A particle is an auxiliary part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create forms of words.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be part of sentences.
The main area of ​​use of particles is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech makes statements more expressive and emotional. Excessive use of particles leads to speech clogging and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (the same as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of sentences. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.

When parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

In Russian language science there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Classifications may vary among different authors.

Particle discharges.

According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into categories.

• formative,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that participate in the formation of certain forms of various parts of speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, state names, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form verb inflections:
  • imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; What would did not happen.
    Particle would(b) may appear before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, may be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I did more would better. I would made it even better.

  Particles let, let, let, yes, come on (let's go) are part of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb during morphological analysis of the verb as a part of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, names of states - more, less : more important, less important; more Interesting, less boring.
  The meaning of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more And All : more scarier All more interesting.

When forms are formed, particles become closer to morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed using a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya(-s), -that, -either, -something And no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of combined or separate spelling. It is necessary to distinguish the particle -That And -That : Which -That, Where -That ( ) - I -That I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In Babaytseva’s complex on the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where -something, -either, -something - attributed to word-forming particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, anyone, anyone; what - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles Not And neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles turn into .
Using a particle Not Words with opposite meanings are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without Not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

Negative particles

No, neither- the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays a major role in expressing negation and gives the following meanings:

• negative meaning for the whole sentence: This will not happen.
• negative meaning to an individual member of a sentence: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive meaning, statement (via double negative with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; I couldn't help but say.

Most often a negative particle Not is part of the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- tale.)

NI particle gives:

• negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither clouds. Sometimes neither used without Not : In the sky neither clouds.
• strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything would work out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• When repeating the particle neither becomes important coordinating (conjunctive) conjunction : Neither Sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
• Negative particles include words No. It is used when there is a negative answer to a spoken or unspoken question: Want? No . To strengthen the negative word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don’t want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role to the affirmative particle in the sentence Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish neither (not) prefix, particle and conjunction. The prefix is ​​written together ( someone, no one, no one). The particle and conjunction are written separately: no not a soul (particle, strengthens negation); Neither (conjunction) rain, neither (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Semantic particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence (clarify, emphasize, intensify), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Particle groups by value:

• Adding shades of meaning:
  • interrogative —whether, really, really :
    Really This is true? Is it true whether This? Isn't it do you disagree with me?
    Isn't it And really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it really) did not you recognize me? But they can also have different meanings.
    In sentences with isn't it doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to be arguing with the interlocutor, confident in the inadmissibility of the fact: Isn't it can I lie?
    In sentences with really doubt and surprise appear: Really did he deceive us?
  • index fingers — here (and here), there (and there), here and, there .
    Highlight the item you need to pay attention to: Here my village.
  • clarifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express allocation, limitation(restrictive-excretive) - only, only, exclusively, almost, solely : I am not sick, only) a little tired.
• particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
  • exclamation marks particles - what the, how , Well: What a soul! How amazing! Gee!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, and indignation.
    Particle How has a homonym How - pronoun How and union How .
    Particle How usually used in exclamatory sentences: How evenings in Russia are delightful!
    Pronoun-adverb How used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the sentence : How are you feeling? How - circumstance.
    Union How - in complex sentences: I will tell you, How to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly: Barely whether this will do. Hardly he will agree.
  • amplifiers particles - even, well, neither, well, really, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha knows each other only famous monuments. ( Only - an intensifying particle, in a sentence it is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon has become brighter, the stars same They just turned blue. Particle same highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• Day and night the cat is a scientist All walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - intensifying meaning
• Well what the neck, what thelittle eyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeslong live the sun,Yesdarkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the imperative form of the verb
• Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. - forms the subjunctive form of the verb.
• What we were talking about before only thought, now they have brought it to life. We just thought -only not an adverb, not a conjunction, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not do). Therefore it is a particle.

Among the particles should be distinguished. There are quite numerous examples of them in the Russian language. The difficulty is that they can perform several functions, and particles often go into Let's look at how these particles are represented in Russian, examples will help with this.

