A quantitative characteristic of sensations depending on the strength of the stimulus. Properties and types of sensations. Spatial localization of sensation

All sensations can be characterized in terms of their properties. Moreover, the properties can be not only specific, but also common to all types of sensation. The main properties of sensations include: quality, intensity, duration and spatial localization.

Quality is a property that characterizes the basic information displayed by a given sensation, distinguishes it from other types of sensations and varies within the limits of a given type of sensation. For example, the sense of taste provides information about some chemical characteristics subject: sweet or sour, bitter or salty. The sense of smell also provides us with information about the chemical characteristics of an object, but of a different kind: a flower smell, an almond smell, a hydrogen sulfide smell, etc.

It should be borne in mind that very often, when talking about the quality of sensations, they mean the modality of sensations, since it is the modality that reflects the main quality of the corresponding sensation.

The intensity of the sensation is his quantitative characteristics and depends on the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor, which determines the degree of readiness of the receptor to perform its functions. For example, if you have a runny nose, the intensity of the odors you perceive may be distorted.

The duration of the sensation is a time characteristic of the sensation that has arisen. It is also determined by the functional state of the sense organ, but mainly by the time of action of the stimulus and its intensity. It should be noted that sensations have a so-called patent (latent) period. When an irritant is exposed to the sensory organ, the sensation does not arise immediately, but after a while. The latency period for different types of sensations is not the same. For example, for tactile sensations it is 130 ms, for pain sensations - 370 ms, and for gustatory sensations - only 50 ms.

The sensation does not arise simultaneously with the onset of the stimulus action and does not disappear simultaneously with the termination of its action. This inertia of sensations manifests itself in the so-called aftereffect. A visual sensation, for example, has some inertia and does not disappear immediately after the cessation of the action of the stimulus that caused it. The trail from the stimulus remains in the form of a sequential image. Distinguish between positive and negative consecutive.

A positive sequential image corresponds to the initial irritation, consists in maintaining a trace of irritation of the same quality as the acting stimulus.

The appearance of negative sequential images is explained by a decrease in the sensitivity of a given receptor to a certain effect.

The following properties of sensations are distinguished:

1) thresholds of sensations and their sensitivity
2) adaptation
3) synesthesia;
4) sensitization.

Sensation thresholds and analyzer sensitivity. In order for a sensation to arise, the stimulus must be of a certain magnitude.

For example, a person will not feel a few grains of sugar in a glass of tea, will not perceive ultra-high frequencies, etc. The minimum value of a stimulus that can cause the weakest sensation is the lower absolute threshold of sensations. If you continue to carry out the experiment with the addition of small portions of sugar to a glass of tea at the same time with several people, it may turn out that someone will feel the presence of sugar earlier than everyone else. About such a person, we can say that his gustatory sensitivity is higher than that of the rest. A person's ability to distinguish between the weakest external influences is called absolute sensitivity.

The absolute sensitivity of the visual analyzer is very high. The absolute threshold and absolute sensitivity are inversely proportional. This means that the higher the sensitivity, the lower the threshold value (for example, a person needs less sugar to taste it). In cases where the magnitude of the stimulus becomes so large that the sensation disappears, they speak of the upper absolute threshold of sensations (for example, the light of the sun is blinding).

The sensitivity of the analyzers and the value of the thresholds are influenced by many factors, the most significant of which are the professional activity of a person, his interests.

Adaptation. Numerous experiments have shown that analyzers of the same person can change their sensitivity, adapting to new conditions of life. This ability is called adaptation. However, different senses have varying degrees of adaptation. The adaptation of the visual and skin analyzers is very great. For example, under the influence of bright light, the sensitivity of the visual analyzer decreases 200 thousand times. The auditory analyzer is much less adaptable. As a rule, people get used to the noise, but they still hear it.

Sensitization. Sometimes it is possible to change the sensitivity of one analyzer by affecting another. This phenomenon is called sensitization. For example, it is known that the sensitivity of the visual analyzer increases when stimulated with weak musical sounds, and decreases when exposed to harsh, strong sounds.

Synesthesia. Special studies have shown that sometimes people combine different sensations into one. This fusion is called synesthesia. It has been experimentally established that there are sounds, bright and dull, joyful and sad. In cases when a defect is observed in the activity of any analyzer, then other analyzers begin to work in an enhanced mode, that is, our sense organs have compensatory capabilities.

Many examples can be cited when the blind became excellent musicians, and the deaf-blind adapted in the world around them thanks to the active work of tactile, olfactory sensations, etc.

Despite the fact that each type of sensation has its own specifics, they distinguish general properties of sensations , inherent in all species, regardless of their modality. These properties include: quality, intensity, duration (duration) and spatial localization.

Quality - the main feature of this sensation, which makes it possible to distinguish some types of sensations from others and varies within this type. For example, specific features make it possible to distinguish auditory from visual sensations, but at the same time, there are variations in sensations within each species: auditory sensations are characterized by pitch, timbre, loudness; visual, respectively, color tone, saturation and lightness... The quality of sensations is largely due to the structure of the sensory organ, its ability to reflect the impact of the outside world.

Intensity is a quantitative characteristic of sensations, i.e. greater or lesser strength of their manifestation. It depends on the strength of the stimulus and on the functional state of the receptor. According to the intensity of sensations (E) directly proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus strength (I): E = k log I + c .

Duration (duration) - time characteristic of sensations; this is the time during which a particular sensation persists immediately after the termination of the stimulus. In relation to the duration of sensations, they use concepts such as "Reaction latency" and "inertia".

When an irritant is exposed to the sensory organs, sensations do not arise immediately, but after a while. This period of time from the moment the signal is given to the moment the sensation arises is called latent (latent) period of sensation ... The latency period is not the same for each type of sensation: for tactile sensations, it is 130 ms, for painful - 370 ms, and for gustatory - only 50 ms.

Just as sensations do not arise simultaneously with the action of the stimulus, they do not disappear immediately after the cessation of its action. The duration of sensations, their aftereffect, is called inertia of sensations ... For example, the inertia of visual sensation is 0.1-0.2 s... The trail from the stimulus is stored in the form of successive images.

Distinguish positive and negative sequential images. Positive consistent image in terms of lightness and color, it corresponds to the nature of the stimulus, i.e. it retains the same quality as the stimulating stimulus. Negative sequential images change (deny) the nature of the stimulus.

