It is not for nothing that the Russian language is said to be the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most complex in the world. In no other language in the world does there exist such a huge number of rules and exceptions to them, and not one of them can boast of such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms that can be formed if, for example, a noun is declined by case, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they connect all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Determining the null ending can also cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.

What does ending represent?

An ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often found at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that one can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word “mainland” the ending -a indicates that this word is singular, genitive and masculine, and in the word “thinks” the ending -et indicates that this construction is third person singular.

Cases when the ending is not at the very end of the word

Some people may have difficulty determining the ending because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending may be in the middle of a word:

If there is a postfix in a word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: cleaning up, someone, SOMETHING, let's go.

In complex cardinal numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØtenØ, fourhundred. However, you should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are derived from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousand, eight-story, three-year, first-class, heptagonal.

Grammatical meanings of endings

Endings are a very significant morpheme because they completely influence the lexical meaning of the word and the entire sentence as a whole. After all, sometimes the easiest way to identify foreigners among a crowd of people is precisely because the correct use of endings in words is very difficult for them.

All endings in words can indicate the following grammatical meanings:

Number, gender and case for such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also singular and neuter); adjective (for example: clean canvas - the ending -о indicates the singular, neuter gender and nominative case); participle (for example: washed linen - the ending -о also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and neuter gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -е also indicates a word in the singular, nominative case and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -о indicates a word in the singular neuter and the nominative case) ;

Only case for some pronouns (for example: there is no something - the ending -о speaks of the genitive case) and parts of numerals (there are no seven - the ending -i says that this word is in the genitive case);

Only persons and numbers for verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I am writing - a first person singular verb);

Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: spoke - a feminine and singular verb).

What is null ending?

Also, some difficulties may arise when determining the ending if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to understand what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without any endings at all.

The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed either by letters or sounds. that this type of ending is not expressed materially in any way, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it is imperative to designate it in the form of an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

The following types of words have a zero ending in Russian:

First person nouns in genitive and plural. For example: birds, seals, cows, pets.

Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in the short form of the singular masculine, for example: resourceful, individual, inclined, magnificent, detained, armed.

The zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine nouns in the third declension. For example: cockroach, parkan, felt, oven, speech, night.

Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fatherØ, motherØ, cowØ, foxØ, SerezhinØ.

Singular verbs in the imperative mood. For example: teach, watch, help, translate, ask.

Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spokeØ - would speakØ, listenØ - listenØ would, voteØ - voteØ would, askØ - askØ would.

People often confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, let's consider which words have no ending at all.

Words that have no ending at all

The following unchangeable words and groups of words do not have an ending:

Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, auto, coat;

Indeclinable adjectives, for example: Bordeaux, khaki, marengo, netto, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third party, for example: their, her, his;

All adverbs, since an adverb is an unchanging part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, altered;

Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;

All participles, since this part of speech took its indeclinability from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washed, understood, read, remembered, remembered, parsed, realized;

All auxiliary parts of speech, for example: so that, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;

Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, uh, ah, slap, bang, bang, those times;

The initial form of the verb in the case where -т and -ти is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, worry, act.

Also, during morphological analysis, words that do not have endings at all should not be marked in writing with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are unchangeable, unlike words with a zero ending.

How to determine the ending?

To determine the ending in any word, it is enough to simply inflect it by case. That part of the word that will change is it. This is how it is easy to identify the zero ending. Examples of words with this ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:

		Singular	Plural	Immutable word
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? Why?		mirrors
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental		mirror	mirrors
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		mirrorsAH

In this example, it is noticeable how easily you can define this morpheme in words. Since the word “plisse” is not declined according to cases, it is a word without an ending, and in the word “mirror” only the root and zero ending are represented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the null ending interacts

In most of the examples considered, the most common words are words that use only a root and a zero ending among their morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, during morphemic analysis of which you can see a prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in the Russian language. For example: put on makeup, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, armed.

Soft sign in morphemic analysis

Please note that a soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not indicate any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that precedes it. If a word ends in a soft sign, then it should be considered to have a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the designs just, away, gallop there is a soft sign at the end; these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.

Features of morphemic analysis of a word

The ending is the only part of a word that changes. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to only slightly modify the word.

Minor difficulties that could arise in correctly determining the ending are to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was clarified what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.

Termination or inflection(lat. flixio- bending) is a significant part of the word that changes and is formative. The ending serves to connect words in a sentence or phrase and indicates the relationship between words, expressing grammatical meaning.

The grammatical meaning of the endings of different parts of speech.

1. Noun . Noun endings

   river - rivers - rivers

2. Adjective . Endings of adjectives indicate their number, case and gender:

   beautiful - beautiful - beautiful

3. Numeral . Endings of numerals indicate their case and number:

   second - second - second

4. Verb . Verb endings Present and future tenses indicate person and number:

   read - reads

   The endings of past tense verbs indicate their number, person and gender:

   Looked - looked - looked - looked

5. Pronoun. Pronoun endings indicate first of all the case, then the number and gender, if any:

   he - his
   yours - yours - yours - yours

6. Participle . Participle endings indicate number, gender and case:

   read - read - read

The ending is exceptional formative morpheme, which does not give the word any additional meaning.

