2. Formal dynamic characteristics - reflect the peculiarities of the subject's interaction with the environment.

The intensity of interaction is a person's readiness for energy consumption.

Stability of interaction - shows the temporal parameters of human interaction with the environment (in old age, people have friends from childhood)

Latitude - the scale of human interaction with the environment (a person simultaneously works in 5 places, a lot of friends)

Engagement is a measure of emotional engagement.

Principles of Dif-Psychol. analysis

1. Principles of the formal approach: analysis requires a subtle distinction between those individual characteristics that are typical, stable and reproducible and those characteristics that are random, variable, although they determine individual identity. The study of bright ind-ti is not carried out. The formal characteristics of an indi include: energetic (activity, intensity, speed, plasticity) and regulatory (emotional feeling, mood background, type of reaction in complex sit.) Character, in addition to formal characteristics, includes content. Contain. We evaluate the x-ki, formal - no.

2. Integral analysis. The study of any formal characteristic should be carried out through all levels of the hierarchical model of indi.

3. The principle of the relationship between intra- and interindividual patterns. Intra - internal patterns, inter - between ind. Intra is the result of interindividual interactions.

4. The principle of interaction of endo- and exo-factors.

3 types of addiction (Plomin):

He studied the characteristics of the development of children in different families.

1) Passive communication. Members of the same family have the same. heredity and common environment (twins)

2) Reactive. The genotype determines the characteristics of the environment. The inborn characteristics of a child predetermine the attitude of the parents and the wider environment towards him and, therefore, form certain features of the individual.

3) Active. Adults consciously and purposefully create an environment that best matches the genotype.

5. The principle of statistical evaluation of the phenomena under study.

33. The concept of temperament. Various classifications of types of temperament. Styles of activity as a manifestation of temperament. Methods for diagnosing temperament

Temperament is the dynamic side of activity. It is studied more often in the diagnostic approach. Temperament is a set of individual-typological personality traits that characterize the characteristics of the dynamics of mental activity (intensity, speed, tempo and rhythm) of the psyche. percent and states, behavior and activities.

Components: activity (intensity and volume of a person's interaction with the environment; emotionality (characterizes the features of the emergence, flow and extinction of an emotional state), motor - features of the motor sphere: reaction rate, muscle intensity, rhythm, etc.

Hippocrates Temperament in translation from Latin means "mixture", "proportionality". He believed that a person's temperament is determined by which of the four body fluids predominates: if blood predominates ("sanguis" in Latin), then the temperament will be sanguine, ie. energetic, fast, cheerful, sociable, easily endures life's difficulties and failures. If bile ("chole") predominates, then the person will be choleric - bilious, irritable, excitable, unrestrained, very mobile person, with a quick change of mood. If mucus ("phlegm") predominates, then the temperament is phlegmatic - calm, slow, balanced person, slowly, with difficulty switching from one type of activity to another, poorly adapting to new conditions. If black bile ("melana-hole") prevails, then a melancholic is obtained - a somewhat painfully shy and impressionable person, prone to sadness, timidity, isolation, he quickly gets tired, is overly sensitive to adversity.

The psychological characteristics of types of temperament are determined by the following properties: sensitivity, reactivity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity, extraversion - introversion, emotional excitability.

The constitutional typology of personality was proposed by Kretschmer on the basis of identifying four main types of constitution of the physique (congenital features of a person's physique are predetermined by the dynamics of the intrauterine development of an infant from three embryonic layers: internal, middle, external).

The first type of physique is asthenic (mainly the development of the external embryonic layer was going on) - a person of a fragile physique, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and thin limbs, an elongated face, but a highly developed nervous system, a brain.

The second is a picnic (mainly the inner embryonic layer) - a person of small or medium height, with pronounced adipose tissue, a convex chest, with a large belly, a round head on a short neck.

The third is athletic - the middle germ layer determines the development of a strong skeleton, pronounced muscles, proportional to a strong physique, and a wide shoulder girdle.

The fourth - diplastic - a person with an irregular physique.

With the selected types of body structure, Kretschmer correlated certain types of personality.

Asthenic physique has a schizotimic, he is withdrawn, prone to thinking, to abstraction, with difficulty adapting to the environment, sensitive, vulnerable. Among the schizotimics, Kretschmer singled out varieties: "sensitive people", idealistic dreamers, cold domineering natures and egoists, crackers and weak-willed. In schizotimics, there is an oscillation between sensitivity and coldness, between the exacerbation and dullness of feelings ("he will offend another and at the same time he will be offended by himself"). They can be divided into the following groups: 1) pure idealists and moralists, 2) despots and fanatics, 3) people of cold calculation.

The cyclothymic has a picnic physique, his emotions fluctuate between joy and sadness, he is sociable, frank, good-natured, realistic in his views. Among cyclothymics, Kretschmer distinguishes varieties: cheerful talkers, calm humorists, sentimental quiet people, carefree lovers of life, active practices. Among cyclothymics, the following types of historical leaders can be distinguished: 1) brave fighters, folk heroes, 2) living organizers of a large scale, 3) reconciling politicians.

Iskotimics have an athletic physique, they are of two types: energetic, sharp, self-confident, aggressive or unimpressive, with restrained gestures and facial expressions, with low flexibility of thinking. Kretschmer correlates body type with mental illness, and assumes that there is no sharp line between a normal person and a mental illness: the biotypes of a normal person's personality (cyclothymic, schizotimic) can develop into character anomalies (cycloid, schizoid), and then into mental illness (manic -depressive psychosis, schizophrenia).

Sheldon came to the conclusion that there are three "somatotypes". The classification was carried out only on healthy people, based on the ratio of types of body tissues developing from three embryonic layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.

Endomorphic type - (the internal embryonic layer develops exaggeratedly, from which internal organs and fatty tissues are formed) is distinguished by a round head, large internal organs, a spherical body shape, soft tissue, thin arms and legs, undeveloped bones and muscles, fat deposits.

Mesomorphic - (the predominant development of the middle embryonic layer, from the cat. The skeleton and muscles are formed) - broad shoulders, chest, muscular arms and legs, a minimum amount of fat, a powerful head. Ectomorphic (development of the external germ layer, from which the nervous system and the brain are formed) - a thin, elongated face, thin long arms and legs, weak muscles, a well-developed nervous system.

