For many city dwellers, the basement in the garage is the only place where they can store canned food and other supplies for the winter. Subject to compliance with building regulations, safety precautions and the main points of the instructions, the cellar can be built with your own hands in a short time.

Do you need a cellar in the garage?

Many owners of their own garage are wondering whether it is worth equipping a basement. They believe that this involves significant difficulties and requires major renovation of the building or construction of a new structure.

In a modern metropolis, a garage is a place that can be equipped for storing canned food and other food supplies. Despite the presence of a refrigerator in most apartments, it is in the cellar that the preservation of potatoes and pickles is ensured.

The main advantage of a cellar equipped under a garage is maintaining optimal temperature even in severe frost. If the hole is deepened by 2–3 meters, then the cellar will not freeze, regardless of the weather.

Other advantages include:

1. Possibility of storing supplies for the winter. Not everyone has the opportunity to equip a basement in their home or utility room. However, anyone can make a cellar for storing food in the garage.
2. Ease of construction. You will not need specific construction knowledge and skills, professional tools and equipment. It is enough to comply with the basic requirements of the technology.
3. If available separately standing garage, you can equip the basement of any required sizes. It is enough to be guided simple principle: how more family, the larger the cellar. For four people, 8 square meters will be enough.

There are two main disadvantages to a cellar located in a garage: exhaust gases from a car penetrate inside, and basement dampness comes out. Both of these problems can be solved.

Preparation

When setting up a garage basement, you have several basic options to choose from. The difference between them is the depth of depth.

1. Semi-buried cellar. The building can be structurally combined with a conventional one inspection hole. Another option for a ground-based design is to use a special container made of plastic. It is dug into the ground and can be used for temporary storage of food.
2. Semi-buried pit. It has its own walls, made of cinder block or brick. Depth - up to a meter. During construction, you need to take into account some nuances. Thus, when the groundwater level is high, the moisture-bearing veins are first plugged with several layers of clay, then the walls and floor of the basement are waterproofed.
3. Deep cellar. This is the most common way of arranging a basement in a garage. Depth - up to three meters.

When choosing the depth of the basement, you need to take into account the occurrence of groundwater. The foundation of the basement is laid at a distance of at least half a meter from the source of high humidity.

Dimensions are approximate. If necessary, the hood is equipped with a tap to remove condensate

Preliminary work

A deep cellar is being built in capital garages. Before implementing such a project, it is necessary to carry out some preliminary work. Their essence is as follows:

• Before building a basement, you need to make sure that such a project is technically possible. The soil of any large city is literally crammed with numerous communications, and it is rarely possible to dig to the required depth the first time. To minimize costs and determine the possibility of building a cellar, you can invite a specialist or use project documentation, developed during the construction of a garage building.
• The foundation must be protected from being washed away by groundwater. If possible, this should be provided for during the construction of the garage by installing a circular drainage system. Otherwise, carefully waterproof the basement.

Selection of materials

In the process of building a cellar, you will need a set of tools and building materials.

When building walls you can use:

• Concrete plates.
• Cinder block and brick.
• Natural stone.

Concrete slabs can only be used if you are building a garage from scratch and equipping the cellar before erecting walls and ceilings. In addition, you will need a team of professional installers who have powerful lifting equipment, for example, a truck crane.

To fill the base with your own hands, you can use ready-made M-100 concrete or a solution you made yourself. To do this you will need a standard set of components:

• Gravel.
• Crushed stone.
• Sand.
• Cement M-400.

The resulting solution is used both for preparing the screed and for finishing the walls during plastering.

For formwork you will need edged board. The quantity is determined individually and depends on the size of the basement. To waterproof the room, you can use ordinary roofing felt.

Tools

Building a cellar in itself is not a difficult task. However, certain knowledge and skills are required.

When you independently build a small basement in the garage, you do not need complex professional equipment. It is enough to acquire a standard set of tools. Some of them are interchangeable.

• Jackhammer.
• Sledgehammer.
• Spatula, trowel.
• Hacksaw.
• Electric drill with a set of drills.
• A screwdriver or a set of screwdrivers.
• Pliers.
• Shovel.
• Measuring tools: building level, plumb line, tape measure, metal ruler.

Instructions for making a basement with your own hands

Ideally, the cellar should be planned during the construction phase of the garage. This will make a number of jobs easier. If the construction of a basement is carried out in an already constructed garage, first of all it is necessary to dismantle the concrete floor. The screed is removed over the entire area of ​​the future cellar. The work is carried out either using a pneumatic jackhammer, or the old fashioned way, using a chisel and sledgehammer.

Pit preparation

The initial stage of building a garage basement consists of preparing the pit. For a completely buried cellar, its depth is about three meters; other dimensions are selected individually, in accordance with the planned dimensions. Preparation of the base proceeds as follows:

1. A pit is being dug.
2. The walls and floor of the pit are carefully leveled and compacted. This is necessary so that in the future the cellar will have smooth surfaces.
3. Alternating layers of crushed stone and gravel are poured onto the bottom. After each backfill, the surface is leveled and compacted.
4. The prepared coating is poured thin layer concrete.

The thickness of the resulting base should be 8–9 centimeters or more.

If the basement is being built in a ready-made room, you will have to dig it with your own hands

After the concrete has hardened, primary waterproofing work is carried out. Two layers of roofing material are laid and glued together with molten resin. The edges of the waterproofing sheets should extend beyond the boundaries of the cellar by about 10–15 centimeters. After this, the formwork is installed and the solution is poured.

How to build a staircase

The staircase is the most important structural element connecting the basement to the main building.

There are two types of design:

1. Standard (attached), made of metal or wood.
2. Marching. Installed in finished form, often during the construction of a cellar. In some cases, installation in an existing building is possible.

The staircase can be made of the following materials:

• Wood. The cellar is a cold and often damp room, as a result of which the tree needs additional processing antiseptics, fire retardants or complex compounds. This will protect the material from bacteria, insects, and lichens.
• Metal. If a used one is used, the first step is to treat it with an abrasive material. This will save the future staircase from corrosion. After this, the metal is wiped detergent and rinses. After installation, metal steps must be covered with several layers oil paint or enamel.
• Concrete. This material has increased strength characteristics, however, it also requires additional protection. The steps are covered with several layers of paint or covered with floor tiles.

