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Socialand IworksAwith an antisocial family

Introduction

Social work is a type of activity that is aimed at improving a person’s social well-being in society and overcoming a variety of social problems.

TO typical problems social work includes problems: protecting public health, humanization public relations, modern family, protection of motherhood and childhood, orphans, youth, women, pensioners, disabled people, people without a fixed place of residence, migrants, refugees, the unemployed, etc. An increase in the number of families who cannot cope with raising children; children not attending school who are forced to early years to earn a living - makes the task of providing assistance to disadvantaged and asocial families more and more urgent.

Based on the above, the theme of the work was chosen: “Social work with an asocial family in the center of social assistance to the family.”

The main directions of social work with asocial families and social problems are discussed in the works of P.D. Pavlenka;, E.I. Single.

N.F. Basov considers various ways of providing social assistance to asocial families, as well as the criteria and indicators of dysfunctional families.

M. Polukhina, K. Yuzhaninov in their publications touch on the problems of social orphanhood and asocial families.

In publications by V. Smirnova and G.S. Burdina proposes new models of working with an asocial family.

However, there are contradictions between the need to provide social assistance to an asocial family and the insufficient degree of development of this area of ​​social work, both in theory and in practice.

Research problem: what is the content of social work with an asocial family in a center for social assistance to families.

Object of study: social work with an asocial family.

Subject of research: the content of social work with an asocial family in a center for social assistance to families.

Purpose of the study: to characterize the content of social work with an asocial family in a center for social assistance to families.

1. Study the content of social work with asocial families.

2. Characterize antisocial family as a social work client.

3. Consider the legal regulation of social assistance to families.

4. Analyze work experience Kostroma region with disadvantaged families at the “Center for Assistance to Children Without Parental Care.”

Research methods: analysis, generalization, synthesis.

Chapter1 . Theoretical aspects of social workwith an antisocial family

1.1 Essencesocial work as a type of social activity

Social work is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the socially guaranteed and personal interests and needs of various groups of the population, to create conditions that facilitate the restoration or improvement of people’s abilities for social functioning.

P.D. Pavlenok gives the following definition: social work is an activity aimed at helping people who need it, who are unable to solve their life problems without outside help, and in many cases, to live.

N.F. Basov connects the definition of the essence of social work with the following key categories: social protection, social assistance, social support, social security, social services. The meanings of these terms form a meaningful characteristic of social work.

Social protection can be considered in a broad and narrow sense. In the first case, this is the activity of the state and society to protect all citizens from social dangers and prevent disruption of the life of various categories of the population. In the second case, social protection is the creation of conditions that prevent the emergence of a difficult life situation or its complications among clients of social services. The main way to implement social protection is social guarantees - the obligations of the state in relation to certain categories of the population.

Social support can be thought of as special measures, aimed at maintaining conditions sufficient for the implementation of “weak” social groups, individual families, individuals experiencing need in the course of their life.

M. Payne suggests considering social work as a practical activity, for example, as a chain of sequential actions, the links of which are diagnosis, intervention and completion. (Diagnosis (assessment) in social work is the process of understanding a specific problem, its roots and possible ways helping a person or group of people. Intervention (intervention) - a sequence of steps or a plan of action on the part of a social worker or other social service employee, which he carries out with the participation of the client or on his behalf).

Any activity, including social work, has its own structure, each element of which is necessary, organically connected and interacts with others, and performs special functions. Social work is a holistic system. The structural components of this system are the following components: subject, object, goal, subject, content and means.

The subjects of social work include people and organizations that conduct and manage social work, as well as the state as a whole, which implements social policy. But the main subjects of social work are people engaged in social work professionally or on a voluntary basis.

The objects of social work are people who need outside help: the elderly; pensioners; disabled people; seriously ill; children; people who find themselves in difficult life situations; teenagers who find themselves in bad company, and many others. All of them become objects of social work due to a violation of social functioning (interaction with the environment, ensuring the fulfillment of needs).

The subject of social work is the life situation of the object, and the goal is to change the main characteristics of the life situation, to overcome the difficulties encountered by the object.

The next component of social work as a system is content. It directly follows from the functions of work. The functions of social work are: informational, diagnostic, prognostic, organizational, psychological and pedagogical, providing practical assistance, and managerial.

The social worker begins his work by collecting information about the client. Based on the collected information, evaluates the volume, types of work, mode, forms and methods of its activities. Depending on the nature of social assistance, a work plan is built, the content and type of practical assistance is determined.

Social work is carried out through means. Means are all those objects, tools, devices, actions with the help of which the goals of activity are achieved. It is almost impossible to list them. This is the word, and special accounting forms, and business connections, and psychotherapy techniques, and personal charm, etc. The choice and use of certain means depends entirely on the nature and characteristics of the object of social work.

Thus, social work can be considered as a type of human activity, the purpose of which is to optimize the implementation of the subjective role of people in all spheres of society in the process of life support and active existence of the individual, family, social and other groups and layers in society.

1.2 Main directionssocial workWithantisocialfamily

Social work with families should be aimed at solving everyday family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relations, restoration of internal resources, stabilization of the achieved positive results in the socio-economic situation and orientation towards the realization of social potential.

The family is a complex social system, which has the features of a social institution and a small social group. The family as a social institution is a complex social phenomenon. “As a social institution of society, the family is a set of social norms, patterns of behavior that regulate relationships between spouses, parents and children, and other relatives.”

According to the definition of E.I. Kholostova, a family is a social institution, that is, a stable form of relationships between people, within the framework of which the main part of their daily life is carried out.

A family as a small social group is a community of people based on marriage, consanguinity, and the satisfaction of individual human needs. As a small social group, the family fulfills the natural (vital) needs of its members; creates conditions for direct contacts; does not have a strictly structured system of vertical relationships; socializes its subjects with a sense of kinship, love, affection and responsibility for each other, accumulated social experience.

When considering the family as an object of social work, it is necessary to take into account its structure, environment, functioning, traditions and customs.

The structure of the family is multifaceted, as are the multifaceted functions it performs.

The structure of a family is understood as the totality of relations between its members, including, in addition to kinship relations, a system of spiritual, moral relations, including relations of power and authority. There are authoritarian and democratic (egalitarian) families.

Many families need help and support in order to fully realize the functions prescribed by society.

According to Lodkina T.V. , an asocial family is a family whose feature is a negative antisocial orientation, expressed in the transmission to children of such attitudes towards social values, demands, traditions that are alien, and sometimes hostile to the normal way of life.

Social work with an asocial family should be aimed at providing socio-psychological assistance to such a family, solving family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relationships, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the positive results achieved in the socio-economic situation and focusing on the realization of social potential.

But in general, we can distinguish the main directions of social work with an asocial family: diagnostic and rehabilitation.

1. Diagnostics involves collecting and analyzing information about the family and its members, identifying problems.

Family diagnosis is a difficult and responsible process that requires the social worker to adhere to the following principles:

objectivity, adequacy of methods and techniques, complementarity and verification of the information received;

client-centrism (attitude to the problem in accordance with the interests of the client);

confidentiality, respect for the client’s right to non-interference in private life and the ability to foresee possible options for his reaction to proposed actions.

Diagnosing a family is a long process that does not allow for unceremonious actions and ill-considered conclusions.

