HOW and WHAT to process beer lines.

At first glance, everything is banally simple.

The main method is chemical treatment of beer lines. The main tendency is to pump in the chemical, pump out the chemical, rinse with water - and the job is done.

But this is a very superficial and unprofessional view of the problem.

Step one.

Firstly, you can’t do a chemical wash right away. Because the chemical will only wash away upper layer deposits, exhausting themselves and leaving the primary layer.

Therefore, to begin with, it is necessary to THOROUGHLY flush the system running water . Preferably warm. The water will wash away the top, fresh and loose layer, leaving the chemical to do the most difficult work.

By the way, sanitary regulations in Germany, the Czech Republic, Belgium and the UK REQUIRE water rinsing daily, at the end of each shift. And in Germany, besides, after the end of each keg.

Eat The “Four Pillars” of Successful Chemical Sanitation– temperature, concentration, time and the possibility of mechanical impact.

Temperature. The higher the temperature chemical solution, the stronger its impact on environment. We remember this from school.

But there is one problem. A beer cooler is a heat exchanger that very significantly reduces the temperature, and, consequently, the degree of exposure to chemicals.

Concentration of chemicals.

Attention : There is one more thing to consider when washing with an alkali solution: the acid neutralizes the alkali. Thus, if during sanitation we use equipment as “ driving force» carbon dioxide from a standard cylinder, then the concentration of the cleaning solution must be selected higher.

However, we should not think that if we make a concentration of 30%, the processing efficiency will be higher.With increasing concentrationabove a certain value efficiency, on the contrary, starts to decline.And the chemical can be considered irrationally used.

In practice, the most effective concentration is 1%

Time (duration) of sanitization

Sanitation is divided into three stages - pre-wash, chemical wash and rinsing (washing off the chemical)

The first stage - pre-washing - is often skipped, which is unacceptable, since the quality of cleaning sharply decreases

Pre-wash time with clean running water (see p.How and with what to treat beer lines) is determined by legislation (as I wrote earlier - in Germany they wash with running water after finishing each keg), the frequency of washing and sales. Typically, pre-washing takes no more than 5 minutes.

The main, chemical washing is carried out by pumping a chemical into a line, partially pumping it through the system, holding it and draining the chemical.

After pumping the chemical, while the solution is kept in the lines, the solution supply source is turned off and the taps and filling heads are dismantled and washed. After they are installed in place, the chemical is drained, creating hydraulic shocks by opening and closing beer taps.

The average chemical treatment time is from 10 to 60 minutes. In general, application conditions depend on the type and volume of contamination, as well as sales factors, types of hoses and equipment installed.

The optimal operating time of the chemical is 20 minutes

Mechanical impact.There are several methods of mechanical cleaning - the well-known orange balls and special devices for creating artificial flow turbulence

Elastic, porous Balls.This is an excellent cleaning method.

And there are only two interesting points to consider:

If the pipeline from the keg to the tap is of different diameters, then the cleaning efficiency will sharply decrease. And the ball, shrinking after the next expansion, can “throw off” some of the previously purified yeast and bacteria from its body. And it’s not a fact that they will all come out. Moreover, if the pipeline has fitting connections, or (even worse) pipe-to-pipe connections (which some particularly “advanced” technicians do), then a piece may come off the ball. Uncontrolled foaming of the product will begin and you will have to disassemble the entire pipeline in search of foreign inclusions. Otherwise, the ball itself may get stuck if it is too narrow.That. for flushing with elastic porous balls, the pipeline must be laid in one line without fitting connections (only John Guest connections can be used) and the internal diameter of the pipeline must be the same along the entire length of the line.

And the second - the ball can be used just one time . Otherwise, the process of bacterial growth after such washing may become uncontrollable.

Devices for creating artificial flow turbulence.

Low effect Laminar flow - constant speed flow< 2 м/сек.	Good effect Turbulent flow - flow of constant speed > 2 m/sec.
In the center - maximum speed There is very low speed along the walls, mechanical cleaning not effective		High speed along the walls Effective mechanical cleaning

Special BUBBLECRAFT® devices are designed to provide this effect, which increase turbulence due to the formation of balloons in the flow of the washing solution. The effect is excellent. Only the cost of this wonderful device is more than 500 Euros.

Cleaning products

Means	Purpose	Nature of impact	Basic elements	Main chemicals on the Russian market
Alkali-containing:	serve to soften and bleach organic contaminants (protein, fat, sugar, polysaccharides).	Washing	Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide	Lerades C-178 Ansep CIP Divo SIP
		Disinfection	Sodium (Potassium) Hypochlorite
		Washing	Sodium hydroxide	Lerapur 283 Tarmo F-47
Acid-containing:	serve to remove mineral, inorganic deposits (lime, rust)	Washing and disinfection	Phosphoric acid Nitric acid Over acetic acid	Almost unclaimed on the Russian market
Neutral:	used for manual cleaning	Washing external parts of equipment		FAIRY

Basic chemicals, used in Russia – detergents and detergents-disinfectants.

It should be kept in mind that when using cleaning solutions "no chlorine smell"we are losing essential element impact on microorganisms – an element of disinfection.

In most cases only cleaning effect not enough for effective sanitation.

International practice advises using alkaline and acidic agents alternately (5:1). This does not cause “addiction” to one type of product and dramatically enhances the effect of washing.

Step three.

Cleaners and disinfectants are washed off from the surfaces being treated with drinking water.

The volume of water when rinsing is at least 3 volumes of the chemical used.

The date, time and nature of the product used for sanitization must be entered in the sanitization log, which must be located on each point of sale working with draft beer.

