How fast to drive? Some drivers answer - no more than 60, others - 80-90 km / h. Which of them is right?

It is impossible to give recommendations for all cases. Yes, and it is not necessary. The speed must be appropriate for the traffic situation, traffic conditions and individual characteristics driver. Even high speed can be safe if it is chosen correctly. Conversely, at a relatively low speed, traffic accidents are not ruled out.

Unfortunately, many drivers do not know how to choose the right safe speed. According to the traffic police, speeding and the wrong choice of speed are the most common causes traffic accidents. And this leads to recklessness, alcohol intoxication, a misunderstanding of traffic situations, illusions in the perception of speed, etc.

There is an opinion among some drivers that fast driving is a sign of driving skill. However, when analyzing the driving style of experienced drivers, the result is different. Experienced drivers drive without large changes in speed, without intense acceleration and sudden braking, with the least number of gear changes. This mode of movement is less tiring for the driver and passengers, reduces fuel consumption and reduces vehicle wear. The average speed is almost the same.

In this respect, the experience carried out in Germany is interesting. Drivers of two identical cars were given the task to travel 1500 km along the same route. The first driver had to move at the highest possible speed, without violating, of course, the Rules traffic; the second was obliged to move in the general flow of transport. Cars were equipped with equipment for recording speed, fuel consumption, and the number of brakes. An analysis of the results of the experiment showed that the driver of the first car arrived 31 minutes earlier, but this win came at too high a price: several times he got into emergencies, more than 1300 times slowed down, and about 200 times very sharply.

Practice shows that only about half of the drivers are able to correctly determine the speed of the car they drive. But, despite4 this, many of them do not have the habit of controlling the speed of movement on the speedometer. It must be remembered that with a long movement, the driver dulls the sense of speed. Moving at high speed along the highway, the driver, by inertia, continues to maintain it even when passing through a settlement. It is very dangerous.

Different vehicles perceive speed differently. This is due to the different distance from the driver's eyes to the road surface, the location of the cab window openings of different heights, as well as the impact of vibration and noise. Drivers need to take this into account, especially when switching from one car model to another. Errors in determining the speed of an oncoming car are especially common. It should be remembered that the closer the oncoming vehicle or the larger its dimensions, the greater its speed seems to be. In fog, rain and at dusk, the speed of oncoming vehicles appears to be less than in clear sunny weather.

How to choose the right driving mode on city streets and country roads? The rules of the road require that the driver drive the vehicle at a speed not exceeding the established limits, taking into account traffic, road and atmospheric conditions, as well as the characteristics and condition of the vehicle and cargo.

Accident statistics show that with an increase in traffic intensity, the number of road accidents increases due to a significant complication of traffic conditions. It is known that the safest speed is equal to the speed of the traffic flow. Suffice it to say that if the speed of the car differs from the average speed of the flow by 30 km / h up or down, then the probability of a traffic accident for the driver increases by about 10 times; if the speed difference increases to 60 km / h, the probability of an accident increases up to 1000 times. Given this, drivers should choose a speed that is not much different from the average established on this section of the road.

When driving in intensive. In the traffic flow, the driver has to perform many actions directly related to driving. In addition, he must watch out for pedestrians and other road users. At an average speed of 40 km/h, the driver* performs up to 20 operations per minute. If it is increased. the number of operations increases so much that it is possible not to have time to complete those that directly affect traffic safety. Therefore, on city streets with heavy traffic, the speed should be chosen taking into account not only the traffic situation, but also your skill. Security in specific conditions is determined by many factors. For a novice driver, even a low speed (40-50 km / h) can be dangerous, since his attention is mainly focused on manipulating the controls. It is clear that such a driver quickly gets tired - the lack of management skills and, as a result, great nervous tension affects. Only over time, after the formation and consolidation of driving skills, the driver more or less easily copes with long driving.

Ease of driving is initially achieved when driving at low speeds, about 40-60 km / h. If an inexperienced driver increases the speed to 70-80 km / h, he again strains and quickly gets tired. This indicates that the driver is not yet prepared for driving at high speeds and that errors are possible during control that can lead to emergency situations.

Therefore, you should start driving a car or resume it after a long break at low speeds. And only after the driving actions become almost automatic, you can move on to higher speeds. Under no circumstances should this process be rushed.

An experienced driver is not distracted by the driving process. His attention is directed exclusively to assessing the changing situation. He does not make sharp unexpected maneuvers, his actions are always clear to other road users.

In heavy traffic, it is important to carefully observe the speed of surrounding vehicles and maintain a safe distance. To do this, each driver must be able to correctly determine the stopping distance of his car. On dry pavement, where the friction coefficient is 0.7, the braking distance increases in proportion to the square of the speed. For example, a car moving at a speed of 60 km / h, after the start of braking, will travel a distance of about 15 m to a complete stop, and at a speed of 100 km / h this path will already be 60 m, i.e., with a doubling of the speed, the braking distance will increase four times. To choose a safe speed, an important role is played by the ability to correctly determine the grip qualities of the road surface. In this case, the condition of the tires of the car should be taken into account.

The best coating is special porous concrete. It is rough and, when moistened, changes its grip qualities less. Asphalt concrete pavement also has good grip properties. However, in areas where the traffic regime often changes, it is polished and quickly contaminated. Such sections include entrances to intersections and the intersections themselves, ascents, descents, areas of public transport stops. Here, even in dry weather, there may be low traction due to increased wear, wheels of cars rolling during acceleration and braking, and oiling of the coating. A considerable threat arises on the pollution of sections of roads adjacent to the intersections with country roads that do not have a hard surface.

The grip properties of the road surface are reduced during rain and in the heat, when binders. Wetted with water, these materials act as a layer of lubricant.

A significant number of accidents occur at the corners of the road. Moreover, the cause of accidents, as a rule, is the wrong choice of speed. The ease of driving a modern car, even at high speed, creates a dangerous illusion that the car can get out of any situation with the same ease.

On turns, one must also take into account the influence of centrifugal force, which tends to throw the car to the outer side of the turn from the center. The higher the vehicle speed and the smaller the turning radius, the greater this force. Therefore, approaching a turn, you should slow down in order to be prepared for any surprises. It must be firmly remembered: it is better to slow down when entering a turn than to slow down when passing it.

