When purchasing lighting equipment, we read with curiosity the light parameters specified in the characteristics. Color temperature, illumination, luminous flux - for some of us, the importance and physical significance of these parameters in lighting is not fully understood. But what useful information for us and our budget is behind these figures. Let's try to make it clear: what are these or those characteristics, and how to choose a really high-quality lamp or lamp.
Basic physical parameters.
Light flow.
The luminous flux is important characteristic light source. This is a physical quantity that characterizes the amount of visible light power in the radiation flux of a lamp or luminaire. Visible light refers to the radiation flux perceived by the human eye, which has an average sensitivity. From this definition, it is obvious that not all the radiation of a light source a person is able to see, but the more he sees, the greater the luminous flux. A unit of measurement for everything perceived luminous flux- lumen.
Interestingly, human vision perceives different colors differently bright, even if they are emitted with the same power. The bell-shaped curve showing the color sensitivity of the eye is called the spectral luminous flux efficiency. According to her, the most vivid is perceived green light(550 nm wavelength), weakening towards the red and blue edges of the spectrum. In other words, when green and blue light sources of the same power are emitted, green light produces more luminous flux than blue. Thus, lumens show values actually visible to the eye, in contrast to watts.
The Shine® range of LED lamps and luminaires allows you to select light sources with luminous flux from 75 lumens, such as, for example, miniature decorative lamps of the G4 series, up to 26,600 lumens, like LED street lights.
Illumination.
Luminous flux is not the only parameter that characterizes the capabilities of a lighting fixture. To evaluate the performance of LED lighting fixtures and comparing them with traditional light sources, instead of the concept of "luminous flux", the term "illumination" is often used. Illumination characterizes the intensity of light falling on the surface, and more precisely the number light from a lighting fixture that reaches the illuminated area. This is the part of the luminous flux that is effectively directed to work surface... The unit of measurement of illumination is lux - a physical quantity equal to the luminous flux of 1 lumen per 1 square meter... Below are examples of illumination from different light sources.
Rice. 2. Table of illumination values in different conditions.
| Description | Illumination, lx |
| Outside the atmosphere at the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun | 135 000 |
| Highest solar illumination with clear sky | 100 000 |
| Typical summer illumination at mid-latitude at noon | 17 000 |
| Cloudy summer at noon | 12 000 |
| When filming in a studio | 10 000 |
| Normal winter illumination at mid-latitudes | 5 000 |
| On the football field (Artificial lighting) | 1 200 |
| On open place on a cloudy day | 1 000 - 2 000 |
| Sunrise and sunset in clear weather | 1 000 |
| V bright room near the window | 800 |
| On the desktop for delicate work | 400 - 500 |
| On the cinema screen | 85 - 120 |
| Required for reading | 30 - 50 |
| In the sea at a depth of 50 - 60 m | up to 20 |
| Full moon night | 0,2 |
| On a moonless night | 0,001 - 0,002 |
| On a moonless night with overcast clouds | up to 0.002 |
As you can see, to ensure favorable conditions required illumination of the order of 400-800 lux. Such illumination can be provided in two ways: either with a powerful light source, or with a large number of lighting fixtures. By choosing Shine® LED lamps and luminaires, you are choosing reliable and powerful light sources with minimal energy consumption.
Light output.
An indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources is the luminous efficiency (or, for short, luminous efficiency). The luminous efficiency of a light source is the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. In the international system of units, it is measured in lm / W. Have different sources light different luminous efficiency. According to the table below, the most economical are LED and fluorescent lamps.
Rice. 3. Table of luminous efficacy values of different sources
Luminous efficiency LED lamps S hine® is one of the best in its class and comes up to 98.4 lm / W.
Color rendering index.
Color rendering index reflects the ability of a light source to correctly reproduce the colors of various objects compared to an ideal light source. This parameter is a quantitative indicator of the playback quality. color shades on a scale from 0 to 100. By definition, sunlight has a color rendering index of 100.
The minimum acceptable value of the color rendering index of the light source depends on the area of its application:
1. A CRI value between 80 and 90 is required in retail and industrial environments where accurate color reproduction is critical, such as fabric stores, art stores, or art studios.
2. For most office, retail, educational, medical and other work and residential premises, the color rendering index should be at least 70-80.
3. In production, security and storage facilities where accurate color rendition does not have of great importance, light sources with a small color rendering index, less than 70, can be used.
Shine® LED and compact fluorescent lamps meet the highest color rendering requirements and can be used in rooms with any lighting requirements.
Colour temperature.
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| Rice. 4. Color temperature of light sources. |
Color temperature characterizes the apparent color of the source, and is also the basis for the objectivity of the impression of the color of surrounding objects.