Carrying out partial and complete special treatment, sanitary treatment of personnel

1. Carrying out partial and complete special processing

1.1. Partial special treatment

Partial CO is organized at the direction of unit commanders (battalion, company) when the enemy uses weapons of mass destruction and is carried out directly in areas of infection without stopping the performance of combat missions in order to:
- reducing losses and preventing secondary injuries to personnel of OV, RV or BS;
- creating the possibility of conducting combat operations without insulating skin PPE;
- ensuring the safe use of emergency prophylaxis;
- ensuring the entry of personnel into the habitable compartments of weapons and military equipment facilities and fortifications closed type(dugouts, shelters).

Partial CO is most effective when carried out in the shortest possible time.

It consists of:
- in the neutralization (degassing or removal) of chemical agents on open areas of the body, individual areas of uniforms and personal protective equipment, as well as on the surface of small arms using individual anti-chemical and decontamination packages, as well as in the degassing of individual areas of the surface of the weapons and military equipment facility with which personnel come into contact during performing a combat mission;
- in removing radioactive substances (decontamination) from open areas of the body, uniforms, personal protective equipment and small arms by washing, wiping or shaking out;
- in the neutralization (disinfection) of BS on open areas of the body by wiping or irrigating with a disinfectant solution (in the absence of a solution - by washing clean water with soap), and before taking emergency preventive measures - in additional disinfection of an individual first aid kit, a flask with water, hands, gloves, and the front part of a gas mask.

To conduct partial assessment of personnel and military facilities, units have and can use the following technical means:
- individual anti-chemical packages (IPP-8, IPP-8a, IPP-10 or IPP-11) - for decontamination of open areas of the human body, adjacent areas of uniform and the front part of the gas mask;
- group degassing kit (IDP-S, IDPS-69), including 10 individual degassing packages (IDP, IDP-1) - for degassing small arms and 10 silica gel degassing packages (DPS, DPS-1) - for degassing uniforms;
- degassing powder package (DPP-M) - for degassing uniforms and equipment;
- on-board kits: tank degassing kit (TDP), autonomous on-board unit (ABP), on-board special treatment kit (BKSO), vehicle kit for special treatment military equipment(DK-4), individual kit for vehicle maintenance equipment (IDK-1) - for degassing weapons and military equipment.

In addition, the units of the branches of the Ground Forces have the following technical means of communication:
- set of equipment and sanitary treatment of personnel (DK-5) - for decontamination of weapons and military equipment, as well as sanitary treatment of personnel of the Airborne Forces (Airborne Forces);
- special degassing kits (DK-1 and DK3) - for degassing rocketry and ground equipment using washing-neutralization machines, fuel tankers, water-oil tankers and mechanized tank trucks. The DK3 degassing kit can also be used for sanitary treatment of personnel.

When organizing and conducting partial SO, unit commanders must be guided by the following principles.

Partial CO should be carried out:
- personnel - as early as possible after infection and not to the detriment of the combat mission;
- weapons and military equipment facilities - in strict sequence and taking into account their significance (importance and necessity) on the battlefield, without disturbing the combat formations of troops, with high quality, while maximizing the combat effectiveness of the unit.

In this case, unit commanders must take into account:
- the importance of the combat mission being performed;
- availability of time to conduct assessment;
- the degree of concealment of equipment and protection of personnel, as well as the danger of infections affecting the combat effectiveness of the unit as a whole;
- the length of possible time for personnel to stay in PPE and their debilitating effect on physical state military personnel, as well as a decrease in the combat effectiveness of the unit as a whole;
- availability in the department of standard on-board TSSO and the necessary solutions (formulations).

In case of contact with open areas skin aerosols or droplets of chemical agents (Vi-Ex, soman, mustard gas) must be degassed immediately (within 1-2 minutes) using an individual anti-chemical package IPP-8 (IPP-8a, IPP-10), otherwise, later treatment (within 3-5 minutes after infection) does not completely prevent the lesion, but only reduces its severity. At the same time, the neutralization of chemical agents on the front part of the gas mask and, especially, on the uniform is a mandatory measure at a later date.

The use of the IPP-10 package, the formulation of which, when applied to the skin in advance, provides preventive protection of skin-resorptive lesions of personnel infected with droplet-liquid agents of the Vi-Ex type, soman and mustard gas, for a period of from several minutes to several hours, respectively.

It should be borne in mind that the degassing formulations of all modifications of individual anti-chemical packages do not have decontaminating and disinfecting properties.

If radioactive substances come into contact with open areas of the body, they are decontaminated by washing with clean water and soap.

Disinfection of open areas of the body, as well as the front part of a gas mask, gloves, the outer surfaces of an individual first aid kit and a flask for the safe administration of emergency prophylaxis means, should be carried out by wiping twice with one of the disinfecting solutions.

If aerosols and droplets of persistent chemical agents contaminate the uniform of a combined arms integrated protective suit and shoes, unit commanders must organize decontamination on time.

It should be taken into account that decontamination of uniforms using individual means of CO should be carried out in a gas mask and protective gloves and within the first hour after infection. Special attention refers to degassing areas of uniform adjacent directly to the body (collars, sleeve cuffs).

Uniforms contaminated with soman vapors must be degassed using powder formulations of the DPS-1 degassing package or the DPP-M degassing package; contaminated with an OM aerosol - DPP-M package for the purpose of being able to remove a gas mask and enter the habitable compartments of weapons and military equipment facilities or closed fortifications.

When cotton uniforms are contaminated with radioactive substances, their decontamination is carried out by shaking out (knocking out), which makes it possible to reduce contamination with radioactive substances by 2-20 times.

Partial assessment of small arms (machine guns, machine guns, grenade launchers) is carried out after processing the uniform and includes its degassing and decontamination.