IP Pavlov: typology of temperament (construction of typology in several steps). Temperament is associated with the properties of the nervous system. Properties of n.s. - these are the stable features of n.s. They do not determine the content side of the mental properties of a person, but are the physiological basis of psychodynamic properties or temperament, on the basis of which some forms of behavior are more easily formed and others are more difficult.

1) highlighting the main (not reducible to others) properties of the nervous system. A) strength - weakness. The strength of the NS is its resistance to prolonged excitation of a certain stimulus. B) poise - imbalance. Balance NS - the possibility of transition from excitation processes to inhibition processes in a critical situation. C) mobility - inertia. The mobility of the NN is the rate of formation of new conditional connections.

2) the selection of types of NS. This is a stable combination of the properties of the nervous system, which underlies the type of temperament. Possible combinations: HC properties + excitation / inhibition = a lot! Selection of valid types. In a weak NS, one cannot talk about poise / no. In an unbalanced neural network, one cannot speak of the rate of formation of conditioned connections. Conclusion: 4 types of NS.

3) correlation of types of NS with types of temperament. 1. Strong, balanced, mobile - sanguine. 2. Strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic. 3. strong unbalanced - choleric. 4. Sl is a melancholic.

Rusalov Temperament has the following properties: ergic, plastic, tempo, emotionality. Ergicity is the degree of activity shown by a person in communicating with people and in practical work. Plasticity is the ease of switching from one activity to another or changing behavior in dealing with people. Tempo - the speed of performing individual actions, movements, movements. Emotionality - a person's tendency to emotionally react to various events related to his practice and communication with people.

Temperament and individual style of activity.

Style is a connecting link between the psyche and the outside world. The essence of the style is twofold:

1.the style is invented by man and belongs to him

2. style is always the style of something.

E. A. Klimov: an individual style of activity is a means of effective adaptation to a given professional activity and its objective requirements. An individual style is a stable system of methods determined by typological characteristics that develops in a person striving for the best implementation of this activity. Individual style scheme: core - temperament, extension - methods of activity. The relationship between the core and the extension: a) the improvement of natural individuality. b) improvement of professional individuality: the formation of the structure of an individual style.

Formation and manifestation of human mental activity in various types of work and develops practical recommendations for the psychological support of efficiency and labor safety. Engineering psychology developed on the basis of labor psychology. However, these disciplines have different objectives. Engineering psychology is a branch of psychological science that studies ...

... ", social stereotypes. These attempts are called reductionism in psychology. TASK 7. Glossary of basic concepts in the course" Methodological foundations of psychology "Analytical psychology is a system of views of the Swiss psychologist C.G. Jung, in which, as in the concept of psychoanalysis by Freud , emphasizes the unconscious, but along with its personal form ...

School., 1996. 12. Belanovskaya A.V. Psychology of Personality. - Minsk: BSPU im. M. Tank, 2001. 13. Big psychological dictionary / comp. and total. ed. B. Meshcheryakov, V. Zinchenko. - St. Petersburg: Prime-Euroznak, 2004. 14. Borozdina G.V. Fundamentals of Psychology and Pedagogy. - Minsk: BSEU, 2004. 15. Vechorko G.F. Fundamentals of Psychology and Pedagogy: a course of lectures in 2 hours. 4.1. Fundamentals of Psychology. - ...

Investigative knowledge is determined by the volume and specifics of the initial information and the indicative base formed by a given investigator (Fig. 1). Fig.1 Reflective-cognitive structure of investigative activity The thinking of the investigator should be evidential, verifying, characterized by the verifiability of all conclusions drawn. Developing on the basis of probabilistic information ...

Let's analyze each of the selected characteristics.
Age periods of human development.
In psychology, there are different approaches to the periodization of human mental life. The different age classifications can be divided into two groups. Private classifications are devoted to individual segments of life, more often children and school years. General classifications cover the entire life of a person. The classifications of J. Piaget, the development of intelligence in childhood, R. Selman, G. Dupont, the development of children's emotionality, D.B. Elkonin, and others are classified as particular.

Consider the well-known classification of age-related development by E. Erickson, an American psychologist. He drew attention to the development of the human "I" throughout life, to personality changes in relation to the social environment and to oneself, including both positive and negative aspects. If a person's development proceeds along a normal line, safely, then positive neoplasms appear, which, as it were, raise a person to a new, higher stage of development, and if development is unfavorable (along an abnormal line), then a person acquires a lot of problems that inhibit his growth and development ...

The constitution is the structure (morphology, anatomy) of the body. In psychology, there have been attempts to establish a connection between the structure of the body of an individual and his psychological characteristics.
E. Kretschmer (1888 - 1984), a German psychiatrist and psychologist, in his work "The structure of the body and character" tried to link psychological characteristics, primarily mental illness, with the characteristics of the structure of the human body.
He argued that a certain psychological makeup of a person corresponds to a certain constitution.
E. Kretschmer identified three types of body structure: athletic, asthenic, pycnic.
The asthenic type is a thin, thin person, with narrow shoulders, dry, thin-muscular arms, with thin-walled bones, with a long flat chest, with a thin belly devoid of fat, and with thin arms and legs.
The athletic type is characterized by strong skeletal and muscular development.
The picnic type is distinguished by its medium height, solid figure, large belly, round head and small, dense neck.
W. Sheldon, an American scientist, also identified three body types.
1) It is characterized by softness, a large belly, a large amount of fat on the shoulders and hips, a round head, large internal organs, sluggish arms and legs, undeveloped bones and muscles.
2) Broad shoulders and chest, muscular arms and legs, a minimum amount of subcutaneous fat, and a massive head are characteristic.
3) This is a thin person, with an elongated face, high forehead, thin long arms and legs, a narrow chest, undeveloped muscles, no subcutaneous fat layer, a well-developed nervous system. Each of the identified somatotypes in the typology of W. Sheldon had an adequate type of temperament in accordance with it.
Type 1 (endomorphic constitution) - viscerotonic type of temperament.
Type 2 (mesomorphic physique) - somatotomic type of temperament.
Type 3 (exomorphic physique) - cerebrotonic type of temperament.
According to W. Sheldon, viscerotonia is the functional predominance of the digestive organs; somatotonia - functional and anatomical predominance of the locomotor system; cerebrotonia - the predominance of the activity of the higher nervous centers.
The differences in the behavior of these types are shown in Table 4.

