, the exchange of not only their physical actions, the results of labor, but also thoughts, intentions, ideas, experiences. In communication, personality traits are also formed: methods of mental activity are formed, human emotions and forms of behavior are assimilated. As a result of communication, a rational, emotional interaction of individuals and social groups, mutual understanding and consistency of actions is achieved. Therefore, knowledge about communication is very important in order not only to know oneself, but also society as a whole.

Since communication is a complex and multifaceted process, it is studied by representatives of different sciences - philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, linguists. Philosophers study the place of communication in human life and society and the role of communication in human development. Sociologists investigate the forms of communication within social groups and between groups. The subject of study of psychologists is the form of human activity and behavior, individual psychotypical characteristics of communication. Linguists consider the linguistic and speech nature of social and interpersonal communication.

Communication cannot be presented only as communication, perception or interaction. The content of communication can be not only scientific and everyday knowledge, but also the person himself. Appearance, character traits, demeanor, temperament significantly affect the nature of a person's speech behavior. Man as a social being is in the center of the influence of the entire set of manifestations and forms of communication. Therefore, considering communication as communication and the development of relationships, it is important to define the role of a person as a special spiritual and active force. It is in the process of communication that a person transforms and an adequate perception of other people by him.

As a synonym for the term communication in science the term is used communication ... There is no unity in science in the interpretation of terms communication and communication... There are two approaches to this issue. The supporters of the first (L. S. Vygotsky, V. N. Kurbatov, M. I. Lisina, A. A. Leontiev, T. Parsons, K. Chery and others) tend to identify these two terms.

Proponents of the second approach insist on the breeding of terms communication and communication.

The question of the similarities and differences between two widely used concepts communication and communication far from idle (Churilov I.I., Mineeva S.A. Communication or communication: what to teach in the rhetoric of dialogue? - M., 2009). Communication – process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by needs joint activities, including the exchange of information and the development of a unified strategy of interaction by mutual perception and attempts to influence each other. Communication – specific exchange of information, the process of transmitting emotional and intellectual content (A.B. Zvegintsev, A.P. Panfilova. Fundamentals of Communication Theory, 2003). Communication- a necessary condition for human life and one of the fundamental foundations of the existence of society. Society is not so much a collection of individuals as those connections and relationships in which these individuals are with each other. In many respects, this explains such a keen interest in communication on the part of representatives of the most diverse scientific directions.

Common signs of communication and communication is their correlation with the processes of exchange and transfer of information and connection with language as a means of transferring information. But there is also fundamental differences, due to the difference in the volume of the content of these concepts: communication is always intersubjective interaction, and communication is the transfer of a message from a subject to an object. You can transfer information at all, without focusing on any specific person, without address. You can transfer information using different media: a book or a telephone.

In communication, dialogue is almost impossible. Communication is always a dialogue. In a dialogue, the communicating parties are equal, equal subjects. The main thing in dialogical communication- establishing community, contact, general meaning conversation. In the process of a communicative act, the main thing is to accurately convey the information. Communication does not necessarily imply a spiritual connection, communication is always an introduction to values ​​that we experience together, it is also a spiritual contact . In the process of communication, both sides are enriched. It should be noted that communication is always individually directed: in communication, a person is aimed at another - at one person or an aggregate subject; it is aimed at the requests, interests of the interlocutor, his needs, the level of knowledge.

Thus, communication is a necessary but not sufficient condition for communication. On this basis, communication is a socially conditioned process of the exchange of thoughts and feelings between people in various fields.

And in communication, experts distinguish several basic meanings of the concept of "communication":

– universal(extremely broad), in which communication is considered as a way of connecting any objects of the material and spiritual world;

– technical, corresponding to the idea of ​​communication as a way of communication, the connection of one place with another, means of transferring information and other material and ideal objects from one place to another;

– biological, widely used in biology, especially in the section of ethology, in the study of signaling methods of communication in animals, birds, insects, etc .;

– social, used to designate and characterize the diverse connections and relationships that arise in human society.

According to researchers, two-thirds of human communication consists of verbal communication, verbal communication. This is the most common and most difficult activity. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is included in a wider system of activity: educational, scientific, managerial, industrial, etc.

Speech communication – communication of people, understood in the broad sense of the word, not only as a conversation, conversation, but as any interaction with the aim of exchanging information... Communication consists of communicative acts in which communicants participate, generating statements (texts) and interpreting them.

The tasks of speech communication:

· Effective receipt of information (depends on the level of proficiency in reading and listening skills);

· Effective transfer of information (possession of writing and speaking skills);

· Achievement of the set goal by convincing the interlocutor and encouraging him to act (knowledge of the basic rhetorical techniques);

· Receiving additional information about the interlocutor (knowledge of the objective laws of the functioning of the language in society, the ability to distinguish shades of intonation and voice of the interlocutor, the ability to interpret the content of his statements and understand the possible subtext);

· Positive self-presentation (the ability to make a good impression on the interlocutor; assumes mastery of the basics of speech culture).

Communication - difficult process interaction between people, which consists in the exchange of information, as well as in the perception and understanding of partners of each other.

The subjects of communication are living beings, people.

In principle, communication is characteristic of any living creature, but only at the human level does the communication process become conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts. The person who transmits information is called a communicator, who receives it - a recipient.

In communication, a number of aspects can be distinguished: content, purpose and means.

Let's consider them in more detail.

The purpose of communication - answers the question "For the sake of what the creature enters into the act of communication?" Here is the same principle that was already mentioned in the paragraph on the content of communication. In animals, the goals of communication usually do not go beyond the biological needs that are actual for them. For a person, these goals can be very, very diverse. I am a means of satisfying social, cultural, creative, cognitive, aesthetic and many other needs.

Means of communication are ways of encoding, transmitting, processing and decoding information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one creature to another. Encoding information is a way of transmitting it.

Information between people can be transmitted using the senses, speech and other sign systems, writing, technical means recording and storing information.

Communication is the process of exchanging information.

In the process of exchanging information, it is important that each participant in the communication correctly understands their role. In other words, the communicator must clearly state the information necessary for transmission, and the recipient must listen carefully, perceiving everything said by the communication partner, and only after assimilating all the material, he may disagree with what he heard, compare with his point of view, etc.

We see that for a successful communication process, a person must have a certain number of properties, the main of which are: sociability and communication. Since it will be difficult for an uncommunicative person to carry out the process of exchanging information, since it must be transmitted not just as a message that computers exchange in certain portions in the form of electromagnetic signals. In the process of communication, a person must take into account individual characteristics partner, try to submit information in the form that will interest the interlocutor as much as possible, emphasize those points that should be focused on and try to explain in more detail what is not entirely clear.

