Electrical wiring in the house, cottage serves to transport electricity to various types of electricity consumers: lighting fixtures, heaters, boilers, pumps, TVs, etc. All these devices create comfortable living conditions and have a wide range of power consumption from 10 W (shavers, DVD) to 5 kW (boilers, electric boilers). The role of electrical wires is very difficult to overestimate. Further comfort and safety during operation depends on the correct choice of wire types for various groups of consumers at the design and construction stage. Hundreds of meters of reasons for various purposes are hidden within the walls of modern buildings, and they are all different - some of them are thicker, others are thinner, some have two veins, and some have three or more. Each wire has its own purpose (power wiring, lighting, signal cables, telephone cables, the Internet) and is responsible for the operation of an electrical appliance. Of the many different types of wires and cables in this article, we will consider electrical wires and cables used in construction to transport electricity. Consider their varieties, brands and applications. Electrical wiring- consists of wires and cables with associated fasteners, supporting and protective structures.
Electric wires are available in copper and aluminum. Copper wires have better conductivity than aluminum wires, but they are also more expensive.
What is wire?
The wire- this is one uninsulated or one or more insulated conductors, on top of which there can be a non-metallic sheath, winding or braiding of fibrous materials or wire. The wires can be bare or insulated. The wires can be used for power lines, for the manufacture of windings of electric motors, for connections in electronic equipment, etc.
Bare wires do not have any protective or insulated coatings, they are mainly used for power lines.
The conductors of the insulated wires are covered with PVC, rubber or plastic insulation.
Installation wires- wires for low voltage electrical distribution networks.
Naked are called wires that do not have protective or insulating coatings on top of the conductive cores. Bare wires of the brands PSO, PS, A, AS, etc. are used, as a rule, for overhead power lines.
Isolated are called wires in which the conductive cores are covered with insulation, and on top of the insulation there is a braid of cotton yarn or a sheath of rubber, plastic or metal tape. Insulated wires can be either shielded or unprotected.
Protected insulated wires are called, having a sheath over the electrical insulation, designed to seal and protect against external climatic influences. These include wires of the APRN, PRVD, APRF brands, etc.
Unprotected called insulated wires that do not have a protective sheath over the electrical insulation (wires of the APRTO, PRD, APPR, APPV, PPV brands).
What is a cable?
Cable- one or more insulated conductors enclosed in a common sealed sheath (lead, aluminum, rubber, plastic), on top of which, depending on the conditions of laying and operation, there can be an armored sheath (coating of steel tapes or flat or round wire). Such cables are called armored. Unarmored cables are used where there is no possibility of mechanical damage.
According to the field of application, cables are divided into the following types:
What is a cord?
Cord - a wire consisting of two or more insulated flexible conductors with a cross section of up to 1.5 mm, covered with a non-metallic sheath or other protective covers. The cord is used to connect to the network of electrical household appliances ( table lamps, vacuum cleaners, washing machines). The core of the cord is necessarily multiwire, in addition, the cores are interconnected by a twist or a common braid.
Two-core cords are used if the device body does not require protective neutralization, if neutralization is required, then three-core cords are used.
MARKING OF WIRES AND CABLES
Wire (cable) brand is a letter designation characterizing the material of conductive conductors, insulation, degree of flexibility and design of protective covers. In the designation of wires, certain rules are established.
Wires and cables are marked with letters.
First letter. Core material: A - aluminum, copper - no letters.
Second letter. In the designation of the wire: P - wire (PP - flat wire), K - control, M-mounting, MG - mounting with a flexible core, P (U) or W - installation, in the designation of the cable sheath material.
Third letter... In the designation of the wire and cable - the insulation material of the cores: V or VR - polyvinyl chloride (PVC), P - polyethylene, R - rubber, N or HP - nitrite (non-combustible rubber), F - folded (metal) sheath, K - nylon, L - varnished, ME - enameled, O - polyamide silk braid, W - polyamide silk insulation, C - fiberglass, E - shielded, G - with a flexible core, T - with a supporting cable.
The rubber insulation of the wire can be protected by sheaths: B - polyvinyl chloride, H - nitrite. The letters B and H are placed after the designation of the wire insulation material.
Fourth letter. Design features. A - asphalted, B - with armored tapes, D - flexible (wire), without a protective cover (power cable), K - armored with round wires, O - braided, T - for laying in pipes.
Control cables.
A - the first letter, then an aluminum conductor, in its absence - a copper conductor.
B - the second letter (in the absence of A) - PVC insulation.
B - the third letter (in the absence of A) - PVC sheath.
P - polyethylene insulation.
Ps - self-extinguishing polyethylene insulation.
Г - lack of a protective layer.
P - rubber insulation.
K - the first or second letter (after A) - control cable.
KG - flexible cable.
F - PTFE insulation.
E - in the middle or at the end of the designation - shielded cable.
Letter designation of installation wires
Installation wires.
M - at the beginning of the designation - installation wire.
G - stranded conductor, if the letter is absent, then single-wire.
Ш - polyamide silk insulation.
B - PVC insulation.
K - nylon insulation.
L - lacquered.
C - fiberglass winding and braid.
D - double braid.
O - polyamide silk braid.
Special designations. PV-1, PV-3 - vinyl-insulated wire. 1, 3 - flexibility class of the conductor.
PVA - connecting wire in a vinyl sheath.
ШВВП - vinyl-insulated cord, in a vinyl sheath, flat.
PUNP - universal flat wire.
PUGNP - universal flat flexible wire.
Letter designation of installation wires
In addition to letter designations, brands of wires, cables and cords contain digital designations: the first digit is the number of cores, the second digit is the cross-sectional area, the third is the rated voltage of the network. The absence of the first digit means that the cable or wire is solid. The cross-sectional areas of the veins are standardized. The values of the area of \ u200b \ u200bthe cross-sections of wires are selected, depending on the current strength, the material of the cores, the conditions of laying (cooling).
The designation of the cords must contain the letter Ш.
Examples of designation:
PPV 2x1.5-380- copper wire, with PVC insulation, flat, two-core, cross-sectional area of 1.5 mm, for voltage 380 V.
VVG 4x2.5-380- cable with copper conductors, in PVC insulation, in PVC sheath, without a protective cover, 4-core, with a conductor cross-sectional area of 2.5 mm, for a voltage of 380 V.
Color coding of wires
In addition to the alphanumeric marking of wires and cables, there is a color marking. Below we list the colors that mark the wire and the corresponding purpose of the core:
In addition, in accordance with the PUE, it is allowed to use a different color for the phase conductor, for example, brown, white.
PVC and rubber insulated power cables.
АС - aluminum core and lead sheath.
AA - aluminum core and aluminum sheath.
B - armor made of two steel tapes with anti-corrosion coating.
Bn - the same, but with a non-combustible protective layer.
B - the first (in the absence of A) letter - PVC insulation.
B - the second (in the absence of A) letter - PVC sheath.
Г - at the end of the designation - there is no protective layer over the armor or shell.
Shv - a protective layer in the form of an extruded PVC hose (sheath).
Шп - a protective layer in the form of a pressed hose (sheath) made of polyethylene.
K - armor made of round galvanized steel wires, over which a protective layer is applied, if K is at the beginning of the designation, a control cable.
C - lead sheath.
O - separate shells on top of each phase.
P - rubber insulation.
HP - rubber insulation and sheath made of flame retardant rubber. P - insulation or sheath made of thermoplastic polyethylene.
Ps - insulation or sheath made of self-extinguishing, non-combustible polyethylene.
PV - vulcanized polyethylene insulation.
ng - does not support combustion.
LS - Low Smoke - reduced smoke emission.
ng-LS - does not support combustion, with reduced smoke emission.
FR - with increased fire resistance (mica tape is usually used as a fire-resistant material)
FRLS - with reduced smoke emission, with increased fire resistance
E - shield of copper wires and a spirally applied copper tape
KG - flexible cable.
DECODING MARKING OF WIRES AND CABLES IMPORTED
PRODUCTION
Power cable.
N - the cable is made according to the German VDE standard (Verband Deutscher
Elektrotechniker - Association of German Electrical Engineers).
Y - PVC insulation.
H - No halogens (harmful organic compounds) in PVC insulation.
M - Installation cable.
C - The presence of a copper shield.
RG - Availability of armor.
Control cable.
Y - PVC insulation.
SL - Control cable.
Li - Stranded conductor according to the German VDE standard.
Installation wires.
H - Harmonized wire (HAR approval).
N - Conformity to national standard.
05 - Rated voltage 300/500 V.
07 - Rated voltage 450/750 V.
V - PVC insulation.
K - Flexible conductor for fixed installation
Indoor electrical wires
Electrical wires for internal wiring are somewhat different from power cables - first of all, these differences relate to their technical characteristics and the cross-section of the wire itself. There are a lot of varieties of such electrical wires, as well as cable products, and therefore the question of its choice is quite acute.
PBPP (PUNP)- installation wire with flat single cores, placed in PVC insulation and the same outer sheath. It can have from one to three cores with a maximum cross-section of 6 squares. In most cases it is used for lighting electrical wiring- it is not excluded to connect sockets with it, but on condition that low-power consumers will be connected to them. They can have both copper and aluminum conductors - in the latter case, they are marked as APBPP.
PBPPg (PUGNP). Their main difference from PBPP is in the veins themselves - they are twisted and consist of thin wires. The letter "g" at the end of the marking indicates that this wire is flexible.
PPV. Single-core copper wire - recommended for hidden electrical wiring or for installation in a corrugation or cable duct. Has single insulation.
APPV- the same as PPV, only with an aluminum conductive core.
APV- one of the varieties of PPV. It differs from it in an aluminum twisted core, consisting of wires tightly wound together. Produced in cross-sections up to 16 squares.
PVS... This is one of the most common brands of electrical wires and cables - the sheath and its insulation are made of PVC. His distinctive feature- this is circular section and twisted conductors. The cross-section of such electrical wires can vary from 0.75 to 16 squares. As a rule, it is used to connect household electricity consumers - wiring with this wire is not carried out.
