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STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF MOSCOW
"MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF TOURISM INDUSTRY named after Y. Senkevich"
Department " History»
Discipline "History"
TEST
“Moscow Russia and the Golden Horde in the XIV-XV centuries. "
Completed: 1st year student
316-T training group
Faculty of Distance Learning
student card No. 123/13
Valeeva E.Yu.
Checked by: Elena Mikhailovna Bantserova
Moscow 2014
Introduction
1.Moscow Russia XIV-XV century
3. The fall of the Golden Horde
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application
Introduction
It was not by chance that I chose the theme “Moscow Russia and the Golden Horde of the XIV-XV centuries” for my essay. This page of our history plays a very important role. It was during this difficult period that Russia was broken by the Horde and further strengthened its positions.
The purpose of my essay is to study and analyze the relationship between Russia and the Horde in the period from the XIV to the XV century.
The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that in many respects the development of Russia was facilitated by the Mongol-Tatar invasion, which led to changes in the authorities: the strengthening of monarchical autocratic principles in the person of princes.
The subject of my essay is an analysis of the difficult relationship between Russia and the Golden Horde. The object of research is the struggle between Russia and the Golden Horde.
To date, many books have been written on this topic, a lot of research has been carried out, but still, I consider the issue of the relationship between Russia and the Golden Horde relevant, important and interesting to study, because this is the history of our country and it is impossible to overestimate the importance of this topic.
The Golden Horde could not exist without the conquest of new lands by violence and robbery of the peoples conquered by it. This state was not able to stop at all the progressive development of its neighbor - the Russian principalities and their freedom-loving population. Russia found the strength not only to defend itself against enemy attacks, but also to periodically inflict blows on the Golden Horde, undermining its power as a state.
It lies main reason fall of the Golden Horde. Having studied this issue, I can draw the following conclusion - the Horde was not that great, if for its fall, all it was necessary was to win the Battle of Kulikovo and strengthen the political component of Russia. Of course, this is not easy, but still, the troops of the Horde showed themselves as a cowardly "herd". The strength of the Horde quickly weakened, but for Russia, this fact meant the end of the yoke.
1.Moscow Russia XIV-XV century
Muscovite Rus, or in other words - the Great Moscow principality, was formed in the middle of the XIV century. The creation of the Grand Duchy of Moscow was facilitated by the fact that the city of Vladimir became the possession of the Russian princes, to whom the princes inherited it. It was a great principality that began the process of uniting the Russian lands.
The house of Moscow princes (Rurikovich) was founded by Daniel, son Alexander Nevsky, who received the Moscow principality from his father. Since he was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, he also got a very small principality - in the Moskva River basin. This principality was "problematic" - often ruined by the Tatar armies. But, as I read in historical literature, thanks to his mind and talent, in 1301 Daniil Alexandrovich, one might say, captured the city of Kolomna, and in 1302, according to the will of Ivan Dmitrievich's nephew, who remained childless, a new principality was annexed to Moscow - Pereyaslavl-Zalesskoe. Soon, or rather a year later, in 1303, due to the death of Daniel, the Moscow principality was transferred into the hands of his son Yuri, who annexed the city of Mozhaisk to the inheritance. The principality of Moscow was inherited by Ivan Danilovich (Ivan I) Kalita, revered by many historians as collector of lands around Moscow... However, there is no consensus among historians about Ivan Kalita's successes in this area. Known historical fact- he was smart and very cruel: collecting tribute for the Golden Horde, Kalita, he often resorted to her help, ruthlessly suppressing dissatisfaction with extortions and cracking down on his rivals - other Russian princes. Another terrible fact - thanks to Ivan Kalita, the Horde army almost completely ravaged Tver. I heard a lot about Ivan Kalita, but I could not imagine that he was to some extent the destroyer of Russia.
In the 15th century, Moscow managed to unite almost all Russian lands around itself. Ivan III was the first to accept the title of Sovereign of All Russia, before him such a title did not exist in Russia. Under him, Russia was able to throw off the terrible and such oppressive yoke of the Golden Horde. In 1497, Ivan III created the first code of laws. At the same time, he began to form completely new governing bodies of the country. Under him, the term Russia began to be used in relation to Russia. Ivan III almost bloodlessly completed the unification of north-eastern Russia, which, of course, characterizes him as a competent politician. In 1503, the princes of the western Russian regions, such as "Vyazemskie", "Vorotynskie" passed from the Lithuanian principality to the Moscow prince. In 1478, after a long struggle, the city of Novgorod was annexed to Moscow.
The Mongol Khan in 1480 began to move his troops to Russia. For more than a month, the troops of the Golden Horde and Rus' were stationed on the Ugra River. The Mongol-Tatar troops did not dare to start the battle first and, in the end, returned to the Horde with nothing. Since 1480, Russia freed itself from the Golden Horde yoke. At the end of the 15th - at the beginning of the 16th centuries, the following cities became part of the Moscow state by annexation: Smolensk, Ryazan, Pskov. In the new state, the highest authorities were: the boyar duma, the palace, the illuminated cathedral and the treasury. TO early XVI century in Russia there were already 220 cities! These cities included: Moscow, Kolomna, Smolensk, Ryazan and many others. Already 9 million people lived on the territory of the country! The figure is very impressive. The country's economy was of a traditional nature, which was based on subsistence farming. Ivan VI the Terrible played a huge role in the development of Rus, and later in Russia. In 1547 he was crowned king. In the middle of the 16th century, Ivan the Terrible carried out reforms: church, judicial, military, monetary. To manage the economy and individual territories, he creates the following orders: Streletsky, Order of Colonies, Siberian and others. A total of 50 orders were created. By the end of the 16th century, the feudal mode of production was further strengthened in Russia.
2. Moscow Russia and the Golden Horde XIV-XV century
Alekseev Yu.G. Sovereign of All Russia. Novosibirsk, 2001. The son of Dmitry Donskoy Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389 - 1425) successfully continued his father's policy. In 1392 he managed to annex the principality of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod.
At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, the difficult relations between Russia and the Horde became complicated. In the 70s of the XIV century, one of the Central Asian rulers, Timur, better known as Tamerlane, began an offensive in Central Asia, and at the turn of the 80s - 90s of the XIV century, he subdued the Golden Horde. He also defeated the troops of Khan Tokhtamysh.