The personality traits that are necessary in the process of communication include the ability to listen, inspire, respect a communication partner (after all, you always listen to a person whom you respect with more attentiveness than someone who does not deserve attention), experience, education, etc.

The personality traits that, on the contrary, interfere with communication, include hot temper, impatience, overdeveloped self-confidence and arrogance towards the interlocutor (since a person with such qualities has already initially "dulled" attention to the communication partner, and therefore to the information received from him ) and etc.

Basic theories of communication. Interactive, communicative, perceptual aspects of communication. Communication and communication: similarities and differences.

Communication is a complex multidimensional process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities and including the exchange of information, the development of a single strategy of interaction, perception and understanding of another person (Brief psychological dictionary. M., 1985). It follows from the definition of communication that this is a complex process, which includes three components: the communicative side of communication (exchange of information between people); interactive side (organization of interaction between individuals); the perceptual side (the process of perceiving each other by communication partners and establishing mutual understanding).

Thus, we can talk about communication as the organization of joint activities and the relationship of the people included in it.

The transmission of information is possible with the help of signs, sign systems. In the communicative process, verbal and non-verbal communication are usually distinguished.

Verbal communication of communication is carried out through speech. Speech is understood as a natural sound language, i.e. system of phonetic signs, including two principles - lexical and syntactic. Speech is a universal means of communication, since when information is transmitted, the meaning of the message is conveyed with its help. Thanks to speech, information is encoded and decoded.

Non-verbal communication: Visual types of communication are gestures (kinesics), facial expressions, postures (pantomime), skin reactions (redness, blanching, sweating), spatio-temporal organization of communication (proxemics), eye contact. Acoustic system, which includes the following aspects: the paralinguistic system (voice timbre, range, tonality) and the extralinguistic system (this is the inclusion of pauses and other means, such as coughing, laughter, crying, etc.) in speech. Tactile system (takeshika) (touching, shaking hands, hugging, kissing). Olfactory system (pleasant and unpleasant odors the environment; artificial and natural human odors).

Communication goals reflect the needs of people working together. Business communication almost always involves some kind of result - a change in the behavior and activities of other people.

Communication acts as an interpersonal interaction, i.e. connections and influence that are formed as a result of joint activities of people.

1. Communication and communication. Communication and culture.

3. Communicative situation, its components.

5. Non-verbal communication

1. Communication and communication. Communication and culture.

In human life, the processes of communication, communication play an extremely important role. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the process of communication, communication attracts the attention of specialists in various fields of knowledge: philosophy, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, linguistics, etc.

The processes of communication began to be studied most actively from the second half of the 20th century. So, in the 1950s-1960s, the greatest scientific interest was aroused by ways of formalizing a message, its encoding and decoding, and the transfer of information from addressee to addressee. These studies were carried out within the framework of the then new sciences: cybernetics and informatics. Communication in them was viewed as a one-way information process, in which most attention was paid to the ways of formalizing the message, and most of the definitions of communication were reduced to the idea of ​​transferring information from the author to the addressee.

In the 1960-1970s, various aspects of the communication process interested psychologists and linguists, who focused on psychological and social characteristics communication, semantic interpretation of communicative acts, rules and features of speech behavior. Communication is now defined as a business or friendly relationship, the exchange of thoughts using linguistic signs. At the same time, the researchers focused their attention on psychological characteristics participants in communication, the peculiarities of speech activity, the rules of speech behavior, but almost did not turn to the analysis of the communication mechanism.

In the 1980s, various methods of communication began to be studied by sociologists who analyzed the social essence of communication, which was understood as a consequence of the regularities of the functioning of society, the interaction of its members, the formation and development of individuals, organizations, and social institutions. At the same time, a logical-semiotic and culturological interest in communication appeared, which was satisfied within the framework of socio-and psycholinguistics. Within the framework of these scientific directions, it became possible to connect the communicative act with the personality of the participant in communication, to understand communication as a phenomenon of a particular type of culture.

When studying communication processes, foreign researchers have long begun to use the concept of “ communication". This term was later adopted by domestic scientists. V domestic literature the concepts of "communication" and "communication" are often used interchangeably, although a closer look reveals some differences between them.

In the English language linguistic literature, the term "communication" is understood as the exchange of thoughts and information in the form of speech or written signals, which in itself is synonymous with the term "communication". In turn, the word "communication" refers to the process of exchange of thoughts, information and emotional experiences between people. In such a case, there really is no difference between communication and communication. This is exactly how linguists argue, for whom communication is the actualization of the communicative function of the language in various speech situations.

In the psychological and sociological literature, communication and communication are viewed as overlapping, but non-synonymous concepts.

Here the term " communication"Appeared in scientific literature at the beginning of the 20th century, it is used to designate the means of communication of any objects of the material and spiritual world, the process of transferring information from person to person (exchange of ideas, ideas, attitudes, moods, feelings, etc. in human communication), as well as transmission and exchange information in society in order to influence social processes.

Communication is considered as the interpersonal interaction of people in the exchange of information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature.

In list main functions communication also stand out

contact designed to satisfy a person's need for contact with other people, and

impactful , manifested in the constant desire of a person to influence his partner in a certain way.

That's why communication means impact, exchange of opinions, views, influences, as well as agreement or potential or real conflict.

There is a point of view that base category is communication that between people takes place in the form of communication as an exchange of sign formations (messages).

But there is also an opposite interpretation of the relationship between the concepts " communication" and " communication”, In which communication is considered the main category, and communication (information exchange), interaction (organization of interaction and impact), perception (sensory perception as the basis of mutual understanding) are distinguished in the structure of the latter. At the same time, communication acts as a kind of mediator between individual and socially significant information. Here, in both cases, despite the external differences, the main emphasis is on the mechanism that translates the individual process of transmission and perception of information into a socially significant process of personal and mass impact.

Thus, the concepts of "communication" and "communication" have both common and distinctive features.

Common are their correlation with the processes of exchange and transfer of information and communication with language as a means of transferring information.

Distinctive features are due to the difference in the scope of the content of these concepts (narrow and wide). This is due to the fact that they are used in different sciences, which highlight different aspects of these concepts.

On this basis, communication is a socially conditioned process of exchange of thoughts and feelings between people in various spheres of their cognitive, labor and creative activities, implemented mainly with the help of verbal means communications.

In contrast, communication is a socially conditioned process of transmitting and perceiving information both in interpersonal and mass communication through different channels using various verbal and non-verbal communication means.

Communication and culture.

Numerous definitions of the term " the culture”, Existing in science, allow to note the main thing.

Culture is an essential characteristic of a person associated with a purely human ability to purposefully transform the surrounding world, during which an artificial world of things, symbols, as well as connections and relationships between people is created.

