As is known, the provision of heat to a significant portion of the housing stock is carried out centrally. And, despite the fact that last years more are emerging and being implemented modern circuits heat supply, central heating remains in demand, if not among owners, then among developers of multi-apartment housing. However, it should be noted that many years of foreign and domestic experience in using this heating option have proven its effectiveness and right to exist in the future, subject to trouble-free and high-quality operation of all elements.

A distinctive feature of this scheme is the generation of heat outside the heated buildings, the delivery of which from the heat source is carried out through pipelines. In other words, central heating is complex engineering system, distributed over a large area, providing heat at the same time a large number of objects.

Structure of a central heating system

Classification of central heating systems

The variety of central heating organization schemes that exist today makes it possible to rank them according to certain classification criteria.

By thermal energy consumption mode

• seasonal, heating is required only in cold period of the year;
• year-round requiring constant heat supply.

By type of coolant used

• water- This is the most common heating option used for heating apartment building; such systems are easy to operate, allow you to transport coolant over long distances without deteriorating quality indicators and regulate the temperature at a centralized level, and are also characterized by good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
• air– these systems allow not only heating, but also ventilation of buildings; however, due to the high cost, such a scheme does not find wide application;

Figure 2 – Aerial scheme heating and ventilation of buildings

• steam– are considered the most economical, because small-diameter pipes are used to heat the house, and the hydrostatic pressure in the system is low, which makes it easier to operate. But such a heat supply scheme is recommended for those objects that, in addition to heat, also require water vapor (mainly industrial enterprises).

According to the method of connecting the heating system to the heat supply

• independent, in which the coolant (water or steam) circulating through the heating networks heats the coolant (water) supplied to the heating system in the heat exchanger;

Figure 3 – Independent system central heating

• dependent, in which the coolant heated in the heat generator is supplied directly to heat consumers via networks (see Figure 1).

According to the method of connection to the hot water supply system

• open, hot water taken directly from the heating network;

Figure 4 – Open system heating

• closed, in such systems water intake is provided from public water supply, and its heating is carried out in the central network heat exchanger.

Figure 5 – Closed system central heating

The design of a centralized heating system and the operating principle of its components in an apartment building

It is clear that in order to provide heat to an apartment building, it must be connected to the heating network coming from the boiler house or thermal power plant. For these purposes, they are installed in the pipes leading to the building. inlet valves, from which one or two thermal units are powered.

After the valves, as a rule, they are installed mud scavengers, intended for sedimentation of the formations formed in the pipeline during prolonged contact with hot water metal oxides and salts. By the way, these devices allow you to extend the life of the heating system without repairs.

Further along the house contour there are hot water supply taps: one on the supply, the second on the return. As you know, central heating operates on superheated water(the temperature of the coolant from the thermal power plant is 130-150 0C, and to prevent the liquid from turning into steam, a pressure of 6-10 kgf is created in the system). Therefore, during the cold season, DHW is connected from the return, where the water temperature usually does not exceed 70 0C. IN summer period, when the temperature of the coolant in the heating network is relatively low, the hot water supply is connected from the supply.

After the DHW valves there is the most important unit of the system - heating elevator, the main purpose of which is to cool superheated water (coming from the thermal power plant) to the standard values ​​required for supply directly to the heating devices of an apartment building.

This device consists of a steel body in which there is a nozzle from which the water coming from the heating plant comes out with low blood pressure and high speed. As a result, a vacuum is created, causing coolant to leak from the return into the elevator, where water mixing occurs, i.e. change in its temperature.

Figure 6 – Heating elevator design

It should be noted that the regulation of the heating system, i.e. determination of the actual temperature difference in it, as well as the level of heating of the working water mixture and, accordingly, heating devices, is carried out by changing the diameter of the elevator nozzle.

Behind the elevator are usually located valves for heating entrances or apartment building as a whole.

House valves allow you to connect and disconnect the heating circuit of the building from the heating plant: in winter they are open, in summer they are closed.

Further, central heating involves the installation of so-called discharges, which are valves for bypassing or draining the system. Sometimes they are connected to a cold water supply pipeline in order to fill radiators with water in the summer.

In recent years, in accordance with the requirements for mandatory installation metering devices are installed at the entrance to the entrances or houses heat meters.