The unification of the Russian lands took place in a very difficult political situation. In 1395, Timur, defeating the troops of Tokhtamysh, advanced towards the Russian lands. A terrible danger loomed over the Russian land. Moscow urgently began to prepare for defense. Vasily I went with an army to the Oka River. But Tamerlane, after a two-week stop at the borders of the Ryazan principality, still did not go further, but made an attempt to attack the Golden Horde and successfully defeated it. This was immediately used by Prince Vasily I, who stopped paying tribute to the Golden Horde.
Later, a new threat hung over Moscow, now from the side of the Lithuanian principality. In 1398, the Lithuanian prince Vitovt entered into an agreement with the Livonian Order, pledging to help him in the capture of the Russian city of Pskov. The order promised, for its part, to assist the Lithuanian prince in the conquest of Novgorod. Having intervened in the strife in the Horde, Vitovt received Khan Tokhtamysh, expelled by Timur, and erected a campaign against the Horde in 1399 in order to return the Khan throne to Tokhtamysh, with his help to subjugate such alluring Russian lands. However, this campaign ended with the complete defeat of the military forces of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt.
At that moment, a liberation struggle was taking place on the Russian lands captured by the Lithuanian army. In 1401 an antifeudal movement of "black people" arose in Smolensk. The governor of Vitovt and several boyars were killed. Only in 1404 did the Lithuanian prince manage to seize the city of Smolensk again.
In the second quarter of the 15th century, a war broke out between the princes and boyars of individual principalities - the champions of political fragmentation - on the one hand, and the grand-ducal power, which relied on the nobility and townspeople and pursued a policy of centralization, on the other. The war was started by the head of the Galician principality Yuri Dmitrievich with his sons. At this time, Vitovt (with the help of Prince Boris of Tver) launched an offensive on the cities of Pskov and Novgorod. The princes of Ryazan and Pronsky went over to the side of the Lithuanian army.
Vernadsky G.V. Mongols and Russia. Tver; Moscow, 2000 The feudal war in Russia was complicated by the fact that the Tatar princes also intervened in it, seeking to seize the Russian lands and strengthen their domination over them. Since the end of the 30s, the Tatar-Mongol attacks on Russia have become even more regular.
As we can see from this chapter, the Tatar-Mongol troops did not leave Russia alone, constantly receiving tribute from the Russian princes.
3. The fall of the Golden Horde
Grekov B.D., Yakubovsky A.Yu. The Golden Horde and its fall. M., 2000 The Golden Horde is a state devoid of an integral economic base, owing its prosperity to a large extent to the robbery of the peoples it conquered. The level of development of many of these peoples was significantly higher than the level of the conquerors. After the victory won by the Russian troops over the troops of Khan Mamai on the Kulikovo field, the disintegration of the Golden Horde into separate khanates intensified, which could not but affect the integrity of the Horde as a state. The main area of the Golden Horde - the Great Horde, roaming on the banks of the Volga, was rapidly weakening. In the second quarter of the 15th century, a new state was formed in the Middle Volga region - the Kazan Khanate. It fought against the Russian state for domination in the Middle Volga region.
Many of the Golden Horde towns and villages, at that time razed to the ground, were no longer revived. My guess is that the lack of food has forced the townspeople to leave their lands and return to nomadic pastoralism.
Conclusion
The centuries of the Horde yoke were not only the time of oppression and predatory exploitation by the Horde khans of Russia, but also the time of the hardest struggle of the Russian people for freedom and independence. It was the time of the great people's feat, the national upsurge and the awareness of the Russian people of the unity of the Russian land, which led to the creation of a mighty The Russian state... That is, we owe our ancestors who defended Russia, fought to the last for the freedom of their country.
Summing up my research, I want to say that the relationship between Russia and the Golden Horde is a long fierce struggle that has been going on for many years. The Russian people, defending their lands and property, were forced to defend themselves, and the Tatar-Mongol khans unscrupulously robbed and killed hundreds of people for their own profit.
Of course, thanks in large part to the yoke economic policy Russia strengthened, the principalities rallied and strengthened their positions, but still, all this was done at the cost of the lives of the Russian people.
The uneasy relationship between Russia and the Golden Horde is a whole era that has left its mark on the history of our country. Today, centuries after the fall of the Horde, we see in the historical literature and museums a lot of evidence that Russia was a great power!
Bibliography
Alekseev Yu.G. Sovereign of All Russia. Novosibirsk, 2001.
Alekseev Y. G. Liberation of Russia from the Horde yoke. L., Science. 1989 p. 150
Batysh-Kamensky D.N .. History of Little Russia. Kiev, Hour Publishing House. 1993 p.300
Vernadsky G.V. Mongols and Russia. - M., 1997.
Vernadsky G.V. Mongols and Russia. Tver; Moscow, 2000.
Vernadsky G.V. What Mongols gave Russia // Motherland.-1997, No. 3-4.-p. 96-98.
Grekov B.D., Yakubovskiy A.Yu. The Golden Horde and its fall. M., 2000.
Gumilev L.N. From Russia to Russia. M., 2001.
Egorov V.L. Historical geography of the Golden Horde in the XIII-XIV centuries. M., 2002.
Egorov V.L .. Golden Horde: myths and reality. M., Publishing house "Knowledge". 1990 s. 215
Zimin A.A. The Knight at the Crossroads. M., 2002.
Zimin A. A. Russia on the Eve of New Time. M., 2000.
Application
Map of Russian principalities of the XIV century
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The Golden Horde had no clearly defined boundaries. Its power extended not so much to the territory as to peoples and tribes at different stages of socio-economic and cultural development, professing different religions. The capital of this state was first Saray-Batu, and then Saray-Berke (in the lower reaches of the Volga). Gradually, the Mongols mixed with the Turkic peoples and tribes, and the Turkic language became the official language. The Mongols themselves among the conquered peoples received a double name - Mongolo-Tatars (from the name of one of the most numerous Mongol tribes - Tatars). Subsequently, some non-Mongolian peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, and the Crimea began to be called Tatars. It became their national name. Over time, the Mongol-Tatars converted to Islam.
Social system. Social structure The Golden Horde was complex and reflected the motley class and ethnic composition of this predatory state. There was no clear class organization of society, similar to the one that existed in Russia and in Western European feudal states and based on hierarchical feudal ownership of land. The status of a subject of the Golden Horde depended on the origin, services to the khan and his family, from the position in the military-administrative apparatus. In the military-feudal hierarchy of the Golden Horde, the dominant position was occupied by the aristocratic family of the descendants of Genghis Khan and his son Jochi. This large clan owned all the land of the state, it owned huge herds, palaces, many servants and slaves, innumerable riches, spoils of war, the state treasury, etc. Subsequently, the Jochids and other descendants of Genghis Khan for centuries retained a privileged position in the Central Asian khanates and in Kazakhstan, secured the monopoly right to bear the title of sultans, to occupy the khan's throne. Khan had the richest and largest ulus of the domain type. Jochids had preemptive right to occupy the highest government posts. In Russian sources they were called tsarevich. They were assigned state and military titles and ranks.