Partial decontamination of small arms is carried out using an individual decontamination package IDP-1. In this case, about half of the recipe is spent on thoroughly processing the canvas belt (until it is completely wet), with which the personnel will constantly be in contact with unprotected hands.

Pistols and ammunition stored in leather holsters and canvas bags, respectively, are usually not exposed to contamination and do not require CO. However, holsters and canvas bags must be decontaminated using IDP-1 packages or other standard CO means.

Partial decontamination of small arms is carried out with an aqueous solution of SF-2U powder by wiping with damp swabs (rags).

Partial assessment of weapons and military equipment facilities is carried out by their crews (crews) using standard on-board kits or improvised means.

In this case, partial degassing of armored vehicles is carried out using TDP tank degassing kits when the crew (crew) is forced to leave.

Partial decontamination of automotive vehicles is carried out using standard on-board kits such as ABP, DK-4, BKSO, IDK-1 or DK-5 (depending on the type of base chassis), as a rule, directly in contamination zones.

Partial degassing of PPE is carried out in last resort and includes treatment of the front part of the gas mask and individual areas of insulating-type skin protective equipment (OZK, L-1) using IPP.

Partial decontamination of the specified types of PPE contaminated with radioactive substances is carried out aqueous solutions SF-2U powder by washing or wiping them with a moistened rag.

In winter conditions, insulating skin PPE can be treated by wiping it with uncontaminated snow.

1.2. Full special treatment

Full operational assessment of military installations is organized by the headquarters of formations (units) based on the commander’s decision to conduct it, as a rule, after completing combat missions and leaving the units (units) from combat to the second echelon or reserve.

The headquarters of the formation (unit) organizes the conduct of a complete investigation in subordinate units (units) together with the head of the division (regiment) NBC protection service, as a rule, as part of a battalion (division). The order to conduct a full assessment specifies:
- areas (areas of terrain) for the deployment of military PuSO forces and means of battalions (divisions);
- scope of work and sequence of full assessment;
- deadlines for implementation of JI activities;
- the need to replace contaminated uniforms and carry out complete sanitary treatment of personnel;
- procedure for coordinating activities officials formations (units) in the interests of providing CO troops.

A complete assessment of units (units) that have been infected is carried out in military training units deployed on their own with the aim of ensuring that personnel are able to operate without PPE.

The deployment of military PuSOs, as a rule, is carried out on the routes of troop movement from areas of infection or before they enter newly designated concentration areas.

Military PuSOs are deployed in uncontaminated areas with natural shelters and near open sources of water. Optional equipment No military training is carried out.

A full CO on military PuSO is carried out by personnel means of the CO and includes:
- complete decontamination, decontamination or disinfection of weapons and military equipment, small arms and personal protective equipment;
- replacement of contaminated uniforms;
- complete sanitization of personnel.

A complete investigation of contaminated weapons and military equipment facilities of tank and motorized rifle (infantry fighting vehicles) units equipped with on-board TDP kits, as well as units with large-sized equipment, is carried out by the forces and means of the NBC protection troops in the Russian North Ossetia, which, as a rule, are deployed in advance on troop movement routes.

2. Carrying out sanitary treatment of personnel

Sanitation involves the removal of radioactive substances, the neutralization or removal of toxic substances, toxic substances and bacterial agents. Depending on the conditions and time, sanitary treatment can be partial or complete.

Partial sanitary treatment is carried out independently by each person or in the form of mutual assistance at the source of infection (infection) or immediately after leaving them.

Partial sanitary treatment consists of removing radioactive substances, neutralizing or removing chemical agents, pathogenic microbes and their toxins that have come into contact with exposed skin, clothing, shoes and products. personal protection.

If personnel of radioactive formations are infected, partial treatment is carried out within the first hour after infection directly in the radioactive contamination zone and is repeated after leaving the contamination zone. If the infection is caused by a secondary dust generator, for example, during rescue operations in the affected area, then partial sanitary treatment of the uncontaminated area (territory) is necessary as early as possible. If formation personnel are infected with droplet-liquid agents, partial sanitization must be carried out immediately (no later than 10-15 minutes from the moment of infection).

When infected with BS, it is advisable to carry out partial treatment immediately. The order to carry out partial sanitary treatment is given by the head of the civil defense of the facility; its direct supervision is carried out by the commanders of the formations.

Procedure for partial sanitization
a) When infected with RV.

First, partial decontamination of clothing, shoes, and personal protective equipment is carried out, for which the clothes are removed and shaken out. Shoes are wiped with a damp cloth, snow or swept with a broom. Next, remove the gas mask bag and shake it out, withdrawn funds personal protective equipment is wiped with a rag moistened with water or a decontaminating solution. Only after this the gas mask and gloves (respirator or cotton-gauze bandage) are removed.

The front part and filter-absorbing box of the gas mask are wiped with a dry cloth and placed in a gas mask bag (the respirator is knocked out, and the cotton-gauze bandages are destroyed). Next, partial sanitization of exposed areas of the body is carried out.

The sequence of sanitization if the personnel of the formations is wearing a gas mask (respirator).
- shake off (sweep, knock out) clothes and gas mask bag.
- wipe or wipe equipment and shoes with a rag dampened with water.
- wash the exposed areas of the arms, neck, and then the front part of the gas mask with clean water, for example, from a flask (mug).
- remove the gas mask and thoroughly wash your face, neck and hands with clean water.
- rinse your mouth and throat with water from the flask (mug), without touching the neck of the flask or the edges of the mug with your lips.
- formation and report of the flight (group) commander on the completion of processing.

If personnel are wearing skin protection.

