The so-called “Kuznetsovki” appeared back in 1962. Igor Kuznetsov is the inventor of these furnaces, is engaged in their development and improvement to today. Currently, there are about 50 inventions that cover almost the entire range of household stoves. Let's take a closer look at what Kuznetsov furnaces are. Orders are still popular today, so the topic is extremely relevant.

Why is Kuznetsovki better than others?

Consumers always ask themselves: why is it worth buying this particular product and not the one next to it? A completely natural and logical question. We always look at the strengths and weak sides products, and only then we draw appropriate conclusions. As for Kuznetsov furnaces, they are famous for their high efficiency. Usually, we're talking about about figures such as 80% or more. For example, a standard 4 kW unit can heat a house with an area of ​​100 square meters. At the same time, Western branded fireboxes must have a power of at least 10-12 kW. By the way, orders for Kuznetsovka from the USA, Sweden, Canada and a number of other countries are not uncommon. It is impossible not to mention that Kuznetsov stoves (orders) are “omnivorous”, that is, low-grade combustible materials, for example, sawdust, can be used as fuel. There is also the possibility of providing domestic hot water. Wherein performance characteristics are not getting worse.

Foundation comes first

It was Kuznetsov who first used automatic distribution of thrust across channels. This method is good because waste is eliminated, so the view can be kept open. The system of such chimneys is distinguished not only by its uniqueness, but also by its simplicity. If the ovens complex configuration chimneys usually have an efficiency of about 60%, then Kuznetsovki - 80% and higher. In addition, this implies the principle of free passage of gases. This is why the order is often compared to The fact is that the energy of gases, unlike a gas view, does not spin into a vortex, but immediately saturates the oven. Naturally, the generated heat is used either to heat the room or to the hot water supply, depending on the needs.

Kuznetsov two-bell furnaces: order and its features

The principle of constructing furnaces in which it is possible to implement the law of free movement of gases has been known for a relatively long time. The most common and well-known option is a two-melt furnace.

The principle of its operation is that the air from environment enters through the ash pan into the firebox. At the first stage of combustion, when the lightest fractions of the fuel burn, the process is somewhat reminiscent of pyrolysis. This mode is the most effective. But before Kuznetsov, few people took advantage of these advantages. But the orders have a design that allows them to work in pyrolysis mode. As a result, pyrolysis gases burn under the dome of the third bell. The process itself is interesting. Its features are that combustion is self-regulating. If the flame spreads too much, the draft worsens and the combustion process slows down; if the heat is not enough, the draft increases and the combustion process intensifies. Kuznetsov's two-bell furnaces (ordering) have a second dome so that the combustion process is not disturbed. The temperature in the second bell with an efficiency of approximately 80% reaches 300-400 degrees, and this is quite enough to transfer heat to the coolant.

Multi-bell furnaces

Often a regular one is made multi-stage. Each cascade consists of two caps with an opening at the top. The presence of three cascades allows us to call this furnace a classic one, since there is a free flow of gases. In almost any combustion mode, such equipment has a very high efficiency, reaching 97%. In this case, the fuel used practically does not matter. It could be fuel oil, coal or anything else.

Typically, an even number of caps allows 90% efficiency to be achieved. Much depends on the combustion mode and the fuel used. However, the main disadvantage of this method is that the ovens are quite difficult to maintain. Problems often arise when cleaning carbon caps. In addition, the first cap (if the number is even) is very small, the temperature under it will be about 1500 degrees, as a result of which the metal will not withstand it, and the lining in weight is unreliable.

Well, we have already figured out what Kuznetsov bell furnaces are. Order is often built at home. Let's see how to do this and what to pay attention to.

Kuznetsova: ordering with your own hands

Before starting work, you need to decide on the main function of the stove. Let's look at conventional heating equipment of the simplest design. I would like to note that it is advisable to immediately build Kuznetsov stoves with your own hands along with the house. The order can also be erected if the building is already standing - this, of course, is undesirable, but possible.