Ball screw- copper or copper-tinned flat electrical wire intended for household needs. Just like PVS, it is used to connect household consumers. This is a twisted electrical wire, the cores of which consist of thin wires - it can have a cross section of 0.5 to 16 squares.
Below are tables for selecting a specific brand of wire, cable, depending on the conditions of use.
WIRE BRANDS
| Brand | Core section, mm | Number of lived | Characteristic | Application |
| APV | 2,5-120 | 1 | Wire with aluminum core, PVC insulation |
For the installation of power and |
| APPV | 2,5-6 | 2; 3 | PVC insulated, flat, with separating base |
For the installation of power and in pipes, channels |
| APR | 2,5-120 | 1 | Wire with aluminum core, rubber insulated, braided with cotton yarn. |
For laying in pipes |
| APPR | 2,5-6 | 2; 3 | Aluminum conductor, rubber insulated |
For laying on wooden structures of residential and industrial buildings |
| APRN | 2,5-120 | 1 | Wire with aluminum core, rubber insulated, non-flammable |
For laying in dry and damp indoors, in canals, outdoors. |
| PV-1 | 0,5-95 | 1 | Copper wire, PVC insulation |
For the installation of power and lighting networks in pipes, channels |
| PV-2 | 2,5-95 | 1 | Copper wire, PVC insulation, flexible |
For the installation of power and lighting networks in pipes, channels |
| PPV | 0,75-4 | 2; 3 | PVC insulated copper wire, flat, with dividing base |
For the installation of power and lighting networks on walls, partitions, hidden wiring, in pipes, channels |
| NS | 0,75-120 | 1 | Copper wire, rubber insulated, braided with cotton yarn, impregnated with anti-rot |
For laying in pipes |
| PVS | 0,5-2,5 | 2; 3 | with copper conductors, PVC insulation, PVC shell |
To connect household |
| PRS | 0,5-4 | 2; 3 | Flexible wire, twisted with copper conductors, rubber insulation, rubber sheath |
To connect household electrical appliances - washing machines, vacuum cleaners, extension cords |
| PUNP (PBPP) | 1,5-4 | 2; 3 | Copper wire, PVC insulation, PVC sheath |
For laying in lighting networks, installation and connection of low-current household appliances destination |
| MGSH | 0,05-0,12 | 1 | Installation wire, flexible with copper core, with silk insulation |
electrical devices |
| MGShV | 0,12-1,5 | 1 | Installation wire, flexible, with copper core, with a combined silk and PVC isolation |
For stationary and mobile installation of intra-block and inter-block connections in electronic and electrical devices |
| TRP | 0,4-0,5 | 2 | Copper wire, polyethylene insulation, with a separating base |
For open and hidden telephone network wiring |
CABLE BRANDS
| Brand | Core section, mm | Number of lived | Characteristic | Application |
| AVVG | 2,5-50 | 1; 2; 3; 4 | For laying outdoors | |
| AVRG | 4-300 | 1; 2; 3; 4 | Power cable with aluminum | For laying in air when |
| ANRG | 4-300 | 1; 2; 3; 4 | Power cable with aluminum shell |
For laying in air when no mechanical stress, in dry or damp rooms, tunnels, canals, on special cable racks and over bridges |
| VVG | 1,5-50 | 1; 2; 3; 4 | Power cable with copper conductors, PVC insulation, PVC sheath |
For laying outdoors air, along routes protected from direct sunlight |
| AWG | 1-240 | 1; 2; 3; 4 | Power cable with copper cores, rubber insulated, PVC sheathed |
For laying in air when no mechanical stress, in dry or damp rooms, tunnels, canals, on special cable racks and over bridges |
| IWG | 1-240 | 1; 2; 3; 4 | Power cable with copper conductors, rubber insulation, rubber oil-resistant and non-combustible shell |
For laying in air when no mechanical stress, in dry or damp rooms, tunnels, canals, on special cable racks and over bridges |
| NYM | 1,5-32 | 2; 3; 4; 5 | Power cable, with one or stranded copper conductor, PVC insulation, in flame retardant polyvinyl chloride sheath. It has additional rubber filling layer. |
For wiring - dry and wet indoors, outdoors, outside direct exposure sunlight, in pipes, channels, on special cable racks for connecting industrial installations, connecting household appliances in stationary installations |
CORD BRANDS
| Brand | Core section, mm | Number of lived | Characteristic | Application |
| SHVL | 0,5 - 0,75 | 2; 3 | Flexible cord with twisted | To connect household electrical appliances - teapots, |
| ShPV-1 | 0,35-0,75 | 2 | Flexible cord with twisted cores, PVC sheathed |
To connect radio equipment, televisions, soldering irons |
| ShPV-2 | 0,35-0,75 | 2 | Flexible cord with twisted cores, PVC sheathed |
For connecting wall and fans, soldering irons, etc. |
| Ball screw | 0,35-0,75 | 2; 3 | High flexibility cord, flat, in PVC insulation, in PVC shell |
For connecting wall and floor lamps, household electrical appliances - teapots, fans, soldering irons, etc. |
| SHRO | 0,35-1 | 2; 3 | Flexible cord with twisted cores, rubber-insulated, cotton-braided or synthetic yarn |
To connect household electrical appliances - kettles, fans, soldering irons, etc. (where higher temperature stability required) |
The main types of cables and wires used for installation in an apartment or a private house should be considered in more detail (Fig. 4.22). Careful information is required when buying, installing, operating and repairing them. Used for transmission and distribution electric current, operating voltage - 660-1000 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The number of cores can vary from 1 to 5. The cross section is from 1.5 to 240 mm 2. In a domestic environment, it is used linen with a cross section of 1.5-6 mm 2, when building a private house - a cable with a cross section of up to 16 mm 2. The veins can be either single or multi-wire (Fig. 4.24). There are no restrictions - you can put a cable with a cross section of 10 mm 2 in the apartment. |
Power cables
Among the most popular in recent times types of cable products can be called VVG cable and its modifications.
VVG denotes a power cable with PVC insulation, PVC sheath (cambric), copper core material, which does not have external protection (Fig. 4.23).
VVG is used for wide range temperatures: from -50 to + 50 "C. Withstands humidity up to 98% at temperatures up to +40" C. The cable is strong enough to break and bend, resistant to aggressive chemicals... When installing, remember that each cable or wire has a certain bend radius. This means that for a 90 ° C turn in the case of VVG, the bend radius must be at least 10 cable cross-sectional diameters. In the case of a flat cable or wire, the width of the plane is considered. The outer shell is usually black, although sometimes white can be found. Does not spread combustion. TPG insulation is marked in different colors: blue, yellow-green, brown, white with a blue stripe, red and black. The cable is packed in bays of 100 and 200 m. Sometimes there are other sizes. Varieties of VVG: AVVG - the same characteristics, only instead of a copper conductor, an aluminum one is used (Fig. 4.25); Conductor PVC insulation PVC sheath
VVGng - a cambric with increased incombustibility (Fig. 4.26);
VVGp - the most common variety, the cable cross-section is not round, but flat; VVGz - the space between the TPZh insulation and the cambric is filled with PVC harnesses or a rubber compound. NYM does not have Russian decoding of the letter designation. It is a TPG PVC insulated copper power cable with a flame retardant PVC outer sheath. Between the layers of insulation there is a filler in the form of coated rubber, which gives the cable increased strength and heat resistance. The veins are multiwire, always copper (Fig. 4.27). The number of cores is from 2 to 5, the cross section is from 1.5 to 16 mm 2. Designed for lighting and power networks with a voltage of 660 V. It has high moisture and heat resistance. Can be used for outdoor installation. Operating temperature range - from -40 to +70 "C. Disadvantage: Does not withstand exposure to sunlight, so the cable must be covered. Compared to any type of VVG, it is more stable and convenient to work with. However, there is only a circular cross-section (inconvenient to lay in plaster or concrete) and is significantly more expensive than VVG. Bending radius - 4 cable cross-section diameters. KG stands for very simple - flexible cable. This is a conductor with an operating voltage of up to 660 V, a frequency of up to 400 Hz or a constant voltage of 1000 V (Fig, 4.28). |
Copper conductors, flexible or increased flexibility. Their number varies from 1 to 6. TPZh insulation - rubber, outer shell of the same material. The operating temperature range is from -60 to +50 "C. The cable is mainly used to connect various portable devices. Most often these are welding machines, generators, heat guns, etc. There is a variety KGng with non-combustible insulation. NOTE KG has perfectly proven itself precisely as a cable that works under almost any outdoor conditions. At a construction site, it is simply irreplaceable for pulling power lines. Although some original people attracted by the flexibility and reliability of the KG, they mount it as a home wiring. The latter are both single-wire and multi-wire. The number of cores is from 1 to 5. The cross section is from 1.5 mm 2 to 240 mm 2. TPG insulation, outer jacket, space between insulation and cambric - PVC is used in all these places. Then comes the armor of two belts, wound in such a way that the outer one overlaps the boundaries of the lower loops. Above the armor, the cable is enclosed in a protective PVC hose, and in the VBBShvng modification, this material of low flammability is used. VBBShv is designed for alternating rated voltages of 660 and 1000 V. Single-core modifications are used to conduct direct current. Lay in pipes, ground and outdoors with sun protection. Operating temperature range - from -50 to +50 "C. Moisture resistant: at a temperature of +35 ° C withstands a humidity of 98%. It is used when conducting electricity for stationary installations, as well as supplying electricity to detached objects. The bending radius is not less than 10 cable cross-section diameters. VBBShv is perfect for underground supply of electricity to a detached building. Modifications: AVBBShv - cable with an aluminum core; VBBSHvng - non-combustible cable; VBBSHvng-LS - non-combustible cable with low gas and smoke emission at elevated temperatures. Wires |
PBPP (PUNP) refers to installation, or assembly. The wire is flat, with single-wire copper conductors covered with PVC insulation, the outer sheath is also made of PVC (Fig, 4.30).
Rice. 4.30. PBPP wire |
The number of cores is 2 or 3, the cross section is from 1.5 to 6 mm 2. It is used for laying stationary lighting systems, as well as for mounting sockets, although it is preferable to use it specifically for lighting. Rated voltage - up to 250 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Operating temperature range - from -15 to +50 "C. Bending radius - not less than 10 diameters.