At the command “Proceed with partial sanitization,” the personnel of the formations:
- wipes equipment, personal protective equipment, shoes and a gas mask with a decontaminating solution (water);
- collects and buries used rags;

Removes skin protection products in the prescribed sequence:
- unfastens the tails of the OP-1 raincoat;
- lower and middle straps of protective stockings;
- takes off his coat and gloves;
- takes 10 steps forward, turns around, with his back to the wind;
- unties the straps of the stockings and unfastens the top strap of the protective stockings, removes the protective stockings and the gas mask.
- thoroughly washes hands, neck and face with clean water;
- rinses your mouth and throat with clean water;
- construction and report on the completion of special processing.

The means of partial sanitization in case of RV infection are any container with water (decontamination solution), rags (tampons), brooms, brushes, and punches.

If there is a lack of water, treatment of open skin and the front part of the gas mask is carried out by wiping them with a damp towel, swabs or a handkerchief, and wiping is carried out in one direction.

In winter, uniforms, equipment and shoes can be treated by wiping them with uncontaminated snow.

b) When infected with OV.

The standard means of partial sanitization is the individual anti-chemical package IPP-8 (IPP-10 or others)

If personnel are infected with droplet-liquid agents, it is necessary, without removing the gas mask, to immediately treat exposed skin, contaminated areas of clothing, shoes, the front part of the gas mask and equipment using IPP-8 (IPP-10 or others).

The procedure for using IPP-8 (IPP-10 or others) depends on the time of putting on the gas mask.

For example, with a gas mask put on in advance, the procedure for using IPP-8 is as follows: open the package, generously moisten the swab with the recipe and wipe the skin of the neck and hands, moisten the swab again, wipe the jacket collar (coat), sleeve cuffs (grab the outer and inner surface of the fabric with the swab), outer surface the front part of the gas mask, use a dry swab to remove excess formulation from the skin of the neck and arms, close and remove the bottle.

The procedure for using IPP-9 is as follows: remove the lid of the bag and put it on this part of the body, press the punch all the way in, turn the bag over with the tampon (fungus) down and shake sharply 2-3 times until the tampon is moistened; wipe the neck, hands, collar, cuffs, outer surface with a swab front side gas mask, dry the skin of the neck and arms with a dry cloth, pull the punch up until it stops; close the housing with the lid and remove the bag.

The procedure for using packages in case of sudden application in an openly located composition.
- put on a gas mask and a cape-like raincoat (take shelter in a structure);
- immediately open the package and pour the recipe (squeeze from the tampon (fungus) into your right hand;
- hold your breath, close your eyes, and use your left hand to grab the valve box to remove the front part from your chin;
- right hand quickly wipe the skin of the face under a gas mask, especially the areas adjacent to the nose, mouth, chin and the inner surface of the face (the eyelids should be tightly closed during the entire time of treatment of the face);
- use a dry swab (napkin) to remove excess formulation (start from the skin of the eye area), put on the front part and exhale sharply, open your eyes;
- wipe the neck, arms, collar, cuff, outer surface of the front part. When the first signs of damage appear, administer the antidote from the personal first aid kit (AI-2).

If the personnel were wearing skin protective equipment, degassing of equipment and coca protective equipment is carried out using degassing solutions (1-1.5% DTS-GK solution or degassing solutions No. 1 and No. 2bshch (ash) from IDK-1, DK- 4).

The infected side is irrigated 2-3 times. The consumption of DTS-GK solution per set is 3-5 l, degassing solution No. 1 and No. 2bshch (ash) - 1-1.5 l. Processing time for 4-6 people - 10-20 minutes. Collect used tampons and burn them.

Remove skin protective equipment in the established sequence, except for the gas mask, and move 10 steps away in a non-windy direction. Using PPI, the front part of the gas mask, neck, hands are treated, and the gas mask is removed.

c) In case of infection with bacterial agents (BS), it is necessary:
- without removing the gas mask, thoroughly sweep or brush off with brooms your clothes, shoes, equipment and gas mask bag,
- if the situation allows, equipment and clothing are removed, clothing is shaken out, and the equipment is thoroughly wiped with improvised means using disinfectant solutions. After putting on outer clothing and equipment, wipe your neck, hands, front part of the gas mask, and filter-absorbing box with the IPP solution. When processing in contaminated areas, outer clothing is not removed. If BS is used in a liquid state (form), then you must first remove visible drops from open areas of the skin, and then treat with IPP-8 (IPP-10 or others).

d) In case of simultaneous infection of personnel with RV, OV, BS.

Partial special treatment begins with the neutralization of chemical agents that have come into contact with the skin and clothing, and then the actions prescribed for infection with radioactive substances and BS are carried out.

In no case should you use solvents (DCA, gasoline, kerosene, alcohol) for partial sanitization of the skin, as this can aggravate the severity of the lesion (the agents dissolve in the solvent) are distributed over a large area and penetrate the skin much more easily. Partial sanitary treatment does not provide a reliable guarantee against damage from radioactive agents, agents, and BS. Therefore, as soon as the situation allows, complete sanitization is carried out.

Full sanitization is carried out in all cases of infection of military personnel and the population with bacterial agents. The personnel of the formations and the population located in the area affected by the BS are subject to treatment, regardless of whether protective equipment was used or whether partial sanitization was carried out.

Complete sanitization in this case consists of disinfecting exposed areas of the body with disinfectant solutions, followed by washing people warm water with soap and a change of underwear. Along with washing, clothes and shoes must be disinfected or replaced.