The next step in the military-feudal hierarchy of the Golden Horde was occupied by noyons (in eastern sources, beks). Not being members of the Jochid clan, they nevertheless traced their genealogies from the associates of Genghis Khan and their sons. Noyons had many servants and dependent people, huge herds. Οʜᴎ were often appointed by the khans to responsible military and government positions: darugs, temniks, thousanders, baskaks, etc.
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Οʜᴎ were awarded with diplomas of tarkhan, exempting from various duties and responsibilities. Labels and paizi were the signs of their power.
A special place in the hierarchical structure of the Golden Horde was occupied by numerous nukers - vigilantes of large feudal lords. Οʜᴎ either were in the retinue of their lords, or occupied middle and lower military-administrative positions - centurions, foremen, etc.
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These positions made it possible to extract significant income from the population of those territories where the corresponding military units were located or where they were sent, or where nukers held administrative positions.
From among the nukers and other privileged people, a small stratum of tarkhans emerged into the Golden Horde, who received from the khan or his senior officials tarkhan letters, in which their owners were provided with various privileges.
The ruling classes also included numerous clergy, primarily Muslim, merchants and wealthy artisans, local feudal lords, clan and tribal elders and leaders, large landowners in settled agricultural regions. Central Asia, The Volga region, the Caucasus and the Crimea.
The peasantry of agricultural areas, urban artisans, servants were in varying degrees of dependence on the state and the feudal lords. The bulk of the working people in the steppes and foothills of the Golden Horde were karachu - nomadic pastoralists. Οʜᴎ were part of clans and tribes were forced to unquestioningly obey the clan and tribal elders and leaders, as well as representatives of the military-administrative power of the Horde. Carrying out all the household duties, the karachu at the same time had to serve in the army.
Feudally dependent peasants worked in the agricultural regions of the Horde. Some of them - sabanchi - lived in rural communities and worked, in addition to the plots of land allocated for them, by feudal lords, carried other in-kind duties. Others - urtakchi (sharecroppers) - bonded people cultivated the land of the state and local feudal lords for half the harvest, bore other duties.
Craftsmen driven from the conquered countries worked in the cities. Many of them were in the position of slaves or dependent on the khan and other rulers of the people. Small traders and servants also depended on the arbitrariness of the authorities and their masters. Even wealthy merchants and independent artisans paid taxes to the city authorities and bore various duties.
Slavery was quite common in the Golden Horde. First of all, the captives and inhabitants of the conquered lands became slaves. Slaves were used in handicraft production, construction, as servants of the feudal lords. Many slaves were sold to the countries of the East. At the same time, the majority of slaves, both in cities and in agriculture, after one or two generations became feudally dependent or received freedom.
Political system. The supreme, essentially despotic power in the state belonged to the khan, who was enthroned by the kurultai. As a rule, it was the eldest son of the previous khan or another closest relative from the Chinggisids. The struggle for the khan's presto was often fierce, accompanied by intrigues, secret or open killings of the pretenders.
Khan was above all the supreme owner and manager of all lands in the state, which he distributed to relatives and officials. He was the head of the armed forces, making appointments and dismissals of all senior officials. The khan himself or on his behalf carried out foreign policy actions, incl. declaration of war and conclusion of peace, He was the supreme judge, his will was considered law.
There was also a collegial body in the Golden Horde - a kurultai, which was attended by the sons of the khan, his closest relatives (princes), widows of khans, emirs, noyons, temniks, etc.
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At the kurultai, the issue of war and peace was resolved, the most important disputes and strife between the representatives of the feudal elite, the borders of the uluses were revised, the khan's decisions on other issues were announced. The will of the khan, his decision at the kurultai were also indisputable. Kurultai were convened sporadically and were held in a solemn atmosphere.
In the Golden Horde, a peculiar system of central governing bodies gradually developed, many features of which were borrowed from the eastern despotic states (China, Persia, Central Asian khanates). So, at the end of the XIII century. sofas (offices) appeared for doing business in various branches of management. Numerous secretaries and scribes (bitakchi) worked in them. The sofas were subordinate to senior officials appointed by the khan, carried out their instructions, gave them various information about the state of affairs in any branch of government or in the field. There was no clear delineation of the competence of sofas by industry.
The highest officials were primarily the vizier, who was in charge of the khan's treasury and general management affairs of the state on behalf of and on behalf of the khan. The Vizier appointed Baskaks, Divan secretaries and other officials to the posts. The military administration in the state was concentrated in the hands of the beklyari-bek, who directed the military activities of the emirs, temniks and thousanders. Beklyari-bek is often referred to in sources as the senior, chief emir under the khan. At the same time, there were two more emirs in the capital who carried out the orders of the khan and his vizier, and a bukaul, who was in charge of supply, armament, and allowances for military units and garrisons, accounting for military booty, its delivery and distribution according to the instructions of the khan and senior officials.
Other officials and representatives of local authorities were constantly in the central office, carrying out the instructions of the center for keeping records of the population, collecting taxes, suppressing the resistance of subjects and dependent peoples, organizing military campaigns, etc. Such positions included darugs, baskaks, temniks, centurions, etc.
The ulus were ruled by members of the khan's family, the Jochids-princes, the most authoritative noyons (they were often called emirs). In certain regions, cities, settlements, darugs, thousanders and centurions were appointed. All these rulers were subordinate to many officials involved in the population census, collection of taxes and taxes, involving the population in performing various duties (supplying horses, transportation means, supplying officials and military units with various allowances. , the quartering of troops, etc.). Every local ruler always relied on garrisons or mobile troops.
The military organization of the Golden Horde was the basis of its statehood. Many state power holders were the commanders of the respective military units. Numerous cavalry, consisting of the Mongol-Tatars, Kipchaks and other nomadic tribes and peoples, formed the basis of the military power of the Golden Horde. In some periods of its history, the Golden Horde could exhibit 150 or more thousand horsemen. Built according to the decimal system, the mobile cavalry could quickly gather in a place indicated by the khan or his command into a huge army for offensive operations, or instantly disperse over vast areas, move from one area to another, make sudden raids and raids, keeping the subjects of Golden Hordes and subordinate peoples.