The endings can be materially expressed or zero.

Zero ending- this is the ending of modified words, which is not expressed by sounds during pronunciation and letters in writing, but at the same time conveys a certain grammatical meaning. The zero ending can be an indicator of a certain gender or case, for example:

• Nominative and accusative case of nouns. 3 declensions singular: daughter, oven, mother, rye;
• Nominative case of nouns m.r. 2 declination singular (for inanimate - nominative and accusative case): friend, chair, reeds;
• Genitive case of plural nouns of different genders: countries, soldiers, windows;
• Short forms singular m.r. adjectives and participles: cheerful, readable, kind.
• Nominative case of possessive adjectives m.r. units: brothers, mother, fox;
• Imperative mood of verbs in singular: watch, teach, watch;
• Indicative and subjunctive mood of singular verbs. m.r.: wrote - would write; looked - would have looked; walked - would walk.

There are unchangeable words and forms of words that do not have endings and a system of grammatical properties. These words and forms include:

Indeclinable nouns, usually of foreign origin: taxi, coat

Possessive pronouns that denote belonging to a third party: her, him, them

Indeclinable adjectives: burgundy, khaki

Adverbs

Such words have connections with other words using semantic relations, and the zero ending is not indicated in writing in any way.

The peculiarity of adverbs in the Russian language is that this part of speech does not change in numbers, gender and cases. In addition, adverbs do not have endings - the role of the final part of the word is played by suffixes. The article describes the rules for writing final suffixes of adverbs with examples.

Do adverbs have endings?

In Russian the adverb- This is an unchangeable part of speech. It is not conjugated or inflected by gender, number or case. Unlike other independent parts of speech, adverbs have no endings.

The characteristic morphemes that stand out at the end of adverbs are suffixes: -o, -e, -a, -i, -u, -yu, -i and a zero suffix.

Examples: cheerful O, soft e, askance A, simply at, locked up And, etc. b.

Spelling of final suffixes of adverbs

Difficulties arise when writing suffixes in some adverbs.
The table shows the most common rules regarding controversial issues.

Suffix	Rule	Examples	Exceptions
	in adverbs with prefixes in-, on-, for-	tightly, before dark, together
	under stress after sibilants	good, hot, fresh
	in some dialects with prefixes in-, on-	first, ready, alone
	in an unstressed position after sibilants	stronger, more intimidating, simpler
	In some adverbs with prefixes by-, with-, co-	simply, equally, foolishly
	in adverbs with prefixes to-, from-(-is), with-(co-)	enough, again, occasionally	thoroughly, reliably, sufficiently, exquisitely, exhaustively, tolerably, condescendingly
Soft sign	after the hissing ones h And w	gallop, exactly, completely	already, married, unbearably, wide open

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Nouns have gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (plural and singular) and when they are declensed by case, their endings change, which can be seen in the tables below

Adjectives and verbs have their own endings

In the Russian language there are endings for nouns, verbs, pronouns, and adjectives. Here are examples of some of them. The ending in Russian is marked with a square. If you can change a word, then the part of the word that has changed will be the ending.







In the Russian language, the following types of endings are distinguished:

1) case

2) generic

3) numeric

If we are talking about the endings of nouns by case (which is discussed in the addition to the question), then we need to look at the number and declension of the noun - this is what determines what the ending will be when declension by case. What endings a noun acquires can be seen in the table:



The Russian language has the main parts of speech: noun, adjective and verb.

And thanks to the endings, you can easily determine which part of speech a given word belongs to.

The ending is a part of the word that belongs to the morphemes of the Russian language.

Only inflected words have endings.

Masculine nouns have the endings ь and ь

feminine nouns - A, Z, b

neuter nouns - O, E.

There are a huge number of endings, it is impossible to list everything and it makes no sense, since a noun can change according to cases and numbers.

In order to know what endings there are, you need to know what an ending is.

To answer the question of what endings exist in the Russian language, I first propose to answer another: why are endings needed at all, what is their role?

One of the main functions of endings in the Russian language: they serve to form different forms of the same word, therefore, unchangeable parts of speech, by definition, cannot have endings. Now we gradually approach the answer to the question posed.

Variable parts of speech, which include: nouns, adjectives, participles and some pronouns and numerals can have zero endings, the ending can be expressed by one or more sounds and may have no endings at all.

In this table you will find a list of endings in alphabetical order, and their functions are also indicated here:

In linguistics, an ending is the variable final part of a word.

The endings depend on which part of speech the word belongs to (noun, adjective, verb, etc.), and each part of speech has its own divisions. For example, nouns are divided into genders: masculine, feminine or neuter.

All types of endings for various parts of speech are listed in great detail on the website Time to Speak Russian.