Anything made by or related to man is part of culture.

Communication and communication are an essential part of human life, and therefore a part of culture. Emphasizing their importance, many researchers equate culture with communication (communication).

Leading American specialist in intercultural communication A. Hall States that culture is communication and communication is culture. Based on this interpretation, many Western scholars figuratively depict culture as an iceberg, at the base of which are cultural values ​​and norms, and its top is the individual behavior of a person, based on them and manifested primarily in communication with other people.

As we have already noted, only in communication with adults and peers Small child becomes human. Only through communication does he undergo inculturation and socialization, becomes a representative of his people and culture.

Only through communication can a person correlate his behavior with the actions of other people, forming together with them a single social organism - society. In the processes of social interaction, norms, values ​​and institutions of a particular culture acquire their stable form. It is communication in all its forms (verbal and non-verbal), types (formal and informal), types (interpersonal, intergroup, intercultural) that most fully reveals the specifics of human society.

Each specific act of communication is determined by the cultural differences of the interlocutors. Depending on the specificity of cultural differences in intercultural communication, it is customary to distinguish collectivist and individualistic types of culture.

Collectivist the type of culture is widespread mainly among the eastern peoples, in whose cultures the main value is identification with the collective. This view culture is dominant among the peoples of Japan, China, Russia and most African countries. Often, representatives of these cultures can use the pronoun "we" to express their personal opinion. A person belonging to an individualistic culture may perceive this statement as the general opinion of the collective, but not as the personal opinion of the speaker. Representatives of collectivist cultures often forget their personal interests for the sake of successful interpersonal interaction. A person in such cultures is judged by his ability to establish contact with other people, and by this ability others judge his character and competence.

In traditional Chinese society, there is not even a precise word that would adequately convey the meaning of the concept of "personality", which is widespread in Western cultures. For the Japanese, there is the concept of an individual, first of all, as part of a whole group. When members of a Japanese family talk to each other, they call each other not by their first names, but by terms indicating the position of a particular person in the group (for example, a daughter-in-law). When a son takes the place of a deceased father in the family, everyone calls him a father, even his own mother calls her son that way. In Japan, in general, the belief prevails that the collective, the group is the most stable and constant of all phenomena. public life... Each individual in the group is a transitory part of it, and therefore cannot exist outside the group. In this case, a person of his own free will submits himself to the group. Individual development of the personality is due to the fact that it finds its place in the group. Any group success applies to every member of the group. Therefore, the Japanese are unable to understand Americans, who are extremely dynamic in their group relationships: they constantly form different groups, move from one to another, and change their beliefs. For a Japanese person, leaving a group means losing their identity. There, as soon as a person becomes an employee of the enterprise, he becomes part of group and remains so until the end of life. The new employee is subordinate to those who came earlier and, accordingly, those people who came to the group later obey him. In Japan, a person's entire life is associated with an enterprise; it is for him the center of cultural and social life. Free time all employees spend together, spend their vacations in the same holiday home, personal life events, such as a wedding or divorce, are also a matter of concern for the entire team.

Conversely, in individualist cultures, the emphasis is on the personality, and the main value in them is individualism. This orientation is more common in Western culture. There, everyone has their own principles and beliefs. In these cultures, all human actions are self-directed. Individualism is the most characteristic feature of American behavior. Unlike representatives of Japanese culture, who always try to be invisible and not stand out from total mass, Americans believe that their behavior should be assertive and characterized by confidence in actions that lead to success in life and acceptance in society.

It is natural that this or that kind of culture generates its own type of communication. Thus, representatives of collectivist cultures try to avoid direct interactions and focus on non-verbal means of communication, which, in their opinion, allow them to better find out and understand the intentions of the interlocutor, to determine his attitude towards them. For their part, representatives of individualistic cultures prefer direct forms of communication and open ways of resolving conflicts. Therefore, in the process of communication, they use mainly verbal methods.

Communication takes place on three levels:

communicative,

interactive and

perceptual.

Communication level represents communication through the language and cultural traditions characteristic of a particular community of people. The result of this level of interaction is mutual understanding between people.

Interactive level- This is communication that takes into account the personal characteristics of people. It leads to certain relationships between people.

Perceptual level makes it possible for mutual knowledge and rapprochement of people on this rational basis. It is a process of partners' perception of each other, defining the context of the meeting.

Perceptual skills are manifested in the ability to manage their perception, "read" the mood of partners by verbal and non-verbal characteristics, understand the psychological effects of perception and take them into account to reduce its distortion.

2. Types and styles of communication. Communication postulates.

Types and types of communication

In the psychological pedagogical literature the terms “ types" and " views»Communication as certain varieties of this phenomenon. At the same time, scientists, unfortunately, do not have a unified approach to what is considered a type and what is a kind of communication.

B.T. Parygin under types communication understands the differences in communication by its nature, i.e. on the specifics of the mental state and mood of the participants in the communicative act.

According to the scientist, typological types of communication are paired and at the same time alternative in nature:

business and gaming communication;

impersonal role and interpersonal communication;

spiritual and utilitarian communication;

traditional and innovative communication.

Species differences in communication due to their subject orientation. In this regard, it is legitimate to talk about the features and specifics

Political,

Religious,

Economic communication.

For example, the subject of political communication is the sphere of politics, interaction political parties and their leaders with representatives of various parties and public associations when solving certain political issues.

A slightly different view of the description of the types of communication adheres to A.A. Leontiev... The author argues that in the study of communication it is inappropriate to take “pure” interpersonal communication in a dyad for the simplest “cell” of analysis, since each person is a set (ensemble) of social relations.

Therefore, the author proceeds from the fact that communication is a process that is carried out within a certain social community - a group, collective, society as a whole, processes that are inherently not interindividual, but social. They arise out of social need, social necessity and realize social relations.

Socially-oriented communication,

Group subject-oriented communication,

Person-centered communication.

An example socially oriented communication can be a lecture, report, television performance, where the lecturer or speaker acts as a representative of society and solves specific social problems with his audience. For example, considering ecological problems a specific city or region.

Group subject-oriented communication is also aimed at solving social problems - the organization of collective interaction in the process of joint activities. This is communication of members of a particular team with each other or with representatives of another team. At the center of such communication are the problems facing the team, the joint activities of its representatives.

Personality-oriented communication, representing the interaction of one person with another, is far from homogeneous. This can be a business communication between partners serving a specific joint activity (for example, preparing for an exam, competition, or concert). But it can also be communication, in the center of which is not any activity, personal problems of the communicants, for example, clarification of relations between friends or declaration of love between a boy and a girl.

Talking about types communication, many researchers distinguish business and personal communication. These terms are quite often found both in pedagogical literature and in everyday life.