Concept

What is a particle? This is a special auxiliary part of speech, which is designed to convey additional semantic or emotional shades both to the entire sentence as a whole and to a specific word. They also have another important function: they participate in the formation of word forms.

Let's look at two sentences that use particles. Examples are as follows:

• Only she can help me do this hard work.
• Let them finish this task quickly and move on to the next one.

If in the first sentence the particle only strengthens the pronoun she, gives the word the meaning of isolation, exclusivity, then in the second particle let performs a completely different function - it participates in the formation of the imperative mood: let them finish, let them move on.

Syntactic role

Just like other function words (prepositions and conjunctions), particles do not carry a syntactic load; it is wrong to single them out as a part of a sentence. The only exception is their formative role. In this case, the particle is indicated with the member of the sentence to which it adjoins.

• Wasn't it you and me we met on the bus yesterday? (The addition not with you includes the particle Not.)
• Let the lights sparkle brighter. (The predicate in the imperative mood let them sparkle includes the particle let him.)

Let's compare with sentences where there are no examples:

• Should you be on class duty today? (Interrogative particle isn't it does not carry any syntactic load.)
• How beautiful the sea is at dawn! (Exclamation particle how come is not part of the sentence.)

Main functions

Let's figure out what forms this part of speech (particle) is used to form. Examples will help with this.

1. The imperative mood of the verb. These are the particles: let (let), come on, yeah. (Let's start your duties as soon as possible . Yes the celebration will begin! )
2. Conditional mood of the verb. The particle used here is would (b). (If would just return everything back. Came b you came to me, you got it done would much faster.)
3. Particles are also used to form the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb. Examples: taller, less deep, most beautiful; more interesting, less broad.
4. A number of linguists identify some (we will give examples of them in this paragraph) as participating in the formation of indefinite pronouns: either, either, something(someone, somewhere, anyone, some). However, classical science still identifies them as suffixes and prefixes (some-).

Transmitted values

Much more diverse Examples will help prove that with the help of these function words you can convey various emotional and semantic shades.

There are several groups of such particles:

1. Interrogative. Really, really, really) indicate a question. ( Really Is it so difficult to complete a simple task? Isn't it Did I say I'll come after lunch? You whether stood behind that tree?)
2. Exclamation marks. How, what the talk about admiration or indignation. ( How It's great to come home after a day of work! What the beautiful morning! What the disobedient child! How You can make such a terrible soup!)
3. Index marks. Here, there are used when it is necessary to attract the listener's attention to a specific subject. ( Here this house. It is over a thousand years old. There, look, a wedge of cranes.)
4. Amplifiers: even, after all, after all, then. They are used to emotionally enhance a specific word. ( Even a small child knows that he needs to wash his hands after going outside. After all I warned you that you could make a mistake here. Still you are an incorrigible romantic. Anya same I went into the forest through the thicket. To me -That Don’t you know how hard it is to study and work!)
5. Clarifying: exactly, exactly, exactly- used to designate specific objects and phenomena. (It was exactly that dress that was hanging in the window just yesterday. Exactly This is what I'm trying to convey to you. Just Pavel should know this.)
6. Conveying doubt: hardly, hardly.(Hardly there will be someone who can help us. Hardly he will cope with such a difficult test.)
7. Negative particles: no, neither. We will look at examples of their use in more detail below. Here we will only say that they convey negation in different ways.

Denial with no and no

It is the negative particles that cause the most difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that they are used in different speech situations. Yes, particle Not used when it is necessary to convey the negation of a sentence as a whole. ( Not talk to me in that tone! I Not Can Not go to this meeting . )

Another thing is the particle neither. It is designed to strengthen the already existing denial. In other words, it is always used in conjunction with Not, giving it additional meaning. By the way, instead of a particle Not there may be an equivalent word no. (In heaven there is no neither clouds, neither clouds. I will not go neither to the store, neither to visit - I want to stay at home.) Word No, which is a predicate, can be omitted, it can be easily restored from the context. (In the house neither souls. Wed: Not in the house neither souls.)