PBPPg (PUGNP) differs from PUNP in veins - they are multi-wire (Fig, 4.31). That is why the letter "g" is added to the name of the wire - flexible.
All other characteristics correspond to PUNP, only the minimum bending radius is 6. A distinctive property is flexibility, therefore, PUNP is laid in places where the wiring makes frequent bends, or for connecting household appliances to the network. Wires of these brands are sold in coils of 100 and 200 m. The color is usually white, less often black.
The type of PUNP includes a wire with aluminum conductors APUNP (fig, 4.32). He has exactly the same characteristics as PUNP, adjusted for the material of the core. The only difference is that APUNP cannot be multi-wire, and therefore flexible.
NOTE
In general, wires of the PUNP, PUGNP and APUNP brands have perfectly proven themselves as household wires. In half of the cases, the master has to deal with them. However, it should be remembered that these brands of wires are highly specialized, and you should not use them instead of power cables (such as NYM or VVG).
ATTENTION!
The popularity of PUNP and PUGNP wires is based primarily on the price. However, there is a catch in this. The fact is that recently a discrepancy has been noticed between the declared wire cross-section and the actual one. After checking, it turned out that the wire labeled PUGNP 3x1.5 is actually 3 x 1 - that is, the actual cross-section of the core is less. The same is true for isolation. When buying wires of this brand, it is necessary to measure the cross-section of the conductors and the thickness of the insulation.
400 Hz. The wire is resistant to aggressive chemical environments, non-flammable, has a wide operating temperature range - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35" C. The bending radius when laying is at least 10 wire cross-sectional diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. APPV has the same characteristics as PPV, with the exception of the core material - it is aluminum (see Fig. 4.34). APV - single-core aluminum wire with PVC insulation (rice, 4.34). Round wire, single-wire core with cross-section from 2.5 to 16 mm 2 and stranded - from 25 to 95 mm 2.  The wire is used in almost all types of installation of stationary lighting and power systems. It is laid in cavities, pipes, steel and plastic trays... It is widely used in the installation of switchboards. Chemically resistant, operating temperature - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35" C. Bending radius - at least 10 diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. The appearance and characteristics of PV 1 in everything coincide with the AR, except for the material of the core: instead of aluminum - copper (Fig, 4.35). The conductor cross-section starts from 0.75 mm 2.  In addition, the core becomes stranded not from 25, but from 16 mm 2. More flexible than AR. The characteristics of PV 3 wire coincide with the properties of AR and PV 1. Scope of application - installation of sections of lighting and power circuits where frequent bending of wires is required: in distribution boards, when installing a large number of electrical devices. It is also used for laying electrical circuits in cars. Bending radius - at least 6 wire diameters (Fig, 4.36).  |
The vein is multiwire, their total number ranges from 2 to 5, the cross section is from 0.75 to 16 mm 2. Rated voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The core insulation is color-coded and the sheath is white.
The wire is used when connecting various electrical devices, starting with household appliances and ending with garden tools. Due to its flexibility and lightness, it is also used for lighting and even installing sockets. PVA is a household wire used for the manufacture of extension cords, cords for any type of equipment and repair of power grids. It is non-flammable (does not spread combustion with a single gasket), heat-resistant: temperature range - from -40 to +40 ° C (version of PVA U) and from -25 to +40 "C. Thanks to its design, it is resistant to bending and mechanical wear. can withstand at least 3000 folds.
Ball screw - copper or copper-tinned flat wire (rice, 4.38). Core insulation and PVC sheath.
Rice. 4.38. ShVVP wire |
The conductor is multiwire, with increased flexibility. The number of cores is 2 or 3, the cross section is from 0.5 to 0.75 mm 2. Voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Used as a cord for connection lighting fixtures and household appliances of low power, for example, soldering irons, mixers, coffee grinders and electronic devices.
NOTE
ШВВП is a wire exclusively for household needs, it is not used for wiring lighting or sockets.
Cables for transmission of information
In addition to electricity, cables aregive informational signals. In onlately there have been manynew types of information conductors.If 10-15 years ago there wereonly telephone and antenna cables, thennow with the development of computer technicknames of types of information wirenicknames have become much more. Bolshinsome of them are too specializedand is of interest only for narrowlyspecialized specialists. For homeit is enough for him to know and be able touse only a fewmi. We will consider them.
Antenna cables. Today day most often used RG-6,RG-59, RG-58 or Russian counterparts series RK 75.
RG-6 - coaxial cable for netransmission of high-frequency signals forelectronic equipment, televisionor radio (fig, 4.39).
Consists of central copperconductors with a cross section of 1 mm 2, surroundingits insulation made of foamed polyethyleneLena, aluminum foil screengi, tinned outer conductorcopper braid and PVC sheath.Widely used for transmissionsignals from cable and satellitetelevision. Has a variety of techniquestechnical characteristics concerning teatransmitting signal frequency, resistanceremoval, shielding, etc. For example,designation in the name of the cable RK 75means that the resistance of the wireka - 75 Ohm (rice, 4.40).
This information is intended for professionals. In short, we can say that this cable is ideal for transmitting a video signal from an antenna or video camera to a receiver (TV) and distributing the video signal to several sources (Fig. 4.41).
receiving or transmitting a signal. Each conductor is enclosed in PVC or propylene insulation. The outer sheath is also PVC. The cable can be additionally equipped with a moisture-proof polypropylene sheath. There is a breaking thread in the twisted pair design. With its help, the outer sheath can be easily removed from the cable, opening access to the conductive cores.
RG cables have many varieties and differ from each other in some characteristics, for example, conductor resistance, resistance to temperature and shock loads, signal decay time, type of shield, etc. (Fig. 4.42). Computer cables (twisted pair). Serve for building computer networks (Fig. 4.43). The cable through which computers connect to the Internet or to each other is just a twisted pair (Fig. 4.44 and 4.45). Consists of one or more pairs of wires, twisted in pairs, which is done in order to improve Depending on the type of cable, various protection options are possible:? UTP, or unprotected, without common shield for wire pairs; FTP, or foil, with an aluminum foil screen; P STP, or shielded, with a common copper mesh shield, in addition, each twisted pair is surrounded by a separate shield;
|
Rice. 4.44. Twisted pair 
Rice. 4.45. Tip RJ-45 for connecting to a computer
S / FTP, or foil, shielded with common screen out foil, in addition, each pair is additionally enclosed in a screen. In addition, twisted pairs
/divided into categories by the number of pairs combined into one cable. The most common type used for computer networks is a category riya SAT5e. It consists of 4 pairs of wires different colors... Data transfer speed - up to 1 Gb / s when using all pairs.
You can see such a cable used as a CAT1 or CAT2 telephone wire, that is, consisting of 1 or 2 pairs of wires.
Telephone cables and wires
Telephone conductors are divided into 2 main types. The first ones are intended for laying several (up to 400) subscriber lines. The second type is used for wiring in a separate apartment or house.
TPPep - the main type of cable for laying a line designed for a large number of subscribers (fig, 4.46).
The cable consists of two wires twisted in pairs. TPZh made of soft copper wire, with a cross section of 0.4 or 0.5 mm 2, covered with polyethylene insulation. In some types of cable, pairs are combined into groups of 5 or 10 pairs. The outer sheath is also polyethylene or vinyl. The letters "e" and "and" in the name designate a film screen. There are varieties of cable, armored with tapes, or filled, in which the space between the sheath and the cores is occupied by a hydrophobic seal. In a word, this is a cable for conducting telephone communications in an apartment building, it is intended for laying in almost all conditions: underground, in cable channels or by air.
To lay a telephone line to an individual subscriber and wiring indoors, the following telephone wires are used two types.
TRV- one- or two-pair telephone distribution wire (fig, 4.47).
Rice. 4.47. Telephone TRV wire
This is a flat wire with folddivided base, livedcopper, single-wire, ce0.4 or 0.5 mm 2. Quantitynumber of conductors - 2 or 4. Insulation fromPVC. Designed for indoor telephone lines.
Operated at the same temperature from -10 to +40 ° С. Humidity should not exceed 80% at temperature+30 ° N
TRP - according to its characteristics, it coincides with the expansion valve. The only difference is insulation, for TRP it is made of polyethylene (Fig, 4.48).
Rice. 4.48. TRP wire
Possessing increased resistance to environmental influences. Such places include baths, stoves and cellars. In general, wherever it is too hot, humid or cold, and in addition, there is a possibility of mechanical damage. It is clear that PVA or VVG cannot be installed in such places, not to mention PUNP or SHVVP.
RCGM - power assembly single-core wire of increased temperature resistance, flexible. Copper conductor, multi-wire, cross-section from 0.75 to 120 mm 2. Insulation made of silicone rubber, fiberglass sheath impregnated with heat-resistant enamel or varnish (rice, 4.51).
Rice. 4.51. The wire RCGM
This wire is designed for rated voltage up to 660 V and frequency up to 400 Hz. Vibration resistant, high humidity(up to 100% at a temperature of +35 ° С), heat-resistant (operating temperature range from 60 to +180 ° С). In addition, the wire is protected from the harmful effects of varnishes, solvents and fungal mildew. The perfect guidefor rooms from the groundhigh temperature (boilers and stoves), suitable for electrical installation in baths, saunas, oven connections.
PNSV- single-core heating wire. TPZh single-wire steel, blued or galvanized steel (rice, 4.52).
Rice. 4.52. The wire PNSV
Conductor cross-section - 1.2; 1.4; 2 and 3 mm 2. Insulation in PVC or polyethylene. Rated voltage up to 380 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is thermo-resistant: operating temperature range - from -50 to +80 ° С, resistant to alkalis and moisture resistant (transfers immersion in water). Used as heating element: in domestic conditions, warm floors are installed using PNSV.
Runway - single core copper wire. The core is multi-wire, enclosed in polyethylene insulation, sheath is also made of polyethylene or PVC (rice, 4.53).
Rice. 4.53. The wire Runway
The cross-section of the conductor is from 1.2 to 25 mm 2. Rated voltage - 380 or 660 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is resistant to pressure changes. Operating temperature range - from -40 to +80 ° С. It is used for motors of artesian wells submerged in water under high pressure conditions.