The following types of endings are distinguished in the Russian language:

• case - express the current case of the word;
• numeric;
• generic;
• personal.

Each part of speech has individual endings.

Here are examples of personal verb endings:



An ending is a morpheme of word-forming properties that expresses case, gender, person, number and serves to connect words in phrases and sentences, that is, it coordinates the subject with the predicate. It is immediately worth noting that only those words that do not change have endings; accordingly, function words never have endings: adjectives, adverbs, unchangeable nouns. The ending is also sometimes zero, that is, in essence, it is the absence of an ending that carries certain information about the word. It must be remembered that in the Russian language, words with a zero ending, in no case, should be confused with unchangeable words, which, by definition, cannot have endings, since only changeable words that have non-zero endings can have it presented in other forms.

Read it. Do you understand what idea is expressed in this sentence?

Daughter_listening_mom_.

Let's add parts to the words.

Daughter A listening no mom at.

Daughter at listening no mom A.

Daughter And listening ut mom at.

This part of the word that contributed its meaning is called the ending.

In order to connect words with each other in speech, we change their.

The part of the word that changes is this is the ending.

The ending is usually found at the end of the word after the root or suffix. It is distinguished by an icon that looks like a rectangular frame.

So, ending- this is a variable part of a word, with the help of which words are associated with each other.

Since the ending is the variable part of the word, the word needs to be changed.

Let's take the floor table.

It can be changed by numbers and by question commands (cases). We will highlight the part of the word that has changed.

In a word table the ending is first “invisible” and then appears; highlight the “invisible” ending with an empty frame. He is called zero ending.

So, to find the ending, the word needs to be changed by numbers or by the command of one or two questions.

Let's find the endings in the words: house, big, painted. To do this, let's change the words by numbers and by command of one or two questions.

We changed the words. In variations of the same word, only the endings are different, other parts are the same. The meaning conveyed by the ending is said to be: ending value.

For example, let's read words with a plural meaning. ( Houses, houses, big, paint, paint). The endings -a, -ov, -ie, -yat, -im indicated it.

Scientists named the meaning of the ending grammatical(from the Greek “gram” - “letter”)

Imagine that you are sculpting from plasticine. You can first make one figure from one piece, and then crush it and mold another. In your hands, a piece of plasticine changed its shape every time form.

We do the same with words when we use them in speech. The word can change, or, as scientists say, change your shape.

Every change in a word is its form. Forms of the same word often differ endings.

Let's look at the words: paint, paint, repaint, paint.

Are these changes to one word or different words?

The ending of the words is the same - -ish.

These words differ in their basics. These are different words.

The part of a word without an ending is called the stem of the word. The base is separated from the ending on the letter by an icon.

The word will help you understand this name (base) basic.

Each word has its own meaning, its own meaning. It is stored primarily in root. The meaning of the root can be supplemented by the meaning of prefixes and suffixes.

The meaning of the word is basic, which distinguishes it from other words. Therefore, that part of it that conveys meaning is called basis words.

The meaning of a word, which is conveyed by its stem, is called: meaning of stem words. Scientists called the meaning of the base lexical(from the Greek “lexis” - “word, speech”).

Let's compare the words. Which column contains different words, and which column contains changes in the form of one word?

1. birch

on a birch

under the birch

birch trees

2. birch

birch forest

birch

boletus

In the first column, the words differ in endings.

The basis of the words is the same (berez-).

When the endings are different, they are forms of the same word.

In the second column, the words have different stems (birch-, birch-, birch-, boletus-).

When words have different stems, they are different words.

These words have the same root, since they have the same root (-birch-) and the words are close in meaning.

Initial form of the word:

Read the text and find the forms of one word.

The crane is the tallest bird. The legs are long, the neck is long. The nose is long too. And the voice is loud - you can hear it three kilometers away.(According to N. Sladkov)

length s(which?)

length and I(which?)

length th(Which?)

These are forms of one word, since the endings are different.

One of the forms of the word is initial.

Every word has a first initial form, from which its changes begin. The word is usually named after it.

The initial form of the adjective answers the question which?

Which? - long, stentorian. These adjectives are in the initial form.

The initial form of a noun is the singular form. numbers that answer the questions who? or what? There are never any excuses with her.

Who? - crane, bird, what? - neck, nose, voice

The initial form of the verb answers the question: what to do? or what to do? To put a verb into its initial form, you need to execute the command of one of these questions.

What to do? - hear.

We put the words in the initial form:

Let's put the words in their initial form. First, let's ask a question and determine the part of speech.

Behind the porch - behind what?, noun, what? - porch.

Blue - which one?, adj. name, which one? - blue.

Invents - what does he do?, verb, what to do? - invent.

Will come up with - what will he do?, verb, what to do? - come up with.

You might be interested to know that not all words have endings.

For example, nouns that do not change have no endings: subway, coat, cinema, piano, highway and others.

Verbs in the initial form do not have endings. What to do? jump, carry, bake. What to do? write, bring, bake.

And other words that you will become familiar with in high school.

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