Business conversation(it is also called role-based or functional-role communication) is aimed at organizing some kind of joint activity, this or that business. At the center of such communication are the interests of the business, the functional responsibilities of the partners, the contribution of each of them to the achievement of the result, and the personal characteristics of the partners: their sympathies or antipathies, feelings, mood, mental or physical condition, seem to be relegated to the background.

In the center personal(or interpersonal) communication, on the contrary, there are psychological, physiological, moral and other personal problems of partners: their interests, inclinations, mood, relationships with others, well-being, etc. Business problems in such communication are not so significant for partners, the case can wait, it can be completed after resolving personal issues.

Communication postulates... To harmonize communication, it is important that the interlocutors are aware of each of their speech actions. If the speech actions of the interlocutors are conscious and deliberate, then they can be considered from the standpoint of the communicative code.

"Communicative Code is a complex system of principles that regulate the speech behavior of both parties in the course of a communicative act and are based on a number of categories and criteria "(Klyuev E.V. Speech communication. M .: Ripol classic, 2002. S. 112).

The main principles of the Communication Code are principle of cooperation G. Grice and principle of courtesy J. Leach.

Grice describes principle of cooperation in the following way: "Your communicative contribution at this stage of the dialogue should be such as is required by the jointly adopted goal (direction) of this dialogue."

V principle of cooperation includes four maxims:

Maximizing the completeness of information;

Maximizing the quality of information;

Maxima of relevance;

Maxim's manners.

Maxima completeness of information is related to the dosage of information required for the act of communication. The maxim postulates: your statement must contain no less information than required; your statement should contain no more information than is required.

Of course, in real speech communication, there is not exactly as much information as necessary. Often people can answer a question either incompletely, or with the mention of some additional information that the question did not suggest.

The essence of the postulates is that the speaker should strive to communicate exactly the amount of information needed by the interlocutor.

Maximizing the quality of information is concretized by the following postulates:

1. Don't say what you think is false.

2. Do not say what you have no good reason for.

3. The maxim of relevance implies one postulate:

4. Don't stray from the topic.

It is clear that the real communication process is not built around one topic: in a real speech act, they often move from one topic to another, go beyond the discussed topic, often something interferes from the outside.

Nevertheless, as a strategic task, non-deviation from the topic is of paramount importance precisely for maintaining contact. Psychologists are well aware that the attention of the audience is scattered if it is not able to connect the utterance being pronounced at the moment with the topic announced by the lecturer.

Maxima manners assumes an assessment of the way information is transmitted and is associated not with what is said, but with how it is said. The general postulate of this maxim is be clear , and particular postulates are as follows:

- avoid incomprehensible expressions;

- avoid ambiguity;

- be brief;

- be organized.

The damage to clarity can arise from unacceptable complexity or poor wording and an imbalance between the known and the unknown.

The principle of courtesy. If the principle of cooperation characterizes the order of joint operation of information in the structure of a communicative act, then the principle of politeness is the principle of the mutual disposition of speakers in the structure speech act.

J. Leach by formulating principle of courtesy , provided the following maxims:

1. maxim of tact;

2. maxim of generosity;

3. the maxim of approval;

4. maxim of modesty;

5. maxim of consent;

6. maxim of sympathy.

Compliance with the principle of politeness creates an environment of positive interaction, provides a favorable background for the implementation of communication strategies.

Maxim tact assumes compliance with the boundaries of the personal sphere of the interlocutor. In the composition of each speech act there is an area of ​​general speech actions and an area of ​​private interests.

Maxima of magnanimity there is a maxim of not burdening the interlocutor, in fact, it protects the interlocutors from domination in the course of the speech act.

Maxima of approval- this is the maxim of positivity in evaluating others. The discrepancy with the interlocutor in the direction of assessing the world greatly affects the possibility of implementing one's own communication strategy.

Maxima of modesty there is a maxim of rejection of self-praise. Realistic self-esteem is one of the conditions for the successful deployment of a speech act.

Maxima of consent- this is the maxim of non-opposition. Instead of deepening the contradiction that arose in the course of communication, this maxim recommends the search for agreement in order for the act of communication to receive a productive conclusion.

Equal security principle ... The culture of speech also presupposes the principle of equal safety, the essence of which is not to cause psychological harm to a communication partner.

The principle of decentral focus means not causing damage to the case for which the parties entered into verbal interaction.

The essence of this principle is that the strength of the participants in communication should not be spent on protecting selfish interests. You should direct your efforts to find the optimal solution to the problem, do not forget about the subject of discussion under the influence of emotions.

Adequacy principle what is perceived, what is said, consists in not causing damage to what the interlocutor said by deliberately distorting the meaning.

Sometimes the participants in the communication deliberately distort the opponent's position, distort the meaning of his words, in order to achieve advantages in the conversation in this way. This tactic will not help you achieve good results in communication, as it will cause new disagreements and destroy contact.

The main factors contributing to harmonization of communication, include the following:

Recognition not in words, but in deeds of the presence of a variety of points of view;

Providing an opportunity to express own point vision;

Providing equal opportunities in obtaining the necessary information to substantiate one's position;

Understanding the need for constructive dialogue;

Determination of a common platform for further cooperation;

Ability to listen to the interlocutor.

3. The communicative situation, its components.

The communicative situation has a certain structure. It consists of the following components:

1) speaker (addressee);

2) listener (addressee);

3) the relationship between speaker and listener and related

4) the tone of communication (official - neutral - friendly);

6) a means of communication (language or its subsystem - dialect, style, as well as para-linguistic means - gestures, facial expressions);

7) way of communication (oral / written, contact / distant);

8) a place of communication.

These components are situational variables . A change in each of them leads to a change in the communicative situation and, consequently, to a variation in the means used by the participants in the situation and their communicative behavior in general.

So, the communication between the judge and the witness in the courtroom is distinguished by the more official language used by both parties than the communication of the same persons not during the court session: the place changes, but all other situational variables remain unchanged.

A judge's appeal to a witness in order to clarify biographical data necessarily involves a question-and-answer form of communication with the corresponding syntactic properties of the dialogue (ellipticity of statements, repetition of certain elements of the question, etc.). The judge's appeal to a witness in order to reproduce the testimony of the latter during the preliminary investigation presupposes the predominance of the judge's monologue and only a confirming or denying reaction of the witness (the purpose of communication changes, while maintaining all other situational variables).

Leaving his official role, the judge ceases to be with the witness in those relations that prescribe certain verbal behavior for both of them. For example, in a "transport" situation, if both are on the bus - with social roles " passenger - passenger "- their speech, of course, is less formal.