Figure 7 – Diagram of the thermal unit central system heating

Risers and outlets of a centralized heating system

The scheme for organizing water circulation in the system of an apartment building is, as a rule, a single-pipe option for supplying coolant with top or bottom filling. In this case, the supply and return pipes can be separated either both in the basement, or the supply in the attic or technical floor, and the return in the basement.

Risers, in turn, come with:

• associated movement of the coolant;
• movement of water from top to bottom;
• counter movement from bottom to top.

Using bottom filling schemes each pair of risers is connected by jumpers, which can be located either in apartments on top floor, or in the attic. At the same time, in top point jumpers, an air vent (air vent) must be installed.

The Mayevsky crane is the simplest in design, but fail-safe vent.

The main disadvantage of this option is the airing of the system after each water discharge, which requires bleeding air from each jumper.

Figure 8 – Possible layouts of a central heating system with bottom filling

Heating system with top filling provides for installation on the technical floor storey building expansion tank with an air vent valve, as well as separate valves that allow you to cut off each riser.

The correct slope when laying the bottling ensures that when the vents are opened, the water is completely drained from the system in a very short time. But this option has a number of features that must be taken into account when designing.

1. The temperature of the heating devices decreases as the coolant moves downwards. It is clear that on the lower floors it will be significantly lower than on the upper ones, which is usually compensated by an increase in the number of radiator sections or the area of ​​convectors.
2. The process of starting the heating is quite simple. To do this, you need to fill the system, open the existing house valves and briefly turn the air vent on expansion tank. After this, the central heating and the entire system begin to function fully.

Advantages and disadvantages of a central heating system

The central heating system has the following dignity:

• possibility of using inexpensive fuels;
• reliability ensured by regular monitoring of performance and technical condition from special services;
• use of environmentally friendly equipment;
• ease of operation.

Among shortcomings Such a heating scheme for an apartment building should be noted:

• the system operates according to a strict seasonal schedule;
• the impossibility of individual temperature control of heating devices;
• frequent pressure drops in the system;
• significant heat loss during transportation and heating in apartment building;
• high cost of equipment and its installation.

K category: Water supply and heating

Panel heating systems

In panel heating systems, heating devices are steel pipes, through which the coolant passes; pipes are embedded in concrete panels. By combining elements of heating systems with building structures, the prefabrication of construction has increased and labor costs have been reduced. In addition, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic qualities have increased, and metal consumption has also decreased compared to heating systems in which radiators are heating devices.

Rice. 1. Window sill concrete heating panels: 1 - slab, 2 - coil, 3 - double adjustment valve, 4 - hatch, 5 - furrow, 6 - heating riser, 7 - seams around the perimeter of the panel, 8 - sleeve, 9 - slag layer, 10 - floor, 11 - floor slab

When installing panel heating, the heating element is placed: in attached window sill panels, partitions, external walls, and also embedded in the ceiling or floor.

Heating panels are a complete factory-made element, and their installation is carried out simultaneously with the construction of the building.

The window sill panel (Fig. 1) is a slab of concrete grade 200-250, into which a coil of pipes with a diameter of 20 mm is embedded. For thermal insulation of panels from outer wall between the panel wall and outer wall lay an insulating layer of slag wool 30-40 mm thick. It is possible not to use an insulating layer, but in this case it is necessary to leave air gap 40-50 mm in size between inner surface panels and external wall.

The panels are installed directly on the floor slab and attached to the external wall.

Window sill heating panels are not widely used due to the complexity of their installation, as well as the need for additional installation of risers and connections.

Partition heating panels are used much more widely (Fig. 2). These panels contain not only heating elements, but also risers, so installation of the system comes down to installing panels, connecting them with interfloor inserts and laying main pipelines.

The partition panel is concrete slab 120 mm thick, 800-1000 mm wide and the height of the floor of the room. The panel is part of the partition and is installed near the outer wall.

Rice. 2. Partition heating panels: a - for two-pipe system, b - for single pipe system; 1 - heating elements, 2 -concrete panel, 3 - control valve

Partition heating panels can be used in two-pipe and single-pipe heating systems.

The disadvantages of partition panels are: equal heat transfer to two adjacent rooms with various heat losses and the inability to regulate the heat flow into each room, the difficulty of processing the interface between the panels and partitions (the appearance of cracks), the lack of taps for household adjustment and the large concentrated heat transfer of the panel.