800 K - the beginning of the visible dark red glow of incandescent bodies;
1500-2000 K - candle flame light;
2000 K - sodium lamp high pressure;
2200 K - 40 W incandescent lamp;
2680 K - 60 W incandescent lamp;
2800 K - incandescent lamp 100 W;
3000 K - incandescent lamp 200 W, halogen lamp;
3400 K - the sun is near the horizon;
4300–4500 K - morning sun and sun at lunchtime;
4500-5000 K - xenon lamp, electric arc (welding);
5000 K - Sun at noon;
5500 K - clouds at noon;
5500-5600 K - photo flash;
6500–7500 K - cloudiness;
7500 K - daylight, with a large proportion of scattered from the clear blue sky;
7500–8500 K - twilight;
9500 K - blue cloudless sky on the north side before sunrise;
10,000 K - "infinite temperature" light source used in aquariums (shade blue);
15000 K - clear blue sky in winter;
20,000 K - blue sky in polar latitudes.
LED lamp and Shine® luminaires are available with a color temperature from 2700 K to 6500 K. Thus, you can choose a light source for different purposes or just to your taste. Whether it's a “warm” home environment, “cool” office lighting, or “cool” lighting for crisp objects, street lighting- Shine® light sources are guaranteed to provide the desired light shade and illumination level.
We have tried to acquaint you with only the basic physical quantities that are operated at qualitative assessment light of lighting fixtures. There are many other derived parameters that are responsible for one or another aspect in the operation of a luminaire or lamp. But, already having an idea of basic characteristics, you can easily independently analyze the proposed lighting equipment and select the best option... In turn, the specialists of our company are always ready to give full information across all Shine® products that meet the highest demands.
Luminous efficiency in this case is equal to 625 lm / vpg.
Luminous efficiency 100 - 170 lm / W, service life 5 - 7 thousand h, used ch. Luminous efficacy 100 - 140 lm / W, service life up to 15 - 20 thousand hours, used for outdoor use.
The luminous efficacy is in direct proportion to the body temperature of the incandescence of the lamp. In fig. 3 - 7 shows such a dependence for gas-filled incandescent lamps.
Optimum ratio of layer thickness and grain size of the phosphor. The luminous efficacy (or brightness) of the screen strongly depends on the size of the phosphor grains. Generally, coarser screens have a higher light output. However, the use of coarse-grained phosphor layers in a number of cases is impractical. The grain size limits the resolution of the screen, since the luminous spot on the screen, in principle, cannot be less than the size of the phosphor crystal glowing under the electron beam. The most noticeable decrease in luminous efficacy is observed during grinding of sulfide phosphors. Therefore, sulfides are usually used with relatively coarse grains - up to 5 - 8 microns.
The luminous efficiency (the ratio of the luminous flux of the lamp to its electrical power) for normal lamps lies in the range of 8 7 - 19 7 lm / W - for 127 V lamps and 7 0 - 18 7 lm / W - for 220 V lamps. Less limit value luminous efficacy refers to 15 W lamps, and more to 1500 W lamps.
The light output in some scintillators is proportional to the energy of the exciting particle or quantum.
Luminous efficiency is the main economic indicator of light sources. However, this indicator must be considered in conjunction with the service life and cost.
The light output of these lamps reaches 100 lm / W, the color temperature is 6000 K, the color rendering index is 80 - 90, and the service life is several thousand hours. From the point of view of using these lamps in floodlights, relatively small dimensions of the discharge arc and non-criticality to the burning position are also important. By connecting the floodlights to different phases of the network and with the spatial displacement of their light beams, the pulsations of illumination on the field can be minimized. At the same time, when developing powerful metal halogen lamps was solved and such important problem, as their instant re-ignition after a short-term loss of voltage in the mains.
The luminous efficacy at constant current is approx.
Luminous efficiency shows the economy of a light source and is characterized by the ratio of the luminous flux of the light source to the electrical power it consumes.
Luminous efficiency - the ratio of the luminous flux of the lamp to its electrical power - for normal lamps lies in the range of 8 7 - 19 7 lm / W for 127 V lamps and 7 0 - 18 7 lm / W for 220 V lamps.
Luminous efficiency characterizes the efficiency of the lamp, since the greater the luminous flux the lamp emits by 1 W, the more profitable it is.
Spectral characteristic of a cesium lamp.
Luminous efficiency characterizes the efficiency of the lamp: the more luminous flux the lamp emits per unit of input power, the more economical it is.
Dependence of power /, luminous flux F, lamp voltage U, current / on the mains voltage. | Characteristics of raz-goraknya xenon lamps high intensity. The luminous efficiency increases with increasing power density, tending to the limit of about 45 - 48 lm / W.
Functional diagram power supply of a pulse lamp with an energy storage device (IL is a flash lamp connected to the discharge circuit K with an electric energy storage Ya. which is a secondary source of energy for the lamp. Charger... PI is the primary source of energy. GI - generator of ignition pulses and USZ - control unit, synchronization and protection. | A typical dependence of the strength of St. t / from time Г (1 а - peak luminous intensity. t - pulse duration is the equivalent solid angle QD, equal to the ratio of the luminous energy Q to the illumination in taken as the main direction of radiation.
