The social sphere of society is something non-sided, something that can be understood only by studying it in detail. There is still controversy about its essence.

Of course, it consists of large social groups, as well as the relationships that arise between these groups. Groups are not only labor collectives and classes, but also nations, peoples, and so on. All of humanity is one large social community.

The social sphere is nothing more than the sphere of reproduction, as well as production. A person realizes himself in it not only as a spiritual and social being, but also, of course, as a biological one. The social sphere is what gives us education and work. We receive the necessary medical care, we have a house that meets certain standards and is suitable for living. For example, community life is also important. However, its importance can in no way be higher than the importance of the social sphere, since it is the basis of order and general well-being.

People are unequal in education, ability, and so on. If one screw falls out of an important mechanism, is it easy to pick up a similar one in its place? Yes, it all depends on the situation, as well as on whether there is plenty to choose from. It is the same with people: society seeks to recreate those who could instantly master any kind of activity.

People are unequal not only in abilities, but also in terms of differences in this case, there are the following:

Family;

Age and sex;

Class.

Class characteristics of a person, as a rule, are associated with property. Property is what a person owns, what is his capital. Class stratification has existed since ancient times, and there is no escape from it.

The means of production are what the property relations are about. Those material benefits that are produced with their help are what should satisfy the needs of people. Of course, someone gets more of them, and someone less.

In ancient times, castes were the basis of stratification. The point is that some groups of people had certain privileges, while others did not. These privileges were inherited.

It can be observed in the society of almost any country. Many great politicians and thinkers have proposed many options for eliminating it. Some of them offered to open all roads for a person so that he would choose his own and achieve the necessary benefits himself, while others argued that it is necessary to give everyone a standard set of benefits.

People are also unequal in terms of gender and age. Yes, indeed, young people, children, pensioners and others live in different ways, engage in different activities, perform different social functions, and so on. It all depends on the degree of independence, predisposition to something, and so on. Women were often denied their rights and were not allowed to engage in certain types of activities. Today their situation is better, but discrimination is still observed.

A person must be protected, regardless of gender and age. Social protection is what guarantees the well-being of each and every one.

The family is a small social group. It has always had a special place in the social structure of society. What kind of relationship is developing here? We are talking about the biosocial relationship between spouses, necessary for the reproduction of the genus. Relationships within the family are formed depending on the material and other living conditions of people. No one will argue that a peasant family lives quite differently from a city family.

Society is changing under the influence of pressure; the sphere can be controlled, but for this control it is necessary to be able to understand the interests and moods of not only large social groups, but also individual individuals.

The social sphere is a set of industries and organizations that fulfill the function of meeting the needs of the population for various social benefits and services.

The social sphere includes various sectors of the national economy related to the non-production sphere and partly to the material sphere of production. This area presents its benefits mainly in the form of services. In developed countries, more than 50% of the labor force is employed in this area. It is an important component of the economy of any country, because has a significant multiplier effect, due to which its functioning affects the activities of many sectors of the economy.

The service market is specific, it has the following features:

high dynamism, territorial segmentation and local character;

high rate of capital turnover due to a shorter production cycle;

high sensitivity of services to market conditions due to the inability to store, transport, manufacture, touch;

individuality and non-standard nature of the services provided, their non-interchangeable nature;

high product differentiation in the same industry;

uncertainty of the result in the provision of social services, etc.

The social sphere includes the following activities:

wholesale and retail trade, car repair, household appliances;

hotel and restaurant business;

transport, storage and communications;

financial intermediation - insurance, pension provision, except for compulsory social insurance;

public administration and social services;

education;

healthcare;

activities for the provision of communal and personal services;

activities for the dissemination of information, culture, art, sports, recreation and entertainment;

maintenance of private households with hired services.

The structure of the social sphere is the ratio and interconnection of its individual sectors and industries.

Distinguish between sectoral and sectoral structures of the social sphere. The sectoral structure is characterized by the diversity of its constituent sectors and sub-sectors. Sectorial - provides that the organizations and institutions that are part of the social sphere can belong to one of three sectors: public, commercial and non-profit.

Topic 2. The concept of territorial organization. Social sphere, factors of its formation. Questions

The essence of the territorial organization of the social sphere, the factors of its formation.

Territorial social complexes, their classification.

1. The essence of the territorial organization of the social sphere, the factors of its formation.

Territorial organization of the social sphere Is a set of processes or actions for the placement of its objects.

The development of production and the development of the social sphere are generally interrelated, but in different regions in different ways. The development of the social sphere usually proceeds adequately to the development of production, lags behind the development of the latter, somewhat ahead of it.

The modern placement of the social sphere in various states is represented by three options:

1. In highly developed countries, practically all branches of the social sphere are developed. At the same time, they are located so that all regions and cities of these states are sufficiently provided with social enterprises.

2. In developing countries, taken as a whole, the social sphere is relatively poorly developed. The exceptions are its individual industries, in particular tourism, which serves mainly foreigners, as well as small-scale retail trade. In some states, due to their specificity and traditions, other branches of the social sphere are also developed. The location of enterprises in the latter is extremely uneven. We can even talk about their focal placement in certain countries and regions. The bulk of social enterprises are concentrated in. cities, mainly large, primarily capital or port.

3. Post-socialist countries, whose economies are going through a transitional period, also have a social sphere of a transitional type. They retained many features of the social development of countries of the socialist type:

a) equal provision of the social sphere, at least at a very low level, for the entire population of the country (taking into account regional differences);

b) state property in social infrastructure;

c) strict state regulation of social sectors.