To diagnose a family development situation, work methods such as observation, conversation, questioning, and testing can be used. Scale, card, projective, associative, and expressive methods provide sufficient information for decision-making and development of correctional assistance programs. A lot of useful information the social worker receives by applying the biographical method and analyzing documentation concerning the family and its members.

Based on the diagnostic material obtained, it is possible to draw up a social map of the family, which will contain information about its members, their age, education of parents and children, their specialties, place of work, family income; state of health, living conditions, main problems of family relationships. Then it is determined which risk group this family belongs to. It is advisable to make a forecast in the family social map economic development families, offer options for assistance (emergency, stabilizing, preventive) and argue for the need for rehabilitation.

2. Rehabilitation is a system of measures that allows you to restore lost well-being in family relationships or form new ones. In order to rehabilitate the family and its members, social service institutions for families and children, territorial centers, shelters, medical, psychological and social crisis centers are used in world practice. The content of their activities is to provide family members or an individual with various types assistance in order to maintain or increase resources, reorient family members towards other values, and change their attitudes.

In such institutions, family members can get advice from specialists, attend group classes, and join one of the rehabilitation programs.

Patronage has great value upon return to the family of a person who has completed a certain rehabilitation program.

The following stages of patronage are distinguished:

1) preparation - preliminary familiarization with all available information about the family, drawing up questions for an interview, etc.

2) Introductory part - direct acquaintance with family members, information about the purpose of the visits, about possible help.

3) Collection and assessment of information - clarification of the composition and living conditions of the family, relationships in it, methods of raising children, financial situation, health status of family members; filling out a social card; highlighting problems that the social protection service can solve.

4) Conclusion - summarizing for family members (parents) the essence of the problems facing them; joint choice of tactics further actions; information about the types of assistance that may be offered.

5) Establishing connections with other specialists working with families (school social educators, child protection inspectors, education, healthcare, police department specialists, etc.).

6) Report - detailed description the results of the visit in the family examination report; drawing up an individual program for further work with the family.

Depending on the nature of the existing family problems, so-called minimum and maximum programs are implemented at various stages of patronage.

Minimum programs address situations related to the sudden loss of something very valuable in the family: physical health, relatives and friends, work, etc. In such cases, the efforts of the social worker are aimed at restoring in a relatively short time the ability of the members of a given family to function optimally, despite the presence of objective and often irreversible limitations and losses.

The maximum program is designed to provide assistance in extreme situations of trouble, if necessary, not only to compensate for what has been lost, but also to achieve a reorientation of life position, to replace or correct the previous behavioral patterns of family members.

Thus, social work with an asocial family includes such aspects as economic, legal, psychological, social, pedagogical and, therefore, requires a specialist to know the basics of these sciences and mastery of their technologies.

1. 3 Characteristics of an antisocial family as a social work client

A social work client is an individual or a group (family) who are in a difficult life situation and need help, support, and social protection.

The practice of providing assistance to the client is based on the application system. This means that social work with a client occurs only if a person asks for help. The social work client has a certain status. This could be a large family, a family of a single mother, a family left without a breadwinner, a poor person, an unemployed person, a family with a disabled person, a migrant, victims of violence, an orphan, a family with a seriously ill or terminally ill person, families with persons with alcohol, drug and substance abuse problems. addiction, etc.

Problematic, disorganized, crisis families, families with antisocial behavior - all these families, with a greater or lesser degree of convention, can be classified as families at risk.

I.A. Kibalchenko identifies the main signs of a dysfunctional or asocial family: family members do not pay attention to each other, especially parents to children; the whole life of a family is characterized by inconstancy and unpredictability, and relations between its members are despotic; family members are preoccupied with denying reality, they have to carefully hide one or more family secrets; In the rules of the family, a significant place is occupied by prohibitions to freely express one’s needs and feelings.

One of the main tasks at modern stage is the early identification of family troubles and provision of timely assistance to families. Special attention should be given to the relationship between parents and children. In families where these relationships are fragile, the child develops a growing feeling of loneliness and uselessness.

The definition of an antisocial family also includes families burdened with alcohol addiction. In an alcoholic family, the need for fatherhood and motherhood gradually fades away, and less and less time is devoted to raising children. It is in these families that children do not receive sufficient attention and care, are subjected to cruel treatment, and do not receive basic medical care.

I. Alekseeva notes that in many regions of the country a large number of dysfunctional families, unable to create stable and safe living conditions for children, are concentrated in former industrial zones, which are characterized by the presence of dormitories, where people live who do not have their own housing and who lost their businesses after the closure the opportunity to obtain some paid unskilled work. Alcohol abuse occupies a significant place in the lives of such families, which, while reducing the feeling of dissatisfaction with one’s life, narrows the possibilities for solving existing problems.

E.M. Rybinsky, examining the causes of the crisis in the Russian family, notes that the state and society face a dual task. “Firstly, by improving socio-economic relations, increase the prestige of the family and strengthen its moral and everyday foundations, contribute to the revival and strengthening of the primacy of universal human and spiritual values, which can significantly affect the reduction in the number of children left without parental care. Secondly, the state and society must act as a guarantor of the social protection of such children, take on the responsibility and have sufficient economic, social, spiritual and moral resources capable of providing them with conditions for a normal life, study, development of all inclinations and abilities, professional training, adaptation to the social environment and the most painless entry into this environment, thereby compensating quite fully for the lack of parental care.”

Alcoholism of parents still remains the leading cause of social orphanhood. Social orphanhood is the elimination or non-participation of a large number of people in the performance of parental responsibilities (distortion of parental behavior). Social orphans are a special socio-demographic group of children from 0 to 18 years old who have lost parental care for socio-economic, as well as moral reasons.

Social services and internal affairs bodies should pay attention to a child left without proper parental control, not when his life in the family becomes dangerous. It is necessary to have opportunities for individual preventive work with the family at the very first manifestations of trouble.

When working with families affected by alcohol addiction, it is important to remember that not everyone has the same cause of alcoholism. In his work with families, the specialist must have the skill of identifying the key problem of the family based on the available information. We must remember that many problems are only a consequence and they themselves lose their relevance when solving the key problem.

According to I.A. Kibalchenko, the main skills for identifying a key problem include:

Ability to determine cause and effect;

Ability to separate information from emotions;

The ability to see information from different points of view (family, neighbors, co-workers, etc.);

The ability to see and analyze the family as a functioning system with established relationships.

Once the key problem has been identified, you can move on to working directly with the family.

As E.I. Kholostova notes, when working with the family of an alcoholic, diagnosis involves identifying the main cause of alcohol abuse and accompanying circumstances. This requires studying the personalities of all family members, as well as studying social biography. The causes of alcohol abuse may be a family predisposition, certain characteristics of personal status (personality instability, infantilism, addiction), traditions of the family or social environment, and an illusory attempt to escape from problems. Next, a program of work with the drug addict, his family, and social environment is drawn up.

Working with such a family involves motivating the client and his family to lead an alcohol-free lifestyle and build a different system of relationships.

In the process of work, the need to teach the family new skills is revealed. An alcoholic family most often faces the following social problems:

Hygiene of home and habitat;

Care for children;

Parenting;

Job search;

Preparation of documents;

Problem solving skills.

At this stage of work, the specialist needs to help the family acquire social skills in line with the above social problems.