When infected with radioactive substances, personnel undergo full sanitary treatment (PST) if, after partial sanitary treatment (PST), contamination of the skin and clothing remains above acceptable standards. Treatment of military personnel and the population should be carried out, if possible, no later than 3-5 hours from the moment of infection. Carrying it out after 10-12 hours after infection is practically ineffective. Clothing must be replaced if, after shaking it out and knocking it out, residual radioactive contamination is higher than permissible levels,

If personnel of formations and the population are infected with droplet-liquid agents and their aerosols, it is necessary to immediately treat open areas (areas) of the skin and adjacent areas of clothing using PPI.

Subsequent washing with warm water and soap will not protect against chemical damage, and there is no need for it. Contaminated clothing should be replaced as soon as possible.

Full sanitary treatment is carried out in stationary sanitary points, baths, shower pavilions, sanitary checkpoints or Pu60 with used, mobile vehicles such as DDA-53A, (B), DDA-2 or DDA-60, DDA (disinfection-shower vehicle). Persons subject to sanitary treatment, before entering the locker room, remove personal protective equipment on the site. In the dressing room, remove clothes and a gas mask (if they are contaminated with chemical agents or BS, the gas mask is removed in the washing department). Documents and valuables are surrendered. When people are infected with RV, there should be dosimetrists in the dressing room, and one should be placed at the exit from the washing room.

The duration of complete sanitization is no more than 35 minutes. When people are infected with BS, before entering the dressing room, their clothes are irrigated with a 0.5% solution of chloramine (dichloramine). Soap consumption for complete sanitization is 30 g, water - 30-35 liters heated to 38-40°C. In the dressing department, those who have undergone sanitary treatment receive clean linen, clothes, shoes (their own disinfected ones or from the exchange fund), as well as submitted documents and valuables.

Complete sanitization of military personnel and the population is carried out at sanitary washing points (SOP).

Sanitary washing stations are deployed as independent facilities or as part of special treatment points. SOPs can be permanent or temporary (field).

Stationary SOPs are created on the basis of public utility facilities (baths, bath-laundry plants, sanitary checkpoints, etc.), shower departments at production workshops, sports facilities, livestock complexes and farms.

Field sanitary and washing points are organized using mobile equipment (disinfection showers and shower units of the type DDA-53, DDA-66, DDP, DDA-2, KSNV-3, PDU, etc.), sanitary checkpoints on ships, sanitary checkpoint cars, bath and laundry trains. SOP for deployment in the field is provided by medical tents (USB - 1 piece and UST - 2 pieces).

Fungal diseases of the skin (dermatomycosis) and nails (onychomycosis) are considered infectious diseases, since they have all the signs of infection: the presence of a living, multiplying pathogen, and the possibility of transmitting it to a healthy person, with the emergence of a new case of the disease.

Most often, the source of food for fungi is the stratum corneum of the skin, as well as the keratin that makes up the nail plate. When onychomycosis occurs, the nail becomes cloudy, thickens, and then becomes brittle and crumbling.

The toenails are most often affected, and in more civilized countries, since the vast majority of the year a person wears closed shoes. Living in a hot and dry climate, wearing open shoes, or walking barefoot significantly reduces the risk of developing onychomycosis. In the same way, treating shoes for nail fungus is a means of secondary prevention, and must be carried out during any serious treatment of fungal diseases of the nails and skin of the feet.

Why carry out treatment

But in shoes, in insoles, and in hosiery there remain particles of fungus, remnants of dead skin, which can get into the interdigital folds during treatment and cause relapses of the disease. Therefore, treating shoes after nail fungus is no less important than treating them during treatment.

Various means for treating shoes against nail and skin fungus can affect the mycelium and spores of the fungus by both chemical and physical factors. Ideally, every healthy person should have various means at home with which to carry out primary prevention.

In addition, you need to remember about “ reverse side medals": even putting on someone else's pair of shoes once (for example, while visiting) can cause infection, despite the daily treatment of your own shoes.

What is the purpose of processing?

As you know, in hot and dry weather it is much more difficult to find mushrooms in the forest than in rainy weather. Pathogenic fungi have exactly the same disposition - they are “to their hearts” if the following conditions are created:

• heat (it stimulates the reproduction of mycelium);
• moisture;
• darkness. Fungi cannot tolerate any radiation, especially ultraviolet;
• the presence of food, or a large number of dead skin particles.

The above points indicate that in winter shoes, with fur, fungi are more common, and it is more difficult to “remove” them. You should buy boots and boots if the fur is natural. It absorbs water well. Shoes must open well to allow access to the inner cavity., and the material that comes into contact with the foot should preferably not be porous - this increases the possibility of fungi “settling” on the inner surface of the shoe.

Processing involves combating all these factors. But regular drying of shoes, airing the insoles, exposing the inner surface of the shoe to the sun's rays, and periodically wiping the inner surface will bring more noticeable results than the use of chemicals alone.

Let's look at some of the most effective means.

Chemical treatment

Fungi “do not like” aggressive environments: exposure to acids and strong oxidizing agents that disrupt the metabolism of the mycelium and inhibit sporulation. Fortunately, there are publicly available tools that are inexpensive and their use is quite effective.
For example, treating shoes against nail fungus with hydrogen peroxide can completely replace expensive imported products. To do this, take a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, apply it to a tampon, for example, made of foam rubber, and treat the inner surface. You can use a spray. After treatment, the shoes need to be dried, but only after they have been in a tightly tied bag for 12 hours to create fungi “ gas chamber" Treatment frequency: 1-2 times a week. When processing, of course, you need to remove the insoles and thoroughly wipe the entire inner surface.

Treating shoes with vinegar for nail fungus will not only deprive the fungus of its ability to reproduce, but also neutralize bad smell. Vinegar with a strength of 9% is suitable, which can be prepared by diluting a teaspoon of essence in 7 times the volume of water. After treatment, the shoes need to be dried.