The highest commanding staff - temniks, thousanders - consisted of representatives of the Jochid clan-princes and noble noyons. Nukers and other representatives of the tribal nobility were usually appointed as centurions and foremen. All commanders were linked by a kind of senior-vassal relationship. For this reason, it was strictly forbidden to move from one darkness, a thousand or a hundred to another. Such a transition was seen as a betrayal of his unit and its commander. The most severe discipline was maintained in the army. For any disobedience, non-observance of the order, severe punishment was threatened, up to the death penalty.
Even Genghis Khan, attaching exceptional importance to obtaining all kinds of information about the alleged enemy, organized an intelligence service. The khans of the Golden Horde - Batu, Berke and their successors obliged their military commanders to conduct reconnaissance through scouts, traitors, merchants, to obtain information about the number and weapons of the enemy, his commanders, moods, strife, etc. Subsequently, the secret service was established for their own of the state apparatus͵ covered significant strata of the population, incl. feudal elite. All secret information was delivered to the beklyari-bek, the vizier and reported to the khan.
The judiciary in the Golden Horde, as in other states, was not separated from the administrative one. Khan, other state bodies and officials themselves administered justice in all cases - criminal, civil, etc.
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Moreover, in connection with the steady Islamization of the Golden Horde at the end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV century. Islamic courts of qadis were established, headed by the supreme qadi of the state. These courts dealt mainly with cases of violation of the requirements of the Koran, ᴛ.ᴇ. religious and marriage and family. At the same time, in the cities, special judges - yarguchi were appointed to deal with civil cases. The Qadi and Yarguchi levied official duties from the parties to the dispute and also resorted to arbitrary extortions.
The nomadic peoples of the Golden Horde had traditional courts of tribal elders, biys. Judicial and administrative arbitrariness, extrajudicial reprisals were characteristic features of the judicial system of the military-feudal state of the Golden Horde.
Relations with Russia. XIII-XIV centuries were a difficult period in the life of medieval Russia. After the devastating conquests of the Batu and Berke khans, the Russian principalities for a long time fell into vassal dependence on the Golden Horde Khan. The most severe Mongol yoke was established. The relationship of vassalage was not fixed by any treaty, but was simply dictated by the conqueror. Russian princes had to be approved for reign in the Horde, receiving a shortcut from the khan. The princes of Vladimir received a special label from the khan. The special commissioners of the Golden Horde Khan were seated on the throne of the Grand Duke. Receiving khan's labels in the Horde, as well as when summoning princes to the Horde, was necessarily accompanied by the presentation of rich gifts. One of the main vassal duties of the Russian principalities was the payment of tribute to the khan - a tenth of all income from the population of the principality. Only the Russian Orthodox Church was exempted from this extortion. At the same time, the population had to provide horses and carts, pay special trade and craft duties, provide food (food), satisfy the requirements of the Horde and its officials.
The Golden Horde commissioned tributes and extortions from the Russian principalities to be carried out by specially authorized darugs and Baskaks, who came to the principalities with a large retinue of counters, weighers and security horse detachments. In Vladimir, there was the main Baskak, to which the Baskaks of other principalities obeyed - Ryazan, Murom, Smolensk, Tver, Kursk, etc.
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From time to time the darugs and baskaks made a census of the principality in order to fully ensure the collection of tribute. To intimidate the Russian population, as well as to further enrich the Horde, the Mongol-Tatars systematically raided the principalities. At the same time, many people were taken into captivity, cities and villages were ravaged and burned.
The Russian people never put up with the Mongol-Tatar yoke and, together with other peoples, offered stubborn resistance to the invaders. With the rise of the Moscow principality, the Russian people, under the leadership of the Grand Duke Dmitry, inflicted in 1380 ᴦ. the first crushing blow to the hordes of the Golden Horde in the great battle on the Kulikovo field. The Russian people achieved final liberation from the invaders in the 15th century.
Right. The source of law in the Horde was, first of all, the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan, compiled in 1206. as an edification to his successors, consisting of 33 fragments and 13 sayings of the khan himself. Yasa contained mainly the rules of the military organization of the Mongol army and the norms of criminal law. She was distinguished by the unparalleled cruelty of punishments not only for crimes, but also for misdemeanors. The sources of law were also the norms of the customary law of nomadic peoples. With the Islamization of the Golden Horde, Sharia began to operate in it. It was used mainly in towns and cities with a sedentary population.
Oral and written orders and instructions of the khans appeared for the subjects, incl. for the feudal nobility, the supreme law, subject to immediate and unquestioning execution. Οʜᴎ were used in the practice of state bodies of the Golden Horde and top officials of the state.
The right of the Golden Horde is characterized by extreme cruelty, legalized arbitrariness of feudal lords and state officials, archaism and formal uncertainty. Even the Yasa of Genghis Khan became known to us not as a single written act, but from individual references and excerpts contained in various non-legal sources. Only the Sharia norms were written and in this respect favorably distinguished from other legal sources.
Property relations in the Golden Horde were regulated by customary law and were very complicated. This especially applies to land relations - the basis of feudal society. The right of ownership to land, to the entire territory of the state belonged to the ruling Khan's family of Jochids. In the conditions of a nomadic economy, the inheritance of land was difficult. For this reason, it took place mainly in agricultural areas. The owners of the estates, of course, had to bear various vassal duties to the khan or the local ruler appointed by him.
In the khan family, power was a special object of inheritance, and political power combined with the ownership of the land of the ulus. The youngest son was considered the heir here. According to Mongol law, the youngest son generally had priority in inheritance.
The family and marriage law of the Mongol-Tatars and the nomadic peoples subject to them was regulated old customs and to a lesser extent Shariah. The father was the head of the patriarchal polygamous family, which was part of the ail, clan. He was the owner of all the property of the family, disposed of the fate of the family members under his control. So, the father of an impoverished family had the right to give up his children for debts in service and even sell them into slavery. The number of wives was not limited (Muslims could have no more than four legal wives). The children of wives and concubines were legally in an equal position with some advantages of sons from older wives and legal wives among Muslims. After the death of her husband, the management of all family affairs passed into the hands of the eldest wife. This continued until the sons became adult warriors.
The power of the husband over the wife was established by the conclusion of marriage, one of the forms of which was the actual or ceremonial abduction of the bride. At the conclusion of a marriage, the family or clan of the groom redeemed the bride from the family or the clan of the latter. In turn, the bride's relatives were obliged to provide her with a dowry. The size of the ransom and dowry, the cost of wedding celebrations were determined by the social and property status of the relatives of the bride and groom.