Particle neither can also take on an intensifying meaning. (Where neither I’ll look - everyone is enjoying the first sun.) In such cases, the function word is used in subordinate clauses together with, for example, who, what, where, where.

Spelling no and no

When to write Not, and when neither? The answer is simple: try to “eliminate” the controversial particle from the sentence. If the meaning does not change, you need to use neither, otherwise - Not. ( Whichever book I neither I read, everywhere I meet characters who are similar to my loved ones.) If you remove the sentences, it will remain the same, it will not suffer grammatically.

(Who Not I was preparing for exams and passed them very poorly.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the sentence will change to the opposite. Must be consumed Not.

It should also be remembered that in exclamatory sentences, together with the particle only always written Not.(Where is he? Not I looked for the loss - everything is useless!)

The word “particle” itself says that it is a small part of something. Since school, we remember the concept of a particle from the Russian language, as well as an elementary particle from the course of physics and chemistry. Let's figure out what a particle is in a particular science.

What is a particle in Russian?

In Russian, a particle is a non-nominal or auxiliary part of speech, which serves to give nuance to various words, phrases, sentences, as well as to form words, for example. Particles, like other auxiliary parts of speech - prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, can be distinguished by the fact that it is impossible to ask a question about them.

There are several types of particles:

1. Formative - they serve to form a verb in the conditional and imperative forms. For example, “would”, “let”, “let”, “come on”. Unlike other particles, they are components of the verb form and are the same part of the sentence as the verb.
2. Semantic particles - serve to express shades of feelings of the speaking person. According to their semantic meaning, particles can be divided into negative (neither, not); interrogative (really, really); demonstrative (here, this, that); clarifying (precisely, exactly); amplification (even, after all), and others.

Many philologists believe that particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections, as well as introductory words. The particle does not have its own meaning, but takes on the meaning that is expressed by it in the sentence.

What is an elementary particle?

Elementary particles are the smallest indivisible objects that make up an atom. Their structure is studied by the physics of elementary particles, and from 1932 to the present day more than 400 elementary particles have been discovered.

All elementary particles are usually divided into three large groups, which are distinguished depending on their electromagnetic and gravitational behavior.

• Thus, bosons are carriers of weak electromagnetic interaction. Bosons are also characterized by a half-integer spin. This group includes photons, neutrons, and protons.
• Leptons are direct participants in electromagnetic interaction. To date, about 6 leptons are known. The most famous of them is the electron (e), and this elementary particle has the smallest atomic mass.
• Hadrons are the heaviest elementary particles that also participate in electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. Based on their mass, hadrons are divided into three groups: baryons, mesons and resonances. The most famous baryon is the proton.

Each elementary particle is characterized by mass, lifetime, spin and electrical discharge. The discovery of elementary particles made it possible to make a big step, both in nuclear physics and in molecular kinetics. Today it is believed that the true elementary particles are leptons and quarks.

So, now you know what a preposition, conjunction, particle is, and how a particle differs from other auxiliary parts of speech. And also what are elementary particles characterized in physics.

Service. It is intended to indicate various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in the Russian language are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

This division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in a sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meaning and emotions they express, particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, come on, come on, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, no, definitely, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, of course, what the, how, what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even;

6) concessional at least, after all, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-restrictive particles: only, solely, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;

10) demonstrative: here and, there and, here, this, there, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in the Russian language

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): untruth, someone, nothing, etc.;

2) particles -or, -something, -that, something-. They are used as affixes. With their help, indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

Shape-forming particle - would. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: would help, would win.

Particles in Russian. Classification by origin

In the Russian language, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, the following classification is made into:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: come on, let, see, etc.; from pronouns: -some, everything, -that, it, etc.; from conjunctions: and, yes, same, a, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, over there, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" mixed with words

An unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word is not used in use without it: ridiculous, inappropriate, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: no one, no one, nothing, some;

d) if there are no dependent words with the full participle: unwarming sun, uncorrected error.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in cases where it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: in no way, from nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I didn’t have a chance to take anyone on the road.