In places with limited visibility (due to green spaces, small curvature radii, buildings, etc.), the speed must be reduced so that you can stop the car in the line of sight. In this case, the driver can be helped by the following simplified method for choosing the speed of movement: no more than one kilometer of movement speed is taken per meter of visible distance. For example, if the road is visible at a distance of no more than 30 m, the speed of movement should not exceed 30 km/h.

The nature of the load, its location on the vehicle also have a significant impact on the choice of a safe speed. The higher the center of gravity of the load, the more dangerous it becomes to drive on curves and therefore the slower the speed must be. It is impossible to develop high speed when transporting liquids in tanks, especially when they are not fully loaded, when the fluid moving by inertia creates a lot of pressure on the front of the car when braking and on the side walls of the tank when moving along a curve.

Recommendations for choosing the speed of movement, of course, do not exhaust all the issues that you need to know and apply when driving a car or motorcycle. However, in all cases, it must be remembered that the correct determination of the safe speed in a particular situation is the basis of trouble-free operation.

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You are driving through the city, you are overtaken by other vehicles, you are ahead of slow moving vehicles. How fast should you move so as not to interfere with other road users? The rules of the road impose an upper speed limit. For different vehicles in different conditions, it is shown in the table.

But with this permitted maximum speed, you can only drive in the most favorable driving conditions.

The ability of the driver to select the appropriate speed is of paramount importance. Traffic safety mainly depends on speed, and the ability to choose the right speed will allow you to quickly make a trip with complete safety.

Naturally, the desire of every driver to move at the highest possible speed. The ability to determine this maximum possible speed for given conditions characterizes the skill of the driver.

There is a definition of excessive speed in road safety. Excessive speed is too much speed for specific road and weather conditions. It follows that sometimes the maximum possible speed is not excessive, and when driving in adverse conditions, even a low speed can be dangerous. For example, the speed limit on a given stretch of road is not always safe during fog or ice.

1. Road signs. The presence of road signs 3.24 "Maximum speed limit", 4.7 "Minimum speed limit", 5.18 "Recommended speed" determine and recommend driving at a certain speed. But many other signs introduce various restrictions on the speed you choose.

2. Traffic intensity. We have already discussed with you the recommendations for choosing the speed in the traffic flow, the speed of your car should be determined by the speed of this flow.

Leading and even more so overtaking on roads with heavy traffic is extremely difficult and should be excluded. Even ahead of several vehicles, you are still forced to re-enter the general stream, and the gain in time will be minimal. Meanwhile, at the same time, you run a very big risk, since advancing and overtaking are associated with rebuilding, introduce nervousness into the general rhythm of movement, and create emergency situations.

You can’t drive in the traffic stream even slower than all other vehicles, since in this case the stream will break and other traffic participants will start to get ahead of you and overtake you. It is not good for safety on this section of the road if you overtake everyone or other vehicles overtake you.

A sharp decrease in speed in the traffic flow is also undesirable, the braking of your car causes a sharper braking of the vehicles following you, and the intensity of braking of each subsequent driver increases. This very often results in multiple vehicles colliding with each other. Sometimes dozens of drivers are involved in such incidents.

3. Road surface. Hillocks, potholes and other bumps in the road should force you to slow down and increase the distance to a passing vehicle. The expression of some drivers "the more speed, the less holes" is deeply erroneous. The tires and suspension of a car are under very stressful conditions and quickly go out of service. And frequent sharp braking, which is inevitable when driving on a road with bumps at high speed, leads to an overload by the forces of inertia of the front axle of the car. Drivers also have another expression: “the pits must be bowed down”, it is necessary to slow down to the pit, and before leaving the pit, add gas. If the road is slippery, has a low friction coefficient, you should slow down.

4. Weather conditions. Rain, snow, fog on your way - reduce your speed. The greater the speed, the greater the likelihood of skidding, skidding and the more difficult it is to eliminate them, the more difficult it is to maintain control over the car when maneuvering, the longer the path that your car will go to a complete stop.

The lower the friction coefficient with the road, the longer the stopping distance, the more it is necessary to reduce the speed of the car.

The stopping distance on a dry horizontal road is approximately determined as follows. Your speed is divided by 10 and the result is multiplied by itself. And with a slippery coating, it increases several times. The figure shows the dependence of the stopping distance on the speed of movement on a dry and slippery surface.

5. The condition of your vehicle. Your car is new, has a good braking system, the engine is powerful, torquey, you can safely drive at the maximum permitted speed. But if your car is an old model, it shakes all over as you increase speed, the engine runs at its limit, the brake system has been repeatedly tested for strength and tire wear beyond the requirements of traffic rules, do not try to reach maximum speed, it can cost you dearly.

6. Driver experience. An important adviser when choosing a speed is years of experience driver to drive a vehicle. If the driver has such experience, then he acts more carefully than it seems at first glance, since otherwise he may run into big trouble. Very important quality driver is the ability to accurately determine the slipperiness of the road and the stability of the car on the road. Both of these qualities you can acquire only through many years of practice and with basic theoretical knowledge.

You can see how some drivers often exceed the speed limit, sometimes even approaching pedestrian crossings and public transport stops. Particularly undisciplined from this point of view are young, inexperienced people who have sat behind the wheel expensive cars(of their fathers) and striving to arouse the admiration of friends sitting next to them with a dashing driving style. Unfortunately, this very often ends tragically.

Taking all this into account, the Rules of the Road introduce speed limits for drivers whose experience is less than two years, at a speed of 70 km / h on all roads outside the settlement.

8. Visibility of the road. If the visibility of the road ahead is less than your stopping distance, then you are driving blind.

Visibility may be limited to railway crossings, intersections, pedestrian crossings, at public transport stops, at the top of steep slopes, before turns. In these places, slow down.

Ahead in the direction of your movement on the right is a parking lot. While there are no pedestrians, but at any moment they may appear. Slow down, look right, turn left.

Atmospheric precipitation, plants, buildings, standing and moving large vehicles, narrow sections of roads can limit the visibility of the situation on the roads. Your best guide to choosing speed in these conditions is your common sense, a sense of responsibility that you are driving a high-risk vehicle.

8. The nature of the cargo being transported. If you are carrying bulky cargo, use the trunk to transport cargo - slow down. Use easily removable luggage carriers for cargo transportation. After transporting the load, remove it. Try to use the external trunk less often, it greatly reduces the dynamism of the car and increases fuel consumption.