Spectral distributions of efficiency in a unit solid angle in the direction perpendicular to the tube axis for tubular xenon lamps. | Spectral distribution of efficiency in a unit solid angle for a glass lamp ISSH7 (xenon, 0 22 MPa, (- mm. 1000 V, 6800 pF, 10 35 MKS, / 2 kHz, / sr - 4 8 cd. The light output of spherical ILs usually does not exceed 15 lm / W. An increase in the distance between the electrodes is accompanied by an approximately linear increase in light output.
Luminous efficiency characterizes the luminous flux obtained at the expense of 1 watt of electricity.
Luminous efficiency is usually expressed in lumens per watt of radiant flux. It should not be confused with the term recoil when applied to a practical light source, since the latter is based on the power supplied to the source and not on the energy flux emitted by the source.
The luminous efficiency increases linearly depending on the beam current density at low current densities, then begins to grow more slowly and approaches saturation at densities of about 1 μA / cm and higher. Conversion efficiency increases with increasing voltage and decreases with increasing current density.
Luminous efficacy depends on the product of the spectral emission characteristic and the sensitivity characteristic of the eye. Since the eye has the greatest sensitivity in the yellow-green region of the spectrum (wavelength of about 5560 angstroms), the yellow-green phosphors are most effective. Zinc-cadmium sulfide, activated by silver or copper, and zinc-beryllium silicate, activated by manganese, release maximum energy near the region of maximum sensitivity of the eye.
Luminous efficiency characterizes the energy efficiency of the phosphor and is expressed in terms of the ratio of the luminous intensity to the energy of the electron beam exciting it.
Diagram of a parallel transfer image converter. Luminous efficiency is usually expressed in terms of candles divided by watts.
The light output of titanium when burned in oxygen is slightly lower than that of magnesium and aluminum tested under the same conditions. The amount of heat released during the combustion of titanium is also less than for magnesium or aluminum.
The luminous efficiency of the phosphor does not disappear instantly after the termination of the effect of electrons on it, but decreases gradually according to an exponential law. This phenomenon is known as phosphorescence. Depending on the composition of the phosphor, the afterglow duration can vary from a few microseconds to a few seconds. The screens of cathode ray tubes are characterized by the spectral composition of the glow and the duration of the afterglow. To prevent the accumulation of a negative charge on the screen of the cathode-ray tube, which creates a decelerating field for electrons moving towards the screen, it is necessary that the screen emit one or more secondary electrons for each primary electron striking it. For any material, the ratio of the number of secondary to primary electrons is a function of the energy of the primary electrons.
Energy balance of lamps. a - fluorescent lamp. b - incandescent lamp. c - fluorescent lamp without. The luminous efficiency of gas lamps is quite high, but they produce colored light, which is a significant drawback of lamps of this type. The yellow light of sodium lamps and the blue-green light of mercury lamps make people's faces pale; the color rendition of painted surfaces illuminated by the light of such lamps is highly distorted.
The luminous efficiency of a light source is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by it to the consumed electrical power. The more luminous flux the lamp emits per unit of power, the more its efficiency.
The luminous efficiency of a 100-watt light bulb is 18 8 lm / W. The lamp sends 12 kJ of light energy into the surrounding space every hour.
The total light output of the latter is only about 10% of the consumed power of the current, while about 70% falls on infrared radiation and about 20 goes directly into heat. In a mercury lamp, the situation is different: visible light (blue-green shades) here accounts for about 25% of the current consumption, and most of the remainder is spent on exciting ultraviolet rays.
The luminous efficiency of modern incandescent lamps ranges from 7 to 19 lm / W. A significant progress in the development of incandescent lamps is the use of the iodine cycle in them. A certain amount of iodine is introduced into lamps of a special design, the atoms of which, under the influence of high temperature, form compounds with tungsten particles - tungsten iodide. This compound in the high temperature zone (near the filament) decomposes again into iodine and tungsten.
Color characteristics fluorescent lamps according to GOST 6825 - 70. The luminous efficiency of mercury-quartz DRL lamps is also significantly higher than that of incandescent lamps, and, without taking into account losses in ballasts, is from 40 to 50 lm / W, depending on their power.
The luminous efficiency of modern floodlight lamps ranges from 12 to 17 1m / W, reaching up to 30 lm / W when the filament is overheated due to the reduced lamp life.
The luminous efficacy of radiation should not be confused with the luminous efficacy of the source, equal to the number of lumens of luminous flux obtained for each watt of power expended to produce radiation.
However, the luminous efficacy of silicates and tungstates is insufficient to ensure a high brightness of the screen glow at high speeds of the beam movement across the screen. In recent years, highly efficient sulphides have been developed that are pulverized without appreciable reduction in light output. These sulphides with green and blue luminescence are gradually replacing silicates and tungstates. But even now, due to their high physical and chemical resistance, silicates are widely used in the production of oscilloscope tubes.