(1749-1832) , German poet and scientist, in "Teaching about color" wrote:

« When I walked into the hotel one evening and a tall girl with a dazzling white face, black hair and a men's T-shirt with colored images came into my room, I gazed at her, standing in the semi-darkness at some distance from me. After she left there, I saw on the opposite side of me light wall a black face surrounded by a light radiance, while the clothes of a completely clear figure seemed to me a beautiful sea-green».

Spatial localization - a property of sensations, which consists in the fact that the experienced sensations relate to that part of the body that is affected by the stimulus.

The general properties of sensations are quality, intensity, duration, and localization.

Quality Is a property of sensation that distinguishes him from others. The sensations of one species differ qualitatively from another, as well as different sensations within the same species. Examples of qualities, sensations are different color tones and shades, sounds different heights, various smells, tastes, etc. The quality of each sensation is determined by the property of the object that causes it. Each analyzer reflects a wide range of qualities. The image of perception reflects the objective definition of the world. The qualities given in sensations are included as an integral part of the objective characteristics of perceptions.

Intensity of sensations- this is their quantitative characteristic. The feeling of the same quality is always stronger or weaker. The intensity is determined by the strength of the stimulus. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stimulus are closely related.

Each sensation is also characterized by duration, which is its temporal characteristic. The duration of the sensation depends on the duration of the stimulus.

Feelings are characteristic localization... This means that any image of sensation has elements of the spatial location of the stimulus. Color, light, sound are related to the source. Tactile, painful, temperature sensations - with that part of the body that causes this sensation. In this case, the localization of pain sensations is more blurred and less accurate.

General patterns of sensations

Sensitivity thresholds

An irritant, acting on the analyzer, does not always evoke a feeling. The touch of a fluff to the body cannot be felt. If the stimulus is very strong, there may be a moment when the sensation ceases to arise. We do not hear sounds with a frequency of more than 20 thousand Hertz. An irritant that is too strong can cause pain. Consequently, sensations arise under the action of a stimulus of a certain intensity.

The psychological characteristic of the relationship between the intensity of sensations and the strength of the stimulus is expressed by the concept of the threshold of sensitivity. There are such thresholds of sensitivity: lower absolute, upper absolute and discrimination threshold.

The smallest stimulus force that, acting on the analyzer, causes a barely noticeable sensation, is called lower absolute threshold of sensitivity... The lower threshold characterizes the sensitivity of the analyzer.

There is a visual relationship between the absolute sensitivity and the threshold value: the lower the threshold, the higher the sensitivity, and vice versa. Our analyzers are very sensitive organs. They are excited by the very low energy of the corresponding stimuli. This applies primarily to hearing, sight and smell. The threshold of one human olfactory cell for the corresponding aromatic substances does not exceed 8 molecules. And to evoke taste sensations, you need at least 25,000 times more molecules than to create the olfactory sensation. The very strength of the stimulus, at which the sensation of a given type still exists, is called upper absolute sensitivity threshold... Sensitivity thresholds are individual for each person.

This psychological pattern should be foreseen by the teacher, especially in the primary grades. Some children have decreased visual and auditory sensitivity. For them to see and hear well, it is necessary to create conditions for the best display of the teacher's language and the notes on the board. With the help of the senses, we can not only state the presence or absence of a particular stimulus, but also distinguish stimuli by their strength, intensity and quality.

Minimally increase the strength of the acting stimulus, which causes subtle differences between sensations, is called discrimination threshold.

In life, we constantly notice a change in illumination, an increase or decrease in sound. These are the manifestations of the threshold of discrimination or differential threshold.

If you ask two or three people to halve a line about a meter long, we will see that each will have its own dividing point. You need to measure the results with a ruler. The one who divides more precisely has the best discrimination sensitivity. The ratio of a certain group of sensations to an increase in the magnitude of the initial stimulus is constant. This was established by the German physiologist E. Weber (1795-1878).

Based on the teachings of Weber, the German physicist G. Fechner (1801 - 1887) showed experimentally that the increase in the intensity of sensation is not directly proportional to the increase in the strength of the stimulus, but more slowly. If the strength of the stimulus increases exponentially, the intensity of the sensation increases in arithmetic progression. This position is also formulated as follows: the intensity of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the strength of the stimulus. It is called the Weber-Fechner law.

Adaptation

The sensitivity of the analyzers, determined by the magnitude of the absolute thresholds, is unstable and changes under the influence of physiological and psychological conditions, among which the phenomenon of adaptation occupies a special place.

Adaptation, or adaptation,- this is a change in sensitivity under the influence of a constantly acting stimulus, which manifests itself in a decrease or increase in thresholds.

In life, the phenomenon of adaptation is well known to everyone. When a person enters a river, the water at first seems cold to him. But then the feeling of coldness disappears. This can be observed in all types of sensitivity, except for pain.

The degree of adaptation of various analyzer systems is not the same: high adaptability is characteristic of sniffing sensations, tactile (we do not notice the pressure of clothing on the body), it is less in auditory and cold sensations. The phenomenon of adaptation in smelling sensations is well known: a person quickly gets used to a smelling irritant and stops feeling it altogether. Adaptation to different fragrances occurs at different rates.

Slight adaptation is characteristic of painful sensations. Pain signals the destruction of the body, so adaptation to pain can lead to the death of the body.

The visual analyzer distinguishes between adaptation to light and darkness. Getting into dark room, at first, a person does not see anything, after three or four minutes he begins to distinguish well the light that penetrates there. Being in absolute darkness increases the sensitivity to light by about 200 thousand times in 40 minutes. If adaptation to darkness is associated with increased sensitivity, then light adaptation is associated with a decrease in light sensitivity.

The phenomenon of adaptation cannot be explained only by changes that occur in the functioning of the receptor during prolonged exposure to the stimulus (for example, renewal and decomposition of the visual substance in the rods and cones of the retina, etc.). Changes in the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition in central parts analyzers: after their excitation, inhibition occurs and vice versa. We are talking about the phenomenon of successive mutual induction.

Adaptation can also occur in a conditioned reflex way. If, for example, the effect of light after being in the dark for half an hour is combined with the beats of the metronome, then after 5 such combinations, the beats of the metronome cause a decrease in the sensitivity of the eyes in the subjects without any influence of the light stimulus.

Interaction of sensations

Interaction of sensations- this is a change in the sensitivity of one analytical system under the influence of the activity of another system. The change in sensitivity is explained by cortical connections between the analyzers, to a large extent by the law of simultaneous induction.