However, this legacy of the recent past is more and more supplemented (and largely supplanted) by elements of market relations in the social sphere. And this leads to important territorial shifts in its development, the placement of enterprises in the social sphere is increasingly shifting into the ions of investment activity. It can be assumed that this model of development and placement of the social sphere is not some temporary, opportunistic phenomenon, but a fairly stable pattern. Apparently, state regulation of all three sectors of the social sphere should also be calculated for the long term.

The placement of the social sphere is influenced by a large number of factors that are formed into three groups:

1. Natural factors - the location of the territory, its climatic zone, the relief of the area, the beauty of the natural landscape, its attractiveness, the presence of mineral springs, etc.

2. Population factors - the density of population settlement in the territory of the country, age and sex, national, religious composition of the population, its social structure.

3. Economic factors - tax revenues to the republican and local budgets, the amount of deductions for financing the social sphere, etc.

Speaking about the economic fatkor, one should not forget about the financing of the development of the social sphere. The scope and sources of this funding. The scale of development of the social sphere and its individual branches directly depend on this.

All of these factors - natural, population, economic - have a different impact on the development and placement of the social sphere in different historical epochs, at different stages of the development of society. Moreover, the very spectrum of branches of the social sphere, the specialization of the latter, change in the course of the development of society, and the priorities also change, although practically all branches of the social sphere in one form or another existed in ancient times.

It is possible to identify several main historical stages in the development of the social sphere and its individual sectors:

Ancient society, when science and culture developed in cities. Education, medicine, tourism (in particular, such a specific form as a trip to the Olympic Games) were born.

The Middle Ages, when there was stagnation in the development of the social sphere, and in some cases - and retreat. The exchange of social achievements between individual countries and peoples has sharply decreased.

The Renaissance era, when, together with the development of society, a new stage in the development of the social sphere, the exchange of its achievements, began. In connection with the Great Geographical Discoveries, the transfer of European achievements in the development of the social sphere to other continents began. There was also a reverse process - the penetration of social values ​​of other lands into Europe. In this regard, it was especially important to get acquainted with the spiritual values ​​of the East, with the technical achievements of Chinese civilization.

The era of capitalism gave a new impetus to the development of the social sphere in European countries, and then in other parts of the world. The social sphere is transformed from a “handmaid of the elite” into a phenomenon that ensures the development of the entire society. And this is not accidental: the ever more improving machine production with the personnel serving it could no longer function without a developed, diversified social sphere. Under capitalism, the social sphere developed in conditions of market relations and the domination of private entrepreneurship in its main industries.

In the post-socialist states, which include Belarus, the development of the social sphere is in a transitional stage, which is reflected both in the variety of forms of ownership in the sectors of this sphere, and in the decreasing, but still large, role of the state in regulating their development and distribution.

group of industries providing social development as separate labor collectives and society as a whole.

Social sphere

The social sphere is a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption.

SOCIAL SPHERE

this is the area of ​​relations between groups occupying different socio-economic positions in society, primarily differing in their role in the social organization of labor, attitudes towards the means of production, sources and sizes of the received share of social wealth.

SOCIAL SPHERE

branches of the national economy that do not participate in material production, but ensure the organization of service, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods, as well as the formation of the standard of living of the population, its well-being. The social sphere includes: trade, education, culture, social security, etc.

SOCIAL SPHERE

a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, consumption. The social sphere includes, first of all, the service sector (education, culture, health care, social security, physical culture, catering, utilities, passenger transport, communications).

Social sphere

a number of sectors of the economy and types of government activities that have a direct impact on individuals and families. First of all, it includes the branches of the socio-cultural complex: education, culture, health care, as well as science. A large role in this area is played by housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications serving the population, trade, and the consumer market. An important place belongs to such activities as problem solving labor relations, employment and migration of the population, the implementation of social protection and social security population.

Social sphere

1) The social (non-productive) sphere of social production is a sphere where material goods are not directly created. The social sphere includes: art, culture, sports, science, education, health care. 2) The social, material and spiritual conditions of his existence and activity surrounding a person.

She is in broad sense(macroenvironment) covers the socio-economic system as a whole - productive forces, the totality of social relations and institutions, social consciousness, the culture of a given society. In a narrow sense (microenvironment), being an element of the social sphere, as a whole, it includes the immediate social environment of a person - a family, a collective (labor, educational, etc.) and groups of people. It has a decisive influence on the formation and development of the personality, at the same time, under the influence of creative activity, human activity, the very transforms itself.

Department of "Automated control systems"

Course work

By discipline: "Management in social economic systems»

On the topic: "Application of methods and models of system analysis and management theory to management problems in the social and economic spheres"

Completed:

5th year student

group MIVT-16-1-2

Zenin Kirill Andreevich

Introduction. 3

Main part. 6

1. Social and economic sphere.

2. Methods and models of system analysis. nine

3. Methods and models of the theory of decision making. 13

Chapter II 16

1. Brief information about the company "SimpLAN". 16

2. Analysis of the economic subsystem of the organization. 17

3. Construction mathematical model and the application of the simplex TPR method to model analysis. eighteen

4. Application of the method of expert assessments based on the rank assessment system with subsequent normalization, ranking and application of the method of median ranks to analyze the model of the economic subsystem. 29

5. Analysis of the social subsystem of the organization, building its model, improvement and analysis. 38

REFERENCES .. 45

Introduction

Economics studies production, problems of goods and services, supply and demand, human economic behavior in general, the use of money and capital. Sociology, in turn, seeks to develop models of the economic behavior of various groups and to investigate the economic forces that affect people's lives. The relationship between the economic and social spheres is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes. The relationship between economic and sociological factors is often overlooked in the decision-making process. It is the connection between these two components as a whole that reflects the state of the enterprise as a whole.