If you find a special fungicidal spray at the pharmacy for treating shoes against nail fungus, then take it. They contain special broad-spectrum fungicides. Such drugs include “Pharmtek Mycostop”, “Dezavid – gel”.

Physical protection means

One of the most effective ways is the purchase of ultraviolet liners - dryers. They quickly get rid of fungi, creating “unbearable conditions.” You can use them at least every evening. In addition, shoes can be wrapped in a bag and sent to the freezer for several days. This method also works well against fungi.

Of course, no matter what treatment method you choose, to cope with the fungus, you need to change your socks daily, ironing them under steam iron, practice hygiene: wash your feet twice a day with soap, and promptly apply medicinal antifungal varnishes and ointments. The treatment period can sometimes be a whole year, for example, with a completely affected thumbnail: this is exactly the period for the growth of a new plate.

After a whole year of treating shoes, many people become accustomed to it. Such care after recovery significantly reduces the risk of re-infection, or reinfection.

After the last harvest was harvested from vegetable beds, autumn soil cultivation should be carried out at the summer cottage. This procedure is necessary to obtain a good harvest of vegetables in the coming season. If the soil (presented here) is treated correctly in the fall, then the plants in the future will develop in the most optimal conditions. At correct processing the soil in it is improved water regime, the soil “breathes” better and retains heat. Preparing the land for wintering allows you to eliminate a large number of weed roots and destroy pest larvae, and diseases also recede.

Previously, autumn tillage consisted of conventional plowing, but now gardeners take into account many factors, for example, soil acidity and its type. Based on these factors, summer residents take various measures.

The first manipulations with the summer cottage should be carried out after the last harvest has been harvested.

The territory is being prepared for plowing in several stages.

Removing remaining weeds from the site

If this is not done, the plants will sow seeds that will germinate in the next season. You should also remove tops from garden crops. If it is completely dry, then it can not be thrown away, but burned.

Burning

By burning crop tops, weeds and other herbs, it will be possible to destroy the pests present on them and diseases if the plant is sick. Sick plants must be burned at some distance from the garden, and the ashes must be destroyed (buried in the ground, but not on the territory). If the crops are not sick, and the stems of the tops are completely dry, then they can also be burned and the ashes scattered before the autumn digging of the site or placed in a compost pit.

Loosening

Autumn tillage includes light loosening of the soil. The topmost layer of it should be loosened on each row. It is better to carry out manipulation using a regular rake. A couple of weeks after the procedure, the beds will be covered with a carpet of green weeds. They can be eliminated using a Fokin flat cutter, which will crush plant seedlings with roots, while simultaneously loosening the soil. After some time, seedlings may appear again, but there can be no worries here, because the weeds will definitely not withstand frost and future spring loosening of the site.

Such autumn treatment contributes to the rapid self-healing of the earth, and chopped weeds (here -) will become excellent fertilizer for her.

Autumn tillage-plowing of the soil of a summer cottage

It may seem to someone that digging up an area is quite simple, but this is not so. This processing method also needs to be carried out correctly. The manipulation can be carried out using a shovel, the digging depth in this case is the bayonet of the shovel. If used for plowing special equipment, then the plowing depth is about 30 cm.

In order for autumn soil cultivation to be carried out correctly, several rules must be followed.

1. Ground preparation work must be carried out before the time begins autumn rains. Otherwise, it will not be possible to loosen the soil, since, on the contrary, it will become compacted, especially if it is clayey.

2. In heavy clay areas, it is necessary to increase their fertile qualities. It is recommended to dig such soil to a depth not exceeding 15 cm, but each season the depth should be increased by 2 centimeters. In addition, alumina requires the addition of sand and all kinds of organic matter. In this case, it will be possible to reduce the infertile layer and, accordingly, increase fertility.

3. When plowing your garden in the fall, you should not break up large clods of soil. In this case, the ground in them will freeze better, that is, insects will have little chance of surviving the winter cold. In addition, under the influence of frost, large blocks will disintegrate on their own, and after the snow cover melts, the soil will become loose.

4. Loams need deeper plowing; treatment also includes the addition of sand, organic matter, peat, that is, components that stimulate improvement of the soil structure. In this case, oxygen will flow better to the plant roots.

5. The structure of clayey areas can be improved by adding a large dose of granular sand (river sand, approximately 4-5 kg ​​per square meter). You should also “dilute” such soil with a similar amount of peat chips.

6. It is advisable to add crushed clay (dry only), to which sand has been added, into the peat soil in the fall.

7. If the soil is light and well-treated, then you should not dig it up often. Otherwise, its structure will be scattered, it will become loose, that is, difficulties may arise when working with it. With frequent plowing, the fertilized layer gets deep into the soil, all the beneficial microorganisms contained in it die, and harmful ones begin to multiply instead. Also, due to abundant irrigation during dry seasons, elements (including minerals) are washed out, which are required to maintain the density of the earth's structure. As a result, the physical qualities of the soil deteriorate.

8. Treated soil that has a loose structure should not be dug up with a shovel. In this case, it is better to give preference to garden forks (or hand cultivator"Tornado"). With their help, the upper fertile soil will remain “in place”, and the structure of the earth will improve. In addition, garden forks are an excellent means of controlling perennial weeds. If you remove a wheatgrass root from the ground with a pitchfork, it will not tear, but you can pull it out little by little, freeing it from the ground. This way you can pull out a lot of roots.

9. If the area was filled with wheatgrass, then it is better to use the three-layer digging method. In this case, the middle layer will be on top, the top one will be placed below, and the bottom one will take place in the middle. If you plan to land at this place vegetable crops, then it is necessary to apply fertilizer.