If the judge and the witness are familiar with each other, then the setting of the court session and their roles dictate to both of them the official tone of communication; outside this situation, when "returning" to role relationships "familiar - familiar" (or " buddy - buddy") the tone of communication can change to informal, even familiar, using the means spoken language, vernacular, jargon.

Note that for purely illustrative purposes, in order to show how each situational variable can change, we have largely simplified the described situations, schematized them. In real communication, situational variables interact with each other and each of them acquires certain values, together with others. For example, if the place of communication changes, then this often means at the same time a change in its purpose, as well as the relationship between the communicants and the tone of communication. The contact of the interaction of the speaker and the listener is usually associated with the use of oral-spoken forms of speech, and distance is written speech(cf., however, telephone communication), etc.

Here is an example of a recording of the speech of the same person speaking in different environments about the same thing - about a scientific trip. When the topic of speech is preserved, the whole range of situational variables is subject to change: purpose, place, relations between participants in communication, tonality, contact / distance, oral / written forms of speech. Accordingly, the entire structure of speech changes: the choice of vocabulary, syntactic structures, the intonational structure of statements, the logical sequence of presentation, etc.

Situational variables have different "weight" in terms of the strength of their influence on the nature of the communicative situation. Those variables that reflect some linguistic or social preoccupation structures of communication, the smaller - the variables corresponding to the variety of real communicative situations. The number of values ​​of the first variables is finite, the values ​​of the second are non-closed sets.

For example, a place communication is not a predetermined variable, and the number of values ​​of this variable can hardly be considered finite. In this regard, we note that the weight of this variable is less than the weight of such communication factors as the goal, relations between the communicants, the tone of communication, etc. Changing the place of communication does not always lead to a change in the nature of the communication behavior: if the relationship between them remains the same, then the change in the factor "place" turns out to be irrelevant (compare, for example, communication between a teacher and a student in the classroom and outside the classroom). Changing the place of communication is most often significant in combination with a change in any other conditions of communication. So, if, as a result of a change in place, the dependence of one of the communicants on the other increases, then the nature of the speech behavior of the first one changes. For example, a traffic offender, being detained by a traffic police officer, in a city street can afford a verbal protest and disagreement with the sanctions applied to him to a greater extent than in a police station, where, if necessary, he is taken by a policeman (the offender's dependence on a policeman, asymmetry their social relations it is evident in both cases, but in the second - in the police station - it undoubtedly increases).

4. Communicators. Communicative intentions.

First, the communication process consists directly of the very act of communication, communication, in which they themselves participate communicants communicating .

Moreover, in the normal case, there should be at least two of them.

Communicant is a communication participant involved in a communicative act: sender or receiver, generating and interpreting messages.

Communicants can be human individuals and social institutions: governments, parties, firms, etc.

Sometimes they delineate concepts communicant and communicator.

Communicator (Addresser) - sender. In the processes of social communication, the addressee, using the transmission of a message, seeks to induce certain behavior in the communication partner (addressee).

Communicant- Addressee (Recipient), Recipient; those. the person to whom the message is intended, or the communicant who receives the information.

Communicant, the person receiving the message in progress communications.

Secondly, communicators must perform the very action, which we call communication. , those. do something (speak, gesture, allow a certain expression to be "read" from their faces, indicating, for example, the emotions experienced in connection with what is being communicated).

When talking on the phone, such a channel is the organs of speech and hearing; in this case they talk about audio-verbal (auditory-verbal) channel, easier - oh auditory channel.

A handshake is a way of transmitting a friendly greeting over kinesthetic-tactile (motor-tactile) channel.

If we learn from the costume that our interlocutor is, for example, Uzbek, then the message about his nationality came to us through the visual channel (visual), but not through the visual-verbal channel, since no one verbally (verbally) reported anything.

5. Non-verbal means of communication.

“Listen to what people say, but understand how they feel” (Eastern wisdom).

In communication, a person uses five different sign systems:

Gestures, plastic,

· Energy impulse.

The first three traditionally belong to the competence of linguistics, the fourth - to non-verbal communication, the fifth - to extrasensory perception.

In interpersonal communication, non-verbal communication conveys 65% of all information. When expressing attitudes, body movements convey 55% of information, voice - 38%, and words - only 7%.

· Are often used unconsciously;

• are perceived directly and therefore have a stronger effect;

· Convey the subtlest shades of attitude, assessment, emotions;

· Can convey information that is difficult or inconvenient to express in words.

On the basis of intention-unintentionality, they distinguish

three types non-verbal means:

· Behavioral signs (trembling, etc.);

· Unintentional signs, or self-adapters (rub the bridge of the nose, straighten hair, etc.);

· Proper communication signs.

Language is a sign system of the conscious; it realizes in speech what you are consciously going to realize in it. And the sign system of the NVK is the semiotics of the unconscious, it realizes those motives that are in the unconscious. Very often, the sign system of the NVK contradicts real speech.

If a person feels something, he conveys it with special signs, which is obvious. Another thing is interesting: if a person is forcibly deprived of the opportunity to demonstrate these signs, his self-psychological state changes due to their absence. For example, if the person is gesturing negatively towards you, make it physically impossible for them to show that attitude, and your situation may improve.

Non-verbal communication includes five subsystems:

1. Spatial subsystem(interpersonal space).

2. Sight.

3. Optical-kinetic subsystem, which includes:

The appearance of the interlocutor,

Facial expressions (facial expression),

Pantomime (poses and gestures).

4. Paralinguistic or peri-speech subsystem including:

Its range,

Key,

5. Extra-linguistic or non-speech subsystem, which include:

Rate of speech,

Laughter, etc.

We will study three subsystems that are of the greatest importance, carrying a maximum of information about the interlocutor - glance, spatial and optical-kinetic subsystems.

To funds kinesiki(external manifestations of human feelings and emotions) include facial expressions, facial expressions, gestures, postures, visual communication (eye movements, looks).

These non-verbal components also carry a large information load. The most indicative are the cases when people who speak different languages... In this case, gesticulation becomes the only possible means of communication and performs a purely communicative function.

Prosemica combines the following characteristics: the distance between communicants when different types communication, their vector directions.

Often, tactile communication (touching, patting the addressee on the shoulder, etc.), which is considered within the framework of the aspect of intersubjective distant behavior, is included in the area of ​​proxemics.

Prosemic agents also serve a variety of communication functions. For example, tactile communication becomes almost the only communication tool for deaf-blind people (purely communicative function). The means of proxemics also perform a regulatory function in communication.

So, the distances between communicants during verbal communication are determined by the nature of their relationship (official / unofficial, intimate / public). In addition, kinesic and proxemic agents can act as metacommunicative markers of individual phases of speech communication ( Pocheptsov, G.G. Phatic metacommunication // Semantics and pragmatics of syntactic unity. Kalinin, 1981.52 pages). For example, taking off your headdress, shaking hands, greeting or farewell kiss, etc.