Human temperament
Temperament is an individual characteristic of a person. Temperament is understood as the dynamic characteristics of mental activity. There are three areas of manifestation of temperament.
1. General activity. It is determined by the intensity and volume of human interaction with the environment - physical and social. With respect to this characteristic, a person can be calm, proactive, active, and impetuous.
2. Features of the motor sphere. Pace, quickness, rhythm and total number of movements.
3. Properties of emotionality. This refers to the level of impulsivity, sensitivity, impressionability of a person.
The doctrine of temperament has an interesting history. For the first time, the temperaments were described in detail by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. He believed that the differences between people are due to the ratio of different fluids in their body. Hippocrates believed that blood predominates among sanguine people; choleric people have yellow bile; phlegmatic people have mucus, or lymph; melancholic people have black bile.
An interesting psychological characteristic of temperaments was given by the famous German philosopher of the 18th century I. Kant. He said that a sanguine person's main aspiration is the desire for pleasure, pleasure. He is fond of everything that pleases him. His inclinations are fickle and one cannot rely on them too much.
In the melancholic, the prevailing inclination is the inclination towards sadness. His desires are of a sad shade, his suffering seems unbearable to him and beyond any consolation.
The choleric temperament reveals remarkable strength of action, energy and perseverance when under the influence of any passion. His passions are quickly ignited by the slightest obstacle; his pride, ambition, the power of feelings know no limit when his soul is under the influence of passion. He thinks little and acts quickly.
Phlegmatic feelings do not overwhelm quickly. He does not need to make great efforts on himself to keep his composure. He is difficult to get irritated, rarely complains, endures his sufferings patiently and is little indignant at the sufferings of others.
The most successful attempt to link temperament with the characteristics of the human body was made by the famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov (1849-1936). He suggested and proved in experiments with animals that temperament is a manifestation of the characteristics of higher nervous activity.
Features of the nervous system:
1. The strength of the nervous system is the efficiency of the nerve cell and the ability of the nervous system to withstand heavy loads.
2. Balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. From this point of view, nervous processes can be either balanced, i.e. of approximately the same strength, or one of them dominates.
3. Mobility - the ability of nervous processes to quickly replace each other.
Based on the ratio of these features, I.P. Pavlov identified four classic types of temperament:
1. Strong, balanced, mobile - sanguine;
2. Strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic;
3. Strong, unbalanced type, predominance of excitement - choleric;
4. Weak - melancholic.
Yu.B. Gippenreiter identifies five provisions, in accordance with
which can be considered temperament in the light of Pavlov's theory.
1) The key to understanding the individual characteristics of the behavior of animals and humans should be sought in the properties of the nervous system.
2) These properties should be studied using conditioned reflex procedures.
3) Such properties of the nervous system as strength, balance and mobility are innate and constant for the body.
4) Combinations of the main ones form four types of the nervous system and four types of higher nervous activity.
5) These types of higher nervous activity correspond to the four classical types of temperament, i.e. represent the physiological basis of psychological portraits in the typology of temperament.
The following main properties of temperament are distinguished.
1) Sensitivity - it is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any mental reaction of a person and what is the rate of occurrence of this reaction.
2) Reactivity - characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (critical remark, offensive word).
3) Activity - is determined by how much a person intensively influences the outside world, overcoming obstacles to achieving the goal.
4) The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what a person's activity largely depends on: from random circumstances (mood, random events) or from goals, intentions and beliefs.
5) Plasticity and rigidity. It characterizes how a person easily and flexibly adapts to new situations.
6) The rate of reaction is the speed of the course of various mental processes (speed of speech, quickness of wits).
7) Emotionality is characterized by how weak the impact is necessary for the emergence of an emotional reaction.
8) Extraversion, introversion.

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1. Higher nervous activity

2. Dynamic features of the psyche

3. The historical aspect of the study of temperament

4. Properties of temperament

Bibliography

1. Higher nervous activity

In order for a person's behavior to be successful, it is necessary that his internal states, the external conditions in which a person is, and the practical actions taken by him correspond to each other.

At the physiological level, the nervous system provides the unification function.

The process of interaction of an organism with the environment is the result of the formation of a complex system of temporary connections between various centers of the nervous system.

Perception, processing of information coming from the outside and the development of an adequate response of the body are carried out due to the processes of activity of the brain.

The main processes occurring in the nervous system are the processes of excitation and inhibition; from their dynamic alternation, certain reactions of the body are carried out.

The physiology of higher nervous activity occupies an important place in a number of biological disciplines and is essential for understanding the physiological mechanisms of certain mental phenomena and complex forms of adaptive man.

This section of psychophysiology was created by the outstanding scientist I.P. Pavlov and his school. They have identified several basic types of the nervous system through numerous experiments on dogs. Pavlov I.P. was the first to propose a strictly grounded approach to the study of mental processes that underlie complex forms of behavior and are the result of the activity of the brain.

According to Pavlov's definition, VND are forms of the body's activity aimed at the interaction of the body with the external environment. GNI is carried out due to the dominant influence of the cerebral cortex on more and more ancient nerve structures, i.e. the cerebral cortex is the highest focal point.

Pavlov considered a conditioned reflex to be a functional unit of VND. The concept of reflex and reflex activity was introduced into biology by R. Descartes, who discovered the reflex nature of simple motor acts.

An unconditioned reflex is an innate reaction of the body, reflexively arising in response to a specific effect of a stimulus, an effect of an irritant, or the effect of a biologically significant stimulus adequate for a given type of activity.

A conditioned reflex is an individually acquired reaction of the body to a previously indifferent stimulus that reproduces an unconditioned reflex.

The conditioned reflex is based on the formation of new or modification of existing nerve connections that occur under the influence of changes in the external and internal environment.

In 1863, the work of the brilliant physiologist I.M. Sechenov's "Reflexes of the Brain", where the idea was first expressed that mental processes are based on the reflex principle, a person is a psychophysiological unity.