The object of organizational behavior is employees of organizations, represented by managers, specialists, workers of support services. In turn, the employees of the organization are its main capital, since it is on them that the achievement of the organization's goals depends. In order for employees to strive to achieve the goals of the organization, it is necessary that the organization, in turn, motivates them to do so.

The transitional stage to market relations in the Russian economy is characterized by a crisis of motivation and a negative perception of the majority of employees of enterprises about labor activity. The essence of labor motivation was practically reduced to the desire to have the maximum guaranteed wages with an indifferent attitude to the results of labor (quality, labor efficiency). Poverty of motivation and a narrow range of needs met through labor activity reduced the manageability of workers, made them weakly subject to incentives.

The above applies not only to employees, but also to specialists and managers, in particular middle managers.

Some of the workers who have retained moral foundations labor consciousness, rich labor motivation, constitute a minority and are often in pre-retirement and retirement age. As for employers and senior managers, according to opinion polls, 90% of them, in contrast to other forms of influence, prefer administrative pressure, explaining this choice of methods of managing the decline in discipline. Therefore, the "carrot and stick" method, which is implemented through a system of the simplest economic and administrative incentives and sanctions, has become established today as the most common method of influencing people in order to obtain the desired result. Such a system is quite effective with a low content of work, an authoritarian leadership style and significant unemployment. The "carrot and stick" method should include proportional additional payments and deductions, work on the terms of the administration: fines, collective contracting and other well-known techniques.

This paper proposes to consider the applicability of the methodology of systems analysis and the theory of decision-making in the social and economic sphere of the enterprise and to trace, within its framework, the impact of changes in one area on another.

The purpose of this term paper is to increase the efficiency of the organization through management impact on its social and economic sphere.

The object of the research is the socio-economic system "SimpLAN".

The subject of the research is the organization model, which includes social and economic components.

1. Consider the role and connection of the social and economic spheres.

3. Review the models and methods of CA and TPD.

4. Analyze the enterprise from the social and economic spheres and build its model.

5. Apply LBT techniques to improve plant performance.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the possibility and significance of the application of models and methods of system analysis and decision-making theory to improve the indicators of the economic and social sphere. small organization.

The practical significance of the work lies in increasing the efficiency of the work of a small organization and its employees.

Main part

Chapter I

Social and economic sphere

According to T.I. Zaslavskaya and R.V. Ryvkina, the economic sphere is an integral subsystem of society responsible for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services necessary for the life of people. It is formed by a multitude of systems of greater complexity that are private to it.

The social sphere does not form a separate subsystem and cannot be considered on an equal footing with the economic, political and similar spheres, in order to understand its nature, we define the concept of "social relation" (as main characteristic social sphere). Social relationships are understood in scientific literature in two senses: wide and narrow. In a broad sense, they mean relations between any communities (for example, collectives of enterprises, population different regions and so on), in a narrow sense - the relationship between classes, social strata and groups that occupy different positions in society. According to M.N. Rutkevich, social relations are “relations determined by the position of people and groups in the social structure of society. Rod social relations are the relations of equality and inequality in the position of people and groups in society. Social relations are always "present" in economic, as well as in political and other social relations (although they do not exhaust them).

What is the connection between the social sphere understood in this way and the economic sphere?

First of all, the position occupied by different groups in society, to a decisive extent is determined by the system of economic relations. Moreover, the groups themselves, about which in question in economic sociology, these are the aggregates of individuals characterized by a similar position in the economic sphere, that is, they are located within the structural units of the social economy. They seem to bear its features in accordance with the well-known aphorism of K. Marx about the essence of a social person as a set of social relations. In this "imprint" of economic relations on the groups functioning within them, the direct impact of economic on social is manifested.

At the same time, the social area is a powerful factor of "reverse influence" on the functioning and development of the economy, which is realized through the activity of socio-economic groups that are driving force socio-economic processes. Under social processes understand the changes in social objects in time, the patterns that arise when changing their states.

So, the relationship between the economic and social areas is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes.

The close connection between the social and economic spheres can be observed on the example of a small system that makes up the totality of these spheres - an enterprise. Any enterprise can be viewed as a socio-economic system with an internal structure that functions in constant interaction with the external environment.

The enterprise is a social system because it is created by people to meet the specific needs of society and is managed by people who have certain personality traits... An enterprise is an economic system because, as a result of the use of economic resources and the sale of products, the continuity of the reproduction of the social product is ensured.

Considering the enterprise as a system, it is necessary to single out the object and the subject of influence in it. The object of influence in the enterprise system is a set of material conditions, production, organizational processes, relations between employees when the enterprise performs its functions.

The subject is the control apparatus, which, through various forms and methods of influence, carries out the purposeful functioning of the object.

In all economic systems, the main productive force is the person, the personnel of the organizations. By his labor, he creates material and spiritual values. The higher the human capital and the potential for its development, the better it works for the benefit of its enterprise. Employees of the enterprise, closely related to each other in the process of work, not only create New Product, perform work and provide services, but also form new social and labor relations. In business market relations, the social and labor sphere becomes the basis of the life of both individual workers and individual professional groups, entire production teams.

Thus, it is possible to single out the tasks of management in the social subsystem of the enterprise:

Improving the social conditions of the company's employees by creating better conditions labor and higher wages;

· Professional development of employees by providing them with appropriate courses and motivation for this process.

· Prevention of disputable situations and conflicts within the working team.

Consider also the management tasks in the economic subsystem of the enterprise:

· Constant monitoring of the efficiency of the firm, coordination of the work of all its divisions;

Ensuring production automation

· Constant search and development of new markets.