You should always drive your vehicle at such a speed that if an obstacle suddenly appears in your path, you can stop or change direction in time without interfering with other road users.

You continue to move and there is a pedestrian crossing on your way. From the Rules of the Road, you know that a pedestrian crossing is a transverse part of the carriageway, marked road signs 5.16.1 and 5.16.2 "Pedestrian crossing" and road markings 1.14.1 and 1.14.2 "Pedestrian crossing" - zebras installed one on the left side of the road, the other on the right, and not at the same level, they indicate the width or border of the crossing designed for pedestrian traffic, and drivers of all vehicles are required to give way to pedestrians at marked pedestrian crossings. It would seem that the situation is clear, but there is a need for a detailed consideration of the issue of the rules of passage for pedestrians.

The driver of a car, approaching an unregulated pedestrian crossing, must slow down or stop in order to let pass pedestrians on the carriageway of this direction, for whom an obstacle or danger may be created: drivers of cars B must stop, drivers of cars A can continue to move through the crossing, reducing speed.

Pedestrians are the most numerous road users. Most of them do not know the Rules of the Road, others have forgotten them, and still others know them in general terms and deliberately violate them, as they are disobedient to the law. According to statistics, of the total number of road accidents, pedestrian collisions in the country as a whole account for more than one third, and in large cities their number is close to half. Pedestrians themselves are responsible for a large proportion of these accidents. Through their fault, other road users are killed, although the pedestrians themselves often remain unharmed.

Drivers must pay Special attention pedestrians crossing the carriageway at pedestrian crossings. When approaching a marked pedestrian crossing, you must reduce your speed to allow pedestrians to cross the road freely without slowing down, accelerating or stopping. This duty of the driver is valid when pedestrians are already at the crossing. However, pedestrians should not enter the crossing if your vehicle is close to the crossing, otherwise you must use emergency braking to stop you. It happens that you are no longer able to stop before a pedestrian. Before entering the crossing, the pedestrian must determine the speed of your vehicle and its distance from the crossing, and refrain from crossing if it is not possible to cross the street safely.

When driving on a multi-lane road, you meet a pedestrian crossing on your way, where there are few pedestrians, and there are no more pedestrians on your way or not yet - you slow down and you can pass the crossing.

Pedestrians also have preemptive right in motion in front of vehicles when crossing the carriageway at the intersection along the line of sidewalks, at the designated tram stop when moving from the sidewalk to the stopped tram and from it from the side of the doors, when driving along the sidewalk or footpath, when driving anywhere in a residential area, when your car leaves the yard, from a parking lot, gas stations and other areas adjacent to the road.

Drivers are required to give way to pedestrians crossing the carriageway at a traffic light signal at traffic light-controlled intersections and at non-regulated intersections, if they go straight along the sidewalk line at these intersections - before turning right and at the end of turning left.

You should pay special attention when driving on a multi-lane road with a pedestrian crossing on it. It is not uncommon for a pedestrian, especially behind a large vehicle moving in the right lane, not to see your car when you are moving in other lanes. A pedestrian may cross the road in front of a nearby vehicle and suddenly appear in front of your vehicle. And if you see that a vehicle has stopped on your right in front of a pedestrian crossing, although you can’t see pedestrians, slow down, and if necessary, stop to make sure there are no pedestrians at the crossing.

At intersections regulated by the traffic controller, you are obliged to give way to pedestrians only before turning right, since the signal of the traffic controller - outstretched arms to the sides or lowered - allows pedestrians to move only straight along the back and along the chest, and when the signal of the traffic controller with the right hand extended forward, pedestrians are allowed to move only along the back.

U-turn and reversing are prohibited at a pedestrian crossing, and overtaking and detour, if there are pedestrians on it, and stopping is prohibited at the crossing and 5 m before the pedestrian crossing.

If a pedestrian suddenly enters the road at a dangerous distance from your vehicle, you must immediately:

Give a warning sound and light signals to warn a pedestrian;

Without disengaging the clutch, quickly transfer your right foot to the brake pedal and brake stepwise or intermittently, without bringing it to the skid;

If possible, drive around the pedestrian from behind.
An accident is always a great misfortune, even when it is the fault of a careless pedestrian. You, regardless of the apparent fault of the pedestrian, will have to prove that it was impossible to avoid the collision, that
to get my driver's license back and avoid
other troubles.

So slow down, pay attention and be prepared to brake when:

The appearance of children at the roadway;

Approaching a stopped bus with an identification sign "children";

When drunk, elderly and blind pedestrians appear near the roadway;

When driving past schools, cinemas, crowded places;

When driving along a lawn of shrubs that block the visibility of pedestrians on the sidewalk.

In winter, the risk of collision with pedestrians increases because:

Pedestrians in winter clothes hear worse, are inactive and less circumspect;

The probability of an unexpected fall of a pedestrian on the roadway increases;

Snowdrifts reduce the visibility of pedestrians;

Your car has poor visibility, its braking distance increases, handling deteriorates;

You are cramped in warm clothes and shoes, and time
your reaction increases, and in total with the increased
braking distance significantly increases the stopping power
path.

All this requires you to be careful, attentive and reduce your speed accordingly.

There is a possibility of collision with pedestrians when overtaking or bypassing. When a pedestrian unexpectedly for you can jump out from behind a vehicle being overtaken or get out from behind a circled one. When you overtake into oncoming traffic in the left lane. And the pedestrian is used to crossing the carriageway according to the principle “before entering the carriageway, look to the left, when you reach the middle, look to the right.” He doesn't see you, but you see him. Let him get to the middle or warn him with a sound signal so that he does not go out onto the roadway. Be careful when driving like this.

There are public transport stops on your way. Passing them and interacting with drivers of trams, trolleybuses and buses is extremely dangerous, and certain knowledge is required to safely pass with them.

The rules of the road allow traffic on tram tracks only in the same direction if they are on the left of you on the same level with the road in the following cases:

In heavy traffic, when all lanes are occupied;

To turn left and turn around in the absence of signs 5.8.1 and 5.8.2 "Directions of movement along lanes" that determine the number of lanes;

For overtaking or detour;

When the dimensions of your vehicle do not allow driving on non-tram tracks.