The general regularity of the interaction of sensations is as follows: weak stimuli of one analytic system increase the sensitivity of the other system, while strong stimuli reduce it. For example, a weak taste (sour) increases visual sensitivity. Weak sound stimuli increase the color sensitivity of the visual analyzer. At the same time, there is a sharp deterioration in the various sensitivity of the eye due to the action of the strong noise of the aircraft engine.

Visual sensitivity is enhanced by certain sniffing stimuli. However, a pronounced negative emotional coloring of the smell is caused by a decrease in visual sensitivity. There are known cases of increased visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory sensitivity under the influence of weak pain stimuli. So, all our analyzing systems are capable of influencing each other to a greater or lesser extent.

Sensitization

The increase in sensitivity as a result of the interaction of analyzers, as well as systematic exercises is called sensitization... The possibilities for training the senses and improving them are very great.

Two areas can be distinguished that determine the increase in the sensitivity of the sensory organs:

sensitization due to the need to compensate for sensory defects (blindness, deafness);
sensitization, due to the specific requirements of the activity.

Loss of vision or hearing is compensated by the development of other types of sensitivity. There are cases when people who have lost their eyesight have mastered sculpture, they have a well-developed sense of touch, vibrational sensitivity. A Ukrainian psychologist, holding his hand on the throat of the interlocutor, can understand who is talking about what, and also, taking the newspaper in his hands, knows whether he has read it or not.

The phenomenon of sensitization of the sense organs is observed in people who have been engaged in certain types of professional activities for a long time. A high level of perfection is achieved by the olfactory and taste sensations in the tasters of tea, cheese, and wine. Tasters can pinpoint not only what grape variety the wine is made from, but also the place where the grapes are grown.

Painting makes special demands on the perception of form, proportions and color ratios when depicting objects. Experiments show that the artist's eye is extremely sensitive to the assessment of proportions. He distinguishes between changes that are equal to 1 / 60-1 / 150 of the size of the object. The possibility of color sensations is evidenced by the mosaic workshop in Rome - there are more than 20,000 man-made shades of primary colors in it.

All of this is proof that our senses develop under the influence of living conditions and requirements. practical activities.

Contrast of sensations

Contrast of sensations Is a change in the intensity and quality of sensations under the influence of a preliminary or concomitant stimulus.

In the case of the simultaneous action of two stimuli, a simultaneous contrast arises. This contrast can be seen in visual sensations. The same figure appears lighter on a black background, and darker on a white background. A green object against a red background appears to be more saturated.

The phenomenon of consistent contrast is also well known. After a cold, faint warm irritant seems hot. Feeling sour increases your sensitivity to sweets.

The phenomena of sequential contrast or sequential image in visual sensations have been studied in sufficient detail. If you fix a light spot with your eye for 20 - 40 seconds, and then close your eyes or turn your gaze to a low-light surface, then in a few seconds you can notice a fairly clear dark spot. This will be a consistent visual image.

The physiological mechanism for the emergence of a sequential image is associated with the phenomenon of the aftereffect of a stimulus on the nervous system. The termination of the action of the stimulus does not cause an instant cessation of the process of irritation in the receptors and excitation in the cortical parts of the analyzer. According to the law of sequential induction, a process of inhibition occurs over time in excited neurons. To restore the initial state of sensitivity of nerve tissues, several phases of inductive change in excitation and inhibition pass. With a sufficient culture of observation, it is possible to notice a change in the positive and negative phases of the sequential image.

Synesthesia

The interaction of sensations is also manifested in such a phenomenon as synesthesia. Synesthesia- this is the appearance under the influence of irritation of one analyzer of sensations characteristic of another analyzer.

It is observed in a wide variety of sensations. Often, visual-auditory synesthesia occurs when, as a result of the action of sound stimuli, visual images appear in a person. It is known that such composers as N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. N. Scriabin and others possessed the ability to hear color. We find a vivid manifestation of this kind of synesthesia in the work of the Lithuanian artist M.K. Čiurlionis in his symphony of colors.

Engineer K. L. Leontiev, using the phenomenon of synesthesia, has developed an apparatus that transforms sound signals into color. Colored music was created on the basis of this invention. Sometimes there are cases of the appearance of auditory sensations under the influence of visual stimuli, gustatory - in response to auditory stimuli, etc.

Not all people have synesthesia, but no one is surprised at the possibility of using such expressions: velvet voice, dark sound, cold color, sweet sound, pungent taste, etc. The phenomenon of synesthesia is another evidence of the constant interconnection of analyzer systems human body, the integrity of the sensory reflection of the surrounding reality.

The considered patterns reveal a high dynamism of sensations, their dependence on the strength of stimuli, on the functional state of the analytic system caused by the onset or termination of the action of stimuli, as well as the simultaneous action of several stimuli on one analyzer or adjacent analyzers. It can be said that the patterns of sensation determine the conditions under which the stimulus reaches consciousness. Biologically important stimuli act on the brain at lower thresholds and increased sensitivity, stimuli that have lost their biological significance at higher thresholds.

The concept of sensations. Types and properties of sensations

A person receives a variety of information about the state of the external and internal environment with the help of the senses, in the form of sensations.

Sensations are a cognitive process, a reflection in human consciousness of individual properties of objects that directly affect our sense organs.

Sensations are the source of our knowledge about the world and ourselves. All living beings possessing the ability to feel nervous system... The vital role of sensations is to promptly and quickly inform the central nervous system about the state of the external and internal environment.

For sensation to arise, it is necessary to influence the stimulus on the sense organs. Material agents of various nature (physical, chemical) act as an irritant. The emergence of sensations is ensured by the work of analyzers, of which a person has five: visual, auditory, tactile-kinesthetic (provides a distinction between touch and movement), olfactory, gustatory.

Analyzer- the nervous apparatus, which carries out the function of analysis and synthesis of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment of the body. Analyzers take the influence of certain stimuli from the external and internal environment and process them into sensations.

Analyzers consist of the following parts:

· Receptors, or sense organs, converting the energy of external influences into nerve signals;

· The conductive nerve pathways through which these signals are transmitted to the brain and back to the receptors;

· Cortical areas of the brain.

Each analyzer has a separate area in the cerebral cortex. Each receptor is adapted to receive only certain types of influence (light, sound, etc.), i.e. has a specific excitability to certain physical and chemical agents.