To reduce concentrated heat transfer, heating elements are placed around the perimeter of the partition (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Partition concrete heating panels: a - diagram of the riser of a single-pipe panel heating system, b - partition heating panel type R-2, c - the same, R-4, d - the same, R-1, d - the same, R -3

Currently, the most rational are panel heating systems in which heating elements and risers are embedded in external wall panels (Fig. 4).

In such systems, the number of cold surfaces in the room is reduced, and when the heater is located in the lower part of the outer wall under the windows, the effect of falling cold air flows from the windows is eliminated and the possibility of room-by-room temperature control is provided.

Rice. 4. Wall panel with heating element

Heating panels are tested at the manufacturer's factory hydraulic pressure 10 kgf/cm2. The panel is considered suitable for installation if no pressure drop is observed within 5 minutes.

The panels are supplied for construction with caps on the ends of the pipes to avoid blockages of the heating elements.

At construction sites, before installing the panel, the heating elements are purged with air to remove scale and debris.

Concept of panel and electric heating

Rice. 5. Elevator

Panel heating system. In this case, pipes are embedded in the structure of the floor, ceiling or wall and hot coolant is passed through them. The heat from the coolant will be transferred to the indoor air by the surface itself. building structure. Panel heating systems save on metal and provide the best sanitary conditions air environment, cause convective currents with minimal speed. The named advantages of panel heating and the emerging trend of construction from large-sized elements making panel heating increasingly popular in the construction of commercial buildings and Catering.

Electric heating. The operating principle of electric heating is that electricity, passing through the conductor, heats it, and the latter heats the air surrounding it. Reflectors are the most common among electric heating devices. Electric heating does not require fuel storage; it heating devices have a small mass, eliminating the possibility of freezing of devices. However, this type of heating is fire hazardous and consumes a significant amount of electricity. Due to these shortcomings electric heating is not widely used and is used in trade and public catering buildings located in areas with short duration heating season, as a temporary heating device.

- Panel heating systems

Most often, having enjoyed such a benefit as a modern centralized heating system for many years, we are absolutely not interested in how it is designed and how it works. More precisely, we are not interested in this as long as her work suits us. But imagine the situation - almost all the residents of your house are not satisfied with the heating system, and everyone is ready to connect separate autonomous systems. In this case, the question arises - how did everything work before, and whether the apartments can be heated independently of each other. Of course, in this case, you will need to calculate heating in an apartment building and draw up a project - all this is done by special services.

In fact, during the construction of any house, regardless of the number of floors, in the last few years (or even decades) the same sufficient simple circuit heating the building. That is, both a three-story and a twelve-story building use the same schemes for creating heating system. Of course, there may be minor differences that are implied by the design of the heating system of an apartment building, but in most cases the identity is complete.

What is a diagram of the heating system of a multi-storey building?

At a certain stage of construction, a special thermal route is installed in the house. A number of thermal valves are mounted on it, from which the process of powering the heating units subsequently occurs. The number of valves (and nodes, respectively) directly depends on the number of floors (risers) and apartments in the house. The next element after the introductory valve is the mud pan. There are often cases when two data elements of the system are installed at once. If the house design provides for a Khrushchev heating scheme open type, this requires installing a valve on the hot water supply after the sump tank, which is necessary for emergency removal of the coolant from the system. These valves are installed by insertion. There are two installation options - on the coolant supply pipe, or on the return pipe.

Some complexity and abundance of elements of the centralized heating system are caused by the fact that it uses highly heated water as a coolant. In fact, only high blood pressure in the pipes of the system through which it moves, it prevents the liquid from turning into steam.

If the supplied water has a very high temperature, it becomes necessary to use DHW from the return. This is due to the fact that in the areas that produce the outflow of waste coolant, the pressure is significantly lower than in the supply areas. After the coolant temperature drops to normal level, the liquid again enters the system from the supply.

It should be noted that most often the heating unit is made in a small enclosed room, which can only be entered by representatives of the utility company servicing this heating system. This is due to safety requirements and is applicable in almost all modern multi-storey buildings.

Of course, the question involuntarily arises - if the temperature of the coolant in the system often reaches a critical point, then why are the batteries in apartments, mostly, a little warm? In fact, everything is quite banal.

Only the system operation scheme provides a certain number of elements that will protect the system in case of elevated temperature coolant.

However, quite often utility companies simply save fuel by heating the coolant to a level that is extremely far from what is actually required. In addition, very often during installation of the system, due to the negligence of workers, gross errors are made, which subsequently cause severe heat loss.