At the first stage it is necessary to prepare the foundation. It should be made of concrete and have a width 10-15 cm larger than the size of the stove. This is one of the most time-consuming jobs you will have to do, so in some cases it makes sense to call a specialist. The foundation should not be connected to the base of the house, do not forget about this. Its absence is also unacceptable, since the floors will not withstand high loads. Next, it is extremely important to properly arrange the chimney on the roof of the house. To carry out these works, it is advisable to take advantage of the laughter and advice of professionals. Let's see how Kuznetsov's stoves are built. Orders in their simplest form are made quite simply and quickly.

Required material

It is extremely important to choose quality material In particular, it must withstand high temperatures. So, for internal masonry they use Its quantity is determined according to the drawing. Often there are structures made of ordinary brick, which is done in order to save money. This is acceptable, but the durability of the masonry is reduced. For external masonry, M150 - clay brick - is suitable.

You can’t do without 100-130 kilograms of clay. It's better to spend a little more money and pay for quality material. In this case, when crimping, the clay will not crack and will serve for quite a long time. You will need sand twice as much as clay. For approximately 500 bricks, it is necessary to make a mixture of clay and sand in a volume of 0.2 cubic meters.

All that remains is the metal fittings. This includes a valve, steel angles, a grate and two doors. Well, now we will look at how the Kuznetsov order is made.

Laying and checking

If you have already had experience in laying stoves, then you will not have any problems. The only thing worth paying attention to is the quality of the bundle. To improve this characteristic, it is necessary to lay a wire on every 2nd row of brick. To lay a channel from the first tier, it is better to lay ¼ bricks. This will allow you to slightly increase the length of the firebox. In this case, the upper overlap between tiers is organized on the 17-18 tier.

After finishing the masonry, you need to wait some time until the solution hardens. Then you can install doors and other hardware. Only after this do they begin the first kindling. This step checks how well the oven is working. They look at the draft, the tightness of the valves, doors, etc. In principle, this is all that can be said about how Kuznetsov stoves are laid out. Do-it-yourself orders can have different powers.

Something else about masonry

Kuznetsov stoves for bathhouses are often made. The order of such a purpose is very rarely erected with one’s own hand. This is quite due complex design. But you should understand that a well-made sauna stove performs a huge number of tasks. For example, it provides heating for several rooms: steam room, dressing room, washing room. In addition, it prepares steam, provides ventilation and heats water.

Oddly enough, but only one Kuznetsov sauna stove can cope with all this. The order has practically no fundamental differences, but manufacturing accuracy is important.

Conclusion

So we looked at Kuznetsov’s two-bell and bell-type furnaces. Do-it-yourself orders are not as common as we would like. Often such stoves can be seen in dachas and villages. Sometimes they are purely decorative, as they are made in the form of a fireplace.

Nevertheless, such heating equipment should not be ignored. Considering its high efficiency compared to some other stoves that have a higher cost, it is The best decision for a country house. Moreover, it is possible, and sometimes even necessary, to build such a stove yourself. This way you can not only effectively heat your home, but also gain valuable experience.

This is all that can be said about what Kuznetsov’s stoves are famous for and how they are installed. The routines are good and, no doubt, will be popular for a long time.

Kuznetsov stoves are popularly called “Russian heated stoves”. The heating stove has been in use for half a century and is one of the most efficient in operation. Designed models designed by Igor Kuznetsov are in demand even in foreign countries. Using special simple drawings and diagrams at home, you can easily build brick Kuznetsov stoves, which will not only provide warmth to the room, but will also help in preparing dishes for the whole family.

What kind of building is this?

Kuznetsov’s devices were created more than 50 years ago and to date more than 150 options have been developed various projects, having their own characteristics and purpose. Main varieties:

• Cooking. This type of device is used for cooking. Mostly cast iron stoves are installed in such ovens, on which the entire cooking process is carried out.
• Bread room with oven. Cooking types of buildings are often combined with a bread machine.
• Heating. A two-bell stove for a home using the Kuznetsov system is an excellent alternative to gas or electric heating. Provided that it is properly installed and fired, it can heat a room even in severe frosts.
• Bathhouses. Kuznetsov stoves for baths are the most popular among other types. Most of these buildings are built according to Kuznetsov’s designs, which can be found in almost every country house or dacha.
• Fireplaces with water circuit. Useful devices for everyday life. People who want to equip their home hot water Due to the heating of the furnace, a structure with a water boiler will certainly be built. The Kuznetsov bell stove with a water heating boiler is widely used in villages.
• Russian two-story. Wood-burning fireplaces with a stove bench have not lost their relevance, so they are actively used in everyday life.