When working with dysfunctional families, a specialist can act according to the following algorithm:

Stage 1: study of the family and awareness of the problems existing in it, study of families’ requests for help, study of complaints from residents (neighbors).

Stage 2: initial examination of the living conditions of a dysfunctional (problematic) family.

Stage 3: getting to know family members and their environment, talking with children, assessing their living conditions.

Stage 4: getting to know the services that have already provided assistance to the family, studying their actions and conclusions.

Stage 5: studying the causes of family dysfunction, its characteristics, its goals, and value orientations.

Stage 6: studying the personal characteristics of family members.

Stage 7: drawing up a family map.

Stage 8: coordination activities with all interested organizations ( educational institutions, center for social rehabilitation of children and adolescents, family protection center, shelters, orphanages, juvenile affairs inspection, etc.).

Stage 9: drawing up a program of work with a dysfunctional family.

Stage 10: current and control visits to the family.

Stage 11: conclusions about the results of working with a dysfunctional family.

1. 4 Conclusions onchapter1

Study and analysis scientific literature on the topic, research has shown that social work with an asocial family is aimed at providing socio-psychological assistance to such a family, helping to solve family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relationships, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the positive results achieved in the socio-economic situation and focusing on implementation social potential.

Social work with an asocial family in each individual case is determined by the individual characteristics of the family. One of the main tasks of social work with asocial families is to provide such families with timely assistance, develop new social skills in the client and build a different system of relationships.

Chapter2 . Analysis of social work with an asocial familyat the center for social assistance to families

2.1 Legal regulation of social assistance to families

The fundamental documents in the system of regulatory framework for social services for families and children is the Constitution Russian Federation and federal laws.

In Art. 7 of the Constitution the Russian Federation was proclaimed social state, whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people.

State support for family, motherhood, paternity and childhood is provided, a system of social services is being developed on the basis of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”.

The Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” establishes legal regulation in the field of social services for the population, families and children. The law names the rights of family members to social services and to receive various social services both at home and in social service institutions.

An important role in the implementation of social work with families and children was played by the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, which address specific issues of social protection of this category of the population.

Thus, in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 1, 1992. No. 543 “On priority measures for the implementation of the World Declaration on Ensuring the Survival and Development of Children in the 90s”, the problem of the survival, protection and development of children is considered a priority; the Government of the Russian Federation is instructed to develop and approve a scientifically based list of mandatory free social institutions for women and children , the provision of which must be guaranteed by the state, as well as draft regulations for the state system of social assistance to families and children.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 6, 1993. “On the prevention of neglect and delinquency of minors, in the protection of their rights” established that state system The prevention of neglect and delinquency of minors, the protection of their rights should be carried out by commissions on minors’ affairs, guardianship and trusteeship authorities, specialized institutions (services) of social protection bodies, education, health care, internal affairs bodies, and employment services.

All decrees contributed to the development of the system of social services for families and children.

In the process of implementing the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation,” decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation were adopted regulating social services for families and children: “On the Interdepartmental Commission on Social Services

Population"; “On the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services”;

“On approval of the Regulations on licensing activities in the field of social services for the population”; “Regulations on a specialized institution for minors in need of social rehabilitation.”

Territorial centers for social assistance to families and children carry out a variety of activities and provide a range of social services; they can solve family problems on their own and provide assistance in overcoming difficult life situations in various areas of life. This ability of the center is very important and significant, since the Russian family faces many problems that cannot be solved by the functioning social institutions existing within a given territory.

Every year the list of public services is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation; it is mandatory for regional authorities and is expanded due to the financial capabilities of local authorities. This list includes the main social services provided to families and children:

1. Social, household, material and in-kind assistance:

Assistance in the allocation of: funds; food; sanitation and hygiene products; clothing, shoes and other essential items; technical means of rehabilitation of disabled children; cash benefits, benefits, additional payments, compensation;

Social and domestic assistance at home to disabled low-income families;

Assistance in organizing home work for disabled children and assistance in their further employment;

Organizing events to raise funds to provide targeted social assistance;

Assistance in finding employment (including temporary) and obtaining a profession, etc.

2. Social and legal assistance:

Assistance in writing and execution of documents related to the protection of the rights and interests of clients, including clients;

Assistance in providing social benefits, etc.

3. Pedagogical assistance:

Pedagogical assistance to children in protecting their interests;

Advisory assistance to parents and children;

Promoting cultural and leisure activities for children, etc.

4. Social psychological help:

Psychotherapeutic assistance (individual, group);

Psychological intervention in crisis situations;

Family psychological counseling (individual, group).

5. Social and medical assistance:

Assistance in referring people in need to inpatient medical drug treatment facilities;

Patronage of pregnant women and nursing mothers.

6. social patronage:

Social psychodiagnostics;

Development and implementation of individual programs;

Assistance in referral to special institutions.

The development of social services for families and children directly depends on changes in the sphere of labor, on real provision constitutional law every person for social protection.

2. 2 Experience working with disadvantaged families in the Buysky districtKostroma region

In 2000, a “Center for Assistance to Children Without Parental Care” was opened in the Buysky district of the Kostroma region. The main focus of the center's activities is working with disadvantaged families.

The center has created a “Family Support Service” (hereinafter referred to as the “Service”), which includes specialists: pediatrician, psychiatrist, educational psychologists, social educators, social work specialists, educators. The task of the “Service” is to return the child to a rehabilitated family in which the child will be provided with the necessary conditions for life, development, education.

The “service” is designed to provide comprehensive assistance to parents so that they realize the shortcomings of their lifestyle. As a rule, the center is home to children from asocial, dysfunctional families, and it is very difficult to work with them.

The organization of correctional work of the “Service” is based on the following important principles:

The principle of timeliness provides for early identification of family troubles and difficult life situations in which families and children find themselves. The implementation of this principle makes it possible to prevent the family from sliding towards a critical boundary, beyond which lies the complete alienation of the child from his parents. Timely identification of family dysfunction helps to avoid the extreme measure of depriving parents of parental rights. Unfortunately, in practice this principle is not always fully implemented.

The principle of humanism expresses the willingness of employees of specialized institutions to come to the aid of the family and child, promote their social well-being, and protect rights and interests, despite deviations in the family’s lifestyle. The implementation of this principle requires specialists to take an active set of measures aimed at improving the health of the family.

Principle individual approach involves taking into account social, psychological, functional characteristics families in choosing means of correctional work.

The principle of stimulating the family to self-help involves activating its own internal resources to change lifestyle, rebuild relationships with children, and refer them to treatment that helps relieve and weaken alcohol dependence.

Principle integrated approach to preventive and correctional work means the need to unite social services, government agencies and public organizations to assist the family in resolving the problem that burdens the child’s life.

Most often, the work of the “Service” uses the principle of an individual approach to the problem of each family, which involves several stages:

· Preparation - preliminary familiarization with all available information about the family, drawing up a conversation plan;

· Establishing contact between specialists and family members;

· Identifying the essence of family problems and the causes of their occurrence;

· Determining a plan for the family to get out of a difficult situation, providing the necessary assistance and support from special services, encouraging parents to self-help;

· Implementation of the planned plan, attracting specialists who can help resolve problems that the family cannot solve on its own;

· Family patronage.