· Determination of specific goals for the development of the company;

· Identifying the priority of goals, their order and sequence of achievement;

· Development of a system of measures to achieve the set goals;

· Determination of the necessary resources and sources of their provision;

· Establishment of control over the implementation of the assigned tasks.

The tasks of one area perfectly complement the tasks of another area, in general, leading to an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

However, it is not so easy to solve both problems at once. The problem is that solving the problems of the economic sphere can aggravate the solution of the problems of the social sphere and vice versa.

Features of social management at the regional level.

When developing directions for any, including social, transformations within a certain territory, of course, the specifics of a particular region are taken into account.

1. The economic independence of the region cannot be absolute, since the regional economy, being a subsystem of the national economy, cannot be regarded as an isolated part of it. This is evidenced by the fact that state budget financing is still the main source of income. financial resources into the economy of any region.

2. The level of development of the region is significantly influenced by natural and climatic factors (availability of minerals and other natural resources, favorable conditions of the geographic environment, etc.) and the ecological situation.

3. Most of the regions are “highly specialized”, ie.

focused on certain spheres of the national economy (in this regard, traditionally industrial regions, agricultural, recreational, etc.).

Regions as a grassroots sphere of life directly implement the socio-economic policy of the state: the whole country is governed through the regions and the state strategy is embodied in them. Taking into account a certain specificity, regional administration acts as a conductor of all-Russian interests. This does not preclude specific aspects of management. On the contrary, taking into account the specifics avoids rigid centralization and bureaucratization of economic life. The efficiency of management is the higher, the freer, within the framework of a single economic mechanism, a business entity can dispose of its resources.

A rigid control system is less effective because restricts the freedom of grassroots government, violates the law feedback and, ultimately, leads to a violation of self-regulation. And regional government is called upon to eliminate the shortcomings of rigid centralization.

At the present stage, the management of the social sphere (both according to the current legislation and the emerging practice) is increasingly becoming the subject of attention and responsibility of the authorities and administration of the regional level. In this regard, the volume of work is increasing and the complexity of the tasks of managing the social sphere of the region is increasing, which gives rise to a number of problems associated with the need to further improve the system of territorial administration at the regional level. The essence of the crisis of the existing management mechanism in the social sphere is the inconsistency of the main groups of interests of the subjects of such activity, i.e. the interests of the constituent entities of the Federation come into conflict with the goals and objectives of the corresponding federal government bodies. This is especially acute when determining the long-term prospects for the development of the region.

At the regional level, the social sphere acts as an object of management for all state authorities that function and have a social orientation (ministries and state committees in charge of social protection, education, culture and interethnic relations, health care, physical culture and sports, labor, etc.), at the local - administrations and departments of bodies local government... At each level of management of the social sphere, their functions are performed in accordance with the powers granted.

The management of the social sphere of the region is associated with the performance of many functions, the solution of specific analytical and organizational tasks, the processing of large-volume and complex-structured information flows. Since the social sphere is a specific area of ​​connections and relations that develop between the subjects of social life, its management should be carried out taking into account the conditions and factors that ensure the reproduction, development, improvement of interacting social groups and individuals.

The social sphere of the region is a complex ramified multidimensional system with a variety of connections, relationships, infrastructure, which together provide the vital activity and development of the regional community.

Regional social policy is understood as a set of measures of federal bodies aimed at the social development of regions. Regional social policy is formed by the Center. However, at the stage of concept development, it should be a two-way process of interaction between federal and regional structures. Social policy in the region is developed by the regional authorities with the participation of local self-government bodies, taking into account the concept of state social policy formed by the Federal Center.

In the practice of managing the region, there is no consistent development and systematic implementation of a social development strategy, and social policy, on the one hand, is reduced to individual measures to ensure a guaranteed social minimum, and on the other, to “patching holes” in the event of emergencies in the social sphere. Regional social policy turned out to be more aimed at developing a strategy for social development at the macro level, forming a single social unity, and social policy in the region at the practical implementation of a set of measures for the development of the social sphere in the region. Nevertheless, regional authorities and even local self-government bodies are called upon not only to implement social policy within their territorial divisions, but also to form a strategy and tactics for carrying out social reforms on their territory within the established powers and opportunities to use their own funds. This is typical for regions in which an active social policy is being formed and implemented. Regional authorities and local self-government bodies also participate in the process of shaping social policy. federal center(although still very limited).

Thus, a regional social policy can be formed and shaped in the regions of Russia only on the basis of a coordinated socio-economic policy. Of the Russian state and the subject of the Federation. Specific areas of social policy in the region (priorities, mechanisms, measures) largely depend on the socio-economic state and the specifics of the territory.

In addition to extra-regional and intra-regional factors, the regional social sphere is also formed by a set of organizations (as carriers of social policy) of a given territory. The end product of the organization's activities in the form of social benefits and services is aimed at active use in all elements external environment... Therefore, the social sphere of the region is considered, on the one hand, as a set of organizations, and on the other, as an open socially-oriented system.

The peculiarities of the social sphere of the region as an object of social policy are caused by the specific diversity of cultural development, climatic, geographical and ecological conditions, as well as the transformation of social and everyday needs in obtaining education, mastering cultural values, organizing work and recreation, maintaining health in the process of socialization of the individual in characteristic conditions for the functioning of a particular region. Achieving a balance in the social sphere, eliminating emerging social deformations and, ultimately, achieving social stability is the essence of social policy in the region.