Fertilizers for soil during autumn tillage

To save money, you can make your own organics. It is enough to find a place for compost pit or a box in which to put healthy plants, onion skins, wood ash, spruce branches, droppings, leftover food. When it all rots (usually this happens in the second year, if you do not resort to the help of Baikal EM-1 and others like it), the mass can be used in the garden as an organic fertilizer in autumn period.

When adding organic manure before winter, we do not dig the soil very deeply, otherwise it will take a long time for the first one to completely decompose.

When plowing in the fall, you can add organic matter, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. If necessary, sand mixed with clay is added.

Compost or manure should be applied in the fall to those areas where cabbage (), melons and celery are planned to be planted. For carrots, radishes and beets, you can add compost (but not manure) or mineral fertilizers.

How to cultivate land (soil) for the winter

Acidic soils - liming

Different soil types require different treatments in the fall. Acidic soils are no exception. High acidity of the soil will prevent you from getting good harvest, since garden crops grow well only on neutral and slightly acidic soils. For this reason, it is necessary to persistently reduce its acidity on your own.

Liming will help with this. This method, in addition to its main mission, will help improve breathability and increase fertility.

For liming the following can be used:

• cement dust,
• wood ash,
• slaked lime,
• dolomite flour,
• peat ash.

It is impossible to name a specific application dose, since the composition, acidity of the soil and the amount of calcium contained in the liming agent are important.

Thanks to this procedure, clayey areas become much looser, and sandy ones begin to retain moisture better and become more viscous. In addition, liming leads to the fact that beneficial microorganisms begin to develop in the soil, which improve its fertile functions.

For overworked soil, we sow green manure plants in the fall

When the soil becomes overworked, this necessarily affects the harvest: plants begin to develop worse, get sick more often, and bear fruit poorly. It is very easy to find out that the soil is overworked: if it has become like dust, and after rains or watering a cracking crust appears on its surface, it means that it urgently needs help.

The best helpers in such a situation will be green manure, crops that are grown on the site in order to saturate the area with minerals and organic matter. Green manure also has a positive effect on soil structure.

Green manures include:

• Barley.
• Oats.
• Vika.
• Rye.
• Lupine.
• Peas.
• Mustard.
• Buckwheat.
• Clover.

These crops will become an excellent organic mass, sometimes more effective than manure. In addition, each of these plants accumulates phosphorus and potassium, as well as other substances, which subsequently enter the soil.

In addition, green manure helps fight pests, but not by destroying them, but by scaring them away. With the help of mustard, there is a great chance to get rid of the larvae of May beetles, mole crickets and wireworms in the soil.

It is advisable to plant green manure in the fall, after harvesting. Sown areas do not need to be plowed at this time. The fact is that green manure will not survive the winter in any case, and the soil will loosen, so deep plowing will not be necessary. It will be enough to dig up the soil and then harrow it.

If all soil tillage manipulations are carried out in a timely manner in the autumn, then next year country garden will please the owner with a good harvest.

You can count on a high harvest only if you care for the garden properly. Therefore, owners who are aware of this treat the garden annually. The success of this event depends on the quality of its implementation in spring period. After all, it is at this moment that it is decided whether the plantings will be well protected from pests and diseases.

When spring warmth begins to be felt in the air, many people have a desire to be closer to nature. At these moments, the soul wants to enjoy the variety of colors that various plantings in our summer cottages give us. And to bring this moment closer, gardeners are trying to more thoroughly prepare the garden before fruiting begins.

To determine the scope of upcoming work, first of all need to see the garden. Based on its results, it will be clear what you will have to do. After a long and cold winter There are bound to be many damaged branches that need to be removed. However, the spring treatment of the garden is not limited to this, because it also includes a lot of other important measures that are designed to protect the plants from pests and diseases.

Why and when is the best time to treat the garden?

To reduce the harm that diseases and pests can cause, many gardeners use chemical and organic methods to combat them. However, the final result largely depends on the experience of the gardener. This in turn determines what the harvest will be like at the end of the season. The effectiveness of all planned work can only be increased if it is carried out in the right time. Therefore, as soon as the last cold weather has passed and fruit ovaries begin to form on the trees, you need to immediately begin work.

Stages of garden processing in spring

If you trust the experience of experienced summer residents, then it is better to treat the garden before 10 o'clock or after sunset- after about 6 hours. This choice is not accidental, since it is during these hours that the sun’s activity is minimal, and therefore the risk of leaves being burned is extremely low. As part of spring garden processing, the following main stages can be distinguished:

• in early spring;
• before buds open;
• before and after flowering;
• during the formation of ovaries.

Spraying the garden in early spring

One of the traditional garden processing activities is whitewashing tree trunks. However, it is better to carry it out before the cold weather. Therefore, it is recommended to plan it in the fall. As a result of this operation you can protect trees from damage by rodents, therefore, the remaining intact bark will not crack as a result of exposure to frosty winds. In the spring you will only need to examine it to understand whether it survived the winter well, and correct it if the need arises.

The first treatment of the garden must be carried out in early March, before the buds begin to bloom. After waiting for the snow to melt, you can prepare the plantings for processing. To do this, tidy up the area summer cottage, remove insulation from protected trunks, as well as branches that have not survived the winter. After this, spring treatment is carried out to protect trees and shrubs from insects.

At the initial stage, it is necessary to inspect the tree trunks and remove any detected fungi from the surface. After that on the bark apply lime mortar. The process of preparing it will look like this:

• you need to take 2 kg of lime and mix it with 10 liters of water;
• then into this mixture you need to add 1 kg of clay and 330-350 g of copper sulfate;
• All components must be thoroughly mixed until smooth;
• Now the solution is ready, it can be applied to the trunks and bases of branches.