Of course, few people have heard the term “elevator unit” before. It can safely be called an injector, which includes the heating circuit of a nine-story panel house or houses with fewer floors. After all, it is into it that the coolant, heated almost to the limit, enters through a special nozzle. Here, return water is injected, after which the liquid begins to actively circulate in the heating system. As a matter of fact, after the coolant and return flow have entered the system through the elevator unit, they receive the temperature that we feel when touching the battery.

Often, depending on the plan that involves the heating project of an apartment building, valves can be installed on the heating unit various types. In many ways, their type depends on how many rooms need to be heated, whether this unit is involved in heating one riser (entrance) or the entire house. In addition, sometimes, in addition to the valves, an additional manifold is installed, on which, in turn, the locking elements. Often, a separate section of the input system is used to install meters. Most often, one metering device is used for one entrance.

The principle of constructing a heating system

Speaking about the operating principle of the heating circuit multi-storey buildings, a few words should be said about its construction. It's actually quite simple. In the majority modern houses a single-pipe centralized heating scheme is used for a five-story building or a house with fewer/more floors. That is, the heating scheme of a 5-story building is a single (for one entrance) riser, in which the coolant can be supplied both from below and from above.

In this case, there are two options for the location of the supply element - in the attic or in the basement. Return pipes are always laid in the basement.

In accordance with the location of the supply element, there are two types of coolant orientation. So, provided that the supply pipes are located in the basement, there is a counter-movement of the coolant. And if the supply element is in the attic, then the direction is in the same direction.

Many people are interested in how to determine the radiator area for a particular room. In fact, everything is quite simple - you just need to take into account the cooling rate of the coolant used (water).

Most of us mistakenly believe that the higher the house, the more complex and confusing the heating scheme of a multi-storey building is. But this is a wrong opinion. In fact, the calculation of heating in an apartment building is mainly influenced by the number of apartments that need to be heated.

Residents of Russia, especially its northern part, believe that if the walls are thin, it means that the house will be cold in winter. But then what can we say about houses with walls in which several rows of bricks or many centimeters are laid? concrete block? It's still cold anyway. And in panel houses during the construction of buildings Special attention They pay attention to insulating materials, which, despite the small thickness of the walls, retain heat well in winter.

Not so long ago, on the domestic construction market panel houses have arrived. The technology for creating such houses originates in countries such as Canada and the Scandinavian states. Agree, Canada and Norway have far from hot climates. But people live in panel houses and don’t think about building expensive cottages for themselves, and heating in a panel house is not a problem for northerners. It's all about the technology, which can withstand temperatures below minus 30 degrees. The fact is that between the two panels the builders lay a special insulation material. It turns out to be a kind of “sandwich” that does not let the cold into the room, but at the same time the walls “breathe” freely.

Also, in the design of a house structure, it is always taken into account which heating system is best installed. The main thing is not to trust crooks, but to turn to experienced craftsmen and engineers. Work on the construction of a panel house and installation of acceptable and optimal system heating requires high qualifications. Showing into the house heating equipment- the process is labor-intensive. It all depends on the requests of the owners and the total area of ​​the panel house.

There are several optimal and effective ways conduct heating in a panel house, namely: install a convector, heat pump, water heating boilers.

Which heating method should I choose?

Many people prefer mobile heaters: oil radiators, convectors. Convectors operate using electricity; their convenience lies in mobility, but they require large financial costs. Oil heaters operate using mineral oil inside a steel casing. But the connection comes from the electrical network, and it is advisable to use them only as an additional coolant. Such heating in a panel house is too expensive.

A good solution is to buy heat pumps with high technical indicators. Energy savings reach 30% compared to other types of boilers. But the high cost and long work to install the device force many people to abandon this idea.

If there is no natural gas supply in the area, you can install a water heating boiler using solid fuel (coal, wood, peat) or electric. Boilers for liquid fuel, which burns for a long time, continuously releasing heat into the room.

If the house is led natural gas– there’s no need to even think about it – install heating in a panel house only through a gas boiler. There are many advantages:

• cost savings,
• gas is much cheaper than electricity, wood and coal,
• constant receipt of fuel,
• no soot or soot.

Water heating boilers occupy the first place in the list of heating systems. The boiler operation process depends on installed system radiator coolant. Radiators can now be purchased different types: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic.