T.A. van Dyck (Van Dyck, T.A. Language. Cognition. Communication. M., 1989.34 p.) singles out as one of the levels of analysis of the statement paralinguistic activity and includes deictic and other gestures, facial expressions, body movement and physical contact between participants.

In principle, the non-verbal sphere includes strong and action communication components.

Promotional the components represent the actions of the communicants accompanying speech. For example, in response to the speaker's request to do something (say, turn on the light, hand over the newspaper, etc.), the addressee can perform the required action. Thus, non-verbal actions can alternate with verbal ones in the process of communication. However, the nature of such non-verbal actions is purely behavioral (practical).

By the end of the 20th century, there appeared new type social scientist-specialist in the field of non-verbal. As an ornithologist enjoys observing the behavior of birds, the non-verbal person enjoys observing non-verbal signs and signals when people communicate. He observes them at formal receptions, on the beach, on television, at work - wherever people interact. He studies the behavior of people, seeking to learn more about the actions of his comrades in order to thereby learn more about himself and how to improve his relationships with other people.

It seems almost incredible that over more than a million years of human evolution, the non-verbal aspects of communication began to be seriously studied only from the early sixties, and the public became aware of their existence only after Julius Fast published his book in 1970. This book summarized the research conducted by behavioral scientists prior to 1970 on the non-verbal aspects of communication, but even today most people are still unaware of the existence of body language, despite its importance in their lives.

Charlie Chaplin and other silent film actors were the pioneers of non-verbal communication, for them it was the only means of communication on the screen. Each actor was classified as good or bad based on how they could use gestures and other body movements to communicate. When sound films became popular and less attention was paid to the non-verbal aspects of acting, many silent film actors left the stage, and actors with pronounced verbal abilities began to dominate the screen.

When we say that a person is sensitive and intuitive, we mean that he (or she) has the ability to read non-verbal signals another person and compare these signals with verbal signals. In other words, when we say that we have a premonition, or that our "sixth sense" tells us that someone was not telling the truth, we really mean that we noticed a disagreement between the body language and the words spoken by that person. Lecturers call this audience feeling. For example, if listeners sit deep in chairs with their chins bowed and their arms folded across their chests, the receptive person will have a premonition that their message is not going to be successful. He will understand that something needs to be changed in order to interest the audience. And an unresponsive person, accordingly, will not pay attention to this and will aggravate his mistake.

Women are usually more sensitive than men and this explains the existence of such a thing as female intuition. Women have an innate ability to notice and decipher non-verbal signals, to record the smallest details. Therefore, few husbands can deceive their wives, and, accordingly, most women can find out the secret of a man by his eyes, which he does not even suspect.

This female intuition is especially well developed in women raising young children.

According to the anthropologist Edward T. Hall, PLO leader Yasser Arafat wore dark glasses to prevent people from watching his reactions to dilated pupils. Scientists recently found that pupils dilate when you are interested in something. By Hall, the reaction of the pupils in the Arab world has been known for hundreds of years.

Another type of non-verbal communication is formed by the way we pronounce words. This refers to intonation, voice modulation, fluency of speech, etc. As we know from experience, the way we pronounce words can significantly change their meaning. Question: "Do you have any ideas?"- on paper means an obvious request for proposals. Pronounced in a harsh authoritarian tone with irritation in the look, the same question can be interpreted as follows: “If you know what’s good and what’s bad for you, don’t come up with any ideas that contradict mine.”

While much research has been done, there is heated debate over whether non-verbal cues are innate or acquired, transmitted genetically, or acquired in some other way. The evidence came from observations of blind, deaf, and deaf and dumb people who could not learn non-verbal through auditory or visual receptors. Observations were also made on the gestural behavior of various nations and the behavior of our closest anthropological relatives, monkeys and macaques, was studied.

German scientist Eibl-Eibesfeldt found that the ability to smile deaf or blind from birth children is manifested without any training or copying, which confirms the hypothesis of congenital gestures. Ekman, Friesen and Zorenzan confirmed some of Darwin's assumptions about innate gestures when they studied facial expressions in people from five deeply different cultures. They found that people from different cultures used the same facial expressions when expressing certain emotions, which led them to conclude that these gestures must be innate.

There is also controversy over whether some of the gestures are acquired and culturally determined or genetic. For example, most men put on their coat starting from the right sleeve, while most women start putting on their coat from the left sleeve. When a man lets a woman pass on a crowded street, he usually turns his body towards the woman as he passes; the woman usually passes away, turning away from him. Does she do it instinctively to protect her breasts? Is this a congenital gesture of a woman, or did she unknowingly learn it by observing other women?

Most of the gestures of non-verbal behavior are acquired, and the meaning of many of the movements and gestures is culturally determined. Consider these aspects of body language.

Psychologists have long established that existing "body language" expresses what we do not want or cannot say. He is much more truthful and sincere than all the words that we say to each other. Psychologists studied this phenomenon for a long time and came to a number of interesting conclusions. It turns out that a person subconsciously trusts no longer the words, but the way they were said. It was found that the degree of a person's trust in words is only 20%, while the degree of confidence in non-verbal communication (posture, gestures, interlocutors) is 30%. But most of all, oddly enough, we trust the intonations of the interlocutor and other paralinguistic components of non-verbal communication (speech rate, pause, chuckles, etc.).

If you penetrate into the riddles of this amazing “body language”, then you can easily understand all the secret thoughts of your interlocutor, you can understand whether he is bored with you, whether he is lying to you or telling the truth.

In business interaction when interpreting facial expressions Special attention should pay attention to consistency. As long as facial expressions are consistent with verbal expressions, we usually do not perceive them separately.

Gesturing in a business conversation

The following groups of gestures are distinguished, which provide business partners a wide variety of information.