When driving on a carriageway with tram tracks, you must avoid situations in which you may find yourself on tram tracks. It will be difficult for you to move off them later, since the coefficient of adhesion to the road, especially in bad weather, is much less. And most importantly, braking a tram requires 3 times more stopping distance at the same speed, and it has no maneuver at all. You should not drive too close to the tram when cornering, as the front and rear parts of two-axle trams are significantly outside the turning radius. The same danger occurs when driving next to articulated buses, the rear axle of which has steerable wheels, which contributes to the rear part of the body moving towards outside turning circle.

Passing through tram stops, if the tram tracks pass in the middle of the carriageway, requires you to be especially careful. You must give way to pedestrians walking from the sidewalk to and from the stopped tram. At the same time, you must be prepared to immediately stop the car if any late pedestrian runs to the tram or an overstayed passenger can get out of it, and also avoid hitting a pedestrian who can run out from behind a standing tram on the opposite side of the road.

If a tram stop has a safety island for passengers, then you must drive near this stop at low speed, being extra careful. Such precautions must be taken when passing tram stops, as pedestrians can enter the carriageway when the tram is just approaching the stop, although the Traffic Rules allow pedestrians to get off only at a stopped tram.

You should be especially careful around buses and trolleybuses standing at the bus stop, despite the fact that passengers get out of them only onto the sidewalk. Here, although not allowed by the rules, bus or trolley bus passengers often exit or run out onto the road in front of them. This danger increases at the moment of starting these vehicles from stops. Passengers who are still in front of them sharply accelerate their steps and run out onto the roadway, not paying attention to the cars that go around the bus or trolleybus. You must be prepared for such a situation and, passing these stops, you should:

Focus on the environment;

Reduce speed;

When pedestrians appear due to standing vehicles in front and behind, give a light signal;

Be ready to give a sound signal;

In the absence of pedestrians, look under the front bumper of this vehicle, people's legs can be seen there;

Watch out for pedestrians and to the left of the roadway, they can run to a stop.

V locality buses and trolleybuses take advantage of moving away from stops, and drivers of other vehicles are required to give way to them.

There is a traffic light on your way. To regulate traffic and pedestrian flows, various traffic lights are widely used, which can increase the capacity of roads and reduce the number of accidents at intersections. By appointment, traffic lights are divided into transport and pedestrian.

The rules of the road show 15 different traffic lights that have 64 signals. About each traffic light you need to know:

Signal name;

Signal assignment;

What it warns about.

The traffic lights turn on in the following order:

Red;

Red, simultaneously with yellow;

Green;

Green flashing;

Red.

Consider the meaning of some basic signals. The sign (x) means: the signal is on.

1. Red traffic light (Fig. A).

2. Prohibits movement in all directions and requires you to stop at the stop lines, and if there is none, then in front of the carriageway of the crossed road or at the traffic lights (this is shown by the arrows below).

3. Warns: there is cross traffic, but there may be oncoming traffic (this is indicated by the arrows above).

1. Red and yellow signal are turned on simultaneously (Fig. B).

3. Warns: the green signal will soon turn on and you need to get ready to move. It is impossible to start moving, as a yellow signal is lit on the intersecting road and there may be vehicles and pedestrians at the intersection that did not have time to complete the maneuver or transition.

1. Yellow traffic light (fig. B).

3. Warning: The red light will turn on soon. We must prepare to stop.

An exception:

You have already crossed the stop line;

You are so close to the stop lines that you need to apply emergency braking to stop.

In some places, traffic lights remained, where a yellow signal meant a signal change, and there is no red signal at the same time as yellow. In this situation, it is very difficult for drivers to navigate the situation, they must prepare to stop or start moving. Especially if he did not see the previous signal. The above sequence eliminates this ambiguity in the actions of the driver.

1. Green traffic light (Fig. D).

2. Permits movement in all directions from the respective lanes and in the absence of prescriptive signs 4.1.1 - 4.1.6 restricting the direction of movement.

3. Warns: there is oncoming traffic, but there is no cross traffic, or it does not interfere.

When turning left, you must yield to oncoming traffic.

1. Green flashing traffic light (Fig. D).

2. Permits movement in all permitted directions.

3. Warns you when the green light is running out and the stopwatch nearby can indicate how many seconds it has left on. Do not try to increase your speed in order to have time to "slip" on the green signal. He warns you not to resort to emergency braking, to prepare for a stop in advance.

1. Green traffic light with additional section on (arrow on the left - to the left and off additional section - on the right) (Fig. E).

2. Allows movement straight, left and turn, "unconditionally." Prohibits movement to the right.

3. Warns: in the permitted directions, the movement is unconditional, no one needs to give way. There is no oncoming and transverse traffic or it does not interfere (compare with just a green signal).

1. Red traffic light with the additional section on on the right (arrow straight ahead) (Fig. G).

2. Allows movement only directly conditionally, by the "leakage" method.

3. Warns: you must give way to all vehicles that move from other directions. This traffic light is installed at a T-shaped intersection against a road that has no continuation.

Instruction

The car can be equipped with an automatic (automatic) or manual (manual) transmission. If there is a manual transmission in the car, it must be taken into account that any car has specific speed intervals for each gear. When moving to a different speed range, you should switch to a different gear.

The speed interval corresponding to the first gear is 0-20 km/h. First gear is engaged to start the vehicle. When reaching a speed close to the maximum for a given gear, it is necessary to switch to second gear. It is permissible to switch to a higher gear at a speed of 40 km / h, while the crankshaft speed will reach its maximum, which will adversely affect the condition of the engine. Switching from first gear to second when accelerating to 3 km / h will be difficult, or the car will accelerate for a long time, which will negatively affect the operation of the engine and gearbox.

The speed interval for the second gear is the interval of 20-40 km / h. Approaching a speed of 40 km / h, you should switch to the third gear, which will lead to economical fuel consumption. A speed interval of 40-60 km/h is suitable for fourth gear. The engine runs smoothly, the transition is smooth and without jerks. When equipping the car with a five-speed gearbox, after gaining a speed of 90 km / h, you should switch to fifth gear. Economical fuel consumption will be carried out when driving 90-110 km / h in fifth gear. A further increase in speed will lead to more fuel consumption.