Cross bars are welded to the two main posts

When independently building a staircase to the garage basement, you must be guided by the following indicators:

1. The permissible width of the structure is in the range of 70–90 centimeters.
2. The clearance of the stairs in the constructed basement is calculated from the bottom step to the floor beam. When building a new cellar, this parameter must be at least 1.9 meters. In this case, the risk of hitting the floor beam is minimized.
3. Slope - from 22 to 75 degrees. The indicator 45–75 degrees is typical for ladders.
4. The width of the step is from 25 to 32 centimeters. If the tread is wider, it will create inconvenience when climbing. If already, it will make the descent more dangerous.
5. The height of the step is from 12 to 22 centimeters.

To make a wooden two-meter staircase 80 centimeters wide, the height of the steps is 22 cm, you will need two boards 20x15x200 cm, six planks 6x20x80, 12 small bars 5x5x15 and 60 nails or wood screws. This staircase is installed with a slope of 30 degrees, which is taken into account during the assembly stage.

The manufacturing of the structure occurs in several stages:

Walling

The walls in the garage cellar are built exclusively from hard materials. The use of lightweight parts (chipboard, plywood, etc.) is not allowed.

The easiest way is to lay the walls out of brick. During the work, it is enough to ensure that the masonry is level and vertical.

Another convenient way is to build monolithic walls made of concrete. To do this you will need to perform a number of actions:

In any case, it is very important to control the verticality of the walls. All seams are rubbed with mortar, and upon completion of the masonry they are painted with lime.

How to make a floor?

For most basements ideal option is a reinforced concrete floor. It is done in stages:

1. The surface is leveled. During the work, a building level is used.
2. 10–15 centimeters of crushed stone is poured in and distributed evenly.
3. After this, a small (about 5 cm) layer of sand is poured, carefully leveled and compacted.
4. The floor is equipped. To do this, you can use a reinforced concrete slab or lay a strong metal mesh and screed.
5. If the second method (screed) is chosen: reinforcing bars are installed around the perimeter of the cellar. The step is one meter. Placed on the floor metal grid, after which 3–5 centimeters of cement are poured.

The surface is leveled and leveled

Simultaneously with the installation of the finished floor, a number of thermal insulation works can be performed. This is discussed below.

Cellar ventilation equipment

High quality exhaust system will help eliminate dampness and foreign odors (for example, exhaust) from the basement. Ultimately, this will increase the shelf life of supplies.

There are two types of ventilation systems designed for cellars:

1. Natural. An ideal method if it is possible to ensure an influx fresh air.
2. Forced. The main difference from the previous version is the presence of a fan.

The exhaust pipe rises 0.3–0.5 meters above the roof of the building

Arrangement of a natural ventilation system

Natural ventilation of the basement does not require significant costs and can be easily equipped with your own hands:

1. An exhaust pipe is installed under the ceiling. Its output end extends half a meter higher garage roof. Heated air passes through this pipe to the outside.
2. A supply pipe is mounted just above the floor, at a height of 7–10 centimeters, and led outside the garage. Through it, fresh air will flow into the cellar.
3. The ends of both tubes are covered with special nets that protect against pests and insects. Small covers are installed on top.

In winter, natural ventilation may not work due to blockage of both openings with frost. To prevent this from happening, they are insulated and cleared of snow from time to time. You can make the outlet parts of the air ducts removable, this will make the work easier.

Forced exhaust equipment

The main difference between a forced ventilation system and a natural one is the improved exhaust hood. An electric fan is built into its cavity, generating a vortex and expelling exhaust air from the garage.

As forced exhaust removes old air, and fresh air enters the basement through the upper ventilation pipe.

Unlike natural, there is a fan here

As an option, you can equip a fully mechanized ventilation system for basements. To do this, you will need to install a monoblock controlled by specialized software. The price of the equipment is about 50 thousand rubles.

Insulation of the cellar

In the absence of high-quality insulation of the basement, the garage will be exposed to cold air. In addition, thermal insulation increases the degree of protection of the cellar from dampness. One of the simplest and inexpensive methods of insulation is to cover the inside of the walls with foam plastic.

The work consists of thermal insulation of walls, floors and ceilings.

How to insulate a basement ceiling?

You can insulate with polystyrene foam or other suitable material

Thermal insulation of the ceiling is carried out as follows:

1. All possible gaps, small cracks, etc. are eliminated.
2. A layer is laid vapor barrier material. Penofol, which also performs thermal insulation functions, can act in this capacity.
3. Suspensions for mounting the sheathing are installed. The distance between the elements is equal to the width of the insulating boards.
4. The sheathing profiles are attached to the hangers. Self-tapping screws are used for fastening.
5. A thermal insulation material, such as polystyrene foam, is placed between the profiles. The joints are insulated with polyurethane foam.
6. It is recommended to lay an additional vapor barrier layer at a distance of 4–5 centimeters from the thermal insulation. This will provide micro-ventilation of the layers.

Theoretically, a heated floor system can be installed in the basement. In practice, few people will install it in a utility room. Therefore, you can perform the following procedure:

1. The surface of the subfloor is leveled to the building level.
2. A layer of waterproofing material is laid.
3. Insulation, such as polystyrene foam, is installed. Thickness - 5–6 centimeters.
4. Penofol is laid on top.

The insulation is laid on a layer of waterproofing

A reinforced screed and a finished floor can be laid on the thermal insulation.

Thermal insulation of walls

The cold penetrates into the basement through the walls. High-quality thermal insulation will protect the room from the effects of the surrounding soil.

The work is carried out as follows:

1. A layer of waterproofing is laid. It prevents moisture from getting into the basement and onto the insulation. If necessary, the surface is leveled before laying the heat insulator.
2. Foam plastic is laid on top of the waterproofing. Any adhesive composition is used for fastening to the surface.
3. After finishing the wall with foam plastic, it should be covered with a thin cement screed. For additional strengthening, reinforcement can be used.
4. Since the basement is a room with initially high humidity, an additional layer of waterproofing is laid on top of the insulation.