Types of sensations reflect the originality of the incentives that generate them.

Feelings can be classified according to different reasons.

According to the leading modality (qualitative characteristic), the following are distinguished:

· visual sensations are caused by the influence of light, i.e.

Basic properties and characteristics of sensations

electromagnetic waves that are emitted or reflected by various physical bodies. The receptor is the retina membrane of the eye. Light waves vary in length, vibration amplitude, and shape. Length is the number of vibrations of a light wave per second. The more vibrations, the shorter the wavelength, and conversely, the smaller the number of vibrations, the longer the wavelength. The wavelength of the light determines the color tone. Colors have different psychological meanings. The vibration amplitude of the light wave determines the brightness of the color. The shape of the light wave, resulting from the mixing of light waves of different lengths, determines the saturation of the color.

· auditory sensations are caused by sound waves, i.e. rhythmic vibration of the air. There is a special physical unit by which the frequency of air vibrations per second is estimated - hertz - numerically equal to one vibration per second. How more frequency vibrations of air, the higher the sound we perceive. On average, a person hears sounds in the frequency range from 16 Hz to 20 kHz. Sound below the human hearing range is called infrasound; from 20 kHz to 1 GHz - by ultrasound, from 1 GHz and above - by hypersound. The loudness of the perceived sound depends on its strength or intensity, i.e. amplitudes and frequencies of air vibrations. To assess the loudness of the perceived sound, the unit is adopted - decibel. The average loudness values of various sounds are presented in Table 2.

Table No. 2

Average loudness values of various sounds

· olfactory sensations are a reflection of smells.

They arise due to the penetration of particles of odoriferous substances, spreading in the air, into the upper part of the nasopharynx, where they act on the peripheral endings of the olfactory analyzer, embedded in the nasal mucosa.

· flavoring sensations play an important role in the nutrition process, in distinguishing between different types of food. Taste senses have four main modalities: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. All other types of gustatory sensations are a varied combination of the four basic ones. The olfactory analyzer plays an important role in the occurrence of certain taste sensations.

· tactile sensation or skin sensitivity is the most common type of sensitivity. The familiar sensation that occurs when an object touches the surface of the skin is the result of a complex combination of 4 others: pressure, pain, heat and cold. For each of them, there is a specific number of receptors, unevenly located in different sites skin surface. The strength and quality of the sensations themselves are relative. For example, when the surface of one area of the skin is simultaneously exposed to warm water, its temperature is perceived differently, depending on what kind of water we are acting on the neighboring skin area. If it is cold, then on the first part of the skin there is a feeling of warmth, and if it is hot, then a feeling of coldness. Temperature receptors, as a rule, have two threshold values: they respond to high and low impacts, but do not respond to medium ones.

These sensations are called exteroceptive and constitute a single group of analyzers, the receptors of which are located on the surface of the body or near it. Exteroceptive sensations are subdivided into contact and distant. Contact sensations are caused by direct contact with the surface of the body (taste, touch), distant sensations are caused by stimuli acting on the sense organs at a certain distance (vision, hearing). Olfactory sensations occupy an intermediate position between them.

TO proprioceptive sensations include a sense of balance, provided by the work of the vestibular apparatus, and a kinesthetic sensation, which carries information about the state of the muscular system. Kinesthetic sensations(from the Greek. kinesis - "movement") come from muscles, ligaments and tendons; allow you to perform and coordinate movements. They are formed automatically, enter the brain and regulate movements at a subconscious level.

Signals coming from internal organs are called visceral sensations and are interoceptive. These include feelings of hunger, thirst, nausea, and internal pain.

In addition, a person has several specific types of sensations that carry information about time, acceleration, vibration. Vibrating sensations occupy an intermediate place between tactile and auditory sensitivity.

Properties of sensations. Sensations have the following properties.

1. Modality- a qualitative characteristic of sensations - this is a property that allows you to distinguish one type of sensation from another.

2. Intensity Is a quantitative characteristic of sensations, which is determined by the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor.

3. Duration Is a time characteristic of sensations. It is determined by the functional state of the sense organ, the time of exposure to the stimulus and its intensity.

4. Sensitivity Is the ability of the nervous system to respond to stimuli. Sensitivity is characterized by two thresholds - lower and upper. The lower threshold is the minimum amount of a stimulus that can produce a subtle sensation. The upper one is the maximum value of the stimulus at which a painful sensation occurs. High sensitivity corresponds to low thresholds, and vice versa, low sensitivity - high. The threshold for sensation is not the same for different people. The threshold value changes with age and depends on the health and mental state of the person. Sensitivity can be increased or decreased using pharmacological agents. An important role in changing the sensitivity is played by the training level of the analyzer. Thus, musicians develop auditory sensitivity (“ ear for music"), Tasters have olfactory and gustatory sensitivity.

5. Adaptation Is the adaptation of the sense organ to external conditions. Through adaptation, the receptor gets used to the sensation. For example, in the transition from bright light to darkness, at first we do not see objects, but gradually we begin to distinguish their outlines (adaptation to darkness).

6. Synesthesia- this is the appearance under the influence of irritation of a certain analyzer of a sensation characteristic of another analyzer. For example, in some people, the sounds of music can evoke the sensation of color (so-called "color hearing") or the combination of colors generates musical associations.

7. Compensation- this is the property of sensations to an increase in any sensitive system when another is disturbed (for example, hearing is exacerbated with loss of vision).

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Feeling, their properties and types.

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The world is given to man in sensations. Feeling traditionally called the process of transmitting information about the external world to the brain through the sensory system. The sensory system plays the role of an input device, and the brain plays the role of a processing center, here the information is decoded and correlated with the available one. Thus, sensation is a mental reflection in the cerebral cortex of individual properties, objects and phenomena that directly affect the sense organs.

Sensation is called the simplest, further not decomposable mental process. For example, speaking about the sensation of color, we mean only color, abstracting from the size and shape of an object. Sensation is the sensitivity to the physical and chemical properties of the environment. More complex ones are based on sensations cognitive processes: perception, representation, memory, thinking, imagination. The sensations are like The "gate" of our knowledge... They represent the transformation of the energy of external influence into an act of consciousness, providing a sensory basis mental activity providing sensory material for building psychic images.

Human sensations are different from animal sensations. A person's feelings are mediated by his knowledge, that is, by the socio-historical experience of mankind. Expressing this or that property of things and phenomena in the word ("red", "cold"), we thereby carry out elementary generalizations of these properties, understandable to every person.