A social work specialist who establishes contact with a family is often faced with open manifestations of wariness, rudeness, hostility and rejection. It is important to relieve this tension and encourage the family to communicate. To achieve this, the specialist visits the family, having a clear professional attitude - to establish contact and further interaction, even if the wards do not evoke sympathy, it is difficult to accept their manner of communication and position.

An approximate diagram of a specialist’s visit to a family:

Acquaintance.

Clarification of the purpose of the visit.

Joining the family.

Establishing contact with the family and its individual members.

Positive information about the family and its members (children, adults). Emphasizing the positive aspects of family life.

Identification of current everyday and socio-psychological problems of the family.

Sample questions to family members of the same type, which allows for the exchange of information.

Informing about rights and responsibilities, possible consequences of the situation of negative and positive developments.

Informing about the possibility of receiving help, about specialists with whom the family can work to solve their problems.

Observing the behavior and reactions of family members in order to diagnose its structure and problems.

Determining who is in charge in the family, regardless of whether he is present during the conversation or not. This is especially important because the main role can be played by the family member from whom the danger comes (mother’s partner, brother who has returned from prison), i.e. one who shows cruelty, violence, etc. Depending on who dominates the family, further actions will depend.

Thus, First stage Working with a problematic, dysfunctional family includes not only an interview, but also an invitation to cooperation of family members.

Step-by-step, gradualism in working with a dysfunctional family, the ability to evaluate all the pros and cons, involving in dialogue and taking into account the opinions of members of the family itself is a technique that gives results. All further work depends on the first contact, the level and quality of the established relationships.

The purpose of the first visit is to relieve fear and tension in the family.

After the first meeting with the family, the social work specialist communicates its results to each employee of the Service.

Then a general work plan is outlined. Each specialist of the “Service” determines the scope of his activities for a given family, the efforts of all specialists are coordinated and recommendations are given.

With a closer acquaintance of all family members with the “Service”, it becomes clear what type of assistance is needed, and the opinion of each family member is taken into account. As a rule, a dysfunctional family tries to shift their problems and the responsibility for resolving them onto specialists, while doing nothing themselves and blaming the specialists for insufficient help.

In order to ensure that the work of the Service specialists and the family is clearly defined and that parents do not completely shift the care of the child to the institution, a “Joint Cooperation Agreement” is concluded with them. After it has been determined in what direction the work with the family will take place and what services will be provided to it, the Service specialists develop an individual “Family Plan”.

“Family Plan” is a diary that reflects all the main points of working with a family. It is an analytical family diary. Making a plan with your family collaboration, we teach family members to be active in this process. Often they themselves begin to write an activity plan for a certain period. This makes the work process collaborative and does not allow the family to remain passive.

Components of a family plan:

Description of the situation/problem;

Description of the family (family study);

Family skills and abilities;

Actions (who will do what) and timing of actions;

Real behavior (process diary);

Indicators and criteria - acceptance of work, revision and completion of the case;

Intermediate and final results.

The family plan can be analytical, summary, chronological. It is important that he helps the family, records the slightest positive changes, and outlines prospects.

When working with families, specialists use a variety of methods. One of them is observation. Observation makes it possible to find out:

What parents consider important for themselves and their child in the work of the center and how they understand the goals of social rehabilitation;

What interests parents in the first place and whether they are interested in the content and nature of work with the child in the center;

Do the child or his parents hope for help from the center’s specialists? Are the parents committed to positive changes?

The second method is conversation. Conversation, as a method of studying a family, presupposes a clear goal setting and planning of the forms of its implementation. The goal suggests the topic, and it suggests the entire course of the upcoming conversation.

It is important for a specialist to record the behavior of an adult at different stages of joint work: at the beginning of the work, during the activity, after completing the task.

A conversation with parents after completing the task gives the specialist additional material about their attitude towards the child. The results of the conversations are also recorded in an individual notebook.

If the rehabilitation of the birth family is successful, and the child returns to the family, then the family remains in foster care for quite a long time.

Over the years of work, the “Service” has managed to return more than 300 children to their birth families. Children must return to their birth family, because, having lost contact with their family and friends, the child feels useless and sees no meaning in life. And children at any age should feel care and love, understanding and protection in their home.

2.3 Chapter Conclusions2

Thus, having examined and analyzed the content of social work in the center for social assistance to families, we can draw the following conclusion: the activities of the social work of the center aimed at providing assistance to disadvantaged families, including asocial ones, are carried out on the basis of the “Family Support Service” (hereinafter “Service ").

The work of the “Service” is based on the following principles:

The principle of timeliness;

The principle of humanism;

The principle of an individual approach;

The principle of encouraging families to self-help;

The principle of an integrated approach.

One of the main ones is the principle of an individual approach in working with an asocial family, which allows us to determine in what direction the work with the family will be carried out and what type of assistance needs to be provided by the Service specialists when developing an individual plan for working with the family.

But to achieve positive results in rehabilitation work with asocial families, it takes a long time and the implementation of social patronage for such a family. But in practice it is not always possible to completely return the family to normal functioning and harmonization of its social needs.

Conclusion

In this work, the problem was studied: what is the content of social work with an asocial family in a center for social assistance to families. To solve this problem, the main directions of social work with an asocial family are revealed; the characteristics of an asocial family as a client of social work are given; the activities of the center for social assistance to families in the Kostroma region are analyzed.

As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Social work is a type of human activity, the purpose of which is to optimize the implementation of the subjective role of people in all spheres of society in the process of life support and active existence of the individual, family, social and other groups and layers in society;

Social work with families includes such aspects as economic, legal, psychological, social, pedagogical and, therefore, requires a specialist to know the basics of these sciences and mastery of their technologies;

Early identification of dysfunctional families and provision of these families with the necessary set of measures aimed at preventing and correcting relationships both within the family and with society as a whole.

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Fundamentals of social work with families. Social problems of the family. Family as a social institution, its characteristics. Types of families and family relationships. Specifics of a social worker’s work with a family. Social and psychological methods of working with families.

In the Vologda region, families with children under one year old recognized as antisocial will be checked daily by health workers or the police. The decision on this was made by the Department of Health of the Vologda Region in agreement with the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, reports cherinfo.ru.

“Lists of dysfunctional families with small children are available not only in medical institutions, but also in ambulances. If the team goes to a populated area, it will simultaneously visit a family at social risk,” the head of the children’s department of the regional health department told reporters Tatyana Artemyeva.

There are enough such families. There are cases of children dying there. Therefore, the child alone or together with his mother is temporarily placed in the children's department to isolate him from danger. The child is in the hospital until the situation in the family returns to normal.”

“If nothing changes, we will involve the guardianship authorities. We are trying to find the most gentle measures to minimize risks for children. Health care is responsible for the infant mortality rate, but we cannot legally influence many situations,” explained the regional health care representative.

“It is difficult to say with certainty what is meant here by “asocial” families. posing a threat,” commented the director of the charity foundation “Volunteers to help orphans” about the decision made in the Vologda region. Elena Alshanskaya. - If I understand correctly, we're talking about about families who abuse alcohol and raise young children.

In this case, this is an attempt to solve the problem by completely inappropriate means. If they want to cure addiction with control, then this is “know-how”, of course. But then the situation in families could be checked not only every day, but also every hour - who knows, maybe the parents will get drunk immediately after the inspectors leave? How do those who came up with this hope to influence parents who have an alcohol addiction - to scare them?