Each region is inherently unique, however, there are differences in natural and climatic conditions, the degree of development of territories, key indicators of socio-economic development, etc. In other words, the economic space of Russia is very heterogeneous in both natural and climatic and socio-economic aspects. With the growing differentiation of the Russian space, it becomes more and more difficult to divide regions by type. For the sake of fairness, it must be said that this task was not easy before in the conditions of a planned economy.

Two main types of social indicators can be distinguished. The first type includes indicators quantitative characteristic which allows you to unambiguously substantiate the mandatory directions of social policy. At the same time, the socio-economic characteristics of individual regions are not factors of differentiation of these areas. Social indicators of the second type are characterized by the fact that the conclusion about the positive or negative value for the region of their actual value cannot be made without a comprehensive assessment of the situation in the region. In contrast to the situation with indicators of the first type, goal-setting in terms of the choice of directions of social policy acquires an active character in this case.

The indicators of the second type include, first of all, demographic indicators. Without knowing the real state of the region's economy, one cannot say whether, for example, the existing natural population growth or the migration balance has a positive or negative impact on the region. Thus, in labor-surplus regions with a tense situation on labor markets, a high natural increase in labor and a positive migration balance will lead to an increase in the load on their labor markets and a decrease in the population's income, etc.

The specific type of social policy can be determined if we take into account the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation that have developed in the country and its regions by a certain period of time. The peculiarities of this situation, in turn, determine the fundamental requirements for national social policy and the direction of its interregional differentiation.

Sphere of social life of society.

Society is a multitude of people. But this is not a simple sum of individuals. In this multitude, certain groups, communities arise, which differ from one another and are found between themselves and society as a whole in various proportions.

Naturally, questions arise: for what reasons certain communities arise in society at one stage or another, what they are, what connections are established between them, how and why they develop, how they function, what is their historical fate, how a holistic picture is formed in society connections and dependencies of these communities and does it take shape at all, etc.? Social philosophy studies the laws according to which stable, large groups of people are formed in society, the relations between these groups, their connections and their role in society. These laws constitute the content of a special area. public life- his social sphere.

In philosophical and sociological science, a whole spectrum of social structures of society is distinguished: socio-class, socio-territorial (settlement), which is based on the differences between town and country, socio-demographic, reflecting the position of sex and age groups, professional structure, by industry ... Scientific ideas about ethnic communities and their differentiation, the microsocial structure of society - primary collectives, family, etc. have also been significantly enriched.

At the same time, a tradition of excessive division and specialization in the study of various elements of social life, which is not specifically sanctioned by anyone, but nevertheless quite strong. Within the framework of this tradition, classes and class relations, ethnic communities, collectives, family, etc. were studied separately.

But the development of society with ever greater persistence requires overcoming the separate study of individual communities, requires an integral analysis of social life.

Social structure is understood as stratification and hierarchical organization of various strata of society, as well as a set of institutions and the relationship between them. The term "stratification" - stratum - layers, layer. Strata represent large groups of people differing in their position in the social structure of society.

The basis of the stratification structure of society is the natural and social inequality of people... However, on the question of what exactly is the criterion for this inequality, their opinions differ. Studying the process of stratification in society, K. Marx called the fact of a person's possession of property and the level of his income as such a criterion. M. Weber added to them social prestige and the subject's belonging to political parties, to power. Pitirim Sorokin believed that the reason for the stratification was the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties in society. He also argued that the social space has many other differentiation criteria: it can be carried out according to citizenship, occupation, nationality, religious affiliation, etc.

Historically, stratification, that is, inequality in income, power, prestige, etc., arises from the inception of human society. With the emergence of the first states, it becomes tougher, and then, in the process of development of society (primarily European), it gradually softens.

There are four main types of social stratification in sociology - slavery, castes, estates and classes. The first three characterize closed societies and the last type is open.

The first system of social stratification is slavery, which arose in antiquity and in some backward regions is still preserved. There are two forms of slavery: patriarchal, in which the slave has all the rights of a younger member of the family, and classical, in which the slave has no rights and is considered the property of the owner (a talking tool of labor). Slavery was based on direct violence and social groups in the era of slavery, they were distinguished by the presence or absence of civil rights.

The second system of social stratification should be recognized as the caste system. A caste is a social group (stratum) whose membership is passed on to a person only at birth. The transition of a person from one caste to another during life is impossible - for this he needs to be born again. India is a classic example of a caste society.

The next form of stratification is the estates. An estate is a group of people that has rights and obligations enshrined in law or custom, inherited. Usually, there are privileged and non-privileged classes in society. For example, in Western Europe the first group included the nobility and the clergy. to the second - artisans, merchants and peasants.

Finally, class is another stratification system. V. I. Lenin: “Classes are large groups of people differing in their place in historically a particular system of social production, according to their relation (mostly enshrined and formalized in laws) to the means of production, according to their role in the social organization of labor, and, consequently, according to the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have. "

Depending on the historical period in society, the following are distinguished as the main classes:

a) slaves and slave owners;

b) feudal lords and feudal-dependent peasants;

c) the bourgeoisie and the proletariat;

d) the so-called middle class.

Since any social structure is a collection of all functioning social communities taken in their interaction, the following elements can be distinguished in it:

a) ethnic structure (clan, tribe, nationality, nation);

b) demographic structure (groups are distinguished by age and gender);

c) settlement structure (urban residents, rural residents, etc.)

d) class structure (bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasants, etc.);

e) vocational and educational structure.

A person who occupies a certain place in the structure has the ability to move from one level to another, raising or lowering his social status, or from one group located at a certain level to another group located at the same level (moving from the Orthodox into a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another) This transition is called social mobility. (Vertical mobility is the advancement of a person up or down the career ladder.)