Criminal law The Golden Horde was distinguished by exceptional cruelty. This stemmed from the very nature of the military-feudal system of the Golden Horde, the despotic power of Genghis Khan and his successors, the severity of the attitude of a low general culture inherent in a nomadic pastoralist society in the very early stages of feudalism. Cruelty and organized terror were one of the conditions for establishing and maintaining long-term domination over the conquered peoples. According to Velikaya Yasa, the death penalty was imposed for treason, disobedience to the khan and other feudal lords, and officials, unauthorized transfer from one military unit to another, failure to provide assistance in battle, compassion for a prisoner in the form of helping him with food and clothing, for advice and help one of the parties in a duel, a lie in front of the elders in court, the appropriation of someone else's slave or an escaped prisoner She also relied in some cases for murder, property crimes, adultery, bestiality, spying on the behavior of others and especially the nobility and bosses, magic, slaughtering livestock unidentified way, urinating in a fire and ash; they even executed those who choked on a bone at a feast. The death penalty, as a rule, was carried out in public and in ways characteristic of the nomadic way of life - by being crushed on a rope suspended from the neck of a camel or horse, dragging by horses.
Other types of punishments were also applied, for example, a ransom in favor of the victim's relatives was allowed for domestic murder. The amount of the ransom was determined by the social status of the victim. The nomads demanded a tenfold ransom for stealing horses and rams. If the culprit was insolvent, he was obliged to sell his children and thus pay the ransom. In this case, the thief, as a rule, was mercilessly beaten with whips.
In the criminal process, during the inquiry, witnesses were involved, vows were pronounced, and cruel torture was used. In the military-feudal organization, the search for an undetected or escaped criminal went up to a dozen or a hundred to which he belonged. Otherwise, the responsibility was borne by the whole ten or a hundred.
4. EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN CENTRALIZED STATE AND ITS LEGAL SYSTEM (XIV- BEGINNING XV! C.)
Golden Horde - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Golden Horde" 2017, 2018.
The phenomenon of the Golden Horde still causes serious controversy among historians: some consider it a powerful medieval state, according to others, it was part of the Russian lands, and for others it did not exist at all.
Why the Golden Horde?
In Russian sources, the term "Golden Horde" appears only in 1556 in the "Kazan history", although among the Turkic peoples this phrase occurs much earlier.
However, the historian GV Vernadsky claims that in the Russian chronicles the term "Golden Horde" was originally called the tent of Khan Guyuk. The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta wrote about this, noting that the tents of the Horde khans were covered with plates of gilded silver.
But there is another version according to which the term "golden" is synonymous with the words "central" or "middle". This is precisely the position occupied by the Golden Horde after the collapse of the Mongol state.
As for the word "horde", in Persian sources it meant a mobile camp or headquarters, later it was used in relation to the whole state. In ancient Russia, an army was usually called a horde.
Borders
The Golden Horde is a fragment of the once mighty empire of Genghis Khan. By 1224, the Great Khan divided his vast possessions between his sons: one of the largest uluses with the center in the Lower Volga region went to the eldest son, Jochi.
The borders of the Jochi ulus, later the Golden Horde, were finally formed after the Western campaign (1236-1242), in which his son Batu participated (in Russian sources Batu). In the east, the Golden Horde included the Aral lake, in the west - the Crimean peninsula, in the south it was adjacent to Iran, and in the north it rested against the Ural Mountains.
Device
The judgment of the Mongols as purely nomads and herders should probably become a thing of the past. The vast territories of the Golden Horde required reasonable management. After the final separation from Karakorum, the center of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde is divided into two wings - western and eastern, and each has its own capital - in the first Sarai, in the second - the Horde-Bazar. In total, according to archaeologists, the number of cities in the Golden Horde reached 150!
After 1254, the political and economic center of the state completely passes into Sarai (located near modern Astrakhan), whose population at the time of its heyday reached 75 thousand people - a fairly large city by medieval standards. Here, minting of coins is being established, pottery, jewelry, glass-blowing crafts, as well as smelting and metal processing are developing. Sewerage and water supply were installed in the city.
Sarai was a multinational city - here the Mongols, Russians, Tatars, Alans, Bulgars, Byzantines and other peoples lived peacefully. The Horde, being an Islamic state, tolerated other faiths. In 1261, the Russian diocese appears in Sarai Orthodox Church and later the Catholic bishopric.
The cities of the Golden Horde are gradually turning into large centers of caravan trade. Everything from silk and spices to weapons and precious stones can be found here. The state is actively developing its trade zone: caravan routes from the Horde cities lead both to Europe and Russia, as well as to India and China.
Horde and Rus
In Russian historiography, for a long time, the main concept that characterizes the relationship between Russia and the Golden Horde was "yoke". They drew us terrible pictures of the Mongol colonization of Russian lands, when wild hordes of nomads destroyed everyone and everything on their way, and those who survived were turned into slavery.
However, there was no term “yoke” in the Russian chronicles. It first appears in the works of the Polish historian Jan Dlugosz in the second half of the 15th century. Moreover, the Russian princes and Mongol khans, according to the researchers, preferred to negotiate rather than expose the lands to ruin.
LN Gumilev, by the way, considered the relationship between Russia and the Horde a beneficial military-political alliance, and N.M. Karamzin noted the most important role of the Horde in the rise of the Moscow principality.
It is known that Alexander Nevsky, having enlisted the support of the Mongols and insured his rear, was able to expel the Swedes and Germans from northwestern Russia. And in 1269, when the crusaders were besieging the walls of Novgorod, a Mongol detachment helped the Russians repel their attack. The Horde sided with Nevsky in his conflict with the Russian nobility, who in turn helped her resolve inter-dynastic disputes.
Of course, a significant part of the Russian lands was conquered by the Mongols and levied tribute, but the scale of the devastation is probably greatly exaggerated.
The princes who wished to cooperate received so-called "labels" from the khans, becoming, in fact, the Horde governors. The burden of duty for the lands controlled by the princes was significantly reduced. No matter how humiliating vassal dependence was, it still preserved the autonomy of the Russian principalities and prevented bloody wars.
The Church was completely freed by the Horde from paying tribute. The first label was issued to the clergy - Metropolitan Kirill Khan Mengu-Temir. History has preserved for us the words of the khan: "We gave favor, priests and monks and all poor people, but with a right heart they pray to God for us, and for our tribe without sorrow, bless us, but not curse us." The label ensured freedom of religion and the inviolability of church property.