The sensations reflect the objective qualities of phenomena (color, smell, temperature, taste, etc.), their intensity (for example, a higher or lower temperature, more tasty or less tasty) and duration. Human sensations are as interconnected as various properties of reality are interconnected.

Depending on the location of the receptors all sensations are shared into three groups: 1) the first group includes sensations that are associated with receptors located on the surface of the body: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and skin sensations. it exteroreceptive sensations; 2) the second group includes interoreceptive sensations associated with receptors located in internal organs; 3) the third group includes kinesthetic (motor) and static sensations, the receptors of which are located in muscles, ligaments and tendons - proprioceptive sensations(from Lat. "proprio" - "own").

Depending on the modality of the analyzer the following types of sensations are distinguished: 1) visual; 2) auditory; 3) skin; 4) olfactory; 5) gustatory; 6) kinesthetic; 7) static; 8) vibrating; 9) organic; 10) painful.

Contact and distant sensations also differ. Thus, sensations are an integral part of human life. With the help of sensations, a person learns the world and interacts with it.

Certain properties of objects and phenomena that affect our sense organs are called stimuli, and the process of this impact is irritation... The nervous process resulting from irritation is called excitement.

The sense organs, receiving exposure to stimuli, convert the energy of external stimulation into a nerve impulse. Each sense organ (eye, ear, sensitive skin cells, taste buds of the tongue) is specialized in receiving and processing various specific external influences.

The main part of any sense organ is the endings of the sensory nerves. They're called receptors... From the receptor, the nerve impulse arising in it through the centripetal nerve pathways enters the corresponding parts of the brain.

Receptors that conduct nerve pathways and corresponding sites in the cerebral cortex are called analyzers... For sensation to arise, the work of the entire analyzer as a whole is necessary; therefore, it cannot be said that visual sensations occur in the eye. Only the analysis of the nerve impulse coming from the eye to the corresponding parts of the cerebral cortex leads to the appearance visual sensation.

The activity of analyzers is conditioned reflex. Formed in the cerebral cortex, a nerve impulse arriving along the centrifugal nerve pathways, on motor or secretory mechanisms, leads to one or another response, causes a corresponding adjustment of the sensitivity of the receptor. The brain, receiving a feedback signal about the activity of the receptor, continuously regulates its work.

The sense organs are inextricably linked with the organs of movement. For example, in the process of visual sensations, the eye makes continuous movements, as if feeling an object. The fixed eye is practically blind. Thus, the process of sensations is not a one-act passive reflection of this or that property, but an active process, the most complex activity of analyzers, which has a definite structure. The activities of various analyzers are interconnected. The collection of all analyzers is called the sensory sphere of the human psyche.

Sensations not only carry information about the individual properties of phenomena and objects, but also perform a function that activates the brain. There are cases when the patient had only one sensory organ, the eyes, and when the patient closed his eyes (the only channel connecting him with the outside world), he immediately fell asleep.

Lower and upper absolute thresholds sensations characterize the limits of human sensitivity... But the sensitivity of each person changes depending on different conditions... So, entering a poorly lit room, we initially do not distinguish objects, but gradually, under the influence of these conditions, the analyzer's sensitivity increases.

Being in a smoky room or in a room with any smells, after a while we stop noticing these smells. When we get from a poorly lit space into a brightly lit space, the sensitivity of the visual analyzer decreases.

Different types of sensations are characterized not only by specificity, but also by properties common to them. These properties include: 1) quality- this is the main feature of this sensation, which distinguishes it from other types of sensations and varies within the limits of this type of sensation; 2) intensity- is a quantitative characteristic and is determined by the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor; 3) duration- time characteristic of sensation; 4) spatial localization- the analysis carried out by spatial receptors provides information about the localization of the stimulus in space.

The psychological relationship between the intensity of sensation and the strength of the stimulus causing it is determined threshold of sensations.

The work of each analyzer has its own specific patterns.

Along with this, all types of sensations are subordinated to a common psychophysiological laws... For any sensation to arise, the stimulus must have a certain intensity value. The minimum amount of irritation that causes a barely noticeable sensation is called absolute lower threshold of sensation... The ability to feel these weakest stimuli is called absolute sensitivity... It is always expressed in absolute numbers... For example, for the appearance of a feeling of pressure, an effect of 2 mg per 1 sq. mm of skin surface.

Upper absolute threshold of sensation- the maximum amount of irritation, a further increase in which causes the disappearance of sensation or pain sensation. For example, an ultra-loud sound causes pain in the ears, and an ultra-high sound (with an oscillation frequency of over 20,000 Hz) causes the sensation to disappear (the audible sound turns into ultrasound). Pressure 300 g / sq. mm causes pain.

Along with absolute sensitivity, one should distinguish relative sensitivity- sensitivity to distinguishing the intensity of one impact from another. Relative sensitivity is characterized by a discrimination threshold.

Discrimination threshold, or differential threshold- a barely perceptible minimum difference in the strength of two stimuli of the same type.

35. CLASSIFICATION OF SENSATIONS. PROPERTIES OF SENSATIONS

The discrimination threshold is a relative value (fraction) that shows how much of the initial strength of the stimulus must be added (or subtracted) in order to get a barely noticeable sensation of a change in the strength of these stimuli.

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Topic 11

FEEL

General concept of sensation

Types of sensations

Sensory adaptation and interaction of sensations

Sensory disturbances

General concept of sensation

Feeling is the most elementary mental process from which a person begins to understand the world around him. Being the initial source of all our perceptions, sensations provide material for other, more complex mental processes: perception, memory, thinking.

Sensation- this is a reflection in a person's consciousness of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that directly affect his sense organs.

Sense organs- these are the mechanisms by which information about our environment enters the cerebral cortex. With the help of sensations, the main outward signs objects and phenomena and the state of internal organs (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Functions of sensations

Physiological basis sensation is the activity of complex complexes of anatomical structures - analyzers (Fig. 2). Each analyzer consists of three parts:

1) a peripheral section called a receptor;

2) conductive nerve pathways;

3) cortical departments in which processing takes place nerve impulses coming from peripheral departments.