As a result of such treatment, eggs and larvae of insects, which can often be found on the bark and cracks of the trunk, will be removed.

However, today gardeners have access to more modern and effective drugs. Although they are a little more expensive, they can be used to process trees much faster and with less labor, preventing insects from causing much harm to the plantings. Many of them contain a fungicide, which increase the plant's resistance to many diseases. They have similar properties the following means:

• acrylic whitewash;
• acrylic paints;
• lime pastes containing copper sulfate.

Not only copper sulfate, but also diesel fuel can help protect trees and shrubs from pests. After processing the plantings, a protective oily film will appear on them, which can protect trees and shrubs from annoying insects. If insects try to lay larvae and eggs on trunks and branches, they will die under a ball of diesel fuel. In this case, all open flower stalks and blooming leaves will remain intact and unharmed.

Spring cultivation of the garden before buds open

Then comes the next stage - treatment fruit trees before the kidneys awaken. the main objective These measures are to ensure that insects that hatch from larvae, as well as pathogens of various diseases, cannot infect trees and shrubs. The greatest damage to the garden can be caused by diseases such as scab, black cancer, coccomycosis, etc.

However, regardless of whether you intend to use copper sulfate or another modern drug, it is recommended to read the instructions for use before using it. The fact is that in stores there are preparations that are initially designed to treat only certain types of fruit trees. To ensure that such treatment meets your expectations, you can carry it out with a solution of insecticides and contact fungicides. The effectiveness of this measure will increase many times over, as it will help not only rid the plantings of pests and diseases, but also prevent their occurrence in the future.

If you want to minimize the harm that your plantings will receive as a result of chemical treatment, you can use a safer mixture prepared based on herbs, tobacco and orange peel. The process of its preparation is as follows:

• Take a 3 liter jar and fill it with 200 g of crushed tobacco;
• then you need to put a handful of garlic peels and the same amount of onions, pine needles and orange peels;
• after that, water heated to 70 degrees is poured into this mixture;
• the jar needs to be hermetically sealed and a warm place must be found for it, where it should stand for a week;
• when the time comes, the finished tincture should be diluted with warm water in an amount of 10 liters;
• then the composition must be thoroughly mixed and 100 g of crushed tar soap added to it in small parts;
• Now the product is ready and can be used to treat the garden. If necessary, it can be repeated after 10-12 days. However, this can only be done before flowering.

Garden treatment in spring before and during the flowering process

You can treat shrub trees until the buds begin to bloom. This will help not only prevent the codling moth caterpillars from harming them, but also reduce risk of scab and spotting. To prepare the solution, you can use Carbofox. To do this, take 70 g of the drug and dilute it in 10 liters of water at room temperature. However, if trees and shrubs have already begun to bloom, then such processing cannot be done.

Fruit trees can be re-treated after the flowering period has ended. It is necessary to reduce the likelihood of infection of trees and shrubs in the next season, as well as to increase the resistance of plantings to diseases.

Typically, the inflorescences bloom at the moment when mites appear, having successfully survived the winter. It can help you deal with them colloidal sulfur: to prepare the solution you need to take 80 grams of 70% of the drug and dilute it in 10 liters of soapy water. It is very important that this treatment is carried out in a timely manner, otherwise all your crops will suffer as a result of the mite infestation.

Spring treatment of the garden from pests and diseases during the appearance of ovaries

When conducting final stage In spring processing, the main task that must be solved is to ensure the protection of the fruits of the new harvest from putrefactive diseases and pests that have managed to survive. However, it is first recommended to inspect the plantings to determine whether there are visible enemies on the trees and shrubs. After all, if you use chemicals that have a strong effect, then in addition to killing insects, you can cause significant harm to the ovaries.

As a preparation for spraying fruit trees, you can choose copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mixture, urea. It is also allowed to use combination drugs that have a universal scope of application. However, processing must be carried out when optimal humidity air. Otherwise, there is a possibility that the leaves will suffer serious burns after spraying.

Spring cultivation of the garden does not imply strict rules for its implementation. However there is important nuances, taking into account which you can most effectively perform this work.

Spraying order. If you want to completely destroy pests and diseases, then you should treat with a working solution, for example, copper sulfate, every part of trees and bushes. Usually this work begins with the crown, then moves to the branches, and finally the trunk and soil in the root zone are processed.

Time and conditions of work. It is best to do spring gardening early in the morning. It is advisable to choose a dry, windless day for this work, during which no precipitation is expected. In this case, after treatment, the solution can be immediately absorbed and will act quickly. As a result, you will be sure that the leaves and inflorescences will not be damaged.

Calculation of the amount of solution. The results of spring garden cultivation may vary. If it is important for you not only to destroy pests and diseases, but also not to harm trees and shrubs, then you need to correctly determine the application rate of the drug. You can find out if you look at the instructions for a specific product. Knowing this, it will be easy for you to understand exactly how much of certain chemicals you will need.

• to process one young tree approximately 1.5 liters of solution is required;
• for an adult – 5.5 liters.

Spraying bushes may require different quantities solution - from 0.6 to 1.5 l. You can more accurately say how much liquid is required by knowing the dimensions of the crown.

Conclusion

Experienced gardeners know how to get a good harvest. To do this, they regularly cultivate the garden. Moreover, they begin to engage in this business in the spring. The importance of this event is difficult to overestimate, because it directly determines how well the trees and shrubs will be protected from pests and diseases. Knowing which preparations are best to use and when, even a novice summer resident can count on the fact that at the end of the season the garden will give him a lot of tasty and healthy fruits.