If you want to reduce the speed, you must consider the speed intervals for transmissions in descending order. The fourth gear should be included when the speed drops to 60-70 km / h. The third gear is engaged when the car is moving at a speed of 40-50 km/h. The second gear should be switched when the car reaches a speed of 20-40 km/h. In first gear, it is recommended to drive the car at a speed of 10-20 km / h, driving along uneven surface.

When determining the moment of gear shifting, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the vehicle in use. You should listen to the running engine, which, if the gear shift is not timely, will begin to “growl”. At the initial stages of using the car, you should remember about the speed intervals corresponding to the gears.

Driving skills can only be gained through active practice. However, this does not mean that a frightened new student cannot look for recommendations. The main issue of auto control is the principle of switching. Although for many it becomes a test to move off.

If there is a box, then you do not need to switch. There are, in principle, several options - forward, backward and neutral. If you have to learn, then you will have to switch gears for real. Most often the situation looks like this. The gearbox has six positions:

• first speed;


• second speed;


• third speed;


• neutral;


• fourth speed;


• back speed.

Sometimes there is a sixth, seventh position, it provides a high-speed mode. The manual gearbox works on the principle of increasing speed. The first position allows you to reach a certain speed. To move to the second position, you need to develop more speed, and so on.

1. The normal position for the shift lever is neutral. This is the point between the third and fourth speed.


2. To move off, you need to depress the clutch, move the lever to the first position and slowly press the gas, releasing the clutch.


3. With the development of speed over 20 km / h, you can switch to the second speed. In this case, you need to develop a higher speed.


4. If the car has enough speed to move to the next position, the engine will emit characteristic sneezes. Increase the speed in this case.

By analogy, further control of the car is also carried out. The main thing to understand is that you need to switch gears on a mechanical box in turn, and not bypassing positions. The principles of operation are best mastered in practice.

Related videos

Many novice motorists, having purchased a car with a manual transmission, are faced with a small difficulty: how to shift gears. Out of habit, you can often “burn out” the engine, or simply stall. Consider the gear shift algorithm.

You will need

• - car with manual transmission

Instruction

Each engine, whether it is carburetor or, has its own “working” speed, at which it “pulls” everything, accelerates quickly and smoothly when you press the gas pedal. It depends on the size of the engine, its power, fuel quality and other factors. As a rule, this gap is between 2500-3500 rpm. At the end of the "working" interval, there is just the point at which you need to turn on the next gear, and at the beginning of it - the moment when you need to switch to the previous one.

Let's get down to practice. Let's say it's running and in neutral. We fully depress the clutch pedal, turn on the first gear (lever to the left, then forward), add gas to 1500-2000 rpm (this figure is highly dependent on the engine) and at the same time smoothly release the clutch. Do not throw the clutch abruptly, otherwise there is a risk of stalling, or the movement will be intermittent, spasmodic. Okay, let's move on.

First gear is usually not driven, it is very short. As soon as you set off and drove a couple of meters, the engine speed reached 2000-2500 per minute, you can switch to second gear. This must be done quickly and smoothly, in one movement. We release the gas, at the same time we squeeze the clutch pedal to the end, we pull the lever towards ourselves and a little to the left. Then, in one motion, smoothly raise the speed to 1500-2000, while simultaneously releasing the clutch pedal. In this case, the movement of the car should continue with acceleration, the car should not “burrow” with its nose. If you still experience a dip after shifting, then you either released the clutch too quickly, or did not raise the speed enough after shifting into gear.

In second and third gear it is good to continue acceleration, while keeping the speed in the "working" range of the engine. If you need to accelerate sharply, then you can spin the engine more, moving longer in one gear. And if you drive calmly, then the main thing is to smoothly shift gears and not twist the engine. Over time, you will learn to "catch" the right moment to upshift or downshift. Before that, it is recommended to drive calmly, without turning on the music, or be guided by the readings of the tachometer.

Related videos

note

With an aggressive driving style, do not use first gear, it is better to accelerate in second. Do not unscrew the engine to the "red zone" (6-7 thousand revolutions per minute), otherwise the motor will not serve you for a long time.
If the car is new, then the first two thousand kilometers it makes sense to refrain from sudden acceleration and engine spin-up over 3500 rpm.

Useful advice

Reverse shifting (when you slow down) occurs in a similar way, however, it is recommended to release the clutch more slowly, because you will not always be able to calculate the ratio of the engine speed to the speed of movement, and there will be a risk of “stretching” the engine or slowing down sharply. In this case, the brake lights will not light up, and the car following you may not slow down.

Sources:

• how to switch video transmissions

Proper shifting of gears on a car is the key to successful driving. "Mechanics" only at first glance seems complicated. If you practice, you will start shifting gears without thinking at all.

Instruction

Manual transmissionManual transmissions have 4 to 6 gears + reverse gear.
First gear (speed) at the beginning of the movement. To do this, press the clutch and turn the shift knob to the left and up.

The third gear is engaged at a speed of 40-50 km / h. Squeeze out the clutch, shift the gear knob from the second speed to the neutral position, and then immediately to the right and up.

Fifth gear is engaged at a speed of 100 km / h. From the fourth gear position with the clutch depressed, move the handle up much more to the right than the third gear. If after that the car has an uncharacteristic sound, a buzz, then you have confused fifth gear with third. Move the handle to neutral and shift into gear again.

Reverse gear in most cars is engaged when the handle is shifted from the neutral position with a slight downward pressure, strongly to the right and down. On some VAZ models, reverse gear is engaged with a slight push down, to the left, up.

Automatic transmission automatic transmission is convenient in that you do not need to depress the clutch and shift gears yourself - it does everything itself. At the beginning of the movement, you only need to move the handle to the D (drive) position, release the brake and the car will roll by itself. For braking, only the brake pedal is used. If you need to stop, you need to move the handle to the P (parking) position. To engage reverse gear, position R is engaged.

Robotic.
A relatively recent robot box combines both a manual box and an automatic one. The switching system itself looks like an automatic one. There are special buttons on the steering wheel that allow you to put the machine in the mechanics position.

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• how to switch auto

Difficulties with driving a car begin almost immediately, as students get behind the wheel. Few people immediately manage to cope with a manual transmission. But if you master it, you will understand that you can get great pleasure from the manual transmission. After all, it is you who will drive the car, and not she you.

Instruction

A big mistake many drivers make is a sudden shift of the gear lever. No need to pull the lever - faster speed from this does not switch. But the life of the box can be significantly reduced.