GV Nosovsky and AT Fomenko in "New Chronology" put forward a very bold hypothesis: Russia and the Horde are one and the same state. They easily transform Batu into Yaroslav the Wise, Tokhtamysh into Dmitry Donskoy, and the capital of the Horde Sarai is transferred to Veliky Novgorod. However, the official history of this version is more than categorical.
Wars
Without a doubt, the Mongols were best at fighting. True, they took for the most part not by skill, but by number. The armies of Genghis Khan and his descendants were helped to conquer the space from the Sea of Japan to the Danube by the conquered peoples - the Polovtsians, Tatars, Nogais, Bulgars, Chinese and even Russians. The Golden Horde was unable to keep the empire within its former limits, however, it cannot be denied militancy. The maneuverable cavalry, numbering hundreds of thousands of horsemen, forced many to surrender.
For the time being, it was possible to maintain a fragile balance in relations between Russia and the Horde. But when the appetites of the temnik Mamai were played out in earnest, the contradictions between the parties resulted in the legendary battle on the Kulikovo field (1380). Its result was the defeat of the Mongol army and the weakening of the Horde. This event ends the period of the "Great Hush", when the Golden Horde was in a fever from civil strife and dynastic troubles.
The confusion ceased and power was strengthened with the accession to the throne of Tokhtamysh. In 1382 he again went to Moscow and resumed the payment of tribute. However, exhausting wars with the more combat-ready army of Tamerlane, in the end, undermined the former might of the Horde and for a long time discouraged the desire to make aggressive campaigns.
In the next century, the Golden Horde gradually began to "crumble" into pieces. So, one after another, the Siberian, Uzbek, Astrakhan, Crimean, Kazan khanates and the Nogai Horde appeared within its borders. The weakening attempts of the Golden Horde to carry out punitive actions were suppressed by Ivan III. The famous "Standing on the Ugra" (1480) did not develop into a large-scale battle, but finally broke the last Horde Khan Akhmat. From that time on, the Golden Horde formally ceased to exist.
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………… 3
TERRITORY AND BORDER OF THE STATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE ………… ..4
MYTH ABOUT THE NAME OF THE STATE ……………………………………… ..7
MYTH ABOUT CITIES …………………………………………………………… 9
MONGOLIAN CULTURE ………………………………………………… 11
“MONGOLS” AND “TATARS” ……………………………………………… ... 13
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………… ..15
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………… 16
INTRODUCTION
The Golden Horde was one of the largest states of the Middle Ages, whose possessions were in Europe and Asia. Its military power constantly kept all neighbors in suspense and for a very long time was not disputed by anyone.
True and fictional stories about the huge state of nomads continued to exist even after its disappearance. And today interest in it has not waned, and its history has been studied for a long time in many countries.
But until now, in the assessment of many political and everyday aspects of the life and history of the Golden Horde, the most opposite opinions are encountered.
Russian history was dominated by the view of it as an oppressor state that did not deserve the attention of Soviet historians. But in spite of everything, the Golden Horde theme was and remains one of the traditional in Russian science.
Having conducted a study on the monograph of V.L. Egorov, and on the basis of his work, I will try to refute a number of misconceptions or established stereotypes associated with the Golden Horde:
its territory and state borders
state name
availability of cities
cultural development
the relationship between the concepts of "Mongols" and "Tatars"
It is these 5 myths that I will try to refute in my work and prove that most of the information encountered in the history of this state is erroneous and is only established cliches of history.
TERRITORY AND BORDER OF THE STATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE
The first misconception that is observed in Russian history is the attitude towards the territory of the Golden Horde.
Traditionally, the lands of the Golden Horde are associated with the steppe expanses, completely inhabited by nomads, and somewhere in the middle of the endless steppes is the capital of the state - the city of Sarai.
Such an idea is indeed appropriate, but for a certain stage in the development of a given state.
If we evaluate the total area, then the Golden Horde was undoubtedly the largest state of the Middle Ages. The Arab and Persian historians of the XIV-XV centuries. there were 3 versions (again, delusion), according to the duration of the borders of the Golden Horde:
the length of the state extends for 8, and the width for 6 months of the way
up to 6 months of travel in length and 4 - in width
relies on specific geographic landmarks - this country stretches "from the Sea of Constantinople to the Irtysh River, 800 Farsakhs in length, and in width from Babelebvab (Derbent) to the city of Bolgar, that is, approximately 600 Farsakhs."
Although these figures are impressive, they give only the most general idea, covering just the belt of the European-Asian steppes and confirming the prevailing stereotype.
There are not enough materials to find out the exact border of the Golden Horde. But as the author notes, there are two main points:
the territory of the state did not remain stable, changing throughout the entire period of its existence; it either decreased or increased again
the specificity of the Golden Horde borders was that all the surrounding peoples tried to settle as far as possible from the areas inhabited by the Mongols because of a completely backward concern for their own safety.
The total territory of the state in the XIII century. is outlined by the following boundary lines.
The eastern limits of the Golden Horde included the regions of Siberia and Ibir with the border rivers Irtysh and Chulyman, which separated the possession of the Jochids from the metropolis. The outlying areas here were the Barabinsk and Kulunda steppes. The northern border in the vastness of Siberia was located in the middle course of the Ob River.
The southern border of the state began in the foothills of Altai and passed north of Lake Balkhash, then stretched westward through the middle course of the Syr Darya, south of the Aral Sea, to the Khorezm ulus. This area of ancient agriculture was the southern ulus of the Golden Horde with its center in the city of Urgench. Khiva, located somewhat south of Urgench, no longer belonged to the possessions of the Golden Horde. The Ustyurt plateau and the Mangyshlak peninsula adjoining Khorezm from the north-west were also the nomadic zone of the Golden Horde.
On the western coast of the Caspian Sea, the border city belonging to the Jochids was Derbent, which the eastern chronicles called the Iron Gate. From here, the border stretched along the northern foothills - the Caucasian ridge to the Taman Peninsula, which was completely part of the Golden Horde.
The Tauride Peninsula (Crimea) has also been part of the Golden Horde since the beginning of its existence. However, the Mongols themselves occupied in the XIII-XIV centuries. only the northern, steppe, part of the peninsula.
To the west of the Black Sea, the state border stretched along the Danube, without crossing it, to the Hungarian fortress Turnu Severin, which blocked the exit from the Lower Danube lowland.