Confidence gestures	the hands are connected by the tips of the fingers, the palms are not in contact; the hands are clasped behind, the chin is raised high; during the transfer of information, the elbows are not pressed to the body; hands in pockets, thumbs outside; one hand wraps around the other in the palm area
Gestures of insecurity, irritation	elbows pressed close to the sides; fidgeting in a chair; with one hand, a person straightens a button or cufflink on the sleeve with the other, a watch bracelet or cuffs; a man with two hands holds a bouquet of flowers, a cup of tea, a handbag (women); ear rub
Aggressive gestures	tightly intertwined fingers, especially if the hands are on the knees; pose on a chair "riding"; hands in pockets, thumbs outside: men - ambitious, women - aggressive
Disagreement gestures	side gaze - a gesture of distrust (in the case when the gaze is averted and returned again, such a movement is perceived by the partner as a gesture of disagreement); touching the nose or lightly rubbing it - often manifests itself when there are counterarguments in negotiations or discussions; the legs of the seated person are directed towards the exit - the desire to leave; the same desire manifests itself when the interlocutor takes off his glasses and defiantly puts them aside
Gestures related to the assessment of information received	hand at the cheek; one finger is set aside, the rest are under the chin (with a critical assessment of what has been said or a negative attitude towards a partner at the moment); scratching the chin (in conflict discussions, combined with a sidelong glance, is associated with pondering the next move in the dialogue); scratching the back of the nose with your finger (concern, doubt); manipulation of glasses; hand stroking the neck - discontent, denial, anger

Gestures that show some character traits and attitude to the situation

Gestures	Possible interpretation
The partner tends to lean on or lean against something during a conversation	Needs support, the situation is incomprehensible to him, he cannot find the right answer
A standing man leans his hands on a table, chair, etc.	Feels incomplete contact
Hands in pockets, behind your back, or crossed over your chest	Man is closed
The palms of the hands in the field of view of the communication partner	The person is open to communication
The face is slightly tilted to the side and rests on the palm or fist	Internal monologue, boredom
The index finger touches the nose, the rest cover the mouth	Suspicion, secrecy, distrust
Crossed arms with fingers tightly squeezing the forearms (hand wrapping)	Negatively suppressed attitude towards the situation
Crossed arms and legs of a seated person	Reluctance to make contact, demonstrativeness
Downward-facing palm (looking at the floor)	Power, psychological pressure on a partner
Laying hands behind the head	Self-confidence, superiority over others, dominance

Eyes are the most powerful signs of NVK:

· They occupy a central position;

· 87% of all information passes through the visual analyzer (9% passes through the auditory analyzer, 4% - information that enters the brain through the rest of the senses).

To understand the state of a person, he needs to look into the pupil. When communicating with a person, try to answer 3 questions:

1. How does he look at you?

2. How long does he watch?

3. How long can it hold your gaze?

If you want to inspire trust in a person, look him in the eyes at least 70% of the time you communicate - and you are most likely to succeed.

The look can and should be trained and the right choice. Depending on the circumstances, there are

three views: business, social and intimate.

Business look aimed at the triangle on the negotiating partner's forehead.

Social outlook aimed at the triangle formed by the eyes and mouth of the speech communicator.

Intimate look aimed at the triangle formed by the eyes and solar plexus of the interlocutor.

Note, if

1. During a conversation, you note that your partner practically does not look you in the face (in any case, much less often than usual, and if you catch his gaze on your face, then instantly). It can be said for sure: he does not want to contact you or feels a feeling of discomfort because of the need to misinform you.

2. Your partner, during the conversation, looks at you almost invariably, regardless of the phase of the dialogue. You can say for sure: you are of some interest to him. Possible options: either he portrays a "boa constrictor", considering you a "rabbit", or he has sympathy for you, or his interest in you is quite businesslike - he is interested in discussing this issue with you.

3. In a normal relationship (without expressed personal sympathy or antipathy), the partner will more often direct his gaze at you in those moments of dialogue when his consciousness will be less loaded or when you will attract his attention with words-appeals.

4. The more intense the conversation is for the intellect, the less often glances at the interlocutor will be. The freer the conversation, the more often the partners exchange glances (of course, all other things being equal).

5. If you notice that at some point in the dialogue, the partner has ceased to direct his gaze at you, and the conversation is such that it does not require much intellectual effort from him, then his attitude towards you has worsened. It is the same as if he turned the body slightly away from you. Look for the cause of his dissatisfaction.

So, through non-verbal manifestations, the interlocutor demonstrates his true attitude to what is happening. And our task, in this case, is to see and interpret these manifestations, i.e. understand what lies behind them. In addition, by realizing and managing your own non-verbal behavior, you get into use a very effective tool for connecting to the interlocutor and influencing him.

The fundamental ambiguity of expressive features is of great importance for the correct interpretation and understanding of body language. One and the same mimic phenomenon can have different motives and can be interpreted in different ways. It can only be understood on the basis of the speech situation.

In every language and every culture, the signs are different. In China, when they talk about sad events, they smile, because the person who listens should not be upset. Or, for example, a nod of the head in some countries means “no”. The Greeks raise their eyebrows, which means - the answer, but for the European it is a sign of surprise. If you do not know this, communicative inadequacy arises in communicating with people from other countries.

The quantitative aspect of the use of gestures is also different. According to the calculations of an English psychologist M. Argaila, for an hour of casual conversation, a Mexican makes 180 gestures, a Frenchman - 120, a Finn - 1, an Englishman none. The Russian tradition is of an average and moderate character.