If the box is tight or not the first time, then there may be a problem. This is especially noticeable when you shift gears, release the clutch pedal and the car "jerks" occurs. Another one that the car can do is untimely pressing the gas pedal. Many people are in such a hurry to gas that they press the gas without releasing the clutch pedal. The clutch pedal at this point should be released quickly, but with a calm movement. And only after the clutch pedal is fully depressed, the gas pedal is pressed.

It is necessary to strictly observe the sequence of actions when shifting gears, especially at the beginning of the movement. Until you master the gearbox, the car will twitch or stall. When you have pressed the clutch and turned on the first speed, you need to press the gas and release the clutch pedal at the same time. How much gas you give, how much you release the clutch pedal. In no case should you throw it if you feel that the car is making a jerk. Hold the pedal a little at the very end until the car passes a couple of meters.

During fast driving, you can change gears when accelerating the car without following the sequence. We started from the first gear, instantly switched to the second, but further, if you are gaining speed intensively, you can immediately turn on the fourth gear. Or pick up speed until third gear is engaged, and then immediately switch to fifth.

Often, neutral gear is only used to bring the car to a complete stop. Although the “neutral” is convenient to use in traffic jams, in front of a traffic light, to slow down without braking. The latter is especially true for winter driving. But keep in mind that at a neutral speed you can not enter a turn, drive a rounded trajectory of the road - this can lead to skidding or demolition of the car.

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• shifting gears in the car

Driving a car is a complex business that requires your full attention. Training in driving schools is bearing fruit, but students do not always learn some important points. For example, at what point should one or another gear be switched.

A manual transmission is quite common in both domestic and foreign cars. The art of driving, including precise control, good acceleration and traffic control, lies on such cars, including the ability to switch speed in time.

Experienced drivers "feel" their car and shift gears, regardless of the speedometer or tachometer. Beginners should pay attention to these devices.

Driving schools teach you to rely more on the tachometer. Remember that upshifting should occur at two and a half to three and a half thousand revolutions. Decrease - at revolutions below one and a half thousand. In the event that the upshift occurs at a lower engine speed, the car will simply stall.

Learn carefully, and at first watch the position of the gear lever: do not jump from first to fourth, or from second to fifth. Don't put too much effort into moving the lever - gently guide it, the car itself will help you to select the desired gear.

If you take the speedometer as a guide, then stick to the following rules. Switching from the first speed to the second occurs at a speed in the range of 20-30 km / h. From the second to the third - 50-70 km / h; from third to fourth - 80-100 km / h; from fourth to fifth - starting from 120 km / h. Please note that these speed figures are indicative only and may vary slightly depending on the vehicle make, mileage, condition and engine type.

With some driving skills and getting used to your car, you will be able to change gears without being distracted by the instruments. Experienced drivers are guided solely by the sound of the engine. Over time, you will also acquire the ability to hear your car and trust it in the difficult task of shifting gears.

Sources:

• how to switch video speeds

When you work on the Internet, it becomes necessary to switch the data transfer rate. This can happen, for example, when multiple users log out of the same connection. Or you save traffic and try to control the amount of data sent.

Instruction

Provided that you use a download manager, such as Download Master, to download files, you can fix the download speed in the settings. In the main window of the program, you need to click the "Action" item. Then find the term "Speed". A new list will open, which will consist of five versions. Turn on the "Adjustable" setting. If everything is done correctly, you will see a slider on the bottom line of the download manager. Move it to adjust the speed to the desired value.

µTorrent is a torrent client that allows you to switch both download and upload speeds. In all, the default is "Unlimited", which means that you can lower the speed to the desired value. This feature is available for individual files and for the default installation. To switch the upload/download speed of a specific file, you need to select it from the list of torrents on the left. Click the right mouse button to bring up the context menu. In it, find the “Speed ​​priority” option, then “Limit download speed” (“Limit upload speed”). A new menu will appear, where you need to put the required value. The first time the minimum speed is 25 KB / s, if you go the second time, the lower speed threshold will be less. The minimum speed is 1 KB/s.

The default speed value is changed in the general settings. Click the "Settings" item in the µTorrent menu, then the "Configuration" line. As an alternative - the key combination Ctrl + P. Select the "Speed" option. In the column on the right there will be two lines in which you can set desired value, these are "General Upload Rate Limit" and "General Receive Rate Limit". Ask in desired window desired speed value in KB/s.

NetLimiter is a program that is very easy to manage. Available for a trial period of 28 days. You can download it from the manufacturer's official website. Install, then click on the program icon, then click "Open". Set the connection speed detection type, for example, KBytes or Mbps. In the "Download speed" field, enter the desired speed value.

Exists free program Traffic Shaper XP. Developer - Bandwidth Controller. From their site you can download the program, then install it on your computer. Run the program - you will see a window with the text "Welcome to the network setup wizard." Click "Next" / "Download speed" / "Upload speed", type in the desired value, click "Next". After you need to select the type of network connection (as a rule, this is " The local network”), click Next and Finish.

Today, there are two types of gearboxes used in cars: automatic or manual. And if using the automatic transmission does not cause any special problems (the name speaks for itself), then working with the manual transmission requires certain skills.

So a few practical advice on this issue.

1. Whenever changing gears (from lower to higher and vice versa), do not forget to depress the clutch pedal. Failure to do so simple rule the gearbox will become unusable very quickly, and the repair will cost you a pretty penny. The switching scheme is extremely simple "squeezed the clutch pedal - shifted gears - released the clutch pedal."

2. Gear shifting must be done smoothly, but quickly enough. Do not forget that at the moment you press the clutch pedal, the car simply turns into a body moving by inertia, and a long out of gear will simply seriously slow down the car.

1st gear is designed for starting off and accelerating to 15-20 km / h. The main mistake that beginners make is that the clutch pedal is released too sharply at the start and the car moves jerkily, often stalls. This can lead to failure of the gearbox components.

2nd gear - speed range 20-40 km / h.

3rd gear - 40-60 km / h.

4th - 60-80 km / h.

5th gear - above 80 km / h.

Calculations, it should be noted, are very approximate. If you are moving uphill, driving on snow or sand, then shift at higher speeds.