LED cablea very interesting option for power. Additionalwires with sequentialsolidly connected
LEDs different color... They are located at a distance of 2 cm from each other, they burn with a constant sufficiently strong light (Fig, 4.54).
Such a cable performs not only decorative functions, although it can be used to create entire light pictures. In addition to aesthetic purposes, it is very convenient for connecting to portable electrical mechanisms. Most often, LED cable is used to connect stage equipment. It is useful in that when a rupture occurs, it is not necessary to look for the place of damage: the diodes in this area will stop glowing. Such cables are manufactured by Duralight. In addition to power conductors, there are computer glowing cables.
In addition to LED cables, there are electroluminescent ones. They glow evenly along their entire length. With the help of such cables, you can create glowing inscriptions and even whole paintings. This is a great alternative to the flexible neon tubes that are commonly used for such designer jewelry. In addition, electroluminescent cables are cheaper than neon tubes and are not limited in length.
It is used for conducting lines indoors and in telephones. High flexibility wire. Rppm - flat wire with a separating base and single-wire copper conductors with polyethylene insulation and sheathing (Fig. 4.50). There is a modificationPRPVM, the shell of which is made of PVC. Number of cores
Special types of cables and wires
For installation electrical systems in places where conditions are very different from usual, special cables are used,
Compared to the expansion valve, the wire is more resistant to the external environment and can be laid outside buildings. SHTLP - telephone flat cord with stranded copper conductors. Polyethylene core insulation (Fig. 4.49). Insulated TPG covered with PVC sheath. The number of cores is 2 or 4, the cross section is from 0.08 to 0.12 mm 2.
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The main types of cables and wires used for installation in an apartment or a private house should be considered in more detail. Careful information is required when buying, installing, operating and repairing them.
Power cables
Among the most popular types of cable products in recent years, VVG cable and its modifications can be called.
VVG- denoted power cable with TPG insulation made of PVC, sheath (cambric) made of PVC, copper core material, without external protection. It is used for transmission and distribution of electric current, operating voltage - 660-1000 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The number of cores can vary from 1 to 5. The cross-section is from 1.5 to 240 mm².
In domestic conditions, a cable with a cross section of 1.5–6 mm² is used, in the construction of a private house - a cable with a cross section of up to 16 mm². The conductors can be either single or multi-wire. There are no restrictions - you can put a cable with a cross section of 10 mm² in your apartment.
VVG is used in a wide temperature range: from –50 to + 50 ° C. Withstands humidity up to 98% at temperatures up to +40 ° C. The cable is strong enough to break and bend, resistant to aggressive chemicals. When installing, remember that each cable or wire has a certain bend radius. This means that for a 90 ° C turn in the case of VVG, the bend radius must be at least 10 cable cross-sectional diameters.
In case of flat cable or wire the width of the plane is considered. The outer shell is usually black, although sometimes white can be found. Does not spread combustion. TPG insulation is marked in different colors: blue, yellow-green, brown, white with a blue stripe, red and black. The cable is packed in bays of 100 and 200 m. Sometimes there are other sizes.
Varieties of VVG cable:
- AVVG- the same characteristics, only instead of a copper core, an aluminum one is used;
- VVGng- cambric with increased incombustibility;
- VVGp- the most common variety, the cable cross-section is not round, but flat;
- VVGz- the space between the TPZh insulation and the cambric is filled with PVC harnesses or a rubber compound.
NYM does not have Russian decoding of the letter designation. it insulated copper power cable TPG PVC, outer sheath made of non-flammable PVC. Between the layers of insulation there is a filler in the form of coated rubber, which gives the cable increased strength and heat resistance. The conductors are multi-wire, always copper.
The number of cores is from 2 to 5, the cross section is from 1.5 to 16 mm². Designed for lighting and power networks with a voltage of 660 V. It has high moisture and heat resistance. Can be used for outdoor installation. Operating temperature range - from –40 to +70 ° C.
Disadvantage: Does not withstand exposure to sunlight, so the cable must be covered. Compared to any type of VVG, it is more stable and convenient to work with. However, there is only a circular cross-section (inconvenient to lay in plaster or concrete) and is significantly more expensive than VVG. Bending radius - 4 cable cross-section diameters.
KG stands for very simple - cable flexible... This is a conductor with an operating voltage of up to 660 V, a frequency of up to 400 Hz or a constant voltage of 1000 V. Copper conductors, flexible or increased flexibility. Their number varies from 1 to 6. TPZh insulation - rubber, outer shell of the same material. Operating temperature range - from –60 to +50 ° C. The cable is mainly used to connect various portable devices. Most often these are welding machines, generators, heat guns, etc. There is a type of KGNG with non-combustible insulation.
Note
KG has perfectly proven itself precisely as a cable that works under almost any outdoor conditions. At a construction site, it is simply irreplaceable for pulling power lines. Although some original people, attracted by the flexibility and reliability of the KG, mount it as a home wiring.
VBBShv - armored power cable with copper conductors... The latter are both single-wire and multi-wire. Number of cores - from 1 to 5. Cross-section - from 1.5 mm² to 240 mm². TPG insulation, outer jacket, space between insulation and cambric - PVC is used in all these places. Then comes the armor of two belts, wound in such a way that the outer one overlaps the boundaries of the lower loops. Above the armor, the cable is enclosed in a protective PVC hose, and in the VBBShvng modification, this material of low flammability is used.
VBBShv is designed for alternating rated voltages of 660 and 1000 V. Single-core modifications are used to conduct direct current. Lay in pipes, ground and outdoors with sun protection. Operating temperature range - from –50 to +50 ° C. Moisture resistant: at a temperature of +35 ° C withstands a humidity of 98%. It is used when conducting electricity for stationary installations, as well as supplying electricity to detached objects. Bending radius - not less than 10 cable cross-section diameters. VBBShv is perfect for underground supply of electricity to a detached building.
Modifications:
AVBBShv- cable with an aluminum core;
VBBSHvng- non-combustible cable;
VBBSHvng-LS- non-combustible cable with low gas and smoke emission at elevated temperatures.
Wires
The most popular are wires of the PBPP (PUNP) and PBPPg (PUGNP) brands. It is difficult to pronounce the combination of letters PBPPg, therefore it is more often called PUNP or PUGNP. PBPP (PUNP) refers to installation, or assembly.
The wire flat, with single-wire copper conductors covered with PVC insulation, outer sheath also made of PVC. Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 1.5 to 6 mm². It is used for laying stationary lighting systems, as well as for mounting sockets, although it is preferable to use it specifically for lighting. Rated voltage - up to 250 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Operating temperature range - from –15 to +50 ° C. Bending radius - at least 10 diameters.
PBPPg (PUGNP) differs from PUNP in veins - they are multiwire. That is why the letter "g" is added to the name of the wire - flexible. All other characteristics correspond to PUNP, only the minimum bending radius is 6. A distinctive property is flexibility, therefore, PUNP is laid in places where the wiring makes frequent bends, or for connecting household appliances to the network. Wires of these brands are sold in coils of 100 and 200 m. The color is usually white, less often black.
The type of PUNP includes a wire with aluminum conductors - APUNP It has exactly the same characteristics as the PUNP, adjusted for the core material. The only difference is that APUNP cannot be multi-wire, and therefore flexible.
Note
In general, wires of the PUNP, PUGNP and APUNP brands have perfectly proven themselves as household wires. In half of the cases, the master has to deal with them. However, it should be remembered that these brands of wires are highly specialized, and you should not use them instead of power cables (such as NYM or VVG).
Attention!
The popularity of PUNP and PUGNP wires is based primarily on the price. However, there is a catch in this. The fact is that recently a discrepancy has been noticed between the declared wire cross-section and the actual one. After checking, it turned out that the wire labeled PUGNP 3 x 1.5 is actually 3 x 1 - that is, the actual cross-section of the core is less. The same is true for isolation. When buying wires of this brand, it is necessary to measure the cross-section of the conductors and the thickness of the insulation.
PPV - PVC insulated copper wire... Flat wire with separating jumpers. The core is single-wire, with a cross-section of 0.75 to 6 mm². Number of cores - 2 or 3. It is used when installing lighting stationary systems and laying power lines. Rated voltage - up to 450 V, frequency - up to 400 Hz. The wire is resistant to aggressive chemical environments, non-flammable, has a wide operating temperature range - from –50 to +70 ° C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 ° C. The bending radius when laying is at least 10 wire cross-sectional diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration.
APPV has the same characteristics as PPV, with the exception of the core material - it is aluminum.
APV- single-core aluminum wire with PVC insulation. Round wire, single-wire core with cross-section from 2.5 to 16 mm² and stranded - from 25 to 95 mm².
The wire it is used in almost all types of installation of stationary lighting and power systems. It is laid in cavities, pipes, steel and plastic trays. It is widely used in the installation of switchboards. Chemically resistant, operating temperature - from –50 to +70 ° C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 ° C. Bending radius - at least 10 diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration.
The appearance and characteristics of PV 1 in everything coincide with the automatic reclosure, except for the material of the core: instead of aluminum - copper. The conductor cross-section starts from 0.75 mm². In addition, the core becomes stranded not from 25, but from 16 mm². More flexible than AR.
The characteristics of PV 3 wire coincide with the properties of AR and PV 1. Scope of application - installation of sections of lighting and power circuits where frequent bending of wires is required: in distribution boards, when installing a large number of electrical devices. It is also used for laying electrical circuits in cars. Bending radius - at least 6 wire diameters.
Note
Wires of the APV, PV 1 and PV 3 brands have a wide variety of insulation colors, so they are very convenient to use for mounting various types of switchboards.
PVS - copper stranded wire with PVC insulation and sheath. The sheath penetrates the space between the conductors, giving the wire a round shape and tightness. The vein is multiwire, their total number ranges from 2 to 5, cross-section - from 0.75 to 16 mm². Rated voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The core insulation is color-coded and the sheath is white. The wire is used to connect various electrical devices, from household appliances to gardening tools. Due to its flexibility and lightness, it is also used for lighting and even installing sockets.