Temperature

Distant

Contact

Proprioceptive

Interoreceptive

Exteroreceptive

Rice. 3. Classification of sensations

Visual sensations. Visual sensations serve to reflect light, color, darkness. Color occurs when the eye receptor is exposed to waves of different wavelengths from this range. It is believed that through sight a person receives about 90% of all information. The eyes are the windows of the psyche. In human ontogenesis, they are the first to stop their growth (somewhere at the age of seven). Visual sensations are, first of all, the sensations of color, since everything that surrounds a person is reflected in his mind in different colors.

The perceived colors are divided into chromatic (color spectrum) and achromatic (white to black). With the help of visual sensations, a person is able to distinguish up to 180 tones of color and more than 10,000 shades between them.

Auditory sensations occur as a result of the impact of a sound wave on the auditory analyzer.

A person is able to feel sound vibrations with a frequency of 20 to 20,000 Hz. All sounds that the human ear perceives can be divided into two groups: musical (sounds of singing, sounds of musical instruments, etc.) and noises (creaks, rustles, knocks, etc.). Auditory senses allow a person to perceive the speech of other people, control many types of work, enjoy music, etc.

Rice. 4. Systematic classification of the main types of sensations

Olfactory sensations arise as a result of the action of odorous substances in the air on the olfactory receptors located in the upper part of the nasal cavity.

Olfactory senses help a person distinguish between volatile substances and odors that are common in the air. They provide the individual with information about the presence in the air of various chemical substances and act on the subconscious.

Taste sensations(often in conjunction with the sense of smell) are triggered by an action chemical properties substances dissolved in saliva or water on the taste buds (taste buds) located on the surface of the tongue, back of the pharynx, palate and epiglottis.

Different areas Tongues are sensitive in different ways to different substances: to sweet, the tip of the tongue is most sensitive, to sour - its edges, to bitter - the area of the root of the tongue, to salty - the edges of the tongue and the middle. Taste allows you to determine quality features food accepted by a person and are dependent on the feeling of hunger.

Temperature sensations- these are sensations of warmth and cold. There are more cold cells on the skin surface (8-23 per 1 sq. Cm) than heat cells (0-3 per 1 sq. Cm), and they are 0.17 mm closer to the surface than heat cells (0.3 mm) ... Therefore, the body reacts faster to cold than to heat.

Tactile sensations together with musculo-motor make up the sense of touch, with the help of which a person reflects the qualitative features of objects - their smoothness, density, as well as the touch of an object to the body, the place and size of the irritated skin area.

By using musculoskeletal sensations a person receives information about the position of the body in space, the relative position of all its parts, movement of the body and its parts, contraction, stretching and relaxation of muscles, etc.

Painful sensations signal about damage, irritants of human organs, are a kind of manifestation of the protective functions of the body.

It is important to note that the sensation of pain protects the body from the danger of physical destruction. Pain makes a person careful, warns him against rash actions associated with a threat to life. At the same time, studies show that the intensity of pain sensation is determined not only by individual pain thresholds, but also by the psychological factor of fear of the very expectation of pain. The intensity of pain sensations is influenced by: temperature (pain intensifies with cold), light (excessively bright lighting intensifies the pain), time of day (the pain is most acute at about 1 am), a tendency to addiction (drug addicts who are not in a narcotic state are very painful experiencing pain), ethnicity (blue-eyed, fair-haired Europeans tolerate pain worse than, for example, gypsies, blacks, and Chinese). The intensity of pain is different, reaching in some cases great strength, which can even lead to the emergence of a state of shock.

Tactile sensations are a combination, a combination of skin and motor sensations when touching objects, i.e. when you touch them with a moving hand.

The sense of touch is of great importance in a person's labor activity, especially when performing labor operations that require great precision. For people without sight, touch is one of the most important means of orientation and cognition.

Organic sensations- sensations associated with interoreceptors located in internal organs. These include feelings of satiety, hunger, suffocation, nausea, pain, etc. Interoreceptors are connected with the cortex through subcortical formations - the hypothalamus. Organic sensations do not provide accurate localization, and sometimes are subconscious in nature. Strong negative organic sensations can disorganize a person's consciousness.

Feelings of balance provide a vertical position of the human body. They arise as a result of the functional activity of the vestibular apparatus.

The organs of balance are closely related to other internal organs. With strong overexcitation of the organs of balance, nausea and vomiting (the so-called motion sickness or air sickness) is observed. However, with regular training, the stability of the balance organs increases significantly.

The "consumer" of information about the state of balance of the body can be both consciousness and the sphere of the unconscious. So, for example, the sensations of habitual body positions during everyday walking, sitting on a chair at a work table, as a rule, are not realized by a person. At the same time, it is funny and sad to observe a tipsy person walking along a sinusoid, trying with all the power of his consciousness to stay on his feet so as not to fall.

Feelings of movement- these are sensations that reflect the centrifugal and centripetal forces developing during the movement of a person. The receptors of the motor analyzer are located in muscles, ligaments and tendons, articular surfaces. Motor sensations signal the degree of muscle contraction and the position of parts of our body.

A person needs to receive information about the world around him all the time. The adaptation of the organism to the environment presupposes a constantly existing information balance between the environment and the organism.

Vibrating sensations appear in a person when the environment with which he is in contact fluctuates in the frequency range from 15 to 1500 Hz. It is these vibrations that are felt by the body as a whole and by its individual organs. It has not yet been clarified what generates this sensation more - information from the auditory canal or from the tactile one. Most scientists do not distinguish this type of sensation as a separate one, considering it a consequence of other skin sensations, in particular, a pressure factor rapidly moving along the surface of the skin.

The vibrational sensation often helps a person in his practical activities. So, upon the fact of vibration, malfunctions in the operation of a car engine are detected, an abnormal flight regime of the aircraft is recorded by the test pilot (the notorious phenomenon of flutter). Carefully dosed and individually calibrated vibration procedures are used in sports medicine to relieve mental tension and increase a person's current performance. The vibrational sensation helps people who have hearing and vision impairments to navigate the environment.

Information balance is opposed by information underload - sensory isolation, which leads to serious functional impairment organism. At sensory deprivation a person actualizes the need for sensations and affective experiences, which is realized in the form of sensory and emotional hunger.

Basic properties and characteristics of sensations

All sensations can be characterized in terms of their properties (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. General properties sensations

All of the above properties to one degree or another reflect quality characteristics sensations. However, no less important are the quantitative parameters of the main characteristics of sensations - the degree (thresholds) of sensitivity (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Sensitivity thresholds

For any sensation to arise, the stimulus must have a certain intensity value.