All joints are carefully sealed

Wall decoration

After hydro- and thermal insulation work has been carried out, the walls are covered with tiles or similar finishing material. You can also paint the surfaces, whitewash them with lime or cover them with plaster.

Let's look at wall decoration using plastering as an example. The main objective of the procedure is to bring the basement walls to optimal sanitary and hygienic condition. The process occurs in several stages:

1. A metal mesh is attached to the wall. It must be remembered that in rooms with high humidity, the plaster will not stick exclusively to the surface of the blocks. To attach the reinforcing mesh to the wall, parachute-type dowels are used. The ventilation holes do not close.
2. The plaster solution is applied to the surface with a trowel, after which it is smoothed with a polisher. If installation is planned ceramic slabs, the solution is applied in a thin layer, minimally hiding the mesh and leaving room for glue.

Hatch and ceiling

The material that will be used to make the ceiling depends on the size of the cellar. If the dimensions do not exceed the standard inspection hole, the top is made of forty boards. For a large cellar, you need a powerful and reliable ceiling that can support the weight of a car. The best option in this case - concrete slab and reinforcing frame.

Laying a standard concrete slab is possible if the cellar is done before building the garage. If construction is carried out in a finished building, you must do the following:

1. Load-bearing beams are laid. For this purpose, old railway rails are often used, which can be purchased at any scrap metal delivery point.
2. Reinforcement and load-bearing formwork are laid between the beams.
3. Concrete is poured.

Everything is leveled and set to the building level

The resulting structure will resemble a homemade reinforced concrete slab. When laying reinforcement and beams, it is necessary to leave space for the cover.

You can make the hatch yourself from sheet steel or purchase a finished product. To do all the work yourself, you will need a set of materials and tools:

• Five-millimeter sheet steel. More thin material deforms over time.
• Bulgarian
• Welding machine
• Metal corners
• Insulation, for example, penoplex or polystyrene foam
• Screwdriver
• Tin
• Loops
• Roulette.
• Sealing rubber.

The process of making a hatch with your own hands takes place in stages.

1. A steel plate is cut to the size of the hole.
2. A metal corner is welded along the perimeter of the plate. For optimal sliding in the future, a small gap remains between the edge of the sheet and the shelf of the corner.
3. WITH inside Insulation is installed on the lid. The foam sheets should fit very tightly to the welded metal corners. Possible gaps are foamed.
4. A sheet of tin is attached on top of the insulation, the corners are bent. It will play a decorative role, so this stage is not mandatory.
5. The hinges are welded and, if necessary, the hatch handle is attached.
6. The finished structure is hung on hinges.

In the future, the basement lid can be decorated with flooring, in harmony with common interior. The hatch in the garage can be painted with any suitable composition.

Getting rid of mold and water in the basement

One of the main problems in the cellar is mold. It appears due to poor quality waterproofing and ventilation, leading to high humidity. In addition, among the reasons for the appearance of mold are long-term storage of rotten supplies and the use of contaminated wood for making shelves.

Mold and mildew are harmful to health and reduce the shelf life of food.

Before carrying out major work, the room must be disinfected. This is done as follows:

When working with chemicals, protective clothing is required: mask, suit, gloves

Mold prevention

To prevent mold from appearing, it is first necessary to ensure high-quality waterproofing. An alternative is to lay an additional insulating layer.

In addition, it is necessary to carry out a number of preventive measures annually:

1. Thorough cleaning and inspection of the cellar.
2. Drying the room. Depending on its condition, the drying process can last from two days to several weeks.
3. Washing and drying racks. After this, they need to be treated with an antifungal compound.
4. Treatment of dry cellar with antifungal and antibacterial drugs. After this, it is dried again for 2-3 days.
5. If there is an earthen floor, it is covered with mortar copper sulfate. After this, you need to let the mixture soak in, and add lime and sand to the place where the vegetables are stored.
6. After all necessary procedures the racks are being brought in. The cellar can be used for its intended purpose.

Video: How to make a dry basement in the garage with your own hands

Self-construction of a garage cellar requires the availability of appropriate knowledge and skills. If you have construction experience, you can easily make a basement with your own hands, and it will serve you for many years.

• Date: 05/29/2014
• Views: 1164
• Comments:
• Rating: 41

Proper ceiling covering

The size of the cellar room primarily depends on the volume of things you plan to store in it, and its shape can be round, square or multifaceted. B: the lower part that goes into the ground, and ground part(cellar), which is designed to protect the room from high summer temperatures and winter frosts.

We will talk about how best to make a cellar ceiling, what nuances exist and what needs to be paid for Special attention in one or another type of basement construction.

External arrangement of the basement

For the construction of a cellar, various construction material, such as wood, concrete, natural stone, brick or boards with their further filling. The cellar can be used as a regular storage room. A ceiling is made above the cellar in the form of a flooring made of boards on pre-assembled beams, and the top is covered with heat-insulating material.

It is necessary to take the construction of the vault of the burial room very responsibly:

• an earthen cellar must have gable roof, which descends to ground level. For its construction, you can use reeds, branches or straw, which is mixed with clay. The roof sheathing itself is made of boards, under which roofing felt or roofing felt is placed. Often, in order to prevent freezing, the ceiling is insulated with peat;
• the roof of the cellar, the design of which includes a cellar, is made pitched, and to ensure dryness of the walls, the overhangs must be protruding;
• Carrying out the correct calculation and laying of the vaulted roof of a stone cellar will ensure the strength and reliability of the entire building. It is made using wooden formwork with circles, which must be carried out simultaneously on both sides. If there are dry places, the vaults can be built from unfired red brick;
• The roof of a ground cellar with boning is made of clay, which is mixed with straw. After this, polyethylene or roofing felt is applied to it.

Return to contents

Options for covering the basement

Waterproofing diagram from the cellar side: 1- ceiling of the cellar; 2- wooden frame; 3- brick wall of the cellar; 4- coating with bitumen mastic; 5- backfilling of the sinuses; 6- concrete base; 7- preparation from compacted crushed stone; 8- adhesive anti-pressure waterproofing; 9- protective wall; 10-cement plaster.