In practice, several types of stoves are often combined into one model.

Advantages and disadvantages of Kuznetsov furnaces

Pros of use

Kuznetsov furnaces have a number of positive aspects during operation:

The design of the building provides it with good traction.

• uniform heating of the model and heat transfer;
• powerful draft even with a modest chimney;
• the ability to choose a place to install a metal heating element;
• alternative fuel materials;
• the ability to choose a design;
• no need for regular cleaning of the stove and pipes;
• is formed Maximum temperature during combustion;
• low heat loss rates;
• efficiency of work;
• resistance to destruction.

Disadvantages of use

• High precision is required while observing all laying rules.
• In the case of heating, you cannot do without alternative heating sources. Otherwise, costs exceed expectations.
• Disadvantages lie in the imperfection of some aspects of the furnace operating system.

Required materials and tools

Kuznetsov’s heating and cooking stove provides for the presence the following materials to fully support the project:

We need to purchase fireproof bricks.

• brick for the stove (red, fireproof);
• grate;
• door for the stove, cooking firebox and blower;
• cooking panel;
• “summer”, combustion chamber and chimney valve;
• metal corner and strip;
• Metal sheet, ceramic plate or any other available material with fire-resistant properties.

A two-bell furnace cannot be built using only materials, so it is worth taking care of the availability of construction equipment in advance. List necessary equipment may vary depending on the desired construction and additional customer requirements. The work also cannot be done without the following tools:

• trowel;
• spatulas;
• mixing attachment for solution;
• building level;
• Bulgarian;
• perforator;
• plumb line;
• dishes for mixing the solution.

Preparing for work

Before building Kuznetsov stoves with your own hands, the construction diagram is carefully studied and all controversial aspects of the masonry are clarified. At the initial stage, it is necessary to lay a strong foundation so that the structure can withstand all external factors in future. Important Tips on the preparatory part of the work:

Before construction wooden walls needs sheathing metal sheet.

• The hearth and hood are combined with a dry seam so that air flows circulate correctly during the firing of the stove.
• The fireplace should not contain a catalyst made of refractory brick in the form of a grate above the combustion chamber.
• The combustion part and the hood are not combined due to the fact that the combustion process of wood must be carried out in a certain volume to create maximum temperatures.
• If the room has wooden walls, the furnace structure is protected in advance with special metal plates.

Drawings and diagrams

Kuznetsov dome stoves are not as easy to manufacture as they seem at first. If the order of the bookmark is violated, the solution will not be prepared with the consistency and composition that is required, and the final result will be disappointing. Before installation, the construction scheme is selected correctly, the drawings are studied in detail and only then the work is carried out.

Dimensions and quantity necessary materials depend on the drawing according to which the device is made.

The first Kuznetsov bell furnace was built in the 60s of the last century. The unique development belongs to Igor Kuznetsov, whose main activity is the design and improvement of brick stoves for heating.

Heating stoves Kuznetsov are effective and reliable designs that use various fuel materials.

Currently, over 150 types of furnaces have been invented, each of which has a high efficiency rate - from 80 to 94%.

Characteristics

Kuznetsov bell furnaces have a number of distinctive characteristics and advantages that set them apart from the main competitors in the market heating equipment for home and bath.

The operating principle of such a device is quite simple: the lower level (tier) and the firebox are a single structure - a cap, which is designed to effectively move gases formed during fuel combustion. In this case, the accumulation of light gases occurs at the top of the bell, and heavy gases at the bottom. Gases with an average heating temperature are concentrated in the middle.

“Kuznetsovka” made of brick provides for long-term retention of heated air inside the hood for effective accumulation of heat indoors, and then the rapid removal of combustion waste through the chimney.

A special feature of the furnace is maintaining the maximum combustion temperature. In addition, the Kuznetsov stove has a high efficiency, which is several times higher than that of a classic Russian stove.