If the luminous efficiency of normal incandescent lamps lies in the range of 7 - 20 lm / W, then for fluorescent lamps it is 75 - 80 lm / W, and the service life of the latter is 5000 hours, exceeding the service life of incandescent lamps by 5 times. However, fluorescent lamps also have disadvantages: the need for relatively complex starting devices, pulsations of the luminous flux and the associated stroboscopic effect when operating on alternating current, and low suitability for local lighting.
Such a low luminous efficiency of a thermal emitter is explained by the fact that during the chaotic movement of atoms and molecules, not only light (visible), but also other electromagnetic waves which have no light effect on the eye. Therefore, it is impossible to selectively force the body to emit only those waves to which the eye is sensitive: invisible waves are necessarily emitted.
The light output of electric arcs is much higher, the positive crater of which has a temperature of about 4000 K. In ordinary arcs, the main part of the radiation (from 85 to 95%) is emitted by the positive crater, about 10% - from the cathode, and only 5% falls on the glow of the gas cloud between the electrodes. In arcs of intense combustion, into which refractory salts of some elements with a high emissivity (rare earths) are introduced, the role of the cloud increases and the crater accounts for only 40-50% of the total radiation. Although, apparently, in such arcs the radiation is almost exclusively thermal in nature, nevertheless, due to the high selectivity of the radiation of the elements introduced into the composition of the cloud, the light output of such sources turns out to be higher than for incandescent coal and metals.
Fluorescent Lamp. If the luminous efficiency of normal incandescent lamps lies in the range of 7 - 20 lm / W, then for fluorescent lamps it is 75 - 80 lm / W, and the service life of the latter is 5000 hours, exceeding the service life of incandescent lamps by 5 times.
The light output of electric arcs is much higher, the positive crater of which has a temperature of about 4000 K. In arcs of intense combustion (current strength up to 300 A), the crater temperature reaches 5000 K, and in arcs under a pressure of about 20 atm Lummer managed to bring the crater temperature to 5900 K, those. to obtain a source close in its luminous properties to the Sun. In conventional arcs, the main part of the radiation (from 85 to 95%) is emitted by a positive crater, about 10% by the cathode, and only 5% is due to the glow of the gas cloud between the electrodes. In arcs of intense combustion, into which refractory salts of some elements with a high emissivity (rare earths) are introduced, the role of the cloud increases and the crater accounts for only 40-50% of the total radiation. Although, apparently, in such arcs the radiation is almost exclusively thermal in nature, nevertheless, due to the high selectivity of the radiation of the elements introduced into the composition of the cloud, the light output of such sources turns out to be higher than for incandescent coal and metals.
If the luminous efficiency of normal incandescent lamps lies in the range of 7 - 20 lm / W, then for fluorescent lamps it is 75 - 80 lm / W, and the service life of the latter is 5000 hours, exceeding the service life of incandescent lamps by 5 times.
The decrease in luminous efficacy is compensated for by increasing the power of the filament. high beam up to 45 watts; for a low beam filament, a power of 35 W is sufficient, since due to the absence of a metal screen, the luminous flux loss is reduced. Due to some displacement of the dipped beam filament away from the optical axis of the reflector, the light beam is slightly deflected to the side. As a result, the side of the road corresponding to the direction of movement of the vehicle is illuminated more strongly than the side on which the oncoming traffic occurs, which leads to a weakening of the glare. However, the part of the rays in the low beam, going horizontally and upward, still leads to the fact that the overall glare is somewhat greater than with Bilux lamps. As a result, a slight downward tilt of the optical axis of the headlamp is required, which is associated with a slight decrease in the illumination range.
The luminous efficacy is in direct proportion to the temperature of the filament.
The luminous efficacy values of direct vision tubes operating at voltages of 14 - 18 kV and current densities of 0 1 - 1 mka / cm2 reach 2 - 3 sv / W for non-aluminium and 3 - b sv / W for aluminum-rovash screens.
An increase in the light output of electric lamps by only 10 / o is equivalent to an additional output of more than 60 million pumps per year.
An improvement in the luminous efficiency of mercury lamps is achieved by the addition of atrium, thallium and indium iodides, which, when mixed with mercury vapor, give additional light radiation. In this case, the luminous efficiency increases by 1 5 - 2 times and the chromaticity of the radiation is significantly improved. Such lamps are called metalloid.
In this case, the luminous efficiency of radiation is equal to 620t] lm / W.
The main standardized indicators are the illumination at the workplace, the general color rendering index, the coefficient of light ripple. For all indoor and outdoor workplaces where specific work is performed (railway stations, airports, quarries, etc.), the main standardized value is the illumination in the workplace. The amount of standardized illumination depends, first of all, on the nature of the work performed.
When illuminating streets and roads, the standardized value is brightness road surface... It is set depending on the category of persons, traffic intensity, the nature of the environment.