After the foundation pit has been filled to ground level, the next stage of construction follows - covering the cellar. As a rule, for this purpose, a kind of cornice is constructed along the entire perimeter of the pit from ceramic red brick. It should be taken into account that the laying of each row of bricks should protrude outward by about 3 cm more in comparison with the previous row. Then the cornice is covered with roofing felt, on top of which any of the loose insulation materials should be laid. After this, you need to make a cement screed, the thickness of which is at least 2 cm, and cover it with roofing felt.

Can be used to build a vault various material, it all depends on the type of structure and the availability of funds for this, but in any case the structure must be durable, since it will be subject to a large load. In addition, close attention should be paid to the work on waterproofing the basement floor.

You can also make a basement ceiling from wood. For this purpose, beams are initially made, and after that they are covered with beams or boards. It should be noted that when using wood to construct a basement floor, it must be treated with an antiseptic.

After installing the floorboards, thermal insulation material is applied. As an option, you can use ordinary clay, which is subsequently covered with dry soil. The thermal insulation layer must be at least 0.5 m thick.

There is one, but very significant drawback to using wood to build a basement floor - wood is susceptible to rotting.

The cellar ceiling design is made from a slab insulated with clay lubricant and earth.

That's why wooden floors quite often it is necessary to repair.

According to experts, the most the best material To cover the basement, a reinforced concrete slab or concrete mixture is used. Of course, due to the presence of reinforcement in a reinforced concrete slab, it is much stronger than concrete. With this design of the ceiling, special attention should be paid to sealing the seams. For this purpose, you need to use cement mortar. Often you have to make concrete, and even mortar, at home, and it is best to give preference to cement grade M 200 or M 300.

Return to contents

Features of using concrete slabs

After the reinforced concrete slabs are laid and the joint seams are sealed with cement mortar, their surface is covered with 2 layers of heated bitumen, and sheet roofing felt is laid on top of them. To insulate slabs, slag wool is usually used.

Often a cellar is built above a cellar with such a ceiling; this will create additional protection for it. It is recommended to make the shelter of the cellar itself from materials that do not transmit heat well. Experts also say that the door must be built on the north side so that on a hot summer day it is less heated by the sun's rays.

A hatch is often made in the basement floor, which is intended to allow fresh air to enter. It is recommended to build a ventilation system in the basement. To do this, you only need two pipes, which are led out into the street through a hatch or directly through the ceiling.

The cellar can be built either under a building or in an open area. In the first option, the ceiling is always built flat, and in the second it can be made gable.

The correct ceiling created under the building must rest on the ground or on beams. In both options it is best to use large panel slabs made of reinforced concrete. We should not forget that before installing them, it is necessary to first lay boards under the slabs, which will be necessary for filing ceiling surface. The resulting ceiling voids must be filled with heat-insulating material before filing. The slabs must be welded at their crest and rest on the beam, and the lower part on the ground. This position of the slabs will reduce the load on the walls.

How to make a basement ceiling in the absence of large-panel reinforced concrete slabs? According to experts, you can use slate, under which you first install a solid base. In this case, the floor seams are sealed with cement mortar, after which the slate floor is covered with soil, which is compacted tightly.

Return to contents

Covering the basement during the construction of a garage

Many car owners have a garage that has a basement made of concrete blocks. Such a garage will allow you to store not only equipment and spare parts, but also products. In order to feel completely safe while in the garage, you need to adhere to some basic conditions when building a cellar.

When building a basement, the main attention must be paid to the design of the floor itself, since its diversity depends on the size of the garage, the size of the basement, and, of course, on the amount of equipment that will be left in the garage. Experts recommend including a basement in the execution plan. construction work even before they start. Then, when organizing the sequence of work, it will be possible to optimally take into account all the requirements imposed on the structure.

One of the important parameters of the ceiling is its strength. We should not forget that it primarily depends on the strength of the support of this floor. In the complex construction of a garage with a basement, it is best to use standard concrete slabs as a floor. Thus, the basement walls will act as a load-bearing foundation for the entire garage building and at the same time a support element.

Return to contents

The influence of soil on basement construction

During operation, the walls of the basement will be affected by horizontal forces from all sides of the surrounding soil. These forces are trying to deform them. Based on this, the thickness of the walls being erected should increase in proportion to the depth of the pit. The walls of the cellar are best built from concrete blocks. If you don't have enough money to purchase them, you can build concrete walls using slipforms instead.

The bottom of the cellar is covered with a layer of crushed stone approximately 10 cm thick and a layer of sand at least 5 cm thick. After this, a strip foundation. It should be taken into account that this foundation will be affected by the walls of the cellar, its ceiling and the entire structure of the garage.

In order to do everything properly, experts recommend carrying out survey work at the construction site. This will make it possible to find out whether there are underground communications located below, for example, an electric or telephone cable, or perhaps groundwater is quite close to the surface.

When the garage is planned to be placed on soil that is abundantly saturated with moisture, it is necessary to create a circular drainage system - this will allow moisture to be removed from the area adjacent to the garage. But under any circumstances it is necessary to fulfill external waterproofing cellar foundation.

If construction will take place on fairly dry soil, waterproofing can be done by applying two layers of hot bitumen. If the soil at the construction site is wet, you will need to cover the concrete blocks with rolled roofing felt, which has a bitumen base.

Excellent waterproof and at the same time insulation material Expanded polystyrene is considered. This material is highly resistant to rot and mold. Installation of this type of insulation is done by gluing concrete blocks from the outside. It should be taken into account that the size of the slabs is carefully adjusted to each other, and the joints are also subject to finishing.

Most car owners prefer to have a garage with a concrete block basement. In such a garage you can store food, spare parts and equipment. In order to feel safe while in the garage, some basic conditions should be observed when constructing a cellar. When arranging a basement, the main attention should be paid to the design of the ceiling of the cellar. It can be varied and depend on the size of the garage, the size of the basement and the number of cars left in the garage. It is best to include a basement in the plan before starting construction of the garage. Then, during the organization of the work sequence, all design requirements can be optimally fulfilled. When arranging a cellar after the garage is built, inconveniences arise that require time and effort.