In fact, if there is a drinking family with a baby, of course, he may be in danger. But it is not continuous monitoring that can help here, but social technologies. You need to understand what kind of family this is, why and how long they have been drinking in it, whether parents and relatives are ready to change for the sake of their children.

We need to help people cope with addiction, help with medical and social rehabilitation. Trying to cure alcohol addiction through daily visits from doctors and the police is an original idea, but it is unlikely to work. Doctors, of course, could help the mother learn how to adequately care for the baby - but, apparently, they don’t see their task in this project that way.

It is also difficult to understand with what funds this project is planned to be implemented. In principle, it requires significant labor costs that must be paid. The ambulance will not go to the villages every day, and it is unlikely that the district police officer will be able to visit all families every day. If the Vologda authorities have a lot of extra money, they need to build social technologies for working with dependent families and develop prevention.

Of course, families where there is a threat to the lives of infants must be under control, they must be dealt with Full time job. But it should be carried out primarily by social services.

If the family is truly dangerous for the child, if the adults are not going to stop drinking, and if they are drunk, they cannot adequately take care of him and are dangerous for him, he must be placed under the care of adequate relatives, and in their absence, to a foster family.

Of course, it’s good that the region is concerned about protecting the lives of young children in dysfunctional families. But the problem must not be solved through daily checks and hospitalization without indication.”

Family as a social institution. Dysfunctional family as an object of social work. Stupakova L. V., Ilyinsky V. V., Masanova M. D.. GBDOU kindergarten № 43 combined type St. Petersburg, Russia

Annotation: The family is responsible for the livelihoods of its members, especially children, youth, elderly people, and people with disabilities. As society changes, social policy regarding the family changes, and the forms, methods and technologies of working with families also change. The family is one of the main objects of social work.

Keywords: family, children, socialization, marriage, nuclear family

The family is a social institution for the reproduction and development of sociocultural status, spiritual and physical values, social health and well-being of individuals and the whole society; a self-regulating system with relatively stable patterns of behavior and relationships with the environment, patterns of communication, processes, structure; the most important object of social work.

A family is a community of people based on a single family activity, connected by the bonds of marriage - parenthood - kinship, and thereby carrying out the reproduction of the population and the continuity of family generations, as well as the socialization of children and the maintenance of the existence of family members.

As a social system, the family has the features of a social institution and at the same time of a small social group. The features of the family as a social institution are contained in social norms, sanctions, and patterns of behavior that regulate relationships between spouses, parents, children and other relatives. How small group, based on marriage or consanguinity, it is characterized by the commonality of life of all family members, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance.

The family is a stable form of relationships between people, within which the main part of people’s daily lives is carried out. Being the main institution for the development of personality and the socialization of children, the family experiences the impact of both positive and negative processes occurring in society.

In the family, basic human needs are realized: salvation from loneliness, a home that gives a person peace, joy and tranquility. Finally, family is a social support that is difficult to do without in our time.

Depending on the atmosphere of family relations with Families are usually divided into harmonious and disharmonious families(in them the spouses have different problems).

Based on family types, families are divided into nuclear and extended. These two types are considered the main ones and include a number of subtypes. Nuclear families consist only of spouses with or without children (subtype - complete nuclear families) or single mothers or fathers with children (subtype - single-parent nuclear families). The phrase “nuclear family” (from English - nuclear family) is derived from the Latin word nucleus (“core”). The family nucleus is considered to be a married couple with or without children (complete family nucleus) or a single mother (father) with children (incomplete family nucleus). A complete nuclear family consists only of a complete family nucleus, an incomplete nuclear family - only of an incomplete family nucleus.

In extended families, in addition to members of the family nucleus, there are also other relatives - most often the parents of one of the spouses in two-parent families or a single mother [father] in single-parent families. The presence of children from previous marriages does not transform stepfamilies into extended ones if there are no other older or collateral relatives in their composition.

Married couples with or without children living without relatives are complete nuclear families, while those living with at least one relative are complete extended families. Single parents with children in whose families there are no other relatives are incomplete nuclear families. If a single mother or father lives not only with children, but also with at least one of the parents and (or) relatives, then they form extended single-parent families.

The most important characteristic of a family is its structure. Family structure is understood as a system of relationships, kinship, as well as a set of spiritual, moral, psychological relationships within family settings, relations of power and authority in the family.

The following components are taken into account in the family structure:

• the number of family members, their family ties, the nature of the relationship; relationship boundaries; relationships between family members and families as a system with other members of the “big” family (grandparents, cousins, etc.);
• relationships between the family as a system and closest friends;
• environment: it refers to the living situation, sociological status, influence of the reference group of the “large” family, strong and weak sides this impact on the family;
• family functioning: it includes the role activities of its members - a set of attitudes, norms and behaviors that characterize some family members in their relationships with other members (in the nuclear model of the family, the main family roles are the roles of husband and wife, father and mother, children, brothers, sisters; in the “large” family model the roles of grandparents, father-in-law and mother-in-law, father-in-law and mother-in-law, son-in-law and daughter-in-law, etc. are added).
• the role significance of family members (housekeeping - who? Taking care of children - who?) is taken into account when working with the family as an object of influence.

Family structure is also divided into:

• by number of children: childless, one-child, few children, large;
• by generation: single-generation, two-generation, intergenerational;
• by completeness: complete, incomplete.

Family functions

How social education, the family performs certain functions, which reflect both the social needs in her life and the individual needs of members of the family group. The main function of the family is the primary (or basic) socialization of the child, his formation and development.

In the life of a family, the functions of the family to satisfy certain needs of its members are distinguished. These are functions such as:

• primary social control, which is expressed in ensuring the fulfillment of social norms of behavior by all family members, primarily those who, depending on a number of reasons [age, presence of illness, etc.], are not able to fulfill them independently;
• socializing consists of satisfying individual needs for fatherhood and motherhood, education, and self-realization in children. The family ensures the socialization of the younger generation;
• the social and everyday function is to satisfy the material needs of preserving the health of its members. In the course of performing this function, the restoration of forces expended in the labor process is ensured;
• the social-emotional function consists of satisfying family members’ needs for sympathy, respect, support, and psychological protection;
• the sociocultural function is to satisfy the needs for joint leisure activities and mutual spiritual enrichment. Promotes cultural, spiritual, and moral development of the individual;
• the sexual-erotic function consists of satisfying the sexual-erotic needs of the spouses and ensuring biological reproduction.

Over time, changes occur in family functioning: some functions are lost, others change in accordance with new social conditions. This depends on the socio-economic and cultural development of the country. The family is responsible for the natural habitat of its members, especially children, youth, and elderly people with disabilities.

Family is the object of social work

A family is a form of community of people in which a married man and woman, their children and relatives, are related by blood. Society is changing, the family is changing, and family policy and work with families are improving. The family is one of the main objects of social work.

The modern family is going through a difficult stage in evolution - the transition from a traditional model to a new one. Many scientists characterize the current family conditions as a crisis, which has resulted in a drop in the birth rate, an increase in the number of divorces and an increase in the number of single people. Average number family size is 3.2 people in the city and 3.3 in the village. The number of childless and youth families is growing.

Due to the decrease in the age of marriage, as well as the separation of young families from their parents, single-parent families are being formed. There is an increase in the proportion of single-parent families, both due to divorce and the fashion for civil marriages. The birth of children by a single mother leads to the growth of single-parent families.