A special place in the science of behavior is occupied by the concepts of Pavlov's student P.K. Anokhin, called the theory of functional systems. Anokhin considers a living organism as a functional system that works for the sake of obtaining a result. Currently, this theory is leading in explaining the principle of nervous regulation and the organization of a holistic behavioral act.

2. Dynamic features of the psyche

In the individual psychological differences between people, an essential place is occupied by the dynamic characteristics of the psyche.

Dynamic properties mean the degree of intensity of mental processes and states, one or another speed of their course.

An individually unique, naturally determined set of dynamic manifestations of the psyche is called human temperament. Speaking about the manifestation of temperament in different spheres of the psyche, there are three spheres of the manifestation of temperament: general activity, features of the motor sphere and the properties of emotionality.

General activity determined by the intensity and total volume of human interaction with the environment - physical and social. According to this parameter, a person can be inert, passive, calm, proactive, active, and impetuous.

Manifestations of temperament in motor sphere can be considered as particular expressions of general activity. These include tempo, speed, rhythm.

When talking about emotionality as a manifestation of temperament, they mean impressionability, sensitivity, impulsivity.

The history of the study of the higher functions of the brain is closely connected with the study of mental activity, the beginning of which dates back to the times of deep antiquity. The first generalizations concerning the essence of the psyche can be found in the works of ancient Greek scientists. For modern ideas about the work of the brain, the discovery of I.P. Pavlov of the principle of conditioned reflex communication - a conditioned reflex - this kind of functional unit, the main and most characteristic type of brain activity, the basis on which GNI is ultimately built, almost all the behavior of a highly developed organism.

VND - conditioned reflex activity of the leading parts of the brain, providing adequate and most perfect relations of the whole organism to the outside world, i.e. behavior.

Nevertheless, temperament today remains largely a controversial and unsolved problem. However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a personality is formed as a social being, temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, therefore, the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person.

Temperament should be understood as individual peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, which, equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of their content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in interconnection characterize the type of temperament.

The four basic types of temperament are the four types of behavior.

They are divided not only by quantity, but also by their main characteristics, they correspond to 4 classic types of temperament:

Strong, balanced, agile - sanguine;

Strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic;

A strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of excitement - choleric;

The weak type is melancholic.

Typology I.P. Pavlova was supplemented with new elements, numerous methods were developed for studying the properties of the nervous system in humans, two more properties of nervous processes were experimentally isolated and described: lability and dynamism.

Lability is the rate of onset and termination of nervous processes.

Dynamism - the ease and speed of the formation of positive (dynamism of excitation) and inhibitory (dynamism of inhibition) conditioned reflexes.

At present, a lot of facts about the properties of the nervous system have been accumulated. Now more importance is attached to the study of the properties of the nervous system, the manifestation of which, i.e. features of temperament constitute an important aspect of individually psychological differences.

Temperament should be understood as individually peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, which are equally manifested in various activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in their mutual connection characterize the type of temperament.

Temperament is a stable ratio of human characteristics that characterizes various aspects of his mental activity.

It is a general characteristic of human higher nervous activity and expresses the basic natural properties of the nervous system.

In the structure of temperament, three leading components are traditionally distinguished, related to the spheres of general activity, motor skills and emotionality. The first component has the broadest meaning, the essence of which is the personality's tendency towards self-expression, effective mastering and transformation of reality. The second, the motor component, is closely related to it. Among the dynamic qualities, which are distinguished such as speed, strength, rhythm, amplitude and a number of other signs of muscle movement. The manifestations of muscle and speech motor skills are most evident and therefore often serve as the basis for judging the temperament of a person. The third main component of temperament is emotionality; it is characterized by the peculiarities of the emergence and flow of various feelings, experiences and moods. This is the most complex component of temperament, which has its own branched structure.

These components form in the acts of human behavior a kind of unity of motivation, action and experience, which is an integral manifestation of temperament.

To give a complete psychological description of all types of T., it is necessary to highlight the following basic properties of T.:

- Sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any mental reaction of a person, the rate of occurrence of this reaction.

- Reactivity characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength

- Activity testifies to how intensely a person influences the outside world, overcomes obstacles in achieving goals.

Temperament is a set of formal dynamic characteristics of behavior. First of all, the energy level of behavior: its intensity, speed, pace, emotional characteristics of behavior. General activity and emotionality are one of the main properties of temperament. A distinctive feature of temperament is its stability. Temperament is the result of the interaction of two factors: hereditary and environmental.

3. The historical aspect of the study of temperament

In the history of the doctrine of personality, three main systems of views on the question of the factors that determine the manifestation of temperament can be distinguished. The oldest are humoral theories that link temperament with the properties of certain body fluids. This group of theories was most clearly represented by a classification based on the teachings of Hippocrates. The idea and doctrine of temperament in their origins go back to the works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. He described the main types of temperament with the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and bile.

The first classification was proposed by the physician Claudius Galen. According to his teachings, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They were allocated temperaments, which are still famous: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

Since ancient times, a significant variety of behavior has been observed, coinciding with differences in physique and physiological functions, and attempts have been made to streamline them. Temperamental properties, understood as hereditary or congenital, were associated with individual differences in the characteristics of the physique. These typologies are called constitutionallys.

The most widespread was the typology proposed by E. Kretschmer, in 1921 he published the work "The structure of the body and character." The main idea was that people with a certain body type have certain mental characteristics. Having carried out many measurements of the body, I identified 4 constitutional types. Morphological theories of temperament include the concept of the American psychologist W. Sheldon, who, like Kretschmer, defends the concept of bodily conditioning of various personality traits.

The last known description of it, used in modern psychology, belongs to the German philosopher I. Kant. In this classification of temperaments according to Kant, properties are repeatedly mentioned that relate not only to the dynamic features of the psyche and human behavior, but also to the nature of the typical actions he performs. The properties of temperament exist and are manifested not by themselves, but in a person's actions in various socially significant situations.

A person's temperament definitely affects the formation of his character, but the character itself expresses a person not so much as a physical, but as a spiritual being.

Each of the presented types of temperament in itself is neither good nor bad. Manifesting in the dynamic features of the psyche and human behavior, each type of temperament can have its own advantages and disadvantages.

The type of person's temperament must be taken into account where the work makes special demands on the specified dynamic characteristics of the activity.