The main focus should be on the strength of the concrete slabs above the basement. Its strength is influenced by big influence support for this ceiling. When constructing a complex garage with a basement, standard concrete slabs are most often used as a floor. In this option, the walls of the cellar turn out to be a load-bearing foundation for the entire garage and at the same time a support on which the ceiling is placed. During operation, horizontal forces from the surrounding soil begin to act on the basement walls. These forces tend to deform the basement walls. Therefore, the thickness of the walls should increase in proportion to the depth of the basement. The bottom of the dug pit is covered with a 10 cm layer of crushed stone and 5 cm of sand. Then a strip foundation is made. The garage, the walls of the cellar and the ceiling will act on this foundation with all its weight. It is better to build the basement walls from concrete blocks. But if this is a bit expensive, then instead of concrete blocks you can make the walls concrete using sliding formwork.

If everything is done properly, then you need to order survey work at the construction site. This will allow you to find out if there are underground communications below, for example, an electric or telephone cable, or nearby groundwater. If the garage is located on soil saturated with moisture, then you need to make a circular drainage system to remove moisture from the area adjacent to the garage. In any case, you need to waterproof the foundation and basement blocks from the outside. If the construction is on dry ground, then coating the outside of the blocks with hot bitumen in two layers is sufficient. If the soil is wet, then the blocks need to be covered with roofing felt. bitumen mastic. Expanded polystyrene is a good insulating and at the same time waterproof material. This material is highly resistant to mold and rot. Installation of such insulation is done by simply gluing the blocks on the outside. The size of the plates must be carefully adjusted to each other. The joints are also taped.

Cellar in a built garage

If the basement is being built in a built garage, then it is impossible to use standard concrete slabs as a floor, because they are installed lifting crane. The overlap is done using laying load-bearing beams. It is best to use I-beams. Motorists use pieces of railway rails purchased at scrap metal collection points for this purpose. The mine rails for the load-bearing beam will be rather weak. They can be used as transverse elements laid perpendicular to load-bearing beams. For the ends of the load-bearing beams, beds are provided on the basement walls. In general, the basement walls serve as the foundation for the entire garage. Reinforcement is placed in the space between the load-bearing beams. The lower formwork is installed on which the concrete is laid. The result is a homemade reinforced concrete slab.

If the size of the cellar in plan is small compared to the area of ​​the garage, then there may be another option. If the car is placed in a place where there is no basement, then only an inspection ditch is installed at the place where it is installed. The basement will be located in a place where there is no load from the weight of the car and its ceiling can be made lighter. In all cases, the ceiling above the basement requires insulation. Insulation ensures the absence of wet condensation and therefore directly affects the protection of metal structures from corrosion. Great importance To avoid humidity, ventilation of the cellar and garage is allocated. Insulation and ventilation need to be considered in more detail.

Insulation of ceilings, walls and blocks

You can insulate in several ways. One of them is that pipes with a diameter of 25 mm are installed horizontally 15 cm from the ceiling with a fastening pitch of about 60 cm. These pipes can be attached to the walls or the ceiling. Reinforcing bars made of wire with a diameter of 8-10 mm are attached perpendicular to the pipes. They are fastened soft wire. It is better to paint the entire structure with chromium oxide, red lead or other waterproof paint. Polyethylene bags are placed in the space between the ceiling and the resulting structure. First, forest moss or chopped straw is placed in the bags and sealed with an iron. The bags are placed without a gap on top of each other and tightly together. Galvanized iron sheets, waterproof plywood or plastic film. They are used as an umbrella, from which condensate should flow through pre-arranged grooves into a bucket or some other container.

You can use a mortar with the addition of cement and sawdust to insulate the ceiling. The layer of such a solution can reach 20 cm. After completely dry after a few days apply plaster mortar. The same method can be used to insulate basement walls. The floor is insulated using glass wool or other insulation placed between the joists under the finishing coating. If the groundwater level is high, then a drainage system should be installed around the garage. The bottom of the cellar is deepened 30 cm from the expected floor level. A layer of crushed stone of about 10 cm is poured onto the leveled soil. Sand is poured onto the crushed stone in a layer of 5 cm. All layers are compacted. The cover of the entrance to the basement is made with a lattice or mesh so that ventilation is better and small animals cannot enter. For the winter, the lid is closed with insulation.

The best insulation for floors, walls and ceilings is polyurethane foam. It is applied by spraying directly onto the insulation surface. The entire inner surface of the basement is blown with foam. The insulation fills all the cracks, penetrating into inaccessible places. Upon rapid hardening, it forms Smooth surface without seams or voids. Polyurethane foam has very low thermal conductivity. It is practically weightless, so it will not add additional load bearing structures. Using this method, the basement is insulated very quickly, and the only drawback is the high price of the material.

Space ventilation

Proper ventilation ensures that moisture does not remain in the basement. With good ventilation, dampness will not damage food supplies. Knowing how dangerous exhaust fumes can be in a garage, ventilation should be high and in the main area of ​​the garage. In most cases, natural ventilation is used, in which air movement is carried out due to the difference in temperature of the incoming air and that available inside. If the air change is not done in sufficient volume, then it makes sense to install a fan. At this time of year, when the air temperature outside and inside the cellar is equalized, ventilation stops. There will be no ventilation even when the outside air temperature is higher than in the basement. Artificial and natural ventilation can be carried out through one channel. Artificial ventilation may have one hole.

Garage ventilation not only protects food and wall surfaces, but also the vehicle itself. When you park your car in the garage in winter, snow remains on the wheels and body. After thawing, the air becomes very humid, which increases the likelihood of corrosion of metal parts.

Working conditions

The opening of the supply pipe is located at a distance of 10-15 cm from the cellar floor. The suction hole should be at a height of 30-40 cm above the ground. It is equipped with a mesh to prevent the penetration of small animals. The hole must be protected by a so-called deflector. This device consists of a sheet bent in an arc and attached like a mushroom to the suction hole. The deflector is designed to protect against precipitation.

For action natural ventilation There must be a difference in height between the suction and outlet openings in the ventilation pipes. The minimum value of such a difference, ensuring a pressure drop, is 3 meters.

The supply pipe should be positioned so that it is constantly exposed to wind. Lack of natural ventilation manifests itself in very coldy when the pipe may become blocked with frost. To prevent this drawback, it is necessary to insulate the pipelines. Periodically, pipes should be cleared of snow and frost.