PVA is a household wire used for the manufacture of extension cords, cords for any type of equipment and repair of power grids. It is non-flammable (does not spread combustion with a single gasket), heat-resistant: temperature range - from –40 to +40 ° C (PVSU version) and from –25 to +40 ° C. Due to its design, it is resistant to bending and mechanical wear. PVA can withstand at least 3000 folds.
Ball screw -copper or copper-tinned flat wire... Core insulation and PVC sheath. The conductor is multiwire, with increased flexibility. Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 0.5 to 0.75 mm². Voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. It is used as a cord for connecting lighting fixtures and household appliances of low power, for example, soldering irons, mixers, coffee grinders and electronic devices.
Note
ШВВП is a wire exclusively for household needs, it is not used for wiring lighting or sockets.
Cables for transmission of information
In addition to electricity, cables transmit information signals. Recently, many new types of information conductors have appeared. If 10-15 years ago there were only telephone and antenna cables, now, with the development of computer technology, there are much more types of information conductors. Most of them are too specialized and are of interest only for narrow-profile specialists. For a home craftsman, it is enough to know and be able to use only a few types. We will consider them.
Antenna cables... Today, RG-6, RG-59, RG-58 or Russian analogs of the RK 75 series are most often used. RG-6 is a coaxial cable for transmitting high-frequency signals for electronic equipment, television or radio. It consists of a central copper conductor with a cross-section of 1 mm² surrounded by polyethylene foam insulation, an aluminum foil shield, an outer conductor of tinned copper braid and a PVC sheath. It is widely used for transmission of cable and satellite TV signals. It has many technical characteristics regarding transmitting signal frequency, impedance, shielding, etc.
For example, the designation in the name of the cable RK 75 means that the resistance of the conductor is 75 Ohm. This information is intended for professionals. In short, this cable is ideal for transmitting video signals from an antenna or camcorder to a receiver (TV) and distributing the video signal to multiple sources.
Cables RG brands have many varieties and differ from each other in some characteristics, for example, conductor resistance, resistance to temperature and shock loads, signal decay time, type of screen, etc.
Computer cables... Serve for building computer networks. The cable by which computers connect to the Internet or to each other is just what all computer scientists know - twisted pair... Consists of one or more pairs of wires, twisted in pairs, which is done in order to improve the reception or transmission of the signal.
Each conductor is enclosed in PVC or propylene insulation. The outer sheath is also PVC. The cable can be additionally equipped with a moisture-proof polypropylene sheath.
There is a breaking thread in the twisted pair design. With its help, the outer sheath can be easily removed from the cable, opening access to the conductive cores. Depending on the type of cable, various protection options are possible:
- UTP, or unprotected, without common shield for wire pairs;
- FTP, or foil, with an aluminum foil screen;
- STP, or shielded, with a common copper mesh shield, in addition, each twisted pair is surrounded by a separate shield;
- S / FTP, or foil, shielded with a common foil shield, besides, each pair is additionally enclosed in a shield.
In addition, twisted pairs are categorized by the number of pairs combined into one cable. The most common type used for computer networks is the CAT5e category. It consists of 4 pairs of wires of different colors. Data transfer speed - up to 1 Gb / s when using all pairs. You can see such a cable used as a CAT1 or CAT2 telephone wire, that is, consisting of 1 or 2 pairs of wires.
Telephone cables and wires
Telephone wires are divided into 2 main types. The first ones are intended for laying several (up to 400) subscriber lines. The second type is used for wiring in a separate apartment or house.
TPPep- basic type of cable for laying telephone lines designed for a large number of subscribers. The cable consists of two wires twisted in pairs. TPZh made of soft copper wire, section 0.4 or 0.5 mm², covered with polyethylene insulation. In some types of cable, pairs are combined into groups of 5 or 10 pairs. The outer sheath is also polyethylene or vinyl. The letters "e" and "p" in the title denote a film screen.
There are varieties of cable, armored with tapes, or filled, in which the space between the sheath and the cores is occupied by a hydrophobic seal. In a word, this is a cable for conducting telephone communications in an apartment building, it is intended for laying in almost all conditions: underground, in cable channels or by air. To conduct a telephone line to an individual subscriber and wiring indoors, the following types of telephone wires are used.
TRV - one- or two-pair telephone distribution wire... This is a flat wire with a split base, a copper core, single-wire, with a cross section of 0.4 or 0.5 mm². Number of cores - 2 or 4. PVC insulation. Designed for indoor telephone lines. Operates at temperatures from –10 to +40 ° C. Humidity should not exceed 80% at a temperature of +30 ° C.
TRP- according to its characteristics, it coincides with the expansion valve. The only difference is insulation, for TRP it is made of polyethylene. Compared to the expansion valve, the wire is more resistant to the external environment and can be laid outside buildings.
SHTLP -telephone flat cord with copper stranded conductors. Polyethylene core insulation. Insulated TPG covered with PVC sheath. Number of cores - 2 or 4, cross-section - from 0.08 to 0.12 mm². It is used for conducting lines indoors and in telephones. High flexibility wire.
Rppm -flat wire with separating base and single-wire copper conductors with polyethylene insulation and sheath. There is a modification of the PRPVM, the shell of which is made of PVC. Number of cores - 2, core section - 0.9 or 1.2 mm². It is used when laying a telephone line outdoors, on air poles, in the ground and along the walls of buildings. Resistant to temperature effects, operating conditions - from –60 to +60 ° C.
Special types of cables and wires
For the installation of electrical systems in places where conditions are very different from usual, special cables are used that have increased resistance to the external environment. Such places include baths, stoves and cellars. In general, wherever it is too hot, humid or cold, and in addition, there is a possibility of mechanical damage. It is clear that PVA or VVG cannot be installed in such places, not to mention PUNP or SHVVP.
RCGM - power assembly single-core wire of increased temperature resistance, flexible... Copper conductor, multi-wire, cross-section - from 0.75 to 120 mm². Silicone rubber insulation, fiberglass sheath impregnated with heat-resistant enamel or varnish. This wire is designed for rated voltage up to 660 V and frequency up to 400 Hz. Resistant to vibration, high humidity (up to 100% at a temperature of +35 ° C), heat-resistant (operating temperature range - from –60 to +180 ° C). In addition, the wire is protected from the harmful effects of varnishes, solvents and fungal mildew. Ideal conductor for rooms with elevated temperature(boiler rooms and stoves), suitable for electrical installation in baths, saunas, oven connections.
PNSV - heating single core wire... TPZH single-wire steel, blued or galvanized steel. Conductor cross-section - 1.2; 1.4; 2 and 3 mm². Insulation in PVC or polyethylene. Rated voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The wire is heat-resistant: operating temperature range - from –50 to +80 ° C, resistant to alkalis and moisture resistant (transfers immersion in water). It is used as a heating element: in domestic conditions, warm floors are mounted using PNSV.
Runway - solid copper wire... The core is multi-wire, enclosed in polyethylene insulation, sheath is also made of polyethylene or PVC. Conductor cross-section - from 1.2 to 25 mm². Rated voltage - 380 or 660 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The wire is resistant to pressure changes. Operating temperature range - from –40 to +80 ° C. It is used for motors of artesian wells submerged in water under high pressure conditions.
A very interesting option for power. Additional wires with LEDs of different colors connected in series are placed under the transparent outer sheath along the power TPZh. They are located at a distance of 2 cm from each other, they burn with a constant strong enough light. Such a cable performs not only decorative functions, although it can be used to create entire light pictures. In addition to aesthetic purposes, it is very convenient for connecting to portable electrical mechanisms. Most often, LED cable is used to connect stage equipment. It is useful in that when a rupture occurs, it is not necessary to look for the place of damage: the diodes in this area will stop glowing. Such cables are manufactured by Duralight. In addition to power wires, there are computer glowing cables. With the help of such wires, you can create very interesting design solutions, turning the cable into a lighting element.
Except LED cables there are electroluminescent... They glow evenly along their entire length. With the help of such cables, you can create glowing inscriptions and even whole paintings. This is a great alternative to the flexible neon tubes that are commonly used for such designer jewelry. Besides electroluminescent cable cheaper than neon tubes and not limited in length.
The modern industry producing electrical products is ready to offer the consumer a huge assortment of cable products. Each type of electrical cable or type of wire is used to solve a specific professional problem of electrifying an object. Anyone who decides to install electrical wiring in a personal summer cottage, in his own city apartment or private house, will soon understand that copper conductors are most often used for such work and much less often aluminum ones. There are simply no other options, although there are many metals with low current resistance.
Why copper and aluminum? Everything is very simple! These are the cheapest non-ferrous metals, optimally suited for the production of wires in terms of their technical and design characteristics. Of course, it is quite possible to make a cable from gold, but the price of this product will be prohibitive!
Cable products and wires for the installation of electrical wiring in residential and other facilities are divided into several types and types: powerful power cables, special self-supporting cables, electrical wires for hidden and open wiring, mounting wires and so on.
The spectrum of the main characteristics of such electrical products is diverse. All cable electrical products are divided into categories not only by their purpose, but also by the type of insulating layer, the structure of current-carrying conductors and the metal from which they are made, design features and other parameters. This article will consider the main types and types, technical parameters and other characteristics of electrical wires and cables that are used when performing work on the installation of electrical wiring and connecting private houses, apartments, summer cottages and other real estate to power grids.
Attention! Right choice an electric cable or wire is a very responsible matter, on which the safety of your property and your own health depend. Therefore, for those who do not want to face such catastrophic events as short circuit, fire or electric shock, we recommend carefully choosing electrical products that meet the requirements of PES (electrical installation rules).
Power cables
A powerful cable for power lines is a single-core or multi-core electrical product designed to supply electrical energy to stationary consumers, such as a private house, apartment, summer cottage or mobile equipment. The power cable connects the main switchboard or power line to the end user. Regardless of the area of use and technical characteristics, its design consists of the following required elements, which are its basis:
- one or more metal conductors intended for the transmission of current;
- an insulating layer that protects conductive elements;
- outer sheath, which serves to protect the entire structure of the cable as a whole.
In addition to these main structural parts of power cable products, they can include various additional elements, such as belt outer insulation, a shielding layer, and armor with a pillow under it. The design of a power cable depends on its purpose, scope of use and operating conditions. All these factors are reflected in color-coded and product names.