The general color rendering index is the ratio of the color reproduction of objects when illuminated by a given light source to the reproduction of the colors of the same objects illuminated by a light source taken as a standard. The light of thermal emitters and incandescent lamps was taken as a "standard" source - their general color rendering index was taken equal to 100. It is accepted next system color rendering quality assessments:
Ra> 90 - excellent quality;
90> Ra> 80 - very good;
80> Ra> 70 - good;
70> Ra> 60 - satisfactory;
60> Ra> 40 - acceptable;
For example, in the Russian lighting standards it is established that for enterprises of the printing, textile, paint and varnish industries, as well as for surgical departments of hospitals, the general color rendering index should be at least 90.
In Russia, the coefficient of illumination ripple is also standardized. For gas-discharge light sources - fluorescent, metal halide, sodium lamps - the luminous flux changes with twice the frequency of the mains current. In Russia, USA, CIS countries, Europe and Asia, the frequency alternating current in electrical networks is equal to 50 Hz. Consequently, the luminous flux of the lamps changes ("pulsates") 100 or 120 times per second - all gas-discharge lamps seem to flicker with such a frequency. The eye does not notice these flickers, but they are perceived by the body and, on a subconscious level, can cause unpleasant phenomena - increased fatigue, headache, possibly stress. In addition, when rotating or vibrating objects are illuminated by pulsating light, the so-called "stroboscopic effect" occurs, when, when the frequency of rotation or vibration coincides with the frequency of pulsations of light, the objects seem to be motionless, and in case of incomplete coincidence, they rotate at very low speeds. This causes erroneous reactions in people and is one of the most serious causes of work-related injuries.
The ripple depth is measured by the light ripple factor. In Russian standards, it is established that the depth of the pulsation of illumination at workplaces should not exceed 20%, and for some types of production - 15%.
In Russia, the main document that establishes lighting parameters is the Construction Norms and Rules SNiP 23-05-95. In addition to these norms, there are Sanitary rules and norms SaNPiN 2.21 / 2.1.1.1278-03, Moscow city building codes MGSN 2.06-99 and many industry standards.
In Europe, there are general European standards for illumination, several dozen specialized standards, as well as many national codes and regulations. In the European standards of illumination for a number of premises, another standardized parameter has been introduced: for workplaces equipped with monitors (i.e., for almost all workplaces in offices), requirements are established for the maximum brightness of those surfaces of luminaires that can be reflected in screens. Here are some of the European standards for illumination:
| Type of premises, type of activity | Illumination, lx | Generalized indicator of discomfort UGR | Color rendering index Ra |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wardrobes, walkways, traffic areas | 300 | 19 | 80 |
| Writing, typing, reading, data processing | 500 | 19 | 80 |
| Technical drawing | 750 | 16 | 80 |
| Workplaces for computer design | 500 | 19 | 80 |
| Conference halls and meeting rooms | 500 | 19 | 80 |
| Reception | 300 | 22 | 80 |
| Archives | 200 | 25 | 80 |
SOURCES OF LIGHT.
All electrical light sources can be divided into three groups:
1. Light sources with an incandescent body.
1.1. Incandescent lamps
1.2. Halogen lamps
2. Discharge lamps
2.1. Discharge lamps low pressure(luminescent)
2.2. High pressure discharge lamps (mercury, sodium, metal halide)
3. Semiconductor light sources - LEDs.
Light sources are usually compared according to a number of parameters that determine how much different types lamps are applicable in one case or another.
Lamp power – electric power consumed by the lamp. The unit of measurement is watt (W).
Light flow... For example, a conventional 100 W incandescent lamp can have a luminous flux of 1200 Lm, a 35 W halogen lamp - 1200 Lm, a 400 W sodium lamp - 48000 Lm. Those. different types lamps have different luminous efficacy, which determines the efficiency of converting electrical energy into light, and therefore, different economic efficiency of use.
Luminous efficiency measured in lm / W (i.e. each watt of electricity consumed gives a certain amount of light). The higher the ratio of the luminous flux to the power of the lamp, the more efficiently the conversion of consumed electricity into light. This is the most important parameter of a lamp from the point of view of energy saving, and the progress of light sources is to a large extent an increase in luminous efficiency, its approximation to theoretical limits.
Power, luminous flux, luminous efficacy are quantitative characteristics lamps. In addition, there are parameters that determine the quality of light - color temperature and color rendering.
Colour temperature determines how we see the colors of objects. Depending on the ambient light, the same color will be perceived by the eye somewhat differently. Color temperature is measured in degrees Kelvin. Light sources are conventionally divided into three main groups according to their color temperature.