Useful secrets

A few more tips for newbies:

The gearshift lever must be in the free access zone right hand;
- do not be late with the inclusion of the second gear, the speed at which it can be engaged is reached almost immediately after the car has started off;
- while driving in a more or less stable speed mode, do not leave your left foot "hanging" over the pedal - it will get tired very quickly, just put it on the floor of the car to the left of the clutch pedal;
- when shifting gears, keep your left hand on the steering wheel in the “five to three” position, which will give you the opportunity, if necessary, to urgently maneuver;
- despite the fact that there is a technical possibility to immediately switch from first gear to third or from second to fourth (in principle, any options are possible), we recommend that you downshift and upshift nevertheless consistently.

At first, the tachometer readings will help you switch in a timely manner, and in the future, as you gain driving experience, you can simply navigate by the sound of the engine.

Sources:

• How to shift gears correctly

  Switch target

  Modern drivers often choose manual transmissions because they consider gear shifting important function which cannot be trusted to automation. Possession of this shift allows you to significantly reduce fuel consumption, since the driver in manual mode can shift down when overloaded, and when the engine reaches high speeds - up. In addition, proper gear shifting makes driving a car smoother, calmer and more dynamic, allowing the driver to select the optimal control modes.

  Important advantages of a manual transmission are its low cost, as well as the commitment of many drivers to classic transmissions.

  Conducting many tests and interviews with experienced drivers, it can be argued that manual gear shifting, when performed correctly, is more effective than automatic. In addition, it gives the best results in driving, since cars with different gearboxes, but the same engines, they differ significantly from each other. Also, the advantages of a manual transmission include a second when the car accelerates to 100 kilometers per hour, which is very, very much for some tests.

  How to switch correctly

  In order to change gears correctly, it is necessary to squeeze the clutch to the floor with a sharp movement, while simultaneously removing your foot from the gas pedal. Then you need to smoothly and quickly select the desired gear, first moving the gear lever to the neutral position, and then immediately to the desired gear position. After that, release the clutch pedal, slightly increasing the engine speed to compensate for the loss of speed, fully release the clutch and add a noticeable amount of gas.

  The gear shift sequence is not fundamental - they can be turned on by jumping from first to third, from second to fifth, and so on.

  One of the most common mistakes novice drivers make is shifting the gear lever, causing the car to lose speed. In addition, beginners often shift gears abruptly and absently, as a result of which some gearbox components are damaged. Also, a common mistake is to release the clutch pedal too sharply - this leads to twitching of the car and a damaged transmission.

Many people, starting to train, ask what speed should be maintained on the treadmill.

Let's give an honest and detailed answer to this question.

What is the best speed for a treadmill?

You need to start training with a warm-up - with a walk at the level of 4 kilometers per hour.

After ten minutes, it is permissible to switch to 9-10 km / h. and gradually reach its maximum.

Finish the lesson again should be at a smooth pace.

If you plan not to run, but simply, 5-6 km / h is enough for you.

Take note: average speed healthy running person - 10-12 km / h. It can be placed on most electric tracks. The highest bar, which is "pulled" by modern simulators of the type of interest to us, is about 22 km / h.

Is it important to keep track of km/h?

Of course, the speed of movement of the simulator canvas is a remarkable parameter, but it is hardly worth giving it a decisive importance. After all, the main thing is what load will the body receive.

The load depends not only on speed, but also on:

• the angle of inclination of the canvas;
• (see details);
• training method (or regular, uniform), etc.

Why do people then pay such attention to speed? The answer is pretty obvious. It is easily measured and changed, therefore, the temptation to quickly track the effectiveness of training is great..

And what to focus on?

Firstly, you need to focus on your own well-being and the recommendations of the coach, run as much as you can.

Secondly, a very simple and clear criterion should be taken as a basis - the heart rate (HR).

During classes, you need to make sure that the pulse is within a certain zone - only then the exercises on the treadmill (and not only on it, but on most cardio machines in general) will be effective.

In the face of constantly rising fuel prices, many Ukrainians (and not only) are thinking about saving. Some are converting their cars to gas, others are looking towards hybrids and electric cars, and some are even buying fuel economizers.

But there is an easier way to learn how to save, not requiring even the slightest investment. We are talking about economical driving and, in particular, the myth about moving in 5th gear at a speed of 55 km / h. There is an opinion that in this mode of movement, fuel consumption will be minimal. What about cruising speed? That's what we'll talk about, answering the question "What will happen if you drive in 5th gear at a speed of 55 km / h."

Minimum theory

The most economical mode - driving in the highest gear with the minimum speed

Each vehicle has its own weight. To accelerate it to a given speed, it is necessary to expend energy. The faster the acceleration, the more energy will be needed. Everyone knows about this, as well as the fact that at a constant speed fuel consumption is relatively less, but everything depends on the force of air resistance, which is proportional to the square of the speed relative to the air and is directed opposite to it. And the power required to overcome a given component of the drag force is proportional to the cube of the speed. That is, if, for example, a car increased its speed from 50 to 100 km / h (2 times), then the air resistance to be overcome increased not by 2, but by 8 times! More precisely, to maintain such a speed, it is necessary to expend 8 times more energy. The very horsepower that is needed at a speed of 50 km / h is 30, and at 120 km / h - 130.

To make it clearer, it is enough to briefly study the graph, using the example of ZAZ showing the loss of power at a particular speed.

You also need to understand that motors have the highest efficiency in the area maximum moment and minimum turnover. Therefore, the most economical mode is driving in the highest gear at the lowest speed. But depending on the engine and gear ratios of the gearbox, the optimal speed for traveling in the highest gear may be different.

In theory, it is quite possible that when driving in 5th gear (if there are only five), you can achieve minimum flow fuel. But why do almost all manufacturers recommend driving in the highest gear at a speed of 80-100 km / h, and not 50-60 km / h, for example, in the operating instructions for passenger cars?

Opinion. Mine and wrong

Everyone is entitled to their own opinion on any issue. In what gear, and at what speed it is better to move, almost all motorists know. Or rather, they think so. But experts always help to resolve the dispute, so AutoPortal asked to comment on this issue dealerin Kiev, the company "KIY AVTO".