Important! When choosing a power cable, many factors must be taken into account: operating conditions, type and type of installation, as well as compliance with PES standards. This is because various brands cable products have both advantages and disadvantages that must be taken into account when purchasing.
Power cable - marking features
The properties and design features of power cables, as well as the scope of application, are determined by the marking of cable products. Today, there are two types of marking of such products: in color or in letters. In the Russian Federation, an alphabetic one is used, where each symbol and its location has a specific meaning. The first character denotes the material of the core and if it is "A", then it is made of aluminum, and if the letter is absent, then it is made of copper. The table below shows the order of marking signs, their letter designation and decoding.
| Mark number in marking power cable |
Symbol assignment | Decoding the symbol |
| 1 | Material of current-carrying conductors | A - aluminum No sign - copper |
| 2 | Insulation layer material | B - polyvinyl chloride C - impregnated paper НР - non-flammable rubber P - thermoplastic polyethylene |
| 3 | Outer sheath type | C - lead alloy A - aluminum alloy О - separate sheath for each core P - polyethylene or polymer B - polyvinyl chloride |
| 4 | Armor protection | B - two strips of coated steel Bn - the same with a non-combustible coating BBG - profiled steel tape K - round galvanized wire P - the same with flat wire |
| 5 | Shielding | E - copper on an insulated conductor Eo - common copper for three cores d - a tape swelling in water ha - polymer-aluminum tape |
| 6 | additional characteristics | ng - does not burn ng LS - does not burn, low smoke emission Г - flexible cable |
If any of the elements is missing in the marking, then it simply is not on the power cable. Let's say you do not see the designation of the armor, then it is missing. The presented letter marking is relevant not only for power cables, but also for other types of wires, with minor changes and additions. Below we will consider the main and most popular brands of power cables that are produced by the electrical industry.
VVG cable
The main purpose of the VVG power cable is the electrification of facilities with a network voltage of up to 1,000 volts. This brand is especially popular for indoor wiring. If we refer to the marking table presented above, then VVG is copper cable with core insulation made of polyvinyl chloride, and outer insulation in the form of a cambric made of the same material, and the letter "G" indicates that it is flexible. The number of cores of a product can be from two to five. The service life of these products can reach over 30 years.
The VVG power cable is produced in different versions: AVVG - with live conductors made of pure aluminum, VVGng - in a protective casing made of refractory material, VVGp - a flat product, and others. The color of the external insulation for most products is black, and each core has its own color scheme, corresponding to the marking according to the standard: yellow with a green stripe for PE conductors, for N cores blue or white with a blue stripe, and for phase cores it is absolutely white. The VVG power cable almost completely corresponds to its imported analogue, produced according to the foreign DIN standard, the technical parameters of which are presented in the following section.
NYM cable
NYM power cable is used for installation work when laying lighting and power networks in both residential and industrial premises... The maximum voltage value at which this product can be used should not exceed 660 volts. The cable can be used in an open space, but it should be borne in mind that its insulation is subject to destruction under the influence of sunlight. Therefore, NYM cable must be protected with a special corrugation or other protective sheathing. The main feature of this product is that it is equipped with a special filler inside the outer shell, which ensures complete sealing of the cores.
Unlike the domestic VVG power cable, NYM wire is produced only in a round version with monolithic copper conductors. This fact gives it an advantage in conventional wiring, but it is very inconvenient to lay it in the grooves of hidden wiring. In all other respects, NYM cable is a complete analogue of VVG. The outer and inner insulation of the product is made of heat-resistant PVC (polyvinyl chloride). Its color for the outer sheath is mainly black, and the insulation of the current-carrying conductors has the following coloring: black, yellow with a green stripe, brown, as well as gray and blue. In Russian, the product does not have a letter designation.
SIP cable
Power is a self-supporting electrical wire with reliable core insulation, the very name of which speaks of its specific properties. Its main feature is that it can withstand heavy mechanical loads. In addition, the insulating layer of the product is made of stitched polyethylene, which can withstand exposure to sunlight and high humidity. Based on these properties, the self-supporting insulated wire is perfectly suited for the installation of power lines in an open space and branches from them for the electrification of various objects, both residential, as well as small industrial and commercial. This type of cable products is gradually replacing from the market aluminum wires without insulation of grades "A" and "AC", which were widely used for laying overhead power lines in the recent past.
Available only with pure aluminum conductors that do not have an additional common insulating layer. The cross-sectional area of the conductors of the product can be from 16 to 150 sq. mm. The marking of this cable is not directly tied to the number of current-carrying conductors. For example, SIP-1 is a three-core cable, the neutral current-carrying conductor of which is at the same time carrying. All product information is encrypted in the designated product number. SIP power cable is a rather specific cable product. When installing it, it is necessary to use special fittings: specialized anchor brackets, special clamps for connection, and so on. Installation work cannot be performed without these additional elements.
VBBShv cable
This product refers to power cables with armor and copper conductors, which are produced in both monolithic and multi-wire versions. The cable structure can have from 1 to 6 current-carrying conductors, each of which is enclosed in its own PVC insulation, and from above they are covered with a common sheath made of the same material. The cross-sectional area of the conductors ranges from 1.5 to 240 sq. mm. The main feature of VBBShv is the presence of an armor layer made of two steel tapes between the outer protective shell and the current-carrying conductors.
This cable is designed to operate over a wide temperature range of –50 to +50 ° C with humidity environment up to 98%. The insulation of the product is resistant to moisture and corrosive environments. Armored cable VBBShv is designed for the installation of electrical networks both in the underground version and in the open air in protective sheaths, to exclude negative impact sun rays. VBBShv can be operated in networks with maximum voltage alternating current up to 6 thousand volts.
Attention! At the top of the article, we reviewed the most common types of power cables that are on the market today. In addition to these products, for the complete installation of electrical networks, it is necessary to use another type of electrical products, which can be called electrical wires, although this is a purely conditional division. Below we will consider non-power cables, wires and cords intended for electrical wiring and other purposes.
Types of electrical wires and cords
For many consumers, the terms cable and wire are synonymous, but this is not entirely true. A cable is a complex electrical product, usually with several layers of insulation and a separate sheath for live conductors. Electrical wires and cords are much simpler in terms of their design characteristics. Most often they have one layer of insulation, rarely two, and sometimes they are produced without an insulating layer at all. The purpose of these two types of products is also different. The cable is designed to transmit high power current. Wires are used in networks and devices with a voltage of no more than 380 V, although they can withstand higher values.
Among the variety of such products, the following brands have won the greatest popularity with the consumer: PBPP, PBPPg, APUNP, PPV, APV, PVS and ShVVP. These electrical wires are used for various purposes: installation of internal electrical networks, connection of devices and equipment, grounding and in many other cases. Below we will consider the design features and areas of application of these most popular brands of electrical products today.
PBPP wire
It is a flat electrical wire with two or three monolithic copper conductors. The outer protective layer and conductor insulation are made of PVC. Cross-sectional area of conductors from 1.5 to 6 sq. mm. The operating temperature of the product is from –15 to +50 ° C with a mains voltage of up to 250 V. Electrical wire PBPP (PUNP) is used in the installation of lighting systems and power outlets. There are modifications of this product: PBPPg and APUNP. The letter "g" in the marking means that this wire is flexible and its current-carrying conductors are stranded. The modification with the first letter "A" is a wire with aluminum conductors.
PBPP wire is very widespread, since it is excellent for connecting lighting, installing electrical outlets and switches, as well as for solving other electrical problems. This product is a truly universal conductor of electric current, which is highly popular due to its excellent quality. PBPP wire is recommended for use when carrying out electrical work in a private house, apartment or in the country.
Important! Basically, wires of the PBPP brand of all modifications are used in home and household networks. They are great for internal wiring, but should not be used as a substitute for power cables. When purchasing these products, be careful, as incorrect marking of wires of these brands is quite common!
PPV and APV wire
PPV wire is a flat electrical product with monolithic copper conductors in PVC insulation with jumpers between the conductors. The number of current-carrying conductors is two or three with a cross-sectional area of 0.75 to 6.0 sq. mm. The operating temperature range of the product is from –50 to +70 ° C with mains voltage up to 450 V and air humidity up to 100%. The wire can be used in lighting networks, as well as in power lines. A modification of this electrical product is an electric wire APPV with aluminum conductors.
APV is the most demanded aluminum wire with one conductor in PVC insulation round shape with a cross-sectional area from 2.5 to 16 sq. mm for a solid core and from 25 to 95 sq. mm for stranded. Moisture resistant, has increased strength and is resistant to any mechanical stress.
PVS wire
The PVS cord-wire is the most demanded electrical product intended for connection to electrical networks of lighting equipment, household appliances and other devices that consume electricity. The construction of the wire is multicore, containing from 2 to 5 conductive copper conductors. The cores of the product are multi-stranded, which gives it excellent flexibility. They are covered with an insulating layer of PVC and enclosed in a molded sheath made of the same material that hermetically fills the internal volume between the conductors.
Round PVS wire with dense texture. Cross-sectional area of conductors from 0.75 to 16 sq. mm. The voltage in the network is up to 380 V, and the operating temperature is from –20 to +40 ° C. The shell of the product, as a rule, is white, and the insulating layer of the current-carrying conductors is colored. Due to its exceptional flexibility, PVA cord has a high resistance to mechanical bending stress. The modification of the product with the PVS U marking is designed for operation with low temperatures down to –40 ° C.
Recommendation! PES standards do not prohibit the use of a PVA cord for laying hidden electrical wiring, organizing grounding and connecting electrical outlets. But if you decide to use this wire precisely for such purposes, then you should know that it cannot be used in open space and, of course, must not be laid in the ground.
ShVVP wire
ShVVP cord-wire is designed to connect household appliances and appliances to the electrical network. Its main function is a cord for connecting low-power equipment through an outlet to the network. The shell of the product is made of ordinary vinyl, the insulating layer of each current-carrying conductor is made of the same material. Stranded current conductors, copper with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 to 0.75 sq. mm., their number is two or three. The insulation of the cord does not have high strength, therefore it is better not to use it at high loads. ShVVP by design is flat, the shell is absolutely white or black, the insulation of current-carrying conductors is colored. Operating temperature from –25 to +70 ° C.