The minimum value (strength) of a stimulus that can cause a sensation is called the lower absolute threshold of sensation, which characterizes the level of absolute sensitivity of the analyzer to the stimulus. The ability to sense these mild stimuli is called absolute sensitivity. It is always expressed in absolute numbers.

Examples of values for lower absolute thresholds:

- the visual sensation of light from a candle flame burning in the dark in clear weather occurs in a person at a distance of about 48 m;

- the auditory sensation of sound from the ticking of a manual mechanical watch in complete silence occurs at a distance of 6 m;

- the feeling of sugar in water appears when one teaspoon of sugar is dissolved in 8 liters of water.

The upper absolute threshold of sensations- this is the maximum amount of irritation, a further increase in which causes pain or the disappearance of sensation. So, an ultra-loud sound causes pain in the ears, and an ultra-high sound (with a frequency of oscillations over 20,000 Hz) - causes the disappearance of sensation (the audible sound turns into ultrasound). Pressure over 300 g / sq. mm causes pain.

The value of the threshold of sensations changes with age. The magnitude of the absolute threshold can be influenced by the nature of a person's activity, his functional state, the strength and duration of irritation, etc.

Along with the absolute one, the relative sensitivity is different - the sensitivity to changes in the intensity of exposure. Relative sensitivity is measured by the discrimination threshold (difference threshold).

Difference threshold- the minimum difference in the strength of two stimuli of the same type, necessary to change the intensity of sensation. The threshold of discrimination is measured by a relative value (fraction), which shows how much of the initial strength of the stimulus must be added (or subtracted) in order to get a barely noticeable sensation of a change in the strength of these stimuli.

Examples of relative thresholds of sensation:

- a change in the sensation of weight occurs when the value of the relative threshold is equal to 0.02 = 1/50 (this means that for the appearance of a sensation of weight change, the original weight must be reduced or increased by 1/50);

- a change in the sensation of pitch occurs at a threshold of 0.003.

The lower and upper absolute thresholds of sensations (absolute sensitivity) and thresholds of discrimination (relative sensitivity) characterize the limits of human sensitivity. It should be remembered that the same stimulus for one person may be lower, and for another - above the threshold of sensation. The weaker the stimuli that a person is able to feel, the higher his sensitivity. In other words, the lower the absolute threshold of sensations, the higher the absolute sensitivity, and vice versa.

In humans, the thresholds of sensitivity (lower, upper, differential) are individual and vary depending on age and on a number of circumstances. Deviation (temporary) of sensitivity from the usual norm can be caused by a number of factors: time of day, mental state, fatigue, illness, etc.

During investigative experiments in order to check the quality of sensations of witnesses and suspects, it is necessary to find out whether the subject was exposed to side irritants (alcohol, narcotic or similar pharmacological substances), which increase or dramatically dull the analyzer's sensitivity.

Similar information.

1.2 Properties of sensations

All sensations can be characterized in terms of their properties. Moreover, the properties can be not only specific, but also general for all types of sensations. The main properties of sensations include: quality, intensity, duration and spatial localization, absolute and relative thresholds of sensations (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. General properties of sensations

The intensity of sensation is its quantitative characteristic and depends on the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor, which determines the degree of readiness of the receptor to perform its functions. For example, if you have a runny nose, the intensity of the odors you perceive may be distorted.

The duration of the sensation is a time characteristic of the sensation that has arisen. It is also determined by the functional state of the sense organ, but mainly by the time of action of the stimulus and its intensity. It should be noted that sensations have a so-called latent (latent) period. When an irritant is exposed to the sensory organ, the sensation does not arise immediately, but after a while. The latency period for different types of sensations is not the same. For example, for tactile sensations it is 130 ms, for pain sensations - 370 ms, and for gustatory sensations - only 50 ms.

A negative sequential image consists in the emergence of a quality of sensation that is opposite to the quality of the influencing stimulus. For example, light-darkness, heaviness-lightness, heat-cold, etc. The appearance of negative sequential images is explained by a decrease in the sensitivity of this receptor to a certain effect.

And finally, sensations are characterized by the spatial localization of the stimulus. The analysis carried out by receptors gives us information about the localization of the stimulus in space, i.e. we can tell where the light is coming from, where the heat is coming from, or which part of the body is affected by the stimulus.

All of the above properties to one degree or another reflect the qualitative characteristics of sensations. However, no less important are the quantitative parameters of the main characteristics of sensations - the degree (thresholds) of sensitivity (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Sensitivity thresholds

It should be remembered that the same stimulus for one person may be lower, and for another - above the threshold of sensation. The weaker the stimuli that a person is able to feel, the higher his sensitivity. In other words, the lower the absolute threshold of sensations, the higher the absolute sensitivity, and vice versa.

Thus, sensation is the simplest mental process of reflecting a separate quality (property) of an object under the direct influence of stimuli on the perceiving part of the analyzer.

1.3 Physiological mechanisms of sensation

The physiological basis of sensations is the activity of complex complexes of anatomical structures called analyzers. The concept of an analyzer (an apparatus performing the function of distinguishing external stimuli) was introduced by Academician I.P. Pavlov. He also investigated the structure of the analyzers and came to the conclusion that they consist of three parts:

1) a peripheral section, called a receptor (a receptor is the receiving part of the analyzer, a specialized nerve ending, its main function is the transformation of external energy into nervous process);

2) the conducting nerve pathways (afferent section - transmits excitation to the central section; efferent section - a response from the center to the periphery is transmitted through it);

3) the core of the analyzer - the cortical sections of the analyzer (they are also called the central sections of the analyzers), in which the processing of nerve impulses coming from the peripheral sections takes place. The cortical part of each analyzer includes a region representing the projection of the periphery (i.e., the projection of the sensory organ) in the cerebral cortex, since certain receptors correspond certain areas bark.

Thus, the central section of the analyzer is the organ of sensation.

For the sensation to arise, it is necessary to use all the components of the analyzer. If you destroy any part of the analyzer, the occurrence of the corresponding sensations becomes impossible. So, visual sensations stop when the eyes are damaged, and when the integrity of the optic nerves is violated, and when the occipital lobes of both hemispheres are destroyed. In addition, for sensations to arise, 2 more conditions are required:

· Sources of irritation (irritants).

· Environment or energy, which is distributed in the environment from the source to the subject.