Cast iron is becoming a thing of the past due to poor wear resistance and the heaviness of the metal. Aluminum and steel are light in weight and have maximum heat transfer. But the first in the row of batteries are bimetallic radiators. They have maximum heat transfer and lightness, are resistant to any type of coolant and chemical additives in fuel. Exterior finishing modern bimetallic radiators fits easily into any cozy design premises.

An apartment in a multi-storey building is urban alternative private houses, and a very large number of people live in apartments. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything a person needs for a comfortable stay: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme of a multi-storey building requires detailed consideration. From point of view design features, the centralized heating system in an apartment building has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy during the cold season.

Features of the heating system of apartment buildings

When installing heating in multi-storey buildings, it is imperative to comply with the requirements established regulatory documentation, which includes SNiP and GOST. These documents indicate that heating design should ensure a constant temperature in apartments within 20-22 degrees, and humidity should vary from 30 to 45 percent.

Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially older ones, do not meet these indicators. If this is the case, then first of all you need to install thermal insulation and change heating devices, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the diagram of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.

To achieve the required parameters, use complex design, requiring high-quality equipment. When creating a project for the heating system of an apartment building, specialists use all their knowledge to achieve uniform heat distribution in all sections of the heating main and create comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the operation of such a design is operation on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story building or other high-rise buildings.

How it works? The water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. Fluid temperature in return pipeline in this case it can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, in different time of the year temperature regime may change, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.

Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit

It was said above that the water in the heating system of a multi-story building heats up to 130 degrees. But consumers do not need such a temperature, and heating the batteries to such a value is absolutely pointless, regardless of the number of floors: the heating system of a nine-story building in this case will not be different from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that turns into a return circuit, which is called elevator unit. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?

Warmed up to high temperature The coolant enters the elevator unit, which, in its principle of operation, is similar to a metering injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Coming out through the elevator nozzle, the coolant under high pressure exits through the return line.

In addition, through the same channel, the liquid is recirculated into the heating system. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to optimal temperature, which is enough to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator unit in the scheme makes it possible to provide the highest quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of the number of floors.

Design features of the heating circuit

In the heating circuit behind the elevator unit there are various valves. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the valves are adjusted manually by employees of the heat supply company, if the need arises.

IN modern buildings often used additional elements, such as collectors, heat meters for batteries and other equipment. In recent years, almost every heating system in high-rise buildings has been equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: “Weather-dependent automation of heating systems - about automation and controllers for boilers with examples”). All the details described allow us to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to distribute more evenly thermal energy for all apartments.

Pipeline layout in a multi-storey building

As a rule, multi-storey buildings use a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating scheme in a five-story building will be structurally different from the heating in three-story buildings.

When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most successful scheme is created, allowing all parameters to be maximized. The project may involve various options coolant filling: from bottom to top or vice versa. In individual houses, universal risers are installed, which ensure alternating movement of the coolant.

Types of radiators for heating apartment buildings

In multi-storey buildings there is no single rule allowing the use specific type radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite universal and has good balance between temperature and pressure.

The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:

1. Cast iron batteries. Often used even in the most modern buildings. They are cheap and very easy to install: usually by installing of this type Apartment owners deal with radiators themselves.
2. Steel heaters. This option is a logical continuation of the development of new heating devices. Being more modern, steel heating panels demonstrate good aesthetic qualities, are quite reliable and practical. They combine very well with the control elements of the heating system. Experts agree that steel batteries can be called optimal for use in apartments.
3. Aluminum and bimetallic batteries. Products made from aluminum are highly valued by owners of private houses and apartments. Aluminum batteries have the most best performance, when compared with previous options: excellent external data, light weight and compactness go well with high performance characteristics. The only disadvantage of these devices, which often scares off buyers, is the high cost. However, experts do not recommend saving on heating and believe that such an investment will pay off quite quickly.

Conclusion

Choosing the right batteries for centralized system heating depends on the performance indicators that are inherent in the coolant in a given area. Knowing the cooling rate of the coolant and its movement, we can calculate required amount radiator sections, its dimensions and material. We should not forget that when replacing heating devices, it is necessary to ensure that all rules are followed, since their violation can lead to defects in the system, and then the heating in the wall of a panel house will not perform its functions.

Fulfill renovation work in the heating system of an apartment building, it is also not recommended to do it yourself, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away important element system, considering it unnecessary.

Centralized heating systems demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working order, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, equipment wear and regular replacement of used elements.