The properties of temperament include those distinctive features of a person that determine the dynamic aspects of all his types of activity, characterize the peculiarities of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting themselves soon after birth. It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system.

4. Properties of temperament

The properties of temperament include those distinctive individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic aspects of all his types of activity, characterize the characteristics of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting soon after birth. It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system.

The psychological characteristics of temperament are not the properties of the nervous system per se or their combination, but typical features of the course of mental processes and behavior that these properties generate.

A certain combination of temperament properties, manifested in cognitive processes, actions and communication of a person, determines his individual style of activity.

It is a system of dynamic characteristics of activity, depending on the temperament, which contains the methods of work typical for a given person.

There are no better or worse temperaments, each of them has its own positive aspects, so the main efforts should be directed not at correcting it, but at the rational use of its merits in specific activities.

Features of an individual style of activity can both coincide and differ from temperament.

Personality and temperament are also related.

Personality is a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of society and community.

The personality structure includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Temperament includes qualities on which a person's reactions to other people and social circumstances depend. Personality is an education that is vitally stable in its basic manifestations. Personality stability characterizes the sequence of her actions and the predictability of her behavior, gives her actions a natural character. A sense of the stability of one's own personality and the personality of another is an important condition for a person's inner well-being and the establishment of normal relationships with people around him.

The most stable are dynamic features associated with innate anatomical and physiological inclinations, properties of the nervous system. These include temperament, emotional reactivity, extraversion-introversion, etc.

For the practical study of personality, the division into four main types of temperament and their psychological characteristics serve as a good basis. Therefore, it should be noted that the sanguine temperament is characterized by a rather high neuropsychic activity, variety and richness of facial expressions and movements, emotional impressionability.

Choleric temperament - a high level of neuropsychic and energy of action, sharpness and impetuosity of movements, strength, impulsivity and vivid expression of emotional experiences.

The temperament of a phlegmatic person is characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior and difficulty in switching, slowness and calmness of actions, facial expressions and speech, significant reactivity, depth and stability of feelings with their weak external expression.

Since the formation of temperament features is a process that depends on the development of volitional personality traits, the formation of the moral and volitional sides of character is of paramount importance for the upbringing of temperament. Mastering your own behavior will mean the formation of positive qualities of temperament.

But temperament must be strictly distinguished from character.

Temperament does not characterize the content side of a person (worldview, views, beliefs, interests, etc.), does not determine the value of a person or the limit of achievements possible for a given person. It has to do only with the dynamic side of mental activity. The character is associated with the content side of the personality. In the process of character development, the properties of temperament undergo changes, due to which the same initial properties can lead to the formation of various character properties, depending on the conditions of life and activity.

In all its manifestations, temperament is determined by the specific content of a person's life.

The temperament is directly manifested in the fact that it is easier for one person, for another it is more difficult to develop the necessary behavioral reactions, for different people different methods of developing certain mental qualities are needed.

With any temperament, all valuable personality traits can be developed. However, the specific methods of developing these properties significantly depend on the temperament.

Wilhelm Wundt "In everyday joys and sorrows of life, you need to be a sanguine person, in important life events - a melancholic, about impressions that deeply affect our interests - choleric people, in the execution of a decision once made - a phlegmatic."

Bibliography

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Psychological properties and personality traits as elements of its psychological structure. Psychophysiological determinants of personality, temperament, character, emotional sphere. Constitutional typologies of the psyche of E. Kretschmer and W. Sheldon.

Temperament - Dynamic characteristics of the mental activity of the individual. It manifests itself first of all in its impressionability, that is, in the strength and stability of the impact that the impression has on a person. Temperament also affects emotional excitability, manifesting itself in the strength of emotional excitement, the speed with which it embraces the personality, in the stability with which it persists. The expression of temperament is impulsivity, which is characterized by the strength of motives, the speed with which it takes possession of the motor sphere and goes into action, the stability with which it retains its effective strength.

Choleric temperament is characterized by strong impressionability and great impulsivity; sanguine - weak impressionability and great impulsivity; melancholic - strong impressionability and little impulsivity; phlegmatic - weak impressionability and low impulsivity.

Temperament finds itself especially vividly expressed in strength, as well as speed, rhythm and tempo of all motor manifestations of a person - his practical actions, speech, expressive movements.

The dynamic characteristic of mental activity (that is, the manifestation of temperament) is not self-sufficient; it depends on the content and specific conditions of activity, on the attitude of the individual to what he does, and to the conditions in which he finds himself.

In all its manifestations, temperament is transformed in the process of character formation, and the properties of temperament turn into character traits, the content of which is associated with the orientation of the personality.

The child's temperament is based on the properties of his nervous system - strength and lability, the specificity of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Temperament is rarely found in its pure form, but nevertheless leaves an imprint on the student's educational activity. Children with a weak and mobile nervous system (who are usually called melancholic) are especially sensitive to the teacher's comments, upset because of the little things that others do not pay attention to. Their heightened sensitivity can make it difficult for them to adapt in school. From a phlegmatic person with his strong sedentary nervous system, one should hardly expect a quick response or instantaneous involvement in the execution of written work. It is worth reckoning with his slow reactions, the right to his own pace. Violent emotional reactions, restlessness of a choleric person may be the result of his temperament, strength and mobility of the nervous system, and not bad manners, as the teacher sometimes believes. It should be noted that with age, upbringing and the growing self-control of a growing child smooth out all these manifestations, they become not so pronounced, vivid. To break, to eradicate the uncomfortable features of a child's temperament is not only senseless, but also harmful.

Human activity and everyday behavior depends on the social conditions in which the personality was formed, and on the characteristics of the natural organization of a person.

Temperament is a set of typological characteristics of a person, manifested in the dynamics of his mental processes: in the speed and strength of his reactions, in the emotional tone of his life.

Temperament is a manifestation of an innate type of nervous activity in the human psyche.

Three main properties of nervous processes have been established - strength, balance and mobility. Various combinations of these properties form the following four types of higher nervous activity:

I. Strong, balanced (the process of excitation is balanced with the process of inhibition), mobile (the processes of excitation and inhibition easily replace each other). This type of higher nervous activity corresponds to a sanguine temperament.