It turns out that natural ventilation may have malfunctions and cannot cope with the work all year round. Therefore, a fan can be inserted into the exhaust pipe. It pushes exhaust air into the pipe and creates conditions for the influx of fresh air. The disadvantage is that during the cold season the basement and garage can get too cold. There are systems with fans at the inlet and outlet, and a two-speed fan is installed at the outlet. The ventilation control system is equipped with temperature and gas level sensors. When the garage is filled with exhaust gases, the second speed is switched on exhaust fan. Modern systems in European garages they are equipped with fans based on the need for optimal climate in the garage. All switching and fan speeds are controlled by a computer program. We consider the simplest devices and the ordinary garage of our domestic motorist so that the garage owner has a good understanding of the impact of ventilation and takes timely measures to eliminate failures.

Implementation results

A garage with a cellar made of concrete blocks is a fairly reliable structure. No one denies the usefulness and functionality of such a structure. However, when installing a ceiling for a cellar in a garage, one should take into account all the nuances associated with the distribution of loads on walls made of concrete blocks, the influence of insulation and ventilation on the condition of the structure and atmosphere of the garage. When planning, you need to organize the sequence of work in such a way as to provide maximum convenience for their implementation. It is best to design a garage entirely with a concrete block basement to ensure the functionality of all devices. Neglecting insulation can damage the ceiling due to increased moisture condensation with subsequent corrosion of supporting structures.

Ventilation is also important to prevent unnecessary condensation. Insufficient waterproofing of walls and foundations, as well as the lack of a circular drainage system, can lead to basement flooding. Such a garage will turn into a breeding ground for mosquitoes with a swampy smell.

A basement in a garage is convenient, practical and allows you to do professional car repairs. How to cover a cellar in a garage and make it reliable reinforced concrete floor yourself.

The choice of floor slab depends on the size of the garage, the properties of the soil and the characteristics of the foundation of the building. The number and weight of the cars that are planned to be stored in the garage are important. The ceiling must withstand the expected loads (with a margin).

You can make two options for the ceiling in the garage cellar:

• flooring of hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs - for such slabs the foundation is the walls of the garage, which must be strong, since they are subject to loads both from above and from the ground on the sides;
• if the garage has already been built and there is a foundation, then the cellar ceiling is poured separately - this is a more labor-intensive process.

To build a cellar in any garage, you need to carry out certain preliminary work.

What you need to do before you start digging a cellar inside the garage:

• you need to find out what kind of soil is on the site - on weak and clayey soils, which are characterized by high heaving, the walls of the cellar need to be additionally reinforced to prevent soil pressure;
• it is necessary to find out whether there are deep communications (electricity, plumbing) at the site of the cellar;
• if the site has high humidity and the garage is in the way of seasonal Wastewater, then before laying heavy floor slabs you need to make a reliable circular drainage system to prevent sagging of the slabs and large shrinkage foundation;
• it is necessary to find out at what height the groundwater lies, since in spring and autumn there may be knee-deep water in the cellar. If the groundwater flow is high, it is necessary to arrange internal and external drainage.

When all the preliminary work on drainage of groundwater and seasonal waters has been completed and the walls and floor of the cellar are reliably waterproofed, you can begin installing the ceiling, which will also be the floor of our garage.

Floor slab - how to choose the right size and install it

The garage floor slab can be made of concrete or reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete slabs are produced solid and hollow. The mass of a solid slab is much higher, so the loads on the cellar walls are very high. For garage floors, it is better to choose hollow reinforced concrete slabs; they are cheaper than monolithic ones.

Hollow slabs, due to the air that is inside the slab, provide better thermal insulation garage and basement floors.

Reinforced concrete beams can also be used as garage floors, but in this case you will need to carefully seal and strengthen the joints (concreting) - a floor slab above the basement is more reliable.

There is no need to choose ribbed slabs for the garage, since, firstly, all these products are of standard length and it is difficult to choose the material according to size, as well as the ribs along the edges will cause problems with finishing the floor in the garage.

The rigidity and resistance to high loads of the floor slab depends on the reinforcement used and the brand concrete mixture. When choosing a material, you must remember that for brick wall In the basement, the width of the support for the floor must be at least 15 cm, and for concrete - 10 cm.

The weight of the reinforced concrete slab is large, so you immediately need to find out the capabilities of the hired lifting equipment. Will the hired crane be able to withstand the given weight of the load with the boom lowered?

It is mandatory to calculate the loads on the basement walls. Since the total loads on the slab are up to 3 tons (walls, car, coating, roofing), it is additionally necessary to install welded I-beams or rails as a holding frame for the heavy slab.

Installation of reinforced concrete slabs

Rules for laying reinforced concrete floors:

• floor slabs are laid on the already erected basement walls using a truck crane;
• installation is carried out using medium-thick cement mortar. The setting time for this solution is approximately 20 minutes. It is possible to level the slab and install it evenly and correctly;
• The floor slab must extend onto the walls by at least 15 cm.

Important. After installing the slabs on the walls, you need to seal the ends to prevent the wall from freezing.

How to insulate and isolate the ends of slabs from moisture:

• fill all the voids at the ends of the reinforced concrete panels with a layer of mineral wool - the thickness of such a layer inward is 30 cm;
• cement concrete mortar– the depth of laying the solution is 20 – 30 cm;
• You can additionally insulate the voids at the ends with broken bricks and cement them.

The ends of the slabs are a weak point through which the ceiling can constantly freeze and become icy. When the garage is heated, the dew point in the uninsulated joint moves inward, and the floor slab begins to “sweat”—the humidity in the basement and in the garage increases.

If such a problem with the floor slab already exists, then it can be corrected. It is necessary to drill holes in places where condensation forms in the slab, as close to the wall as possible. Now you need to insert tubes pointing outwards into these holes and pump them into them. polyurethane foam. This creates a plug that protects the slab from freezing.

The ends of the floor slab must be insulated both inside and outside - this will eliminate moisture in the cellar and garage. Often, garage owners are faced with the problem of humidity in the basement precisely because of the end joints of the slabs, which were not insulated and insulated, hence the constant humidity in the cellar.

How to cut a hole in a reinforced concrete slab

Standard hollow core slabs made from the M200 cement grade have a strength of 800 kg/m2, but the dimensions of the hatch hole must correspond to the length and width of the slab so as not to reduce its strength.