Social mobility sometimes leads to the fact that some people find themselves, as it were, at the junction of certain social groups, while experiencing serious psychological difficulties. Their intermediate position is largely determined by the inability or unwillingness, for whatever reason, to adapt to one of the interacting social groups. This phenomenon of finding a person, as it were, between two cultures, associated with his movement in social space, is called marginality. A marginal is an individual who has lost a swap of his former social status, deprived of the opportunity to do his usual business and, moreover, found himself unable to adapt to the new socio-cultural environment of the stratum within which he formally exists. The individual value system of such people is so stable that it does not lend itself to being replaced by new norms, principles, and rules. Their behavior is extreme: they are either overly passive or very aggressive, easily overstep moral norms and are capable of unpredictable actions. Among the marginals there may be ethnomarginal people - people who have found themselves in a foreign environment as a result of migration; religious marginals - people who stand outside the confession or do not dare to make a choice between them, etc.

Qualitative changes taking place in the economic basis of modern Russian society, entailed serious changes in its social structure. The currently emerging social hierarchy is characterized by inconsistency, instability and a tendency to significant changes. The highest stratum (elite) today can include representatives of the state apparatus, as well as the owners of big capital, including their top - the financial oligarchs. The middle class in modern Russia includes representatives of the entrepreneurial class, as well as knowledge workers, highly qualified managers (managers). Finally, the lowest stratum is made up of workers of various professions, employed in labor of medium and low qualifications, as well as clerical employees and employees of the public sector (teachers and doctors in state and municipal institutions). It should be noted that the process of social mobility between these levels in Russia is limited, which may become one of the prerequisites for future conflicts in society.

In the process of changing the social structure of modern Russian society, the following trends can be distinguished:

1) social polarization, i.e. stratification into rich and poor, deepening social and property differentiation;

2) massive downward social mobility;

3) mass change of place of residence by knowledge workers (the so-called "brain drain").

In general, we can say that the main criteria that determine the social position of a person in modern Russia and his belonging to one or another stratification level are either the size of his wealth or belonging to power structures.

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Introduction 2

Approaches to defining the social sphere 3

Social structure 6

Social sphere of society and social policy 9

Conclusion 12

List of used literature 13

Introduction.

The social sphere is a complex system, unified in its quality and purpose, and multifunctional due to the complexity and ambiguity of the reproduction process, differentiated subjects of life with their needs, abilities, and variety of interests. It is a self-organizing and organized system at the same time, a multi-subject and multi-level system. This makes it a very difficult object for theoretical and empirical analysis.

Despite the huge role that the social sphere plays in the life of society, there is still no unanimity among scientists in the definition of the social sphere.

In my work, I will present several points of view on this issue. I will also describe the main approaches to structuring the social sphere and the criteria on which they are based. The last part of my work presents the main features of social policy as a tool for managing the social sphere.

Approaches to the definition of the social sphere of society.

Traditionally, social scientists distinguish the following main spheres of society - economic, spiritual, political and social. The economic sphere is understood as a system of economic relations that arises and is reproduced in the process of material production. The system of relations between people, reflecting the spiritual and moral life of society, constitutes the spiritual sphere. The political sphere includes a system of political and legal relations arising in society and reflecting the attitude of the state to its citizens and their groups, citizens to the existing state power.

The social sphere covers the entire space of a person's life - from the conditions of his work and life, health and leisure to social-class and national relations. The social sphere includes education, culture, health care, social security, physical education, public catering, and public services. It ensures the reproduction, development, improvement of social groups and individuals. Despite this, there are still debates about the definition of the social sphere and the allocation of it as the main sphere of society.

The development of theoretical understanding of the social sphere began with the emergence of philosophy and each generation of scientists, considering the problems of social life through the prism of the requirements of their time, built various concepts and models of social life.

In the literature, there are several approaches to the essence of the concept of "social sphere". The first defines it through the totality of large social groups of classes, nations, peoples, and so on. This approach reinforces the division of society into various social groups, but at the same time the social sphere loses its functional features, the main one of which is to ensure the reproduction of society. For example: "the central link in the social sphere is social communities and relationships." The concept of the social sphere in this interpretation coincides with the concept of the social structure of society. “Social structure means the objective division of society into separate strata, groups united on the basis of one or several characteristics. Social communities are the main elements. "

The second point of view is mainly represented by economists. Actively using the category "social sphere" in scientific analysis, they reduce it to the non-production sphere and service industries. For example, B.A. Raizberg. gives the following definition: "it is customary to refer to the social sphere economic objects and processes, types of economic activity directly related to the way of life of people, consumption by the population of material and spiritual benefits, services, meeting the final needs of a person, family, collectives, groups of society as a whole." ... L.G. Sudas and M.B. Yurasova understand the social sphere as "the sphere of society's life, in which a certain level of well-being and quality of life of the population is ensured outside the immediate sphere of material production." In these definitions, the social sphere acts as a synonym for social infrastructure. The latter means "an interconnected complex of sectors of the economy that provide general terms and Conditions production and life of people. Social infrastructure includes: trade, healthcare, urban transport, housing and communal services, etc. " These definitions represent the social sphere only as a system of interconnected service structures, without taking into account the activities in it of any social subjects, their connections and relations.

Also, some scientists believe that the social sphere is located between the political and economic spheres, and is their connecting link, therefore, its allocation as a separate area society is wrong. Again, its main function is lost - the activity of reproducing the population and the relations that develop in the process of this activity.