II. Strong, unbalanced (the process of excitement prevails over the process of inhibition), mobile. A choleric temperament corresponds to this type of higher nervous activity.

III. Strong, balanced, inert (the processes of excitation and inhibition are not very mobile). This type of higher nervous activity corresponds to a phlegmatic temperament.

IV. Weak (the nervous system cannot withstand a large and prolonged load), unbalanced, inert. This type of higher nervous activity corresponds to a melancholic temperament.

The names of temperaments were first introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (IV century BC), who associated the types of temperaments with the predominance of various fluids in the human body: blood (sanguis) - in a sanguine person, yellow bile (chole) - in a choleric person, mucus (phlegm ) - in a phlegmatic person and black bile (melaina chole) - in a melancholic person. The word "temperament" comes from the Latin "tempero" - mixed in the proper ratio.

Along with the totality of the properties of nervous activity that determine a particular temperament, the following mental characteristics can be distinguished, which in various combinations are included in the corresponding temperament.

1. The speed and intensity of mental processes, mental activity.

2. The predominant subordination of behavior to external impressions - extraversion or its predominant subordination to the inner world of a person, his feelings, ideas - introversion.

3. Adaptability, plasticity, adaptability to external changing conditions, mobility of stereotypes. (Reduced adaptability, inflexibility - rigidity).

4. Sensitivity, sensitivity, emotional excitability and strength of emotions, emotional stability.

Characteristics of behavior, indicating a wide variability of behavioral reactions, dexterous adjustment to the conditions of a problem situation, a low role in the behavior of stereotypical reactions. The meaning is opposite to the notorious behavior. Type of temperament: calm, unimpressive, low flexibility of thinking. A characteristic of the higher nervous activity of an individual, reflecting how quickly mental processes proceed: thinking, attention, memory, and others. Typology of stable dynamic properties of activity, including the following types: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. A subject with one of the four main types of temperament, characterized by a low level of mental activity, slowness of movement, restraint of motor skills and speech, and rapid fatigue. The melancholic is distinguished by high emotional sensitivity, depth and stability of emotions with their weak external expression, and negative emotions prevail. A characteristic of a person's temperament is the degree of propensity to imbalance the processes of excitation and inhibition. The gross indicator of human activity, including the intensity of mental processes, physical activity, the number of operations performed per unit of time. One of the primary properties of the nervous system is the ability to respond quickly to changes in the environment. Characteristics of the nervous system, reflecting the rate of onset and termination of nervous processes, the switchability of the nervous system. (from Lat. rigidus - hard, hard) - difficulty (up to complete inability) in changing the program of activities outlined by the subject in conditions that objectively require its restructuring; insufficient plasticity in mental activity and behavior, difficulty in switching to something new, resistance to change, a kind of impenetrability (ND Levitov). A subject with one of the main types of temperament, characterized by high mental activity, energy, efficiency, quickness and liveliness of movements, variety and richness of facial expressions, fast pace of speech; strives for a frequent change of impressions, easily and quickly responds to surrounding events, sociable, emotions are mostly positive. A summary of the main properties of temperament used by different authors. Character is often compared with temperament, and in some cases these concepts are substituted for each other. An indicator of the endurance of the nerve cells of an individual person, the amount of work that they are able to perform per unit of time. It characterizes the ability of the human nervous system to withstand heavy loads and stimuli. This is a natural individual feature that shows endurance and performance. The gross characteristic of higher nervous activity, reflecting how quickly the mental processes of an individual person proceed. Character (the system of a person's relationship to the world) and temperament (a stable combination of dynamic characteristics of behavior). Group psychological training procedure. Participants describe to each other the behavior of familiar people, it is required to guess the temperament for this behavior. A characteristic of how balanced the excitation processes are by the inhibition processes in the nervous system of an individual. A subject with one of the types of temperament, characterized by a low level of mental activity, slowness, inexpressive facial expressions; a phlegmatic person with difficulty switches from one type of activity to another and adapts to a new environment; feelings and moods are constant. A subject with one of the main types of temperament, characterized by a high level of mental activity, vigor of actions, sharpness, impetuosity, strength of movements, their fast pace, impetuosity; the choleric person is quick-tempered, impatient, prone to emotional breakdowns, sometimes aggressive. Type of temperament - frequent and deep differences between sadness and joy, good and bad mood, activity and depression.

The problem that will be discussed in this lecture has occupied humanity for more than 25 centuries. Interest in it is associated with the obviousness of individual differences between people. The psyche of each person is unique. Its uniqueness is associated both with the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, and with a unique composition of social connections and contacts. The biological conditioned substructures of the personality include, first of all, temperament. When they talk about temperament, they mean many mental differences between people - differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, vigor of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity. Nevertheless, temperament today remains largely a controversial and unsolved problem. However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament- the biological foundation on which the personality is formed as a social being. Temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, therefore, the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person. The most specific feature of temperament is that the various properties of a given person's temperament are not accidentally combined with each other, but are naturally interconnected, forming a certain organization that characterizes 3 temperaments.

So under temperament it is necessary to understand the individual peculiar properties of the psyche, which determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, which, equally manifesting themselves in a variety of activities, regardless of their content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in interconnection characterize the type of temperament.

Before proceeding to consider the various types and characteristics of temperament, one should immediately make a reservation that there are no better and worse temperaments - each of them has its own positive aspects, and therefore the main efforts should be directed not at its correction, but at its reasonable use in specific activities. merits. For a long time, man has made attempts to isolate and realize the typical features of the mental makeup of various people, trying to reduce all their diversity to a small number of generalized portraits. Since ancient times, such generalized portraits have been called types of temperaments. Typologies of this kind were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.

Temperament typologies

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (VXVIII century BC) is considered the creator of the doctrine of temperaments. He argued that people differ in the ratio of 4 main “body juices” - blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile - that are part of it. Based on his teachings, the most famous physician of antiquity after Hippocrates Claudius Galen (II century BC) developed the first typology of temperaments, which he outlined in the famous treatise “De temperamentum” (Latin “proportionality”, “correct measure”) ... According to his teachings the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body... They were allocated temperaments, which in our time are widely known: sanguine(from Latin sanguis - blood), phlegmatic(from the Greek.phlegma - phlegm), choleric(from the Greek chole - bile), melancholic(from the Greek melas chole - black bile). This fantastic concept has had a huge impact on scientists for centuries.