§1. General characteristics of particles

A particle is a functional part of speech.

Once upon a time, the linguistic tradition contrasted particles of speech with parts of speech (small function words - large words with independent meaning) and included all function words. Then it was realized that prepositions and conjunctions are separate classes of words, each with its own functions. And the term particle began to be used in a new way, in a narrower meaning.

Like all “small” words, particles have a number of important features:

1) do not change themselves,
2) are not members of the sentence (but some particles may be part of them).
What distinguishes them from other non-independent words is that they serve to convey a wide range of additional meanings, emotions, feelings, and assessments of the speaker. Without particles, especially frequently presented in colloquial speech, the Russian language would be less rich. Let's compare:

Really he didn't call? (surprise) ≠ He didn’t call? (question)
Just I dreamed about this! (clarification, underlining, expression) ≠ This is what I dreamed about (neutral message)
What the night! (exclamation, assessment) ≠ Night. (nominal sentence)

Even from these examples it is clear that particles are very diverse. In this case, as for all function words, the determining factor for particles is their function (role), according to which they are divided into formative and semantic.

§2. Shaping particles

There are very few form-forming particles.
These are particles: let, let, let, yes, come on. They serve to form the conditional and imperative moods.

Not if it rained, we We'd spend the whole day outside.

Particle would serves as an indicator of the conditional mood of the verb. This is a verb form component. The particle is included in the predicate along with the verb form. This means that formative particles will be included in the members of sentences.

Let's go out of town!

Particle Let's - indicator of the imperative mood. Let's go- this is an incentive to joint action. Here this is the predicate of a definite-personal sentence.

This means that formative particles are particles involved in the formation of the conditional and imperative moods of the verb. In a sentence, they appear together with the verb, even if they do not stand next to each other, and are one member of the sentence (separate particles cannot be members of the sentence).

§3. Meaning particles. Places by value

The bulk of Russian particles are semantic particles. Since they can express a wide range of meanings, it is important to know into which categories they are divided by meaning.

Digits by value:

1. Negative: not, neither, not at all, far from, not at all
2. Interrogative: really, really, whether (l)
3. Demonstratives: this, over there, here, in (colloquial)
4. Clarifying: exactly, just, directly, exactly, exactly
5. Restrictive-excretory : only, only, exclusively, almost, solely
6. Exclamation marks: what the, well and how
7. Reinforcing: after all, even, really, after all, not, well, yet, and, yes, but
8. Doubts: hardly, hardly, hardly
   

Do not confuse:

1) Particles and, ah, yes- homonymous to coordinating conjunctions.
AND do not say! AND do not ask! AND do not wait! (Here And- reinforcing particle)
Yes do not say! Yes do not ask! Yes don't wait for him, he won't come! (yes - reinforcing particle)
A, come what may! ( A- reinforcing particle)

2) Particle -That homonymous with the suffix -to in indefinite pronouns: someone, some and so on.
He -That knows what he's saying! We- That we know... Ivan -That knows... (here -That- particle)

3) Particle How homonymous with the pronoun How.
How breathes well after a thunderstorm!, How it's horrible!, How I feel bad! (Here How- exclamation particle)
How is the word written? (interrogative pronoun)
I don't know, How this word is written. (relative pronoun)

Attention:

Some particles may belong not to one, but to different categories, for example: whether or not etc. Compare:
In the house neither souls (= no one, negative) ≠ There were no souls in the room neither souls (amplification)
Tell me you called whether anyone? (interrogative) ≠ Will come in whether is he today? Will have time whether? (doubt)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to consider particles as an independent part of speech?

2. Is the part of speech variable?

3. Can particles be part of sentences?

4. What particles can be included in the members of a sentence?

   • Semantic
   • Form-building

5. What particles help form the imperative and conditional moods?

   • Semantic
   • Form-building

6. Particles are formative or semantic Not And neither?

   • Semantic
   • Formative

7. The formative or semantic particles are: if only, let, let, yes, come on -?

   • Semantic
   • Formative