1. Warm white
2. Neutral white 3,300 - 5,000 K
3. Cold white> 5,000 K.
In residential interiors, lamps of a warm tone are traditionally used (Ttsv = 2,700 - 3,000 K). In the light of such lamps, the faces of people look most natural. Cooler lamps are used in office interiors. Lamps with Ttsv = 4000 - 4200 K are suitable, for example, for landscape lighting, emphasizing the emerald green of plants, whereas, say, standard halogen lamps with Tcv = 3000 K are too "yellow" for this purpose. The thoughtful use of lamps of different spectra can give a very interesting effect. In light architecture, the information contained in the color of light is used to organize space: highways are traditionally highlighted by the yellow-gold light of sodium lamps, pedestrian spaces - by colder light. Similar techniques can be used in the interior.
Color rendering. Perhaps an even more important parameter, which, unfortunately, is often forgotten. We have already touched on this concept when we considered the main lighting parameters. The more continuous and uniform the spectrum of the lamp, the more distinguishable the colors of objects in its light. The main source of light for us - the Sun - has a continuous spectrum of radiation and the best color rendering, while TCV changes from 6,000 K at noon to 1,800 K at dawn and sunset hours. Unfortunately, not all lamps can be compared to the Sun. If artificial sources of thermal radiation - traditional and halogen incandescent lamps - do not have any special problems with color reproduction due to the continuous spectrum, discharge lamps, which have stripes and lines in their spectrum, often reproduce the colors of objects in a rather peculiar way. In lamp catalogs, manufacturers usually indicate a general color rendering index Ra, determined based on an assessment of the color rendering quality of 8 color reference samples. Ra of heat lamps is 100 (maximum value), for discharge lamps it ranges from 20 (sodium lamps) to 95 and even 98. True, Ra does not allow drawing a conclusion about the nature of color transfer, and sometimes it can even disorient the designer. So, fluorescent lamps with a three-band phosphor (Ra = 80) and white LEDs (declared Ra up to 100) have Ra corresponding to "good" color rendering. They often render some colors unsatisfactorily.
The task of the designer (architect), designing this or that interior (exterior), is the careful selection of lamps to ensure the required quality of color and light. Light sources are one of the most mass-produced goods produced by humans. Several billion lamps are produced and consumed annually, the lion's share of which is still incandescent lamps. Consumption of modern lamps - compact fluorescent, sodium, metal halide - is growing rapidly. Tempting prospects in energy saving, and in the design of lighting stops, promise ultra-modern LEDs. Occurring qualitative changes give hope that light sources in the new millennium will become important tool architect, designer, just creative person- the main character the coming era of design.
Life time- the most important operational parameter of lamps. Distinguish between full (until it burns out) and useful (until the luminous flux falls below a certain limit) service life.
| Parameter | Incandescent, reflex (mirror) LN | Halogen, halogen low voltage GLN | Luminescent, compact luminescent LL, CFL | Gas discharge (metal-halogen) MGL | Gas discharge (mercury, sodium) DRL, DNaT | LED SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colour temperature | 2 700 K - warm ("Yellow") light |
3000 K - white (neutral) light, spectrum closer to the sun |
2 700K - warm light; 2 900K ... 4 000K - White light; 5 400K ... 6 400K - cold light. |
3000 K ... 4 200K - white (neutral) light, the spectrum is closer to the sun |
2 000K ... 2 700K - warm ("yellow") light (sodium); 4 000K ... 5 400K - cold ("blue") light (mercury). |
2 700K - warm light; 2 900K ... 4 000K - White light; 5 400K ... 6 400K - cold light. |
| Color rendering index, Ra | 100 | 90… 100 | 60… 90 | 80… 90 | 20… 60 | 80… 100 |
| Luminous efficiency, lm / W | 15… 20 | 30 | 30… 60 | 80… 100 | 100 | 40… 100 |
| Profitability | low | low | average | high | high | high |
| Durability | 1 000 | 3 000 | 10,000 (CFL) 20,000 (LL) |
15 000 | 30 000 | 100 000 |
| Plugging in the network | direct | direct; through a step-down transformer | through the starting-regulating device (ballast) | through the starting-regulating device (ballast) | through a constant voltage source (tape) or current (discrete diodes 1 ... 10W) | |
| Colored lamps | there is | there is | there is | No | No | there is |
| Brightness adjustable | possible, with any standard dimmer | possible with a special dimmer | impossible | impossible | possible with a special dimmer | |
| Changes to dimmer wiring | No | No | Yes | not applicable | not applicable | Yes |
| Nominal brightness | immediately after switching on | immediately after switching on | 0.5 ... 1 min after switching on | 2 ... 3 minutes after switching on | 2 ... 3 minutes after switching on | immediately after switching on |
| Switching frequency | high; the lamp can be turned on immediately after turning off | high; the lamp can be turned on immediately after turning off | low, after switching off the lamp cannot be switched on for 5 ... 10 minutes | high; the lamp can be turned on immediately after turning off | ||
| Wet rooms | forbidden* | allowed * | forbidden* | forbidden* | forbidden* | allowed * |
| Basic lighting | OK | OK | OK | OK | OK | average |
| Directional illumination | medium (for reflex) | OK | poorly | OK | not applicable | average |
| Diffuse backlight | good (for reflex) | OK | poorly | OK | not applicable | OK |
| Diffused lighting (in niches) | poorly | poorly | OK | not applicable | not applicable | OK |
| Street lighting | average | OK | poorly | OK | OK | OK |
| Short description | Classic, familiar, yellowish light. Suitable for most interiors. Strong heating, which severely restricts the application. CFLs are gradually being replaced. | The light is whiter than that of LN, provides better color rendering in the kitchen, in the bathroom. In addition, the bathroom is applied for safety reasons. Looks good in high-tech interiors. Local lighting (interior details, furniture, paintings) | Large color range allows you to replace both LN and GLN. Good replacement for LN due to low heating and identical dimensions. Due to the built-in electronics, do not use in high humidity. The luminous flux is very diffused. | The main application is exposition, street lighting, large rooms, workshops, shops, garages. Excellent color rendering. Need bulky control gear. | Strong yellow (sodium) or cold white (mercury) color. Street, industrial lighting... Need a bulky control gear. | A wide range of colors, color versions, extremely small dimensions make LED luminaires ideal solution for decorative lighting... Compact power supplies. It is too expensive for the main lighting, but the technology has a large development resource. |
OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAMPS.