The lower the speed, the lower the consumption, but at low speeds in the highest gear, the motor will suffer greatly

“If we talk about driving at a speed of 55 km / h in the highest gear, we must clearly understand that a two-liter engine on a two-ton car in this mode will really work at low speeds. But due to the large mass of the car - under maximum load. As a result, due to low pressure oil in the cylinder block, the wear of the nodes will also be maximum. Therefore, in order to avoid excessive wear, at 55 km / h it will fit in a lower gear. At the same time, the same two-liter unit, but on a light hatchback, will be easier to handle the load due to the lower mass of the car, but it is still more critical for the engine than, for example, in 4th gear. I think it's better not to get carried away driving at low speeds in higher gears. Yes, the lower the speed, the lower the consumption, but at low speeds in the highest gear, the motor will suffer greatly, which can fail. Therefore, there is a question of priority - either save 50 UAH on gasoline, or 5000 UAH on engine repairs., - considers Sergey Kuzmichev, Nissan sales specialist.

Based on the foregoing, it follows that, moving in 5th gear at a speed of 55 km / h, it is indeed possible to achieve a minimum consumption, but there is a possibility of failure of the engine or its individual components.

How to become a champion in fuel economy

The answer to this question is best known Andrey Sidorenko, automotive journalist, author of the National Fuel Efficiency Record:

It is necessary to learn how to properly brake the engine and drive in such a way as to take turns with least loss speed

“You need to look at the characteristics of a particular engine. On a 1.4 engine, for example, you can safely drive in 5th gear at 2000 rpm at a speed of 60 km / h. This driving mode will allow you to save without harm to the motor. But it all depends on the nature of the road (ups and downs) and the load. I also want to dispel one of the misconceptions about driving with cruise control on, when the car allegedly drives in the most economical mode. This is true only for horizontal sections of the road.

Recall that a year ago it was Andrey Sidorenko, together with Gennady Mazepa, who overcame 489.6 km on a 2-liter vehicle with an average consumption of 5.3 liters, which is 24.6% better than the result declared by the plant. Record holders are not ready to reveal all the secrets, but they say that it is not enough to be able to smoothly press the gas pedal and slow down less, moving at optimal speed in the highest gear.

According to them, the main thing is to maintain inertia. Therefore, first you need to learn how to competently brake the engine and drive in such a way as to take turns with the least loss of speed. For this, counter-emergency preparation is needed, the specialist in which was Gennady Mazepa. In his opinion, everyone can set records for efficiency, but you need to monitor engine speed:

Low fuel consumption under normal engine load is usually achieved in the range of 1800-2000 rpm

“The number of turns plays a crucial role. At a speed of 55 km / h, almost all cars will have revolutions in the region of 1.2-1.4 thousand. The consumption will be really very small, but this is just killing the parts of the crank mechanism. Low fuel consumption during normal engine operation is usually achieved in the range of 1800-2000 rpm. For diesels and turbo engines, this indicator may differ in one direction or another, depending on design features»

How to drive economically and without harm to the motor

Company Eurocar, representing the Skoda brand, is one of the few that has repeatedly held an economy rally - a competition where the winner is the one who was able to complete the route with the least fuel consumption. The organizer determined the winners not just by data on fuel consumption and engine size, but used the so-called fuel efficiency index (FEI - Fuel Efficiency Index), where FEI is the arithmetic average of actual fuel consumption and fuel consumption per ton of vehicle weight.

Eurocar held these competitions among owners for three years. As far as we know (from a survey of participants), many during the rally used such well-known tricks as the smoothest possible ride without sudden acceleration and braking, coasting, some even turned off the engine at traffic lights and in traffic jams. When driving with maximum economy, it is important to select the optimal gear for the indicated speed and obtain the desired rev range (depending on the characteristics of the engine installed on the car). It is important to always follow the manufacturer's recommendations. V this moment Every car owner's manual has chapters on how to drive economically." reported to AutoPortal in press service of LLC "Eurocar".

It follows from the above that before you start saving, moving at a speed of 55 km / h in the highest gear, you need to study the sections " Specifications” and “Economic driving”. In most cases, they describe in detail about the optimal engine speed and the choice of the optimal gear for a particular speed.

The choice of the optimal gear and speed range depends on the characteristics of the engine installed on the car

Determining the load on the engine by the old-fashioned method

If you never had an instruction manual for your car, and a tachometer is not provided in principle, you can use grandfather's method. In this matter, the opinion of engine repair specialists will be authoritative:

“Probably, you noticed that taxi drivers know better than others about driving in the highest gear. They will not have time to accelerate yet, but they are already going to the 5th. But an experienced taxi driver differs from an inexperienced one in that the first one listens to the engine, pays attention to detonation. If it is, it moves to a step lower, picks up speed and turns on an increased one. Here is the main recommendation for those who want to save money without the risk of "killing" the engine, "- thinks engine repair specialist Anatoly Demchenko.

Fundamental rules

You can drive in 5th gear at a speed of 55 km / h without harm to the engine and with better fuel efficiency if the engine speed is in the range of 1800-2000 rpm

If there is no tachometer, you will have to focus on vibration and detonation. If present, the engine is under heavy load, and it is necessary to shift to a lower gear, and only then turn on an increased

For each car, the optimal speed to achieve the minimum fuel consumption in the highest gear is purely individual.

Upshifting early while driving can lead you to an early meeting with an engine repairman.

The most suitable cars for driving at a speed of 55 km / h in 5th gear are cars (mostly small cars) in which the gearbox has shorter gears and, accordingly, the engine speed per 100 km / h is about 2500-3000 rpm, and when driving at a speed of 55-60 - up to 2000 rpm

There is an opinion that you can reduce fuel consumption by regularly washing the engine compartment, but car dealers and experts in economical driving refute it.

It is better to study the operating instructions thoroughly about the optimal speed of movement in the highest gear for diesel and turbocharged gasoline engines. The specifics of their work differs significantly from the work of atmospheric gasoline engines.

Note that the engine repair specialist we interviewed expressed the opinion that it is possible to reduce fuel consumption by regularly washing the engine compartment. According to him, a clean engine consumes up to 5% less fuel, but none of the experts on economical driving and representatives of official car dealers we interviewed confirmed this opinion, arguing that a clean radiator and serviceable spark plugs and cooling system play a more important role. Have you noticed a decrease in consumption after washing the engine, and at what speed / gear and at what speed your car consumes the least fuel, write in the comments and on the AutoPortal Facebook page, indicating the make, model and engine of the car ...