The family develops along with society. Social problems of the family are interconnected with the problems of society. Since the family performs important social functions, the state, government, public organizations and society as a whole are interested in creating the necessary conditions for the functioning of the family. This is the goal of social work to strengthen the family, to increase its educational potential, to fulfill its demographic and social functions.

Among the social problems of the family are the following:

• problems of financial situation and family well-being;
• deterioration of the population's health due to poor ecology and deteriorating food quality;
• alcohol and drug abuse;
• cruel treatment with children and other family members;
• antisocial lifestyle, delinquency and scandals;
• social orphanhood as a consequence of family dysfunction.

It should be noted that the objective social reason for the deterioration of family relations and the increase in the number of dysfunctional families is the shortcomings of social services, the low level of social services, and the underdevelopment of social work with families.

Social work with dysfunctional families

Dysfunctional families are families with a low social status, in one of the spheres of life or in several at the same time, who cannot cope with the functions assigned to them, their adaptive abilities are significantly reduced, the process of family education of a child proceeds with great difficulties, slowly, and with little results.

Taking into account the dominant factors influencing Negative influence on the development of a child’s personality, dysfunctional families are conventionally divided into two large groups. One group of dysfunctional families families are outwardly respectable, whose lifestyle does not cause concern or criticism from the public. But the values ​​and behavior of parents sharply diverge from universal moral standards, which cannot but affect the moral character of children raised in such families. Distinctive feature These families are that the relationships between their members at the external, social level make a favorable impression, and the consequences of improper upbringing are invisible at first glance, which sometimes misleads others, however, they have a destructive impact on the personal formation of children. These families belong to the category of internally dysfunctional families (with a hidden form of disadvantage).

The second group consists of families with an open form of disadvantage. The peculiarity of such families is that they have a pronounced character, manifested simultaneously in several spheres of life (for example, at the social and material level), or exclusively at the level interpersonal relationships, which leads to an unfavorable psychological climate.

Typically, in a dysfunctional family, a child experiences physical and emotional rejection from his parents (lack of care for him, improper care and nutrition, various forms of domestic violence, ignorance of his mental world and experiences). As a result of these unfavorable intrafamily factors, the child develops a feeling of inadequacy, shame for himself and his parents in front of others, fear and pain for his present and future.

We can highlight some types of families with an open form of disadvantage:

• socially incompetent - with low level general and lack of culture of socialization; are characterized not only by mistakes and defects in raising children, but also by an unwillingness to change or correct anything in the content and methods of upbringing. Such a family, consciously or unwillingly, sets the child up for disobedience to social norms and requirements, for confrontation with the world; these are families with low social status;
• asocial - in which children from an early age are in an environment of disdain for generally accepted social and moral norms, and perceive the skills of deviant and illegal behavior.

Among families with an open form of trouble, the most common are those in which one or more members are dependent on the use of psychoactive substances, primarily alcohol and drugs. A person suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction involves all his loved ones in his illness. It is no coincidence that specialists began to pay attention not only to the patient himself, but also to his family, thereby recognizing that addiction to alcohol and drugs is a family disease, a family problem.

One of the unfavorable factors that destroys not only the family, but also peace of mind child, is parental alcoholism; families with alcohol addiction become socially and psychologically disadvantaged. The life of children in such a family atmosphere becomes unbearable, turning them into social orphans with living parents.

Codependency occurs in response to a prolonged stressful situation in the family and leads to suffering for all members of the family group. Children are especially vulnerable in this regard. Lack of necessary life experience, fragile psyche - all this leads to the fact that the disharmony reigning in the house, quarrels and scandals, unpredictability and lack of security, as well as the alienated behavior of parents deeply traumatizes the child’s soul, and the consequences of this moral and psychological trauma often cause deep imprint for the rest of your life.

The peculiarities of the process of growing up of children from “alcoholic” families lie not only in socio-economic disadvantage, but also in the fact that:

• children grow up with the conviction that the world is not a safe place and people cannot be trusted;
• children are forced to hide their true feelings and experiences in order to be accepted by adults; they are not aware of their feelings, they do not know what their reason is and what to do about it, but it is in accordance with them that they build their lives, relationships with other people, with alcohol and drugs. Children carry their emotional wounds and experiences into adulthood, often becoming chemically dependent. And again the same problems that were in the house of their drinking parents appear;
• children feel emotional rejection from adults when they inadvertently make mistakes, when they do not meet the expectations of adults, when they openly show their feelings and express their needs;
• children, especially the eldest in the family, are forced to take responsibility for the behavior of their parents;
• parents may not perceive the child as a separate being with intrinsic value, believe that a child should feel, look and do the same as them;
• Parents' self-esteem may depend on the child. Parents can treat him as an equal, not giving him the opportunity to be a child.

A family with alcohol-dependent parents is dangerous because of its desocializing influence not only on its own children, but also because of the destructive impact it has on the personal development of children from other families. As a rule, whole groups of neighborhood kids appear around such houses. Thanks to adults, they are introduced to alcohol and the criminally immoral subculture that reigns among drinkers.

Conflict family

Conflict families are the most common type (up to 60% of all dysfunctional families), with a predominant confrontational style of relationships. It is necessary to distinguish between concepts such as “family conflicts” and “conflict families,” since a conflict in a family, even if quite violent, does not mean that it is a conflict family and does not always indicate its instability.

Conflict families are also those in which there are constantly areas where the interests, intentions, desires of all or several family members (spouses, children, other relatives living together) collide, giving rise to strong and lasting negative emotional states, the incessant hostility of the spouses towards each other. As a result, conflict is formed as a chronic condition of such a family.

Regardless of whether a conflict family is noisy, scandalous, where raised tones and irritation become the norm in the relationship between spouses, or a quiet one, where marital relations are marked by complete alienation, the desire to avoid any interaction, it negatively affects the formation of the child’s personality and can cause various antisocial manifestations in the form of deviant behavior.

In conflict families, there is often a lack of kindness, mercy, endurance, and support. Characteristic feature conflict families is also a violation of communication between its members. As a rule, behind a protracted, unresolved conflict or quarrel lies an inability to communicate. In such families they almost never say “we”, preferring to say only “I”, which indicates disunity, isolation, and their emotional excitability.

Among dysfunctional families, a large group consists of families with impaired parent-child relationships. In them, the influence on children is manifested not directly through patterns of immoral behavior of parents, as happens in “alcoholic” families, but indirectly, as a result of chronic complicated, actually unhealthy relationships between spouses, which are characterized by a lack of mutual understanding and mutual respect, an increase in emotional alienation and the predominance of conflict interaction .

Children in such families receive unfavorable life experiences. Negative images of childhood condition children's thinking, feelings and actions. Therefore, parents who cannot find mutual understanding with each other must always remember that even in an unsuccessful marriage, children should not be drawn into family conflicts.

A child’s behavior turns out to be a unique indicator of family well-being or ill-being. The roots of trouble in children's behavior are easy to discern if children grow up in clearly dysfunctional families. It is much more difficult to do this in relation to those “difficult” children and adolescents who were brought up in quite prosperous families. And only close attention to the analysis of the family atmosphere in which the life of a child who was in the “risk group” took place allows us to find out that well-being was relative.