Incandescent lamps.
A tungsten coil, placed in a flask, from which air is evacuated, heats up under the influence of electric current... A typical luminous efficacy for LN is 10-15 lm / W. LN are more heaters than illuminators: the main part of the electricity supplying the filament is converted not into light, but into heat. Only 10-15% of light energy is converted into light. The service life of the LN, as a rule, does not exceed 1,000 hours. The luminous efficiency and service life are determined by the temperature of the coil. As the temperature of the coil rises, the brightness increases, but at the same time the service life is reduced. Reduced service life is due to the fact that the evaporation of the material from which the filament is made, at high temperatures, occurs faster, as a result of which the bulb darkens, and the filament becomes thinner and thinner, after which the lamp fails.
The main types of incandescent lamps are lamps general purpose, lamps special purpose, decorative lamps and lamps with reflector. Reflective mirror lamps provide a beam of light ideal for illuminating a specific area. A built-in reflector ensures maximum axial luminous intensity.
Incandescent halogen lamps.
A modern version of incandescent lamps. Technological innovations- the addition of halides to the lamp bulb, the use of special grades of quartz glass, the "return" of thermal radiation to the lamp spiral with the help of special reflectors have made GLN a special type of light source. Like conventional incandescent lamps, these are high temperature emitters. To endure high temperatures and pressure, the bulb of the halogen lamp is made of quartz glass. Quartz glass misses ultra-violet rays Therefore, leading lamp manufacturers add UV-blocking additives to quartz.
The luminous efficiency of modern GLNs is about 30 lm / W. Typical value color temperature- 3000 K. There are also GLN " daylight"- 4000-4200 K. GLNs have excellent color rendering. The "point" shape of the lamp allows you to control the width of the "beam" over a wide range using miniature reflectors. GLN has now become the standard in interior design. Halogen lamps allow you to create diffused, soft, shadowless lighting, or clearly directed, point.
The brightness level of the halogen lamps can be adjusted. Halogen lamps for a voltage of 220V work directly from the network without transformers, low voltage models are connected to the network through a transformer.
Another advantage is the fact that the quantity and quality of light delivered by the lamp is constant throughout its entire life.
Low-voltage GLN MR-11 and MR-16 (power from 10 to 75 W), equipped with a reflector that allows focusing the beam at an angle of 8-36 degrees, are especially popular for use in the interior.
Types of halogen lamps.
Linear double-ended halogen lamps.
Mainly supplied with mains voltage (230 V) with R7s socket. They differ in power: from 60 to 2000 W and in the length of the bulb from 78 mm to 334 mm. Most often used in spotlights. Most of the models are designed to work only in a horizontal position, the deviation is no more than 10 degrees. Violation of this condition leads to clouding of the bulb and failure of the lamp prematurely.
Halogen spot lamps without reflector (capsule).
Capsule halogen lamps - the most compact of halogen lamps, are manufactured using low pressure technology and can be operated in open luminaires without protective glass. There are low-voltage (mainly 6, 12, 24 V) and mains voltage. Typically, the bulb itself is used as a cap in capsule lamps with rigidly fixed tungsten wire leads. However, despite the physical absence of a base, in catalogs and technical documentation, such a design of the conclusions is called "base type G ..., GY ...", the numbers after the letters indicate the distance in millimeters between the contact pins. The letter "G" denotes the pin base, the following letters indicate the edge of the lamp at the contacts and the location of the contacts.
Halogen lamps with reflector.
The device of halogen lamps with a reflector differs in that the mirror reflector together with the base is glued to the lamp bulb. Mirror coating is performed by sputtering chemically pure aluminum ( opaque coating) or a special translucent coating. Lamps with a translucent (interference or dichroic) coating almost do not heat the illuminated surface. There are modifications from protective glass and without glass.