For slabs 1.2 m wide - a hatch measuring 90 x 90 cm, no more.

How to punch a hole in a reinforced concrete panel for a cellar hatch:

• We cut the slabs only at the joints, calculating so that the two slabs have the same dimensions in width and length. For example, with a hole size of 90 x 90 cm, 45 x 90 cm for one slab and 45 x 90 cm for the other. Thus, we evenly distribute the load on each floor;
• horizontally you need to make a cut along the line of voids;
• It is impossible to cut reinforcement vertically with a grinder. Since the reinforcement rod is firmly fixed in the concrete, the grinder circle may simply jam. First, the rod needs to be sawed, and then broken with a crowbar or hammer.

After installing the slabs, you can make a beautiful metal carcass from the corner, hiding all the unevenness of the trim.

The joints between the slabs (rusts) must be concreted in order to give rigidity to the entire structure and securely fasten the slabs together.

Slabs for garage floors significantly speed up all construction processes, but such materials are not cheap, plus you need to rent lifting equipment. Therefore, many people pour the floor slab themselves - it is much cheaper.

How to make a floor slab in a garage

How to fill monolithic base above the basement in the garage:

• According to the size of the basement, we make formwork from old boards or plywood. We fasten this formwork from below vertical posts or on the side with horizontal rails or a channel, a meter, one and a half steps;
• the slab of such a floor should be 20 cm wider than the perimeter of the basement on each side;
• We seal the formwork joints so that the concrete sets securely and the laitance does not leak out.

• we expose on the laid formwork reinforcement cage(diameter of reinforcement 10-12 mm). Frame mesh pitch – 15 cm;
• All reinforcement connections must be tied with wire;
• along the perimeter of the hatch, you must immediately weld a frame from a corner (45x45 mm);
• for such an overlap it is more reliable to use concrete grade M500;
• concrete layer thickness – not less than 20 cm;
• When installing such a floor over a basement in a garage, when pouring concrete, it is necessary to pour the screed with vibration so that the mixture is distributed as evenly as possible and fills all the voids.

Important. Such a screed can be loaded only after the concrete has completely hardened - no earlier than after 20 days.

If you use ready-made concrete with anti-frost and strengthening additives, you can be confident in the reliability and strength of the floor slab.

Floor slab repair

Most often, deformation of floors occurs due to soil shrinkage. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the location of the soil subsidence and raise the slab using the technology of lifting and repairing reinforced concrete foundations.

Small cracks and chips in the slabs simply need to be cleaned and cemented. If the crack is large, then horizontal reinforcement is performed and a concrete screed is poured over it.

Wooden floors - advantages and disadvantages

This is the most inexpensive option ceiling installations in the garage cellar, which you can do yourself. If the loads on the floor in the garage are small, then you can install the floor frame from wooden beams.

Sequence of work:

• We place the beams on the basement walls, step 70 cm - 1 meter, depending on the selected beam diameter. The load-bearing beams of the wooden floor should be aligned not along the length of the room, but across it. The smaller the step between the wooden beams, the more reliable the foundation of the garage floor;
• Before installation, be sure to treat wooden beams with antiseptic and moisture-proof impregnation, and wrap the ends of the wooden beams with two layers of roofing material or tar them.

Compared to a reinforced concrete screed, such a ceiling in a cellar, if it is installed in a garage, is less reliable and durable, since the load-bearing capacity of the coating is much lower.

Insulation and waterproofing

Insulation of the ceiling in the basement is carried out from below along a wooden or metal sheathing or from above, on top cement screed. As insulation from budget materials will do mineral wool or foam boards.

Be sure to pay attention in addition to insulation reliable waterproofing basement The most common options for waterproofing a cellar:

• coating with resin in two layers of the upper floor slabs;
• covering with several layers of roofing felt;
• applying water-repellent mastic to all floor joints.

It is important not to forget about insulating the floor in the cellar. Such insulation can be done using quite accessible materials:

• a cushion of sand and gravel, followed by a layer of expanded clay or broken red brick, then a cement screed;
• insulation with a layer of clay mixed with sawdust (layer thickness at least 20 cm), but only on soils where there is no high humidity;
• insulation with ordinary sheet polyurethane foam or polystyrene foam.

Mineral wool should not be used as insulation for cellar floors - when wet, this material completely loses all its thermal insulation characteristics, so high-quality, expensive waterproofing will be necessary.

Most reliable option insulation + waterproofing – sprayed polyurethane foam. The material creates a reliable and durable waterproof film that maintains an ideal microclimate in the cellar.

The simplest option is annual lime whitewashing.

No amount of insulation or waterproofing will help get rid of dampness in the basement if high-quality ventilation of the room is not provided.

Ventilation of the basement in the garage

Natural ventilation is inexpensive, but depends on many weather factors, so it is not reliable. If you plan to store vegetables in the garage cellar, it is better to use forced ventilation.

Important rules for installing ventilation in the garage basement:

• one end of the natural ventilation supply pipe is mounted 20 - 50 cm from the cellar floor level, and the second - 30 cm above the ground level;
• be sure to cover the outer opening of the pipe with a protective mesh and top cover to prevent water from entering the cellar;
• the second outlet pipe is installed half a meter above the garage roof and at a level of 10 cm from the cellar ceiling level;
• forced ventilation is easy to do - just install it in the outlet pipe household fan, which can be enabled as needed.

Basement ventilation is mainly necessary in the summer, when the sharpest temperature changes are observed.

For owners of private houses, a cellar is an indispensable building for storing food for a long time. arranged below ground level.

This design has many advantages - space on the site remains free, stable temperature is maintained throughout the year. The ceiling of the cellar is made in accordance with building regulations, must ensure structural strength and maintain the required temperature and humidity conditions.

Before you start building a cellar with your own hands, you need to consider the following points:

• work begins with the layout of the room;
• determine the level of groundwater. Waterproofing the room is necessary if the groundwater level is higher than the cellar floor. For this purpose, as a rule, roofing felt and brick are used. – important point, which affects the temperature and humidity of the room.

Upon completion of the work related to the construction of walls and waterproofing of the room, the question arises - how to cover the cellar.

