Concepts concrete and abstract. Types of concepts

abstract(lat. abstractio - distraction) - side, part of the whole, one-sided, simple, undeveloped; specific(lat. condensed, fused) - multilateral, complex, developed, holistic.

The definition of knowledge as concrete or abstract is relative and makes sense only in comparing two knowledge related to the same reality. Getting more and more specific knowledge is the goal of research. The ascent from the abstract to the concrete as a research method is applicable only to the study of the whole, represented as an organic system of connections. The first step in this case is the selection of the main or initial connection and its study while abstracting - isolating - this connection from other significant connections. The subsequent study of the connections - the concretization of the subject of study - is no longer carried out in isolation, but taking into account the results of the previous analysis. The method of taking into account and the sequence of links involved in the analysis are always determined by the specifics of the subject being studied.

ABSTRACT and SPECIFIC - philosophical categories denoting the stages of cognition of reality, expressed in the epistemological law of ascent from A. to K.A. (Latin abstractio - distraction, removal) - a mental image obtained by abstracting (abstracting) from certain non-essential properties or relations of the subject in order to highlight its essential features; a theoretical generalization that makes it possible to reflect the main patterns of the phenomena under study, to study and predict new, unknown patterns. The integral formations that constitute the direct content of human thinking (concepts, judgments, conclusions, laws, mathematical structures, etc.) act as abstract objects. The specificity of an abstract object is determined by the specificity of the abstraction.

There are several types of abstraction: 1) identification abstraction, or a generalized abstraction, as a result of which common property objects under study. This type abstraction is considered fundamental in mathematics and mathematical logic. For example, a one-to-one correspondence between sets is characterized by three important properties: symmetry, transitivity, and reflexivity. If there are relations between certain objects with given properties, then with the help of such a relation, similar to equality, some common property inherent in all these objects is singled out; 2) analytical or isolating abstraction, as a result of which the properties of objects are clearly fixed, denoted by a certain name ("heat capacity", "solubility", "continuity", "parity", "heredity", etc.); 3) idealizing abstraction, or idealization, as a result of which the concepts of idealized (ideal) objects are formed ("ideal gas", "absolutely black body", "direct", etc.); 4) abstraction of actual infinity (distraction from the fundamental impossibility to fix each element of an infinite set, i.e. infinite sets are considered as finite); 5) abstraction of potential feasibility (distraction from the real limits of our capabilities, our limitedness by our own finiteness, i.e. it is assumed that any, but a finite number of operations can be carried out in the process of activity).

Sometimes, as a special type, abstraction of constructivization is singled out (distraction from the uncertainty of the boundaries of real objects, their "coarseness" in order to grasp in the "first approximation)". The limits or intervals of A. as a generalized image are interpretations (for example, the concept of an imaginary number) and information completeness (the presence of a semantic interpretation and comprehension on material models). K. (lat. concretus - thick, solid, fused) - really existing, quite definite, precise, objective, material, considered in all the variety of properties and relationships (unlike A.). K. in thinking is the content of concepts that reflect objects or phenomena in their essential features, the division of concepts into K. and A. in logic is a consequence of distinguishing between the display of an object and its properties.

S.V. Vorobiev

The latest philosophical dictionary. Comp. Gritsanov A.A. Minsk, 1998.

CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

(see etymological references under the articles Abstraction and Concrete) - types of concepts described in the traditional. formal logic. Specific name. concept, to-roe reflects otd. an object or class of objects (eg, "Moscow Kremlin", "house", etc.); abstract called. a concept in which not an object is conceived as a whole, but a separate one. a sign abstracted from an object or objects and conceivable out of connection with them, as a certain self-sufficiency. object ("bravery", "bravery of Suvorov", etc.). As Locke noted, the concepts fixed by adjectives ("white", "beautiful") should be considered not as abstract, but as concrete, because they essentially mean classes (white, beautiful, etc.) items, not attributes ("whiteness", "beauty") as such. Concrete concepts are formed with the help of a generalizing abstraction and are fixed by words and expressions that usually allow the plural; abstract concepts are formed with the help of isolating abstraction and are fixed by words and expressions that usually do not have a plural. One and the same thought in content can often be expressed both with the help of a concrete one (“NN is a brave person”), and with the help of an abstract concept (“courage is one of the properties of NN”), See Abstraction, Concrete and bibliography under these articles .

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On this basis, the concepts are divided into:

    concrete and abstract;

    positive and negative;

    correlative and non-relative;

    collective and non-collective.

Specific concept- a concept that reflects the object or phenomenon itself, which has a relative independence of existence (diamond, oak, lawyer).

abstract concept- a concept in which the property of objects or the relationship between objects that do not exist independently, without these objects (hardness, durability, competence) is thought.

positive concept- a concept that reflects the presence of an object of thought of some property, quality (“metal”, “living”, “action”, “order”).

negative concept- a concept that characterizes the absence of an object of thought of any quality, property. Such concepts in the language are designated using negative particles (“not”), prefixes (“without-” and “bes-”), etc., for example, “non-metal”, “inanimate”, “inaction”, “disorder”.