Externally regulated relationships in families are often a kind of cover for the emotional alienation that reigns in them, both at the level of marital and child-parent relationships. Such a relationship between parents can be transferred to the sphere of child-parent relations, which cannot but affect the formation of the child’s personality. He learns not so much to feel, but to “play with feelings”, and focusing exclusively on positive side their manifestations, while remaining emotionally cold and aloof.

In various types of dysfunctional families, rivalry is observed, manifested in the desire of two or more family members to secure a dominant position in the house. At first glance, this is primacy in decision-making: financial, economic, pedagogical (relating to raising children), organizational, etc. A child in such a family grows up with the absence of a traditional division of roles in the family; for him, it is the norm to find out who is in the “family” chief" at every opportunity. The child develops the opinion that conflicts are the norm.

Imaginary cooperation is a form of family dysfunction. Although at the external, social level it is “covered” by the seemingly harmonious relationships of spouses and other family members. Imaginary cooperation can also clearly manifest itself in a situation where, on the contrary, one of the family members (usually the wife), after a long period of doing only household chores, decides to get involved in professional activities. A career requires a lot of effort and time, so, naturally, household chores that only the wife did have to be redistributed among other family members, which they are not ready for.

In such a family, the child develops an attitude towards cooperation with family members and finding a compromise. On the contrary, he believes that everyone should support the other as long as it does not go against his personal interests.

Isolation is a relatively simple version of a dysfunctional family. It manifests the psychological isolation of one person in the family from others. One of the family members does not take direct part in raising their children, is not interested in the child’s opinion on certain issues, does not involve them in the discussion of important family problems, and is not interested in their well-being. Attention to the child is limited to feeding and clothing.

Mutual isolation of two or more family members is possible. Remaining spouses purely formally, both would rather go away than spend time at home. The family is supported either by the need to raise children, or by prestigious, financial and other similar considerations. In such a family, the child observes a situation of emotional, psychological, and sometimes physical isolation of family members. Such a child does not have a sense of attachment to the family; he does not know what it means to worry about another family member, if he is old or sick.

The influence of the family on the development of the child

Various types of dysfunctional families and existing styles of relationships, family atmosphere influence the development of the personality of a preschooler and his interaction with others.

The development of a child’s personality is influenced by the family atmosphere. Families focused on the child’s success pay enough attention to their children and attach importance to them. The entire range of family relationships unfolds in the space between the age and individual characteristics of children and the expectations presented to them by their parents, which ultimately shape the child’s attitude towards himself and his environment.

In an atmosphere of unhealthy family relationships, children find themselves deprived of warmth and attention. In such families, relations of pseudo-reciprocity and pseudo-hostility develop. This hinders the personal and psychological development of the child. Pseudo-mutual families encourage the expression of only warm, loving, supportive feelings, while hostility, anger, irritation and other negative feelings are hidden and suppressed in every possible way. In pseudo-hostile families, on the contrary, it is customary to express only hostile feelings and reject tender ones.

A person acquires value for society only when he becomes an individual, and its formation requires targeted, systematic influence. It is the family, with its constant and natural nature of influence, that is called upon to shape the character traits, beliefs, views, worldview of the child, and prepare him for life in society.

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Participant of the 1st International Scientific and Methodological “Social Services to the Population: Traditions and Innovations”. Work section: Social practices, technologies and techniques in working with families and children.

Family as a social institution. Dysfunctional family.

Page 2

A number of researchers (S.V. Titova, O.P. Potapenko, E.Yu. Fisenko, etc.) identify the following types of dysfunctional families based on grounds that negatively characterize the family.

1. Dysfunctional families of the socio-economic and psychological-pedagogical risk group are, first of all, low-income families, with a low material standard of living, irregular income of parents (and reluctance of parents to increase their income), poor living conditions, emotionally and physiologically suffering from poverty and deprivation by children. An essential characteristic of this category of families is the consumer attitude towards the child, often as the only source of material income (cash allowance, additional food, social package, etc.)

As a result, gross violations occur in such families legal rights and interests of children. Full education, training and development are not provided, necessary control over the behavior and life of the child. The general negative emotional atmosphere in the family negatively affects psychological condition child and the results of his education. There are deep conflicts between family members, into which the child is deliberately or involuntarily drawn. The pedagogical failure of the parents is clearly visible, which gives rise to serious problems in the behavior and psychosomatic health of the child.

Situationally, a family where the parents divorce or the death of one or both parents may become a family of moral risk for a child.

3. Families who abuse children. The style of family relationships in such families is manifested in physical punishment and deprivation of the child of poverty, clothing, and walks. fresh air for the purpose of “effective education”. One of the main factors provoking cruelty to children may be drunkenness of one or both parents. Any type of child abuse (and most often a combination of several forms of violence) disrupts the physical and mental health child, hinders his full development. In such asocial, disorganized families with parents with drug addiction and psychopathology, cases of special family cruelty occur.

Dysfunctional families with mentally unstable parents or other family members, with destructive emotional and conflictual relationships between spouses, with deformed value orientations transmit to children double morality, hypocrisy and other negative human traits.

Often these phenomena occur due to the pedagogical failure of parents: education is carried out by poorly educated, uncultured people who humiliate the personal dignity of the child and other family members, convey a derogatory attitude towards people, do not accept a different point of view and insist on their own negative attitude towards life. As a rule, in such families, the psychological experiences of parents due to their poor financial situation and unemployment result in child abuse. Often, deviations in the psyche of parents lead to despotism and cause strong dissatisfaction with their children due to their inflated parental demands not being met. Often, the fatigue and depression of parents is the result of their psychological cruelty, which is then transmitted to children, giving rise to conflicts between adolescents and peers and teachers.

Social work with an antisocial family

According to I.V. Grebennikov, a supporter of the pedagogical approach,basic functions of the family , are:

reproductive (reproduction of life, that is, the birth of children, continuation human race);

economic (social production of means of living, restoration of the forces of their adult members spent on production, running their own household, having their own budget, organizing consumer activities);

educational (formation of the child’s personality, systematic educational influence of the family team on each member throughout his life, the constant influence of children on parents and other adult family members);

communicative (family mediation in the contact of its members with the media, literature and art, the influence of the family on the diverse connections of its members with the natural environment and the nature of its perception, organization of intra-family communication, leisure and recreation).

Representative of the sociological approach E.M. Chernyak identifies the followingfamily functions :

spiritual communication - personal development of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment;

psychotherapeutic ;

economic ;

regenerative ;

sphere of initial social control ;

recreational ;

social status ;

reproductive ;

educational .

The functions reflect the historical nature of the connection between family and society, the dynamics of family changes at different historical stages. The modern family has lost many of the functions that cemented it in the past: production, security, education, etc. However, some functions are resistant to change, in this sense they can be called traditional. These include functions that are identified in all three approaches:

reproductive;

educational;

economic and economic;

communicative.

Family dysfunction - these are features of her life that make it difficult or prevent the family from performing its functions. A very wide range of factors can contribute to violations: the personalities of its members and the relationships between them, certain living conditions of the family. For example, the reason for violations of the educational function of the family can be the lack of appropriate knowledge and skills among parents, and violations in their relationships (conflicts on issues of education, interference of other family members, and so on). Depending on the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of their functions, families can be conditionally divided into two large blocks: normal (prosperous) and dysfunctional families.