Types of floors

To ensure the tightness of cellars, they are used various designs, in which the following are used:

• solid reinforced concrete slabs;
• reinforced concrete monolithic prefabricated elements;
• load-bearing beams;
• wooden structures;
• monolithic ceiling on corrugated sheets.

A common option, practical and reliable, is a monolithic reinforced concrete block made of concrete and a reinforcement frame.

Monolithic ceiling

The cellar is covered with concrete after the construction of wooden formwork. The dimensions of the ceiling must exceed the dimensions of the room. Special supports must support the formwork structure after pouring it with concrete and during drying. The formwork is pre-sealed to prevent the solution from leaking out during pouring.

After installing the formwork, the frame of the concrete slab is tied. The reinforcement mesh of the frame should protrude beyond the cellar walls by several centimeters on all sides. The interval between the mesh rods is 20-25 cm. A single-layer reinforcement frame ensures reliability, but to increase strength it is recommended to perform two-layer reinforcement.

Then the process of pouring the concrete composition begins, which forms the future slab; Usually, the height of the slab does not exceed 30 cm. Concrete is poured evenly, continuously, until the entire slab is formed.

During pouring, concrete is vibrated with a regular board or reinforcement to prevent the formation of air cavities. Correct filling composition will make the ceiling monolithic and durable, which will last for decades. After pouring, the concrete slab should stand for a month until it hardens completely.

According to experts, covering a cellar with your own hands is durable and effective. High strength monolithic design allows it to be used as a foundation for the construction of various buildings.

Plates

Floors made from prefabricated monolithic slabs can be used for various types cellars To carry out construction work, it is necessary to hire special lifting equipment. In this case, the dimensions of the cellar are adjusted to the dimensions of the slab at the stage of developing the room.

Several slabs are laid on the cellar. A thermal insulation layer is placed in the hollow spaces of the slabs. The joints between the slabs are sealed with concrete. This method of construction significantly reduces the time required to complete the work.

Using beams

Method of overlapping on load-bearing beams. How to cover the cellar? It is possible to use ordinary rails. I-beams are also distinguished by their high strength as load-bearing beams.

Metal load-bearing beams can be used to cover the cellar. Ordinary rails, which can be purchased at metal depots or scrap metal collection points, are suitable for this purpose.

With this method of constructing the ceiling of the cellar, at the stage of building the walls, it is necessary to provide for the presence of special grooves for attaching load-bearing beams. A ceiling with beams will place significant loads on the walls, so the walls should be as strong as possible.

Work order:

• The load-bearing beams are placed in pre-prepared grooves in the wall. Beams can have significant weight, so it is more convenient to lay them together.
• Reinforcing bars fixed with wire are installed in the space between the beams.
• Install wooden formwork and put on it waterproofing layer. After installing the formwork, supports are installed that can withstand the load of cement mortar.
• The concrete solution is poured evenly into the formwork without interruptions. The solution is compacted with wooden tampers so that there are no voids in the thickness of the structure.

Thermal waterproofing of concrete floors

The ceiling requires high-quality thermal insulation. For this purpose, you can use almost any thermal insulation material available for sale. A concrete floor made in this way can withstand heavy loads. After waterproofing work, the ceiling can be covered with soil on top or additionally protected from precipitation by a gable roof.

Wooden structures

Wooden beams are a time-tested material for flooring. Work order:

• treat all wooden parts of the structure with an antiseptic;
• wrap the supporting surfaces of the beams with two layers of roofing material;
• install wooden beams on the upper part of the cellar walls;
• use small strips to secure the end part of the beams, creating a basis for the rolling boards;
• lay the plank, securing it with self-tapping screws.

Before covering with wooden beams, waterproofing is laid

Cover with corrugated sheets

Monolithic ceiling on corrugated sheets – modern way to cover the cellar. The technology does not require significant costs and reduces work time.

An I-beam is placed in the grooves on the cellar wall. A sheet of corrugated board is installed on the I-beam. The corrugation is oriented with its extension downwards. Fastening is done with self-tapping screws at the joints and at the junctions with the beams.

Longitudinal reinforcement is placed in each rib with a pitch of 190-200 mm and connected to a transverse rod placed on top of the sheet in vertical sections. Supports are evenly mounted between the beams to avoid deflection of the corrugated sheet. Concrete is poured. A month later, the supports are dismantled.

In another embodiment, corrugated sheeting is laid on the inner shelf of the I-beam. Laying is carried out along the length of the sheet, i.e. corrugations across the span of beams. The structure is fixed with self-tapping screws. Reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured over the entire thickness of the I-beam.

In the third option, corrugated sheeting is installed without supporting beams. Installation is carried out with the support of corrugated sheets and reinforcement on the walls with temporary supporting supports. The corrugated sheet is fixed on the embedded columns with a metal anchor. The reinforcement is welded to the embedded columns at all points of contact. It is recommended to fill the ceiling with concrete at one time.

Ventilation

When choosing options for how to cover the cellar, you need to think about installing ventilation in advance. At the stage of installing the ceiling, it is recommended to make holes for the subsequent installation of ventilation pipes.

From high-quality ventilation The safety of products in storage largely depends. Best ventilation will be provided by two pipes, one of which will be an exhaust pipe and the other a supply pipe. The pipes are placed diagonally in opposite corners, due to which the air circulation will be more intense.

One of the asbestos-cement pipes should be lowered almost to the basement floor and not reach 15-20 cm. The other pipe should be installed almost at the level of the basement ceiling and protrude no more than 5-7 cm.

Objects should not be located near the pipes so as not to interfere with air flow. To prevent precipitation, debris, insects and rodents from entering the cellar, above ventilation pipes caps are mounted, and a metal mesh is installed inside the pipe.

Floor insulation

Floor insulation - another one important stage construction along with waterproofing and thermal insulation of walls. The thermal insulation layer can be created with a cement mortar with wood sawdust approximately 4 cm thick.

High level of thermal insulation provides modern material polyurethane foam. The advantage of the material is ease of installation; it practically does not increase the weight of the insulated surface. Disadvantage: the material is expensive.

How to fill a ceiling in a cellar - the answer to the question depends on, financial opportunities, individual preferences. Right choice will make the room functional and durable.