Another group of authors understands the social sphere as a specific area of ​​social relations, covering the system of social-class, national relations, relations between society and the individual, for example - “the social sphere of society, covering the interests of classes and social groups, nations and nationalities, relations between society and the individual, working and living conditions, health protection and leisure organization, is focused on the needs and demands of each member of society. " But this definition does not provide a holistic approach to the analysis of the social sphere.

And, finally, the last approach to the definition of the social sphere, which, in my opinion, most fully covers all its components and connects it with the social reproduction of the population. From the point of view of G.I. Osadchy “the social sphere is an integral, constantly changing subsystem of society, generated by the objective need of society for the continuous reproduction of the subjects of the social process. This is a stable area of ​​human activity of people for the reproduction of their lives, the space for the implementation of the social function of society. It is in it that the social policy of the state takes on meaning, social and civil human rights are realized ”.

The structure of the social sphere of society.

The social sphere does not exist in isolation, but in interconnection with other spheres of society. "The social sphere, expressing life activity in a holistic implementation, which has as its result a person, social groups, as it were, permeates all others, since people, social communities act in each of them."

The social sphere can be structured according to various criteria. For example, S.A. Shavel presents the structure of the social sphere as the sum of four interrelated parts, which, at the same time, act as empirical indicators for its subject identification:

1. The social structure of society, historically represented by certain classes and social groups (socio-demographic, ethnic, territorial, etc.) and the relationship between them.

2. Social infrastructure as a set of sectors of the national economy and types of socially useful activities (cooperative and individual, public funds and social initiatives, etc.) aimed at providing services directly to people.

3. Social interests, needs, expectations and incentives, ie. everything that ensures the connection of the individual (groups) with society, the involvement of the individual in the social process.

4. The principles and requirements of social justice, conditions and guarantees for its implementation. [quoted on 4, 28].

The effective functioning of the social sphere is ensured by a developed social infrastructure, a stable set of material elements that create conditions for satisfying the entire set of needs for the reproduction of man and society.

A more realistic idea of ​​the structure of the social sphere is given by the classification of industries:

education - preschool, general education institutions, institutions of primary, secondary, higher professional and additional education;

culture - libraries, club-type cultural institutions, a museum, art galleries and exhibition halls, theaters, concert organizations, parks of culture and recreation, circuses, zoos, cinemas, monuments of history and culture, publishing of book magazines and newspapers;

protection of human health - health statistics, statistics of population morbidity, disability, industrial injuries;

health care - the essence and activities of health care institutions, their location, condition and equipment, curls of medical and junior medical personnel;

social security - inpatient institutions (institutions intended for permanent and temporary residence of the elderly and disabled people in need of constant social, domestic and medical services and care)

housing and communal services - housing stock, its improvement, housing conditions of the population, production activities of enterprises and services that provide the population with water, heat, gas, hotels and other types of improvement of settlements;

physical culture and sports - a network of sports facilities, their location, personnel, the number of people involved in physical education and sports.

The structure of the social sphere can be considered as the structure of the service sector: public services in their pure form, private services in their pure form, mixed services.

The production and consumption of pure public services implies the satisfaction of social needs - national, local and regional. These services cannot be made exclusively for individual use. The non-exclusion of such services from consumption enables individuals to consume them without paying. The state guarantees the availability of such services and the minimum social standard for their provision. Financing of the production of pure public services is carried out at the expense of the regional budget, or the budget of the country. The noted properties of pure public services make it impossible for them to be included in market relations.

In contrast to them, pure private services are wholly and completely included in market relations, and have the following properties of the individual nature of consumption, exclusion, their production is completely carried out on the basis of private property and competition.

Most of the social services are mixed, with properties of both pure private and pure public services.

Based on the above classification of social services as economic benefits in the book by L.G. Sudas and M.V. Yurasova, various sectors in the structure of the social sphere are distinguished in which services of different types are produced:

state, where pure public goods and socially significant goods are produced that provide the GMSS system;

voluntarily - public, where mixed public goods of limited access are produced (municipal level, sports clubs, federations, etc.);

mixed, where mixed public goods are produced, including socially significant services. It is represented by organizations of mixed ownership;

private commercial, where private goods are produced on a commercial basis.

Social sphere of society and social policy

In the space of the social sphere, the social policy of the state, social and civil human rights are implemented.

The most significant determinant of the self-movement of the social sphere, especially during the period of intensive structural restructuring, breaking the old mechanisms of self-regulation of society, is social policy, since there is a need for targeted impacts on the social environment in order to avoid the huge social costs characteristic of economic and political reforms. It is social policy that is designed to solve the problem of the relationship between economic development and the preservation of social guarantees, reducing contradictions in economic and social processes that are more or less spontaneous.

Social policy is one of the most important directions, an integral part of the internal policy of the state. It is designed to ensure expanded reproduction of the population, harmonization of social relations, political stability, civil consent and is implemented through government decisions, social events and programs. Over time, social policy expanded not only the objects of its influence, but also its content. The scale of government intervention in social processes also grew. “A limited view of social policy as a system of measures to help socially weak groups was formed back in the Soviet Union. This approach also dominates in modern Russia. However, a broader understanding of this issue is needed. »Now social policy is not limited to certain categories of the population, its object is the living conditions of almost all social and demographic groups.

Shkartan presents the following definition “Social policy in any society is an activity aimed at establishing and maintaining an unequal position of social groups. The quality of social policy is determined by the achievement of a relative balance of interests of groups, a measure of agreement of the main social forces with the nature of the distribution of society's resources, and, finally, extremely important - with the possibilities of realizing human potential by promising social segments of society, including only emerging groups. Successful social policy is a policy that brings social and economic benefits ”.