The northern borders of the state in this area were limited by the spurs of the Carpathians and included the steppe areas of the Prut-Dniester interfluve. It was here that the border of the Golden Horde with the Russian principalities began. It passed approximately along the border of the steppe and forest-steppe. Between the Dniester and the Dnieper, the border stretched in the area of modern Vinnitsa and Cherkasy regions. In the Dnieper basin, the possessions of the Russian princes ended somewhere between Kiev and Kanev. From here the border line went to the area of modern Kharkov, Kursk and then went out to the Ryazan limits along the left bank of the Don. To the east of the Ryazan principality, from the Moksha River to the Volga, stretched a forest area inhabited by Mordovian tribes. The Mongols were of little interest in the territories covered with dense forests, but, despite this, the entire Mordovian population was completely under the control of the Golden Horde and constituted one of its northern uluses. Sources of the XIV century testify to this with all the specificity.
In the Volga basin during the XIII century. the border ran north of the Sura River, and in the next century it gradually shifted to the mouth of the Sura and even south of it. A vast area of modern Chuvashia in the XIII century. was completely ruled by the Mongols. On the left bank of the Volga, the Golden Horde borderland stretched north of the Kama. Here were the former possessions of the Volga Bulgaria, which turned into component part Golden Horde without any hint of autonomy.
The Bashkirs who lived in the middle and southern Urals were also part of the Mongol state. They owned in this area all the lands south of the Belaya River.
Thus, the myth that the Golden Horde is only a steppe state has been dispelled, since it occupied vast territories, including not only flat areas.
MYTH ABOUT THE NAME OF THE STATE
The second very important point that arises when studying the Golden Horde is to find out the more accurate name of the state.
As the author correctly notes, no such name is found in any modern Golden Horde chronicle. Three sides of the problem can be distinguished: how the Mongols themselves called their state, how the neighbors called it, and what name was adopted for it after the collapse.
In all the Mongol states that arose in the 13th century, ruling dynasties were established, descending from Genghis Khan. The head of each of them considered the territory allocated to him or conquered not as a state, but as a family property. The Kipchak steppes were received by the eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, who became the founder of the numerous Jochid family that ruled here. In full accordance with this, each of the khans who ascended the Sarai throne called their state simply "ulus", that is, the people given as an inheritance, possession.
If we consider how the surrounding neighbors called this state, then complete discord reigned here.
In the Arab chronicles, it was most often called the name of the khan who ruled at a certain moment, with the appropriate ethnic clarification: “Berke, the great king of the Tatar”, “Uzbek, ruler of the northern countries”, “king Tokta, owner of the Saray and the Kipchak lands”, “king Desht- i-Kypchaka Tokta ". Sometimes Arab and Persian chroniclers called the Golden Horde Ulus Jochi, Ulus Batu, Ulus Berke, Ulus Uzbek.
The European travelers P. Karpini and G. Rubruk, who traveled through the entire Golden Horde, use the old terms “country of the Comans” (that is, the Polovtsians), “Komania” or give an overly generalized name - “the state of the Tatars”.
In the letter of Pope Benedict XII, the state of the Jochids is called Northern Tartary.
In the Russian chronicles, the new southern neighbor was first designated using an ethnic term. The princes go to the "Tatars to Batuvi" and return "from the Tatars". And only in the last decade of the XIII century. a new and only name "Horde" appears and firmly established itself, which existed until the complete disintegration of the Jochid state.
As for the now familiar name "Golden Horde", it began to be used at a time when not a trace remained of the state founded by Khan Batu. For the first time this phrase appeared in the "Kazan Chronicler", written in the second half of the 16th century, in the form of "Golden Horde" and "Great Golden Horde". Its origin is associated with the khan's headquarters, or rather, with the khan's ceremonial yurt, richly decorated with gold and expensive materials.
There is no doubt that the term "Golden Horde" existed in Russia in colloquial speech already in the XIV century, but it never appears in the annals of that period. Russian chroniclers proceeded from the emotional load of the word "golden", which was used at that time as a synonym for everything good, bright and joyful, which could not be said about the oppressor state, and even inhabited by the "filthy". That is why the name "Golden Horde" appears only after time has erased all the horrors of Mongol rule.
Thus, the name of the state is the second stereotype that has developed not only in Russian history, but also in the history of other countries. Therefore, the name Golden Horde is a stamp that Russian history has put on this state.
MYTH ABOUT CITIES
One of the traditional ideas about the Golden Horde is that this state, without much thought, is classified as a purely nomadic state. In the works on the history of the Golden Horde, the names of 15-20 cities were given, and now there are already 110 of them, and this number continues to increase.
First of all, you need to pay attention to the fact that before the start of the conquests and the formation of the huge empire of Genghis Khan, the Mongols did not have any cities at all, and they really were nomads, but this was not always the case. It is believed that the appearance of cities among the Mongols is associated with the influence of neighbors, but there is no evidence. Mongolian cities appeared in the center of the steppes, far from the borders with neighbors, therefore, the reasons for the emergence of cities lie in the depths of the nomad society itself, in the changed political and economic structures of their lives.
One of the most important reasons for the emergence of cities among the Mongols was the urgent need for administrative organization, the creation of stationary centers where the bureaucratic apparatus associated with the collection of taxes and tribute, the reception of numerous ambassadors, the conduct of diplomatic correspondence, etc. would be concentrated. As a result, the Mongols have a specific bureaucratic stratum, which settles for permanent residence around its stationary winter rate. This is how the nucleus of a settled settlement is created, which is formed around the palace of the supreme ruler. It is about such a scheme of the birth of the capital of the Golden Horde, the city of Sarai, which is evidenced by its name, which is translated by the word "palace".
The concentration of the rich bureaucracy and aristocracy attracted the merchants, forming permanent bazaars and fairs, which increased the population of the new city. The growth of cities was facilitated by the adoption of a new religion - Islam (1312 Khan Uzbek), since the construction of religious buildings and theological schools began.
Therefore, we can conclude that the appearance of cities among the Mongols was a consequence of the formation of the state and the formation of its internal political. This means that the Golden Horde did not develop under the influence of neighbors, but as a result of the internal development of culture and statehood.
existed before the arrival of the Mongols, and then restored by them after the defeat. These include settlements Black Sea coast and Crimea, North Caucasus, Khorezm, Volga Bulgaria.
founded by the Mongols themselves in the XIII-XIV centuries. This group includes both capitals of the Golden Horde - Sarai and Saray al-Jadid, as well as Saraichik on Yaik, Madjar in the North Caucasus, Crimea on the Tauride Peninsula, Tyumen and others.
Thus, the myths that all cities in the Golden Horde were already created before their conquests, as well as the appearance of cities under the influence of neighbors, have been refuted.