How do the concepts of "communication" and "communication" relate? Some scientists separate these concepts, others identify them, considering them synonymous.
Communication (from Latin communicatio: communication, message, communication) is a three-step process of one-way informational communication of the subject-communicator, or the addressee (producer and sender of the message), with the recipient object (from Latin recipiens (recipientis): receiving) - the recipient , the addressee of the message. It can be another person, an animal, or a receiving technical device.
Communication includes: production (creation) of a message (message); its transmission by the sender (addressee) and receipt by the addressee.
Communication is a one-way informational connection between people, animals and / or technical devices, which is unidirectional, unresponsive and monologue.
Communication between people is special case communication.
The act of communication (production - transmission - receipt of a message) can be one-time or multiple, but at the same time it remains unidirectional and monologue until the communicator and the recipient change roles, i.e. until a conscious response is received.
Only after this does the communication change from unidirectional to a two- or multilateral exchange of messages with feedback in the form of a dialogue or polylogue (if there are more than two communication participants). This is communication between people.
Communication is the mutual exchange of messages between the communicator (addressee) and recipient (addressee), which change roles.
This is mutual communication with feedback, taking place in the form of a dialogue or polylogue between people communicating with each other.
Thus, the difference between communication and communication is that the first is one-sided communication that both animals and technical devices and the second is information exchange between people.
In colloquial practice, there is no impassable line between communication and communication. And most importantly, they are related and united by a common feature for them - a message. The very term - message - in Russian has the structure and meaning of mutual, united and uniting (joint, joint) communication (communication).
A person lives among people, and socio-cultural communication is a necessary condition for his personal and social improvement. In the process of communication, the development, assimilation and transfer of cultural values, socialization of a person takes place, the internal culture of the individual is formed, without communication, neither joint work, nor the increment of culture, nor the very continuation of the human race on Earth are possible.
Communication is a specific form of human interaction, a necessary condition and a universal way of social and personal development, the process of interchange of products (results) of spiritual production and mental activity(views, perceptions, thoughts, ideas, knowledge, experience, feelings and experiences).
Necessary condition implementation of cultural communication - the presence of a common language among the subjects of communication. To the extent that the communicator and the recipient have a common historical and sociocultural experience, they equally interpret the meaning of symbols (code), which contributes to mutual understanding between them.
Depending on the degree of this commonality, the results of cultural communication can range from complete coincidence (mutual understanding) to significant disagreement (misunderstanding) between the subjects in the interpretation of symbols (and the meaning of the message).
The higher the commonality of life and socio-cultural experience of the addressee and addressee, the more effective their mutual understanding in the process of communication and the more adequate interpretation of the meaning of the message.
In communication, information circulates between partners (co-authors) in communication, spiritually enriching them. This is a process of mutual development of new information, common for communication partners and giving rise to their community (or increasing its degree) and proceeding in the mode of dialogue (communication between two partners) or polylogue (communication of many partners).
Communication is a function of human consciousness, it is a cultural phenomenon and, like culture, arises with the appearance of a person and is impossible without him.
Animals that do not have consciousness and culture do not have the ability to communicate. Various forms of pre-communication in the animal kingdom is a genetically predetermined signaling communication as a kind of biological relationship. Similar signaling communication occurs between man and machine, machine and animal, machine and machine. The relationship of a person with an animal (especially a domestic one) is communication on the part of a person and pre-communication on the part of an animal.
Often in culturological literature with the meaning of communication, the term "cultural communication" is used.
Cultural communication (communication) is the process of information interaction between subjects of socio-cultural activity in order to transmit (communication) or exchange (communication) messages (information, experience, states of mind) through certain sign systems (natural or artificial languages).
The main elements of cultural communication are: the sender (communicator) and recipient (recipient) of the message; means of communication (the code used to transmit a message in familiar symbolic form, and the channel through which the encoded message is transmitted from the communicator to the recipient); the result (effect) of communication (a change in the recipient's behavior that occurs as a result of receiving a message); noise (interference and distortions in the communication process, which prevent the achievement of a given result).
There are two types of communication media:
1) naturally occurring (gestures, facial expressions, language);
2) artificially created (technical), which are subdivided into traditional (writing, printing, press) and innovative, or modern (telephone, radio, television, Internet, SMS messages, etc.).
The origin, essence, forms, types and languages ​​of communication and communication are studied by philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, psychology, linguistics, semiotics, informatics and other sciences.

COMMUNICATION- it is a socially conditioned process of exchange of thoughts and feelings between people in various spheres of cognitive activity, implemented mainly with the help of verbal means of communication.

Communication is a manifestation of the fundamental properties of a person who cannot live, create, work outside of communication. A person is formed not only through his attitude to the outside world, but also through communication. A person always retains this function, even when he is alone with himself (for example, when preparing a report, a student mentally conducts a discussion with classmates as with his opponents, selects examples, facts, argumentation of answers).

Spiritual communication performs important social functions: exchange of information, transfer of experience, organization of people for any activity. No sphere of human activity can be carried out outside of communication. Along with social functions, communication performs psychological functions, that is, it has a certain effect on mental condition person.

Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of living and working together. Three sides are usually distinguished in it: communicative (transfer of information), interactive (interaction) and perceptual (mutual perception).

Communication- specific exchange of information through language and cultural traditions characteristic of a particular community of people. The result of this interaction is mutual understanding between people.

Interaction- organization of interaction between people, taking into account their personal characteristics. It leads to certain human relationships.

Perception - the process of partners' perception of each other, determination of the context of the meeting. Perceptual skills are manifested in the ability to manage their perception, "read" the mood of partners by verbal and non-verbal characteristics, understand the psychological effects of perception and take them into account to reduce its distortion. Communication differs in:

The number of participants: interpersonal, group, mass;

Way: verbal (language, speech), non-verbal (facial expressions, gestures);

The position of the communicators: contact (personal), remote (for example, through the media);

Conditions: official (organized meetings), informal (on one's own initiative);

Tasks: installation (for the purpose of acquaintance), informational (messaging);

Means: direct (hand, head, voice sounds), mediated (radio, television), indirect (through intermediaries).

Communication means:

Language is a system of words, expressions and rules for their connection into logical speech;

Intonation - emotional expressiveness, capable of giving different shades to any phrase;

Facial expressions, posture, glance - can enhance or refute the meaning of what was said;

Gestures - generally accepted or expressive (for expressiveness);

The distance of the interlocutors depends on the degree of their trust, cultural and national traditions.

Types of communication. Experts in the field of communication distinguish five types of it: cognitive, persuasive, expressive, suggestive, ritual (see table on page 60). These types of communication presuppose pragmatic goals and constructive decisions, as well as the psychological readiness of each of the partners for adequate behavior and self-realization. Each of them has its own goals and expected results, conditions of organization, communication forms and means of each.

The art of communication. The ability to communicate competently and productively is the key to success in the activities of any person. Life, practice have developed a number of rules, adhering to which, you can prevent mistakes in conversation, look well-mannered, and achieve your goals in a timely manner. What are these rules?

Be polite. Politeness must be instilled from childhood. It is important for every child to know: when entering a room where people are, you need to say hello; it is indecent to interfere in someone else's conversation; you cannot interrupt the interlocutor until he expresses his point of view. Upon arrival at the teacher's class, all students stand up. This also applies to adults: when a lady or an elderly person enters your office, do not forget to rise and greet them.

In communication great importance has speech, gesture, facial expressions. If a friend can make a request like this: "Pass (those) this book ...", then to the unknown - "Be so kind as to convey to me ...". In a conversation, shades and tones are needed. Under no circumstances should you raise your voice, especially to a woman, or allow a mentoring attitude.

When meeting, they always introduce the younger to the elder, the man to the woman. *

When talking with someone, strive to face the person, be impolite to be distracted and look around.

It is impermissible to whisper, to secret in the presence of others.

When going up or down the stairs with a lady, the gentleman should be in front to protect her from any surprises.

The door is opened (and then held by) the man and the woman through. The same procedure is used when boarding a transport, but the gentleman leaves it first and helps his companion (or a person in need of help).

In an unfamiliar society, behave smoothly, do not emphasize the difference in social status, neither arrogance nor self-humiliation is worthy of respect.

Watch your gestures. They often testify more to parenting than words, and should be stingy. It is inadmissible to wave your arms, pat your partner on the shoulder. Excessive grimaces can create the wrong impression. A benevolent smile, a friendly expression will bring you a good mood.

Do not overwhelm your speech with foreign and special terms, slang and abusive words.

Speech should be harmonious, clear, logical. It is important to find the most intelligible words. The Russian language is rich, you can use many synonyms. Consider, for example, the greeting cases:

"Hello" - an appeal to anyone;

"Hello" - common among young people;