In addition to connecting low-power household appliances and making simple extension cords, ShVVP cord is often used in control and automation systems to power low-current circuits. Product flexibility is very important parameter, which allows the wire to be used in a variety of areas. In addition, ball screws are resistant to aggressive environments and can withstand air humidity up to 98%, which makes it moisture resistant.
Important! The cross-sectional area of the conductors of wires for installing electrical wiring and connecting household appliances depends on the strength of the current flowing through them when maximum load... This value must be calculated and the conductor with the closest great value cross-sectional area.
Conclusion
In this article, we examined the main types of cables and wires for the transmission of electrical energy both at home and at other real estate objects. Of course, this is only a small part of the entire range of cable and wire electrical products, but the most popular on the market. It is simply impossible to list all types and types of wires and cable products in the limited scope of the article, but you now know the most popular brands, their markings and technical characteristics, which will certainly help you when choosing such products!
Related Videos
Let's take a closer look at what products - wires and cables - are usually used when installing electrical wiring indoors, in a private house or apartment.
Power cables
One of the most popular types of cables in recent years is the cord with the VVG marking. This abbreviation marks a power one with a copper conductive core (TPZH). Each TPG has PVC insulation. In addition, it has an additional PVC sheath (cambric). There is no additional protective coating.
It is used for networks of 600 and 1000 volts, 50 Hz. It can have from 1 to 5 cores. For domestic needs (in an apartment), it is usually used with a cross-section of conductors from 1.5 to 6 mm2. In a private household, a wire with conductors up to 16 mm2 can be used. Although there are no restrictions from above. In the apartment, you can also lay a cord with a cross section of more than 10 mm2. It is produced with a cross-section of TPG from 1.5 to 240 mm2. The conductors can be multi-wire or single-wire.
The temperature limits of VVG application are wide enough. It works in the range of -50 / + 50 ° C. At 40 ° C, humidity can reach 98%. The cable has good bending and breaking strength. Resistant to aggressive chemical environments. Its outer shell is usually made black. Although there are also white cables. It does not conduct combustion. Each TPG is marked with its own color. Colors can be: red, black, blue, brown, yellow-green and white with a blue stripe. Keep in mind that there is a permissible bend radius for each cable. For VVG modification, the radius is 10 section diameters. If the wire is made in the form of a strip, the width of the plane is taken as the section. Industrial packaging - coils with a length of 100 and 200 m, although other lengths can also be found.
VVG cable modifications:
AVVG. Has the same technical characteristics as the original VVG; core material - aluminum.
VVGng - using material with increased incombustibility
VVGp - flat version of VVG. The most common modification.
VVGz - modification of the cable with filling the inner space with a rubber compound or PVC bundles.
This is the European analogue of VVG. Abbreviation from the German name (N - standardized cable, Normenleitung; Y - PVC insulation; M - with a protective sheath, Mantelleitung).
Copper, stranded or single-wire TPZh are used in the cable. It can have from 2 to 5 cores. The cross section of the conductors is from 1.5 to 16 mm2. Each core is PVC insulated. The outer shell is made of PVC, non-flammable and does not conduct combustion. Inside the cable, between the cores, a coated rubber filler is added. Has increased heat resistance and strength. It is intended for power supply and installation of lighting, in networks with voltages up to 1000 V. It is highly resistant to temperature extremes, high humidity and mechanical damage. The bending radius is 4 sections. It can be used both indoors and outdoors, in the open air. It can be used in a wide range, -40 / +70 ° C. The main disadvantage is the destruction of the shell in direct sunlight. Therefore, at external network He must be covered. More resistant and more convenient when laying, compared to VVG. The inconvenience can be attributed to the fact that the cable is only of round cross-section, which is not always convenient during installation. Its cost is also higher than that of VVG.
The name stands for quite simply - Flexible Cable. Designed for voltages up to 660 V, up to 400 Hz. Or direct current, voltage up to 1000 V.
The number of cores in the cable is from 1 to 6. The cores of increased flexibility, copper. Rubber is used to isolate TPG. The outer insulation of the cable is also rubber. It can be used in the temperature range -60 / +50 ° C. Most often used to connect portable units -
- heat guns,
- generators,
- welders.
Also available in the GKng modification - non-combustible.
GK works great outdoors, in almost all weather conditions. Most often used as a power cable during construction work. Sometimes it is even used as indoor lighting wiring due to its ease of installation and reliability.
VBBShv - power, armored, with copper conductors.
The number of cores in VBShShv can be from 1 to 5. VBShShv cores are made both single and multiwire. The cross-section of the TPG is from 1.5 to 240 mm2. PVC is used to insulate the TPG, as well as the space between the cores, and as an outer sheath.
A special feature of the cable is armor. It is wound over the cambric, in two tapes, with overlapping layers. There is a protective PVC hose on top of the armor. Moreover, in the VBBShvng modification, a material with reduced flammability is used. It is designed to power installations with a rated voltage of 660 and 1000 V. Single-core modifications are used for direct current transmission. Thanks to the armor, this type has increased mechanical characteristics. Operating temperature range -50 / +50 ° C.
Moisture resistant, can withstand humidity up to 98% at 35 ° C. It can be buried in the ground, in cable ducts or in pipes. When laying in open areas, protection from sunlight is required. It is used to power stationary installations or stand-alone objects. Ideal for underground wiring to a detached building. The bending radius is at least 10 cable cross-sections.
Cable modifications:
- AVBBShv - with aluminum conductors;
- VBBShvng - non-flammable;
- VBBShng-LS - non-combustible, with reduced gas and smoke emission when heated.
Electric wires for power transmission
Among the electrical installation networks, the most popular brands are PBPP and PBPPg. Sometimes they are also called PUNP and PUNP. Simply because it’s easier to pronounce. They belong to the category of assembly, or installation.
PBPP (PUNP) - flat wire... The number of current-carrying conductors in the network is 2 or 3. Copper conductors, single-wire. TPG insulation is made of PVC. The outer shell is made of the same material, mostly white, less often black. The cross-section of the TPG is from 1.5 to 6 mm2. It is used mainly for the installation of stationary lighting systems, or (less often) for powering outlets. It is used for voltages up to 250 V, 50 Hz. Temperature limits -15 / +50 ° C. Bending radius - from 10 sections of TPG.
PBPPg (PUGNP), flexible. This is indicated by the letter "g" in the title. Differs in the structure of conductive veins. It uses stranded conductors to give the wire its flexibility. The minimum bending radius for PUNGP is 6 sections. All other characteristics are similar to PUNP. Insulation color is predominantly white, sometimes black. It is used in places of frequent bends in the power line, as well as for connecting outlets. Sometimes used to connect to a network of devices. A network of these brands is produced in bays, 100 or 200 m long.
APUNP- modification with aluminum conductors. It has characteristics similar to copper parts. However, the core is single-wire, and its flexibility is much less.
Usually wires of this brand are used in the household network, up to 250 V. More than half of the entire network is usually carried out by power lines of these brands. However, while they are great for internal networking, wires should not be used in place of power cables.
Recently, cases of incorrect marking of cords of this series have become more frequent. This is largely determined by the popularity of these brands. For example, when checking, the actual cross-section of the measured cores was less than the declared one. It is recommended to check the quality of the insulation and the cross-section of the conductors upon purchase.
PPV - copper, with PVC insulation:
PPV - flat with a separating jumper. Single-wire cores, cross-section 0.75-6.0 mm2. It can be used for a stationary lighting network, and power lines for voltages up to 450 V, at a frequency of up to 400 Hz. It is non-flammable, with increased resistance to aggressive environments. Resistant to vibration and mechanical damage. Operating temperature level -50 / + 70 ° C. Moisture resistant. Withstands 100% humidity at +35 ° C.
APPV is similar in characteristics to PPV. Core material - aluminum:
APV is the most common single-core wire. Core insulation - PVC. It has a circular cross-section. The conductor can be single-wire (cross-section from 2.5 to 16 mm2) or multi-wire (from 25 to 95 mm2).
It is used everywhere, in all types of power or lighting networks. Can be laid:
- in pipes,
- technological voids,
- steel or plastic trays.
Possesses increased mechanical strength, vibration resistant. Voltage rated up to 450 V, at a frequency of up to 400 Hz. PVC insulation is resistant to aggressive chemical environments, not flammable. Used at temperatures -50 / + 70 ° C. Moisture resistance at + 35 ° C - 100% humidity.
PV 1. It has a single-wire copper conductor with a cross-section of 0.75 to 16 mm2; or multi-wire with a cross section of 16-95 mm2. In addition, it has better flexibility than a similar reclosure cross-section.
PV 3. The characteristics are similar to those of PV 1 or AR. It has great flexibility, therefore it is recommended for use in areas of power lines or lighting networks with frequent bends. For example, it is often used in switchboards or electrical circuits of cars. Bending radius - 6 sections (diameters). Since the wires PV1, PV3 and APV can have a very different color of insulation, they are convenient to use when installing switchboards.
PVS. This is a multi-strand cord. Copper conductor, covered with PVC insulation. The sheath is made of PVC, cast, filling the gaps between the veins. As a result, it is dense, round in shape. The core is multi-wire, the number of cores in the cable is from 2 to 5. The cross-section of the cable cores is from 0.75 to 16 mm2. Available for voltages up to 380 V, 50 Hz. The sheath is usually white, the core insulation is colored. Due to its exceptional flexibility and lightness, it can be used for mounting lighting or connecting outlets.
PVA is the most common household wire. Used to connect:
- electrical devices,
- household appliances,
- as an extension cord for network repair.
Resistant to mechanical stress - able to withstand up to 3000 folds. Does not burn and does not spread combustion. Operates in the temperature range -40 / +40 ° C (in the PVA U version) or -25 / +40 ° C (in the standard version).