The logical characterization of concepts as negative and positive should not be confused with the axiological assessment of the phenomena and objects they designate. For example, the concept of "innocent" is logically negative, but reflects a positively assessed situation.

Correlate- a concept that inevitably implies the existence of another concept ("parents" - "children", "teacher" - "student").

Whatever concept- a concept in which an object is conceived that exists to a certain extent independently, separately from others: “nature”, “plant”, “animal”, “man”.

Collective concept- a concept correlated with a group of objects as a whole, but not correlated with a separate object from this group.

For example, the concept of "fleet" refers to the totality of ships, but is not applicable to a separate vessel, "collegium" consists of individuals, but one person is not a collegium.

Non-collective concept- applies not only to the group of objects as a whole, but also to each individual object of this group.

For example, "tree" is the whole set of trees in general, and birch, pine, oak - in particular, and this particular tree - separately.

The distinction between collective and non-collective (distinctive) concepts is important in the construction of inferences.

For instance:

The conclusion is correct because the term "law students" is used in a divisive sense: each student of the faculty studies logic.

The conclusion is incorrect, because in this case the concept of "law students" is used in a collective sense, and what is true in relation to the entire population of students as a whole may not be true in relation to individual of them.

2.2. Types of concepts by their scope

If the types of concepts by their content characterize the qualitative differences of objects, then the division of concepts by volume characterizes their quantitative differences.

Empty and non-empty concepts. They are characterized depending on whether they refer to non-existent or really existing objects of thought.

empty concepts – concepts with zero volume, i.e. representing the empty class "ideal gas".

The empty ones include concepts denoting objects that do not really exist - both fantastic, fabulous images (“centaur”, “mermaid”), and some scientific concepts denoting or hypothetically assumed objects, whose existence can be refuted in the future (“caloric”, "magnetic fluid", "perpetual motion machine"), or confirmed, or idealized objects that play an auxiliary role in the sciences ("ideal gas", "pure matter", "absolutely black body", "ideal state").

Non-Empty Concepts have a volume that includes at least one real object.

The division of concepts into empty and non-empty is to some extent relative, since the boundary between the existing and the non-existing is mobile. For example, before the appearance of the first real spaceship, the concept of "spaceship", which necessarily appeared at the stage of the human creative process, was empty from the point of view of logic.

Singular and general concepts.

Singular concept - a concept, the volume of which is only one object of thought (a single object, or a collection of objects, conceivable as a single whole).

For example, "The Sun", "Earth", "The Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin" are single items; "solar system", "mankind" - single concepts used in a collective sense.

General concept - a concept, the volume of which is a group of objects, moreover, such a concept is applicable to each element of this group, i.e. used in a divisive sense.

For example: "star", "planet", "state", etc.

E.A. Ivanov 1 notes that the formal-logical division of concepts into types is necessary, but has significant drawbacks:

    conventional division of concepts into concrete and abstract; any concept is real at the same time both concrete (has a well-defined content) and abstract (as a result of abstraction);

Therefore, E.A. Ivanov proposes to proceed from the division of objects of thought into things, their properties, as well as connections and relations, accepted in dialectical-materialist philosophy. Then we can distinguish the following types of concepts according to their content:

    substantial concepts (from Latin substantia - the fundamental principle, the deepest essence of things), or the concepts of the objects themselves in the narrow, proper sense of the word ("man");

    attributive concepts (from lat. atributium - added), or concepts of property (“reasonableness” of a person);

    relational concepts (from lat. relativus - relative) (“equality” of people).

The formal-logical division of concepts into concrete and abstract does not make it possible to understand why concepts are less abstract and more abstract, less concrete and more concrete, how the abstract and the concrete correlate in one and the same concept. The answer to these questions is provided by dialectical logic.

CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

(see etymological references under the articles Abstraction and Concrete) - types of concepts described in the traditional. formal logic. Specific name. , to-roe reflects otd. or a class of objects (eg, "Moscow Kremlin", "house", etc.); abstract called. a concept in which not an object is conceived as, but a dep. , abstracted from the object or objects and conceivable out of connection with them, as a certain independent. ("bravery", "bravery of Suvorov", etc.). As Locke noted, the concepts fixed by adjectives ("", "beautiful") should be considered not as abstract, but as concrete, because they mean, in essence, (white, beautiful, etc.) objects, not otd. signs ("whiteness", "") as such. Concrete concepts are formed with the help of a generalizing abstraction and are fixed by words and expressions that usually allow plural; abstract concepts are formed with the help of isolating abstraction and are fixed by words and expressions that usually do not have a plural. One and the same content can often be expressed both with the help of a concrete ("NN - brave"), and with the help of an abstract concept ("courage is one of the properties of NN"), See Abstraction, Concrete and bibliography under these articles.

K. Morozov. Moscow.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia . Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .


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