It is customary to view social policy in a broad and narrow sense. In broad terms, social policy encompasses all decisions affecting certain aspects of the life of the country's population. Social policy in the narrow sense “is nothing more than the redistribution (based on the current legislation) of financial resources between various social groups of the population, sectors of the national economy using mechanisms of state tax and budget system» .

Gulyaeva N.P. writes that "The goal of social policy is to improve the welfare of the population, to ensure a high level and quality of life, characterized by the following indicators: income as a material source of livelihood, employment, health, housing, education, culture, ecology."

Based on the above, the tasks of social policy are:

distribution of income, goods, services, material and social conditions of population reproduction;

limiting the magnitude of absolute poverty and inequality;

providing material sources of livelihood to those who, for reasons beyond their control, do not have them;

provision of medical, educational, transport services;

improvement of the environment.

In society, social policy performs the following main functions. First, the income redistribution function. This function is especially important in a market economy, since the development of market relations leads to such a distribution of income and resources in general, which contradicts not only generally accepted norms of justice, but also economic efficiency, since it limits consumer demand and destroys the investment sphere. Secondly, the stabilization function, which contributes to the improvement of the social status of the majority of citizens. Thirdly, the integration function, which ensures the unity of society on the principles of social partnership and social justice.

Conclusion.

The social sphere is a special area of ​​relations connecting the subjects of social life. It has relative independence, has specific patterns of its development, functioning and structure. Includes the entire set of conditions and factors that ensure reproduction, development, improvement of individuals and groups. The social sphere, relying on its own infrastructure, functionally ensures the reproduction of the labor resource, regulates the consumer behavior of certain social subjects, promotes the realization of their creative potential, self-affirmation of the individual.

The social sphere is ideally designed to ensure a sufficient level of well-being, the availability of basic life benefits for the majority of the population. It is designed to create opportunities for social mobility, transition to a higher income, professional group, to guarantee the necessary level of social protection, the development of social, labor and entrepreneurial activity, to ensure the possibility of a person's self-realization. The optimal model of the social sphere is associated with ensuring the protection of the economic interests of each citizen, guarantees of social stability and is based on the principles of social justice and state responsibility for the social reproduction of a person. This is what social policy is designed to implement.

List of used literature:

Barulin V.S. "Social Philosophy", M., Fair-press, 2002

Gulyaeva N.P. "Social sphere as an object of management and social development", http://zhurnal.lib.ru/n/natalxja_p_g/tema3-1.shtml

Gulyaeva N.P. "Social Policy", http://zhurnal.lib.ru/n/natalxja_p_g/tema9.shtml

Osadchaya G.I. "Sociology of the social sphere", M., Publishing house of MGSU "Soyuz", 1999

"Sociologist's working book", M., Editorial URSS, 2003

Raizberg B.A. "Fundamentals of Economics and Entrepreneurship", M., MP "New School", 1993

L. G. Sudas, M. V. Yurasova "Marketing research in the social sphere", M., Infa-M, 2004

"Philosophy, Political Science, Economics, Dictionary", Yaroslavl, Development Academy, 1997

Shkartan I.O. "Declared and real social policy" // Poccuu World. 2001. No. 2

scope societies, a system of indicators related to ...

Social structure societies (8)

Abstract >> Sociology

Large social groups differing in their role in all spheres life activity societies that ... are formed and functioned by indigenous social interests ...

Main elements social structures societies (1)

Abstract >> Sociology

Young people); national communities. Towards social sphere societies there are two main approaches: class ...

The social sphere of the life of society is a set of individuals who are united by historically established connections and relationships, as well as possessing features that give it its originality. This concept is directly related to satisfaction and the possibilities, thanks to which you can get the desired result, depend on:

1. subject and his belonging to a particular social group.
2. The level of development of the state and its place in the world political arena.

Note that a society is not just a number of people. There are certain aggregates of which act in it and constitute social being. Their classification may be based on class, national, age or professional characteristics. The division can also be carried out on the basis of territorial affiliation. That is why the social consists of classes, strata, professional and territorial communities, as well as production teams, families and institutions. Also in this area, a macro and microstructure is distinguished, which includes families, labor and educational teams, and so on.

Note that all the components here are in interaction, which is based on the implementation of basic needs and interests. They enter into certain relationships, the types of which can be several: economic, social, spiritual and political.

The social sphere of society includes the following structural components:

1. Ethnic structure. Initially most small group the family of which the clan consisted was considered. If several of them were united, then a tribe was formed. Later, a nationality was formed, based on territorial ties between people. When feudalism begins to develop, the process of the formation of a nation begins.
2. Demographic structure. The general commonality of this structure is the population - a set of people that continuously reproduces their own kind.

The social sphere of society has a certain character of relations that are formed between its members. Their specificity depends on the position they occupy in the structure, as well as on the role that they are assigned within the framework joint activities... As a rule, the positioning of individuals is not equivalent. This inequality is expressed in the social distance that exists between members of society.

The social sphere of society is characterized by the dominant role of relations, which inevitably leads to the development of a new type of consciousness of representatives of society, which is called social. Its structural feature is that the community of people thinks and acts in a completely different way, not the same as its individual members, if they were in a state of disunity.

Note that this area of ​​human life is a structure that is in continuous development. Within its framework, those processes always occur that are capable of changing the nature of relations between individuals, as well as their content. They are able to influence the essence of the social structure and

The social sphere of society is constantly being investigated, because at the same time we comprehend the specifics of human relations, as well as the features of the activities and behavior of members of society, social structures and their elements.

Note that the study of all these components is possible only within the framework of sociology. Of course, this area is studied by many sciences, but thanks to sociology, we get a more complete picture of all aspects of its existence and functioning.