MONGOLIAN CULTURE
It is quite widely believed that the life of the population of the Golden Horde was unassuming and primitive, since it reflected the simplest functions of nomadic life. As for the culture of the state, here many believed that its level was low and not distinguished by originality. It is usually believed that the culture of the Mongols is syncretic, that is, mixed from numerous heterogeneous parts brought in by different peoples who made up the population of the state.
There are 3 main questions to consider for cultural research:
the degree of participation in the creation of the culture of the state of the Mongols themselves;
contribution to the culture of the Golden Horde of the peoples enslaved by the Mongols;
the possibility of the evolutionary development of the culture of the Golden Horde and the emergence of new, proper Golden Horde features.
In the cultural life of the Golden Horde, there were 2 parts - nomadic and sedentary. But one did not interfere with the other, the interpenetration of these two parts took place on the basis of spiritual culture (language, writing, folklore, religion).
In nomadic life, animal husbandry was of particular importance, supplying the nomads with clothing and food. The basis of the Mongols' food was milk, kumis and meat (they stored it for future use, withering in thin strips in the wind). The steppe aristocrats received grain, millet and flour from their own estates located in the southern parts of the country.
Food for the Mongols was not just the satisfaction of a natural need, it was a specially painted ritual.
The nomadic economy also left its mark on the clothing of the population of the Golden Horde. The clothes of men and women were practically the same. In winter, they usually wore two fur coats - one with the fur outside, the other inside. In summer, the entire population wore robes that fastened on the right side.
Throughout the history of the Golden Horde, its culture was not in a state of stagnation, it was replenished not only with ready-made forms created by other peoples. In the XIV century, cultural life is enriched with new elements based on the fusion of various achievements of many peoples. The synthesis of cultures is observed. A number of original handicrafts are developing, a new style of architecture is characteristic of the Golden Horde state, shifts are taking place in spiritual and religious ideas (burials in mosques, which for pure Islam is a great insult).
So the culture of the Golden Horde was a synthesis of various cultures, which were based on nomadic traditions. The culture developed and possessed characteristics that were not characteristic of other cultures and religions. Therefore, the belief about the underdevelopment and simplicity of the culture of the Golden Horde is wrong.
"MONGOLS" AND "TATARS"
And, finally, it is especially necessary to consider the question of the correlation between the names “Mongols” and “Tatars”, as well as the correctness of the now widely used name of the population of the Golden Horde “Mongolo-Tatars”.
In order to understand the problem, you need to know who the Mongols were and who the Tatars were.
The ethnonym "Mongols" was widely known in ancient Central Asia. It was used as the self-name of several tribes united by Genghis Khan into a single state. Hence, Genghis Khan and his heirs were called Tatars. This is due exclusively to the Chinese chronicle tradition, which since the 12th century persistently referred to all Mongols, including Genghis Khan himself, as black Tatars. However, they had no relation to the Tatars, and called themselves exclusively Mongols, and their state was Mongolian.
Tatars in the XII - early XIII centuries lived along the northern border of China, protecting the approaches to the Great Wall of China from the raids of nomads, including the Mongols. Chinese emperors paid them for their service with a set amount of silver and various goods. The name "Tatars" in medieval Chinese historiography corresponded to the European concept of "barbarians". However, white and black stood out. Whites are more cultured, involved in the achievements of Chinese civilization. Black - Mongols who lived in the steppes, forests and mountains.
The Tatars were never allies of the Mongols and never participated in their campaigns of conquest, but, on the contrary, were constantly at odds with them.
Russian and Western European chronicles usually used the ethnonym "Tatars" in relation to the population of the Golden Horde.
In 1823 P. Naumov, a geography teacher at the First St. Petersburg Gymnasium, first introduced the phrase "Mongol-Tatars". As a result of a historically erroneous and unconfirmed explanation, the term "Mongolo-Tatars" arose.
Summing up, we can say that the established and used term "Mongolo-Tatars" is a historical mistake that has firmly engraved itself in Russian history and continues to exist even to this day.
OUTPUT
As a result of the work carried out with the monograph by V.L. Egorov, I was able to refute 5 myths about the Mongolian state of the Golden Horde that have developed and entered into the history of different countries, providing each refutation with real and verified evidence.
He also proved at the same time that this state had an exceptional originality, an interesting history and unusual cultural features that are no longer characteristic of any other state.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VL Egorov Golden Horde: myths and reality. - M .: Knowledge, 1990.- 64 p. - (New in life, science, technology. Ser. "History"; No. 9).
Golden Horde, how many political processes in itself Horde, who began to worry ... the yoke, however, on the Kulikovo field Gold Horde a devastating blow was dealt, which ...
Scientists have long disagreed on the interpretation of influence Tatar-Mongol yoke on the history of Ancient Russia. Some scholars sincerely believe that there was actually no invasion, and the Russian princes simply turned to the nomads for protection. In those days, the country was weak and not ready for serious wars with Lithuania or Sweden. The Tatar-Mongol yoke carried out the protection and patronage of the Russian lands, preventing the invasions of other nomads and the development of wars.
One way or another, but in 1480 the Tatar-Mongol rule in Russia came to an end. It is necessary to characterize in the most detailed way the role of the yoke in the history of the state, paying attention to both positive and negative aspects.
Positive and negative influence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke
Sphere of life of society and state | Positive influence of the yoke | Negative aspects of the influence of the Mongol yoke |
Cultural sphere of life |
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The political sphere of the life of the state. |
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Economic sphere of life of the state | There are no positive aspects of the influence of the yoke on the economy. |
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Impact on public consciousness | Scientists fall into two camps on this issue. Klyuchevsky and Soloviev believe that the Mongols did not have a significant impact on public consciousness. All economic and political processes, in their opinion, followed from the trends of previous periods. | On the contrary, Karamzin believed that the Mongol yoke had a huge impact on Ancient Russia, having achieved a complete economic and social inhibition in the development of the state. |
Conclusions on the topic
Of course, it was impossible to deny the impact of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The people of the Mongols were feared and hated, largely due to the fact that representatives of the Tatar-Mongol yoke tried to change the state according to their own model. At that time, the Mongols even dreamed of implanting their religious system on the inhabitants of Ancient Russia, but they actively resisted this, giving preference only to Orthodoxy.
In addition, the influence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke affected the establishment of the future system of power. Gradually, the power in the country became centralized, and the rudiments of democracy were completely destroyed. Thus, the oppressive, eastern model of government flourished on the territory of Russia.
After liberation from the yoke in 1480, the country found itself in a deep economic crisis, from which it got out only decades later. Ahead of the state were the Troubles, imposture, the change of the ruling dynasty and the flourishing of autocracy.