A variety of temperament typologies arose. Of greatest interest are those in which the properties of temperament, understood as hereditary or innate, were associated with individual differences in the characteristics of the physique. These typologies are called constitutional typologies. Among them are the typologies of E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon, and others.

In psychological science, most constitutional concepts have become the object of sharp criticism. The main disadvantage of such theories is that they underestimate, and sometimes simply openly ignore, the role of the environment and social conditions in the formation of the psychological properties of the individual.

In fact, the dependence of the course of mental processes and human behavior on the functioning of the nervous system, which plays a dominant and controlling role in the body, has long been known. The theory of the connection of some general properties of nervous processes with types of temperament was proposed by I.P. Pavlov and was developed in the works of his followers.

IP Pavlov understood the type of the nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing. According to IP Pavlov, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system. The types of the nervous system, established in studies on animals, I.P. Pavlov proposed to extend to humans.

Each person has a very specific type of nervous system, the manifestations of which, i.e. features of temperament constitute an important aspect of individually psychological differences. Specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse. They are not only noticeable in the external demeanor, but seem to permeate all aspects of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, peculiarities of speech, etc.

To compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, the following basic properties of temperament are usually distinguished:

Sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the emergence of any psychological reaction.

Reactivity characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same force (critical remark, offensive word, harsh tone - even sound).

Activity indicates how intensely (energetically) a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in achieving goals (perseverance, purposefulness, concentration of attention).

The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what a person's activity largely depends on: from random external or internal circumstances (moods, random events) or from goals, intentions, beliefs.

Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert and bone his behavior is.

Rate of reactions characterizes the speed of the course of various mental reactions and processes, the rate of speech, the dynamics of gestures, the quickness of the mind.

Extraversion, introversion determines what the reactions and activities of a person mainly depend on - from external impressions arising at the moment (extravert), or from images, ideas and thoughts associated with the past and future (introvert).

Emotional irritability characterized by how weak the impact is necessary for the emergence of an emotional reaction and at what speed it occurs.

Taking into account all the listed properties, J. Strelau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament:

Sanguine

A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time his activity and reactivity are balanced. He vividly, excitedly responds to everything that attracts his attention, has lively facial expressions and expressive movements. For an insignificant reason, he laughs loudly, and an insignificant fact can make him very angry. By his face, it is easy to guess his mood, attitude to an object or person. He has a high threshold of sensitivity, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli. Having increased activity, and being very energetic and efficient, he actively takes up a new business and can work for a long time without getting tired. He is able to concentrate quickly, is disciplined, if desired, he can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions. He is characterized by fast movements, flexibility of mind, resourcefulness, a fast pace of speech, quick inclusion in a new job. High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests, aspirations. A sanguine person easily converges with new people, quickly gets used to new requirements and surroundings. Without effort, he not only switches from one job to another, but also responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.

Choleric

Like a sanguine person, it is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity. But in a choleric person, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is not restrained, unrestrained, impatient, hot-tempered. He is less plastic and more inert than a sanguine person. Hence - a great stability of aspirations and interests, great perseverance, difficulties in switching attention are possible, he is rather an extrovert.

Phlegmatic person

A phlegmatic person has high activity, significantly prevailing over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality. It is difficult to make him laugh and sadden - when they laugh loudly around him, he can remain unperturbed. Stays calm in case of big troubles. Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are not expressive and slow, as well as speech. He is not resourceful, with difficulty switching attention and adapting to a new environment, slowly rebuilding skills and habits. At the same time, he is energetic and efficient. Differs in patience, endurance, self-control. As a rule, he finds it difficult to get along with new people, responds poorly to external impressions, an introvert.

Melancholic

A person with high sensitivity and low reactivity. Increased sensitivity with great inertia leads to the fact that an insignificant reason can cause tears in him, he is overly touchy, painfully sensitive. His facial expressions and movements are inexpressive, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor. Usually he is insecure, timid, the slightest difficulty makes him give up. The melancholic is not energetic and unstable, gets tired easily and has little capacity for work. It is characterized by easily distracted and unstable attention, and a slowed down rate of all mental processes. Most melancholic people are introverts.

Temperament and activity

The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. So, the special mobility (reactivity) of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires a change in objects of communication, occupation. A false idea may be created that inert people have no advantages in any kind of activity, but this is not true: it is they who are especially easy to carry out slow and smooth movements. For psychological and pedagogical influence, it is necessary to take into account the possible type of person's temperament. Advice from R. M. Granovskaya: it is useful to control the activity of the choleric person as often as possible; in working with him, harshness and incontinence are unacceptable, since they can cause a negative response. At the same time, any act of his must be demanding and justly evaluated. At the same time, negative assessments are necessary only in a very energetic form and as often as it requires to improve the results of his work or study. A sanguine person should be constantly set new, if possible, interesting tasks that require concentration and tension from him.

Phlegmatic you need to be involved in active activities and interest. It requires systematic attention to itself. It cannot be quickly switched from one task to another. In relation to the melancholic, not only harshness, rudeness, but simply an increased tone, irony are unacceptable. It is better to talk to him in private about an act committed by a melancholic. He requires special attention, he should be praised in time for his shown successes, determination and will. A negative rating should be used as carefully as possible, mitigating its negative impact in every possible way. Melancholic- the most sensitive and vulnerable type. You have to be extremely gentle and benevolent with him.

It can be considered already firmly established that the type of temperament in a person is innate, on what properties of his innate organization it depends, has not yet been fully clarified. Inborn features of temperament are manifested in a person in such mental processes that depend on upbringing, social environment and the ability to control their reactions. Therefore, a specific reaction to a situation can be determined both by the influence of characteristic differences in the nervous system, and be a consequence of training and professional experience. However, the limits of possible development are determined by the innate properties of the nervous system. Professional selection helps to identify applicants with the most suitable for a given specialty.

Four types of temperament

Temperament (lat. Temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts) - a stable combination of individual personality traits associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is the basis for character development; in general, from a physiological point of view temperament - a type of human higher nervous activity.