Ball screw- 2 or 3 veins, flat in cross section. Copper or copper-tinned conductor, cross-section 0.5-0.75 mm2, multi-wire. Designed to work with voltages up to 380 V, 50 Hz. It has increased flexibility. It is used as an extension cord for connecting low-power household appliances (coffee grinder, mixer). It is not recommended to use this type of power line for the network, stationary sockets or lighting devices.
Information
Cables and wires are currently used not only for the transmission of electrical energy. They are also used to convey information. The number of such conductors has recently increased significantly. The situation has begun to change especially rapidly over the past fifteen years. In addition to cables for telephones and antennas, there is much more variety of signal cables. But, for use in everyday life, it is enough to know several types. The rest are often of interest only to narrow specialists in the field of information transmission. Let's take a look at the main types and types of such cables.
Antenna
Today, RG-58, RG-59 and RG-6 cables are most often used in everyday life. Or their domestic counterparts, for example, RK 75.
RG-6 - coaxial signal designed for signal transmission high frequency... It is used for the transmission of television and radio signals, and in HF technology.
Structurally, the cable is made in the form of a cylinder, inside which there is a copper conductor with a cross section of 1 mm2, insulated with foamed polyethylene. Next comes an aluminum foil screen, on top of which is an outer conductor, which is a copper braid. A PVC sheath is put on over the braid. It is most often used to transmit a television signal, in cable, terrestrial or satellite television. Coaxial cables differ in many characteristics, including ohmic resistance, degree of shielding, frequency response, and much more. The name of the most popular domestic cable RK (RK 75) means that the ohmic resistance is 75 Ohm.
Radio technicians understand what this means. And the user just needs to know that it is this resistance that is ideal for transmitting a signal to a TV (tuner, other receiver) from an antenna or a video camera. Also, using this cable, you can transmit and branch the signal to multiple receivers.
RG cables, of which there are a great many, have a similar structure. And they differ technical characteristics, including signal attenuation, frequency characteristics, resistance to mechanical stress, temperatures, resistance, types of screens, and so on.
Twisted pair of wires. Used in computer networks for signal transmission
The Internet is most likely delivered to your home by just such a twisted pair. Computers use these wires to communicate with each other or connect to the Internet.
Lug type RJ-45, to connect to the network
Twisted pair consists of several pairs of wires, twisted in pairs, which gave it its name. They are intertwined in order to improve the quality of signal transmission. Each core is insulated with PVC coating, the outer sheath is made of PVC or propylene. Some modifications of cables have an additional moisture-proof polypropylene sheath. In addition, a breaking thread is inserted inside the outer shell for more convenient removal of the outer shell during installation. Various options protections are implemented in the following modifications:
UTP, without general shielding of conductors, unprotected;
FTP, conductors are shielded with aluminum foil (foil-clad);
STP, shielded with copper mesh (shielded). In addition, a separate screen surrounds each pair;
S / FTP, shielded with aluminum foil, with additional shielding of each pair with its own shield.
The different models are also categorized by the number of wire pairs. The most common category for networks is CAT5e. It has four pairs of conductors, each core is marked with its own color. Data transfer rate over twisted pair, when using all pairs - up to 1 Gb / s. Sometimes this type of cable is used as a telephone cable. In this case, one or two pairs of wires are used, as in CAT1 or CAT2.
Cables and wires for telephone lines
There are two main types of telephone wires. Cords for distributing telephone lines to apartments, and common, for laying many (up to 400) lines.
The most common type of cable for laying telephone lines is TPPep. It is designed for a large number of lines.
TPPep cable structure:
- insulation (polyethylene);
- cable core;
- fastening winding;
- waist insulation;
- outdoor screen.
The cable structurally consists of wires twisted into pairs. Copper cable cores, made of soft wire, the conductors have a cross section of 0.4-0.5 mm2. Each core is covered with polyethylene insulation. Usually pairs are grouped together, each containing 5 or 10 pairs. The outer sheath of the cable is made of PVC or polyethylene. If the names contain the letters "p" or "e", then the cable has a shield. There are modifications of the armored cable (twisted tapes). On some models, the space between the conductors is filled with a water-repellent seal. This type of cable is designed to bring telephone communications to multi-storey buildings. It can be laid in almost any conditions: in cable ducts, underground, overhead wiring.
To enter a telephone line into a separate apartment, the following power lines are used:
TRV - telephone distribution (noodles). Can be with one or two pairs of conductors.
It has single-wire copper conductors with a cross section of 0.4-0.5 mm2. Has a split base. The number of cores is one or two pairs. PVC insulated. Designed for indoor telephone switching. Temperature regimes-10 / +40 ° C. The humidity level at +30 ° C should not be higher than 80%.
TRP has conductive characteristics similar to the expansion valve. The difference is in insulation - it is made of polyethylene at the TRP.
Thanks to this, the TRP can be installed outdoors, as it is more resistant to external natural influences.
SHTLP- flat telephone cord. Has copper stranded conductors. PVC is used as external insulation. In addition, each core has its own polyethylene sheath. It can have 2 or 4 cores with a cross section of 0.08-0.12 mm2. Shur has increased flexibility. It can be used for telephone wiring in rooms, and in the telephones themselves.
Rppm- flat wire with a split base. It has two single-wire conductors with a cross section of 0.9-1.2 mm2. Each core is enclosed in polyethylene insulation and sheath. In some modifications, the casing is made of PVC.
Resistant to natural conditions, temperature limits-60 / +60 ° C. It can be used when laying lines outside buildings, in the ground, along walls and on overhead poles.
Special types of wires and cables
If the operating conditions of the electrical network differ from standard ones, then it is necessary to use specialized wires and cables. They must have increased resistance to aggressive external environment... In housing construction, these are stoves, cellars, baths. That is, in conditions of increased heat, cold or humidity. And also where there is a high risk of mechanical damage. It is not recommended to install standard conductors in such places.
RCGM- assembly, power, flexible, high temperature resistance. Lived in the cable alone, multi-wire, copper. Section 0.75-120 mm2. Insulation made of silicone rubber. Fiberglass outer sheath, impregnated with varnish or heat-resistant enamel.
This wire is used in power networks with a voltage rating of up to 660 V, up to 400 Hz. Is different increased heat resistance, -60 / +180 ° C. Resistant to mechanical stress and vibration. Unaffected by fungal mildew, solvents and varnishes. Can be used in saunas, baths, when connecting ovens. And also in places with high temperatures, for example, boiler rooms.
PNSV- single core heating. The core is steel, single-wire. Available in blued or galvanized. Available with a cross section from 1.2 to 3 mm2. PVC or polyethylene is used as insulation.
It is used at voltages up to 380 V, 50 Hz. Heat-resistant, moisture-resistant, immersion-resistant, alkali-resistant. Temperature range -50 / +80 ° C. It is used in the underfloor heating system as a heating element.
Runway- single-core copper. The conductor is multi-wire, copper, with a cross section of 1.2-25 mm2. Designed to operate in networks with a voltage of 380 or 660 V.
Temperature range -40 / +80 ° C. Resistant to pressure drops, moisture resistant. It is used to power the motors of artesian wells at great depths.
LED cable. New and interesting version of the power cable. Additional wires with multi-colored LEDs are placed along the power conductor under the transparent sheath. The distance between the LEDs is 2 cm. The light is strong enough, constant.
Used to indicate the connection of portable electrical equipment. If the cable is damaged, the diodes in the specified area stop glowing. Can be used in decorative purposes, or for stage technology. It can be used in advertising, creating pictures and lettering. Manufactured by the Duralight company. Computer luminous cables are also produced. The structure is similar to the power ones. They can be used for decorative purposes, and even as lighting elements.
Electroluminescent cables, unlike LED, emit light evenly along the entire length. Such cables are mainly used in industrial design, as a replacement for glowing neon tubes. Allows you to create inscriptions and pictures. Unlike neon tubes, they have no length limitation and a smaller bend radius. In addition, the price is much cheaper than the latter.
For fixed installation of internal wiring, it is recommended to use only single-wire copper power lines and cables in multi-colored insulation. Using aluminum cords and cables for internal wiring.
- For connection to the dashboard on the site, the model NYM-5x6.0 (10.0) or NYM-3x6.0 (10.0) is recommended (NYM is read in German for "num").
- For the underground branch, armored VBbShv 4x6.0 (10.0) or VBbShv 5x6.0 (10.0) are recommended.
Small-section stranded wires are used where frequent bending is required (power cords, carrying cords), and are not recommended for permanent installation. Moreover, they are more expensive than single-wire and require the obligatory use of expensive tubular lugs during installation. However, with a large cross-section of conductors (> 2.5 mm 2), it is very difficult to use single-wire and cables due to their high mechanical rigidity, therefore, in such cases, stranded wires and cables are used.
The cross-section of conductors for electrical wiring is determined by the amount of current flowing through them, which means that it must be calculated and indicated in the project. In everyday life, almost everything comes down to several recommended types of wires and cables, the cross-sections of which depend on the place of application and do not differ in variety. And when using conductors of standard cross-sections for each specific place of application, as a rule, a good current margin is obtained, especially for the thinnest cords. But the calculation still needs to be done, at least to make sure that this current margin is available. When calculating the cross-section, choose the nearest higher value.
For example, you have obtained the required cross-section of the conductors of the lead-in cable for air connection to the support 18.5 mm 2, therefore, you need to choose with a cross-section of 25.0 mm 2. But back to the recommendations.
For connection to the dashboard on the site, NYM-5x6.0 (10.0) or NYM-3x6.0 (10.0) is recommended (NYM is read in German "nyum").
To connect the main panel in an apartment / cottage and room or floor panels, NYM-5x4.0 (6.0) or NYM-3x6.0 (10.0) is recommended.
For connection of individual powerful consumers, NYM-5x4.0 (6.0) or NYM-3x4.0 (6.0) is recommended.
As a rule, it is more convenient to use flat VVGng for internal wiring. PUNP is only flat.
Pay attention to the correct color of the insulation of the conductors of the electrical cords and cables you have chosen. When buying on the market, it will be useful to measure the diameter of the core of a single-wire cable or wire with a caliper. The value obtained should correspond to the diameter of the conductor on the label. The difference in the true diameter from the declared one by more than one tenth of a millimeter downward is completely unacceptable. This is especially true for VVG cables and PUNP wires.