Normal family – the concept is very conditional. We will consider such a family to be one that provides the required minimum of well-being, social protection and advancement for its members and creates conditions for the socialization of children until they reach psychological and physical maturity.

Prosperous families also experiencedifficulties . Their problems, as a rule, are caused by internal contradictions and conflicts that are associated with changing living conditions in society:

with an excessive desire to protect each other, to help other family members (“indulgent, conniving hyperprotection and “excessive care”);

with the inadequacy of the correlation between one’s own ideas about the family and the social demands that are placed on it at this stage of social development (difficulty in perceiving the contradictions of modern society).

Failure of a family to fulfill some of its functions is almost always a sign of trouble. In psychological, sociological, pedagogical literature there are quite a lot of definitions, concepts, namesdysfunctional family: problematic, asocial, “at-risk” family, social risk family, socially unprotected family.

In our work we will consider the following types of dysfunctional families, presented by S.G. Schumann and A.N. Elizarov: conflict, crisis, problematic, asocial.

Conflict families. In the relationship between spouses and children, there are areas in which the interests, needs, intentions and desires of family members come into conflict, giving rise to strong and lasting negative emotional states. A marriage can survive for a long time thanks to mutual concessions and compromises, as well as other factors that hold it together.

Crisis families. The confrontation between the interests and needs of family members is particularly sharp and affects important areas of the life of the family union. Family members take irreconcilable and even hostile positions towards each other, not agreeing to any concessions or compromise solutions. Marriages in crisis are breaking up or are on the verge of breaking up.

Problem families. They are characterized by the emergence of particularly difficult situations that can lead to the breakdown of a marriage. For example, lack of housing, severe and long illness one of the spouses, lack of funds to support the family, conviction for a criminal offense for a long time and whole line other emergency life circumstances. In modern Russia, this is the most common category of families, for a certain part of which there are likely prospects for aggravation of family relationships or the emergence of severe mental disorders among family members.

Asocial family - a type of family that represents a disturbed value system, unbalanced and unsuitable for raising a child. Such a family is dangerous for society due to its way of life, norms, rules, and the behavior of adults and children. It can be complete or incomplete, financially secure or below the poverty line, etc. This definition is used in the psychological literature.

According to the doctor's definition pedagogical sciences T.V. Lodkina,antisocial family - this is a family, the peculiarity of which is a negative antisocial orientation, expressed in the transmission to children of such attitudes towards social values, requirements, traditions that are alien, and sometimes hostile to the normal way of life.

From point of viewsociological approach asocial families - this is a category of families that does not sufficiently fulfill its functions, and is also exposed to negative influences social factors. The behavior of members of an antisocial family can pose a certain danger to others and society as a whole, since it contradicts generally accepted norms and rules.

Representativesocionomic approach Yu.V. Korchagina gives the following definitionantisocial family – “these are families with asocial and antisocial behavior of its members - alcoholics, drug addicts, delinquents, that is, initiallydeviant families with destructive relationships, in which patterns of disrupted behavior are often inherited over several generations. Thismaladjusted families who cannot cope with the functions assigned to them; It is in such families that the most severe forms of dysfunction manifest themselves.”

Within the framework of the socionomic approach to defining an asocial family, we observe the presence of all the above aspects: psychological, pedagogical and sociological, which once again indicates the interdisciplinary nature of social work. Defining the asocial family as an object of study in many sciences, it should be noted that in the field of social work it occupies one of the first places.

There are various groupsfactors influencing the development of asociality in the family . For example, V.M. Tseluiko identifies three groups of causes of trouble in the family: firstly, crisis phenomena in the socio-economic sphere, which directly affect the family and reduce its educational potential; secondly, reasons of psychological and pedagogical nature associated with intrafamily relationships; thirdly, reasons of a biological nature (physically or mentally ill parents, bad heredity in children, the presence of children with developmental disabilities or disabled children in the family).

V.E. Letunova identifies the following conditions asfactors in the formation of an asocial family :

medical and biological factors:

hereditary causes;

innate properties;

disorders in mental and physical development;

conditions of birth of a child;

mother's illnesses and her lifestyle;

socio-economic:

minor parents;

an example of a parental family leading an immoral lifestyle;

inability to live in society.

For the professional activity of a social work specialist, along with the previous classifications of risk factors, it is of interestclassification of causes of asociality in families , presented by S.A. Belicheva:

medical and social reasons : (complicated heredity, chronic diseases, disability, unsanitary conditions);

socio-economic reasons (low financial level of the family, poor living conditions);

socio-demographic reasons (incomplete; large families; remarriage);

socio-psychological reasons (distorted nature of relationships, lack of common interests, moral irresponsibility of parents, cruelty);

criminal factors (alcoholism, drug addiction, immoral lifestyle of parents, family rows, presence of convicted family members).

I. Alekseeva highlightsgeographical factors , since in many regions of the country a larger number of disadvantaged families are concentrated in former industrial zones, which are characterized by the presence of dormitories where people live who do not have their own housing and who, after the closure of the enterprise, have lost the opportunity to obtain any paid unskilled work. Alcohol abuse occupies a significant place in the lives of such families, which, while reducing the feeling of dissatisfaction with one’s life, narrows the possibilities for solving existing problems.

As an object of studyantisocial family has its ownsigns and characteristics . I.A. Kibalchenko identifies the main signs of an asocial family: family members do not pay attention to each other, especially parents to children; the whole life of a family is characterized by inconstancy and unpredictability, and relations between its members are despotic; family members are preoccupied with denying reality, they have to carefully hide one or more family secrets; In the rules of the family, a significant place is occupied by prohibitions to freely express one’s needs and feelings.

E.V. Gurova and I.B. Timofeev is identifiedsigns of an asocial family , among which the main ones, in their opinion, are:

drunkenness of one or both parents;

antisocial behavior parents;

setting up dens for criminal and antisocial elements;

child abuse.

As researchers note (B. S. Bratus, V. D. Moskalenko, E. M. Mastyukova, F. G. Uglov), adults in such a family, forgetting about parental responsibilities, are completely immersed in the alcoholic and/or criminal subculture , which is accompanied by a loss of social and moral values ​​and leads to social and spiritual degradation. Ultimately, families with chemical dependency become socially and psychologically dysfunctional.

M.E. Egorova complements the characteristicsasocial families with the following characteristics :

a combination of protracted, conflicting intra-family relationships with criminological and drug addiction;

increasing social isolation with the family being excluded from trusting or supportive relationships with other families in the neighborhood;

Children living in such a family experience differentpressure forms :

a) separation and emotional rejection from parents;

b) abandonment and violence, feelings of guilt and shame for the behavior of other family members, for example, an alcoholic mother;

c) they measure their behavior and their relationships with the “double standard of rules”;

d) they strive to transfer the style of intra-family “patterns of behavior” to their relationships with others, to impose it if they do not meet effective resistance.

Antisocial families are characterizeddysfunctions in almost all areas of life. Social and psychological research shows that asocial families are characterized by obvious and hidden rejection of each other by family members; the ambivalence of their mutual perception; a priori denial of problems; specific personal characteristics family members. The situation in an asocial family is always unhealthy and unstable, however, experts testify that the main feature of asocial families is violence, which colors and predetermines all the characteristics of these families.