For example, there are no auditory sensations in a vacuum. In addition, the energy that the source emits can be so small that a person does not feel it, but it can be registered by instruments. That. energy, to become tangible, must reach a certain value of the thresholds of the analyzer system.

Also, the subject may be awake or asleep. This should also be taken into account. In a dream, the analyzer thresholds rise significantly.

Thus, sensation is a mental phenomenon that is the result of the interaction of an energy source with the corresponding analyzer of a person. In this case, we mean an elementary single source of energy that creates a homogeneous sensation (light, sound, etc.).

There must be 5 conditions for the emergence of sensations:

· Receptors.

· The analyzer core (in the cerebral cortex).

· Conducting paths (with directions of impulse flows).

· Source of irritation.

· Environment or energy (from source to subject).

It should be noted that human sensations are a product historical development, and therefore they are qualitatively different from the sensations of animals. In animals, the development of sensations is entirely limited by their biological, instinctive needs. In humans, the ability to sense is not limited by biological needs. Labor created for him an incomparably wider range of needs than for animals, and in activities aimed at satisfying these needs, human abilities, including the ability to feel, constantly developed. Therefore, a person can feel a much larger number of properties of the objects around him than an animal.

Sensations are not only the source of our knowledge about the world, but also our feelings and emotions. Simplest form emotional experience is the so-called sensual, or emotional, tone of sensation, i.e. a feeling directly related to a sensation. For example, it is well known that certain colors, sounds, smells can by themselves, regardless of their meaning, from the memories and thoughts associated with them, cause us a pleasant or unpleasant feeling. The sound of a beautiful voice, the taste of orange, the smell of a rose are pleasant, have a positive emotional tone. The creak of a knife on the glass, the smell of hydrogen sulfide, the taste of cinchona are unpleasant, have a negative emotional tone. The simplest emotional experiences of this kind play a relatively insignificant role in the life of an adult, but from the point of view of the origin and development of emotions, their significance is very great.

The following functions of sensations are distinguished.

Signal - notification of the body about vital objects or properties of the surrounding world.

Reflective (figurative) - the construction of a subjective image of the property necessary for orientation in the world.

Regulatory - adaptation in the outside world, regulation of behavior and activities.

There are several theories of sensation.

Receptive. According to this theory, the sense organ (receptor) passively responds to stimuli. This passive response is the corresponding sensation, that is, the sensation is a purely mechanical imprint of external influence in the corresponding sense organ. Currently, this theory is recognized as untenable, since the active nature of sensations is denied.

Dialectical-materialistic. According to this theory, "sensation is a real direct connection of consciousness with the external world, there is a transformation of the energy of external stimulation into a fact of consciousness" (VL Lenin).

Reflex. Within the framework of the reflex concept of I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlova, studies were carried out that showed that, according to its physiological mechanisms, sensation is an integral reflex that combines direct and feedbacks peripheral and central parts of the analyzer.

Sensations begin to develop immediately after birth. However, not all sensitivities develop in the same way. Immediately after birth, the child develops tactile, gustatory and olfactory sensitivity (the child reacts to ambient temperature, touch, pain; determines the mother by the smell of mother's milk; distinguishes mother's milk from cow's milk or water). However, the development of these sensations continues for a long time (they are poorly developed at 4–5 years).

Visual and auditory senses are less mature at the time of birth. Auditory sensations begin to develop faster (reacts to sound - in the first weeks of life, to direction - after two to three months, and to singing and music - in the third or fourth month). Speech hearing develops gradually. First, the child reacts to the intonation of speech (in the second month), then to the rhythm, and the ability to distinguish sounds (first vowels, and then consonants) appears by the end of the first year of life.

The absolute sensitivity to light in an infant is low, but increases markedly in the first days of life. Differentiation of colors occurs only in the fifth month.

In general, the absolute sensitivity of all species reaches high level development in the first year of life. Relative sensitivity develops more slowly (rapid development occurs in school age).

Sensations, within certain limits, can be developed by the method of constant training. Thanks to the possibility of developing sensations, for example, children are taught (music, drawing).

Among sensory disturbances, quantitative and qualitative changes.

Quantitative impairments include: loss or decrease in the ability to sense different kinds irritants and an increase in this ability. Loss of sensitivity extends, as a rule, to tactile, pain, temperature sensitivity, but it can cover all types of sensitivity.

This is usually associated with various diseases of the individual. Qualitative sensory disorders include synesthesia. Another type of pathology of sensations manifests itself in various, unpleasant sensations: numbness, tingling, burning, creeping, etc. With various pathological diseases, there may be changes in pain sensitivity. They consist in different pain sensitivity and pain tolerance.

Individual differences in sensations are a poorly understood area of psychology. It is known that the sensitivity of different senses depends on many factors. They are influenced by the characteristics of the central nervous system (in individuals with a strong nervous system, the sensitivity is lower); emotionality (emotional ones have a more developed sense of smell); age (hearing acuity is greatest at 13 years old, vision - at 20-30 years old, old people hear sounds of low frequency quite well, and high ones are worse); gender (women are more sensitive to high sounds, and men are more sensitive to low sounds); the nature of the activity (steelmakers distinguish the finest shades hot metal flow, etc.).

Human abilities developed, including the ability to feel. Therefore, a person can feel a much larger number of properties of the objects around him than an animal. 2. KINDS OF SENSATIONS AND THEIR MECHANISMS There are different approaches to the classification of sensations. It has long been customary to distinguish five (by the number of organs) basic types of sensations, highlighting smell, taste, touch, hearing and sight. This...

A C is the constant of integration. From this it follows that the intensity of sensation grows much more slowly than the strength of the stimulus. This law is only valid in the comfort zone. There are thresholds for each type of sensation. In a figurative form, they are presented in table 2. Table 2 Average values of the absolute thresholds of sensations for different human sensory organs Sensory organs Value ...

AND separate parts bodies relative to each other, give a variety of sensations mainly from the internal organs, from the muscular system and articular surfaces, and partly from the skin. Static sensations in human life play a role: the definition of the body in space. The main organ for regulating the position of the body in space is the labyrinth apparatus, namely its vestibular ...

A group of sensations, and connects a person with external environment... Exteroceptive sensations are divided into two subgroups: contact (taste, touch) and distant (hearing, sight, smell) sensations. 2. Sensation as a source of cognition Sensations allow a person to perceive signals and reflect the properties and signs of things in the external world and states of the organism. They connect a person with the outside world and ...