There are several types of reflectors:
1.MR 11, diameter 35 mm
2.MR 13, diameter 42 mm
3.MR 16, diameter 51 mm
4.MR 18, diameter 58 mm
5.Reflector with a diameter of 70 mm
6. reflector with a diameter of 111 mm.
Halogen lamps with PAR reflector.
PAR lamps (Parabolic Aluminum Reflector) are made of pressed glass with increased mechanical strength and resistant to a sharp drop in temperature (lamps do not collapse when splashed on them cold water). A quartz halogen burner is placed inside the flask, the luminous flux of which is concentrated by a mirror reflector. The ribbed front glass contributes to the uniformity of the structure of the light spot and protects the burner from dust and touch. Lamps are produced in two versions - Spot - with a narrow beam and flood - with a wide beam. Base E27 and E14. Operated on mains voltage. There are models with a built-in transformer. The lifespan of PAR lamps is 2.5 times that of conventional incandescent mirror lamps. It is advisable to use such lamps for accent indoor and outdoor lighting. The lamps are available in sizes similar to incandescent mirrors, therefore PAR lamps can be recommended for use in recessed incandescent reflector luminaires.
Fluorescent lamps.
Low pressure discharge lamps are a cylindrical tube with electrodes in which mercury vapor is injected. Under the action of an electrical discharge, mercury vapor emit ultraviolet rays, which, in turn, cause the phosphor deposited on the tube walls to emit visible light. LL provide soft uniform light, but the distribution of light in space is difficult to control due to the large radiation surface. Due to the fact that LL create diffused light and due to their high luminous efficiency, they are ideal for illuminating large rooms where it is not required to turn on and off the lighting frequently during the day. For the operation of fluorescent lamps, special control gear is required.
One of the main advantages of LL is durability (service life up to 20,000 hours). Due to their efficiency and durability, LL have become the most common light sources in public areas... In countries with a mild climate, LL is widely used in outdoor city lighting.
Compact fluorescent lamps.
They produce light in the same way as conventional fluorescent lamps. The phosphor applied to the inner walls converts ultraviolet radiation into visible light. By selecting a certain type of phosphor, you can change the color of the lamp light. By bending the bulb of a conventional fluorescent lamp and dividing it into several smaller ones, the developers managed to create a CFL that is identical in size to a standard incandescent lamp.
All CFLs provide high efficiency. Compared to incandescent lamps of the same brightness, energy costs are reduced by up to 80%, and CFL service life is 10-12 times higher than that of incandescent lamps.
CFL, like a linear fluorescent lamp, requires the use of ballasts. CFLs are divided into 2 groups: with built-in (integrated) control gear and external control gear. CFLs with E14 and E27 sockets have a built-in ballast, so they can be easily used instead of standard incandescent lamps. CFLs with external control gear require additional equipment.
There are about 20 types of such CFL bases.
High pressure discharge lamps.
The principle of operation of high-pressure discharge lamps is the glow of the filler in the discharge tube under the action of electric arc discharges. The two main high pressure discharges are mercury and sodium. Both give rather narrow-band radiation: mercury - in the blue region of the spectrum, sodium - in the yellow, so the color rendering of these lamps is not very good: for mercury - 40 - 60, for sodium - 20-30.
Mercury and sodium light sources are widely used for outdoor lighting. The use of sodium lamps is more economical than mercury lamps.
Adding halides inside the discharge tube various metals allowed to create metal halide lamps, characterized by a very wide spectrum of radiation and excellent parameters: high luminous efficiency (up to 100 lm / W), good and excellent color rendering (Ra = 80-98), color temperature range from 3000K to 6000K, average service life of about 15000 h. MGL are widely used in architectural, landscape, technical and sports lighting.
START-UP DEVICES
To ignite fluorescent lamps and high-pressure gas-discharge lamps, special equipment is needed to ignite the discharge and stabilize the current. To ignite the lamp, an increased voltage is required, approximately twice the operating voltage between the lamp electrodes. After lighting the lamp, at the moment when the ionization process in it increases sharply, a current-limiting resistance should automatically turn on in the lamp circuit.
Ballast devices are a lighting product, with the help of which the lamp is powered from the electrical network, the necessary modes of ignition, ignition and operation are provided. gas discharge lamp... Structurally, the ballast is designed as a single device, or in several separate blocks.
Increased luminous efficacy, mainly based on more efficient conversion of electrical energy in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum of mercury atoms at 185 nm and 254 nm.
The use of modern electronic ballasts allows (first of all, this concerns fluorescent lamps) to significantly improve light comfort, efficiency and operational safety. There are electronic ballasts with the possibility of dimming. They provide smooth, flashing-free regulation of the luminous flux of fluorescent lamps in the range from 3% to 100% for compact fluorescent lamps and from 1% to 100% for linear fluorescent lamps.