Temperament is an individually peculiar properties of the psyche, reflecting the dynamics of a person's mental activity and manifesting themselves regardless of his goals, motives and content. Temperament changes little throughout life, and, in fact, it is not even the temperament that changes, but the psyche, and the temperament is always stable.

Four temperaments in the form of visual emoticons (phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, melancholic) are shown in Fig. 7.

The magic of numbers in the Mediterranean civilization led to the doctrine of the four temperaments, while in the East a five-component "system of the world" developed. The word "temperament" and the Greek word "krasis" (Greek kraots; - "fusion, mixing"), which is equal in meaning to it, were introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament, he understood both anatomical, physiological, and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Hippocrates, and then Galen, explained temperament, as features of behavior, by the predominance in the body of one of the "life juices" (four elements):

• the predominance of yellow bile ("bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, "hot" - choleric;
• the predominance of lymph ("phlegm") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic;
• the predominance of blood ("blood") makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine;
• the predominance of black bile ("black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.

Rice. 7.Four temperaments

This system still has a profound impact on literature, art and science.

A truly turning point in the history of the natural-scientific study of temperaments was the teaching of I.P. Pavlova on the types of the nervous system (types of higher nervous activity) common to humans and higher mammals. I.P. Pavlov proved that the physiological basis of temperament is the type of higher nervous activity, determined by the ratio of the main properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition that occur in the nervous system. The type of the nervous system is determined by the genotype, i.e. hereditary type. I.P. Pavlov identified four clearly defined types of the nervous system, i.e. certain complexes of the basic properties of nervous processes.

The weak type is characterized by weakness of both excitatory and inhibitory processes - melancholic.

The strong unbalanced type is characterized by a strong irritable process and a relatively strong inhibition process - choleric, "unrestrained" type.

Strong balanced mobile type - sanguine, "live" type.

Strong balanced, but with inert nervous processes - phlegmatic, "calm" type.

Strength - the ability of nerve cells to maintain normal performance under significant stress in the processes of excitation and inhibition, the ability of the central nervous system to perform a certain work without the need to restore its resources. A strong nervous system is able to withstand a heavy load for a long time, and, conversely, a weak nervous system cannot withstand a large and prolonged load. It is believed that persons with a stronger nervous system are more resilient and stress-resistant. The power of the nervous system for arousal is manifested in the fact that it is relatively easy for a person to work in unfavorable conditions, a short rest is enough for him to recuperate after tiring work, he is able to work intensively, does not get lost in an unusual environment, is persistent. The strength of the nervous system in inhibition is manifested in the ability of a person to restrain his activity, for example, not to talk, to exercise calmness, self-control, to be restrained and patient.

The balance of nervous processes reflects the ratio, the balance of excitation and inhibition. At the same time, balance means the same severity of nervous processes.

The mobility of the nervous system is expressed in the ability to quickly move from one process to another, from one activity to another. Persons with a more mobile nervous system are distinguished by flexibility in behavior, they quickly adapt to new conditions.

A description of the features of various temperaments can help to understand the traits of a person's temperament, if they are clearly expressed, but people with pronounced features of a certain temperament are not very common, most often people have a mixed temperament in various combinations. Although, of course, the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute a person's temperament to one type or another.

Human temperament and abilities

A person with any type of temperament can be capable and incapable - the type of temperament does not affect a person's abilities, just some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - of another. Depends on a person's temperament:

• the speed of occurrence of mental processes (for example, the speed of perception, the speed of thinking, the duration of concentration of attention, etc.);
• plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, the ease of their change and switching;
• pace and rhythm of activity;
• intensity of mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, willpower):
• focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).

From the point of view of psychologists, four temperaments - just one of the possible systems for assessing psychological characteristics(there are others, for example, "introversion - extraversion"). Descriptions of temperaments are quite different among different psychologists and, apparently, include a fairly large number of factors.

Attempts have been made to bring a scientific and experimental basis for the theory of temperaments (I.P. Pavlov, G.Yu. Eysenk, B.M. Teplov, etc.), but the results obtained by these researchers are only partially compatible with each other. Of interest is the study by T.A. Blumina (1996), in which she attempted to compare the theory of temperaments with all psychological typologies known at that time (more than 100), including from the point of view of methods for determining these types.

In general, the classification by temperament does not meet modern requirements for factorial analysis of personality and at the moment it is more interesting from a historical point of view.

Modern science sees in the doctrine of temperaments an echo of the ancient classification of four types of mental response in combination with intuitively noted types of physiological and biochemical reactions of the individual.

Currently, the concept of four temperaments is supported by the concepts of "inhibition" and "excitation" of the nervous system. The ratio of "high" and "low" levels for each of these two independent parameters gives a certain individual characteristic of a person, and, as a result. - a formal definition of each of the four temperaments. On emoticons (see Fig. 7), you can interpret a smile; as the ease of inhibition processes, and frowning eyebrows - as a manifestation of the ease of arousal.

The work of scientists on the human genome creates conditions for the disclosure of the functions of human genes that determine temperament through hormones (serotonin, melatonin, dopamine) and other biochemical mediators. Biochemistry and genetics make it possible to establish and formalize the psychological phenotypes of people, noticed by doctors of antiquity.

The original concept of temperament is presented in the books by J. Feldman "Theory of levels and the model of man" (2005) and "Philosopher on the beach" (2009). They consider the situation “a person in a stream of tasks of the same type”. It turns out that a person is included in the solution gradually, the number of errors and the time for solving one problem gradually decrease. Then they say that "efficiency is increasing" or "warming up is increasing." Then there is a maximum (plateau), then the heating drops to zero (refusal to decide, rest). It is believed that for each person such a curve is repeated periodically, this is his individual characteristic. If randomly selected people are placed in the same task stream, their warm-up curves fall into four groups. These four types of heating curves correspond exactly to the four temperaments:

• rapid rise - high and short plateau - rapid decline (choleric);
• moderately fast rise - moderately high and short plateau - moderately fast decline (sanguine);
• slow rise - low and long plateau - slow decline (phlegmatic);
• a very slow rise - a high spike in the middle and a return to a low point - and then a slow decline to zero (melancholic).

So, temperament is the most general formal dynamic characteristic of individual human behavior.