The specific advantages of such furnaces are as follows:

• High efficiency – up to 94%.
• High temperature combustion of fuel material.
• Fast accumulation and long-term heat retention.
• Low level of soot deposition.
• Easy to care for and unpretentious.
• Low material consumption with high thermal output.
• Possibility of additional installation of a circuit for hot water supply.
• Increased draft with small chimney sizes.
• Attractive design and wide choose structural forms. An improved option is the Kuznetsov two-bell stove, which can be designed for any type of room.
• Fast distribution of thrust between channels in automatic mode.

Kinds

By purpose and design features“blacksmiths” can be divided into several types:

• Heating. The devices are designed for efficient and safe heating of premises.
• Cooking. Used for cooking. This includes ovens for baking bread and bakery products.
• Bathhouses. The Kuznetsov bathhouse stove is designed for simultaneous heating of the main bathhouse premises. Such devices have high heat transfer with minimal fuel consumption.
• Street. A stove complex consisting of a grill or barbecue for outdoor cooking.
• Fireplaces. The equipment is used as decorative element interior or additional option heating Some are equipped with special sun loungers for a pleasant leisure time.

The most popular are complex devices that are distinguished by their multitasking. A striking example is the Kuznetsov heating and cooking stove, which is intended both for heating residential premises and for preparing food.

Despite their functional features, all stoves operate on the same principle - efficient distribution of heated gases in the bell into separate streams.

It is noteworthy that the stove hoods can be equipped with additional equipment– electric heaters, hot water tanks, steam generators, oven and stove.

A competently designed and constructed Kuznetsov sauna stove will provide reliable heating in all functional rooms: steam room, washing room, dressing room, relaxation room. In addition, it will allow you to quickly heat water, accumulate hot steam and purify the air.

What explains the high efficiency of furnaces?

The reasons why bell furnaces are so efficient compared to traditional units are:

• Correct distribution of flue gases over heating temperature outside the combustion chamber.
• A large number of caps helps retain hot gas and more efficiently accumulate heat inside the device.
• Correct placement of the hood helps contain heated gases and maintain high temperatures. This leads to the collection of fuel combustion products in one place and a reduction in the level of soot formation in the chimney. For this reason, “blacksmiths” do not require frequent cleaning of soot.
• The heat exchanger is located in the hood, so it does not retain the heat produced by the furnace and does not reduce the level of efficiency.

Building a Kuznetsov stove with your own hands is not so easy, but all that is required from the master is to follow clear step-by-step instructions.

Materials and tools

To arrange a brick “blacksmith’s shop” for a house or bathhouse, first of all, you should prepare working drawings and procedures. The author himself has developed over a hundred different furnaces with step by step instructions for their construction.

The order of the oven is complete guide, which clearly explains the correctness of laying each individual row in the prescribed sequence. Beginning craftsmen are advised to strictly follow the order of Kuznetsov furnaces, which will allow them to build a reliable and durable structure.

For construction work it is necessary to prepare basic materials and working tools:

• solid red fire-resistant brick;
• fireclay brick;
• fire-resistant clay of medium fraction;
• mountain sand (twice the volume of clay);
• steel wire;
• metal corner;
• structural elements: doors for the ash pit, fireboxes, grate for the grate, valve, stove for the hearth.

Attention! If desired, instead of clay and sand, you can purchase ready mixture for masonry, which is sold in specialized stores. Everything is complied with required proportions main components.

Do-it-yourself Kuznetsov stoves have their own subtleties of construction, so before starting work, the layout of the device must be carefully studied.

Construction technology

Even beginners can build such a device on their own, the main thing is to follow the construction technology and working diagram.

Foundation arrangement

The first stage is the construction of a foundation, which can be planned when building a house or bathhouse. Otherwise, it is necessary to prepare a new base for the stove.

The base should exceed the dimensions of the furnace by 15 cm along the entire future perimeter, which will ensure high strength and wear resistance of the finished structure. To arrange the foundation, it is worth considering the following:

• The base for the stove is not recommended to be connected to the foundation of a house or bathhouse.
• When the stove is located along the wall, the foundation should be 6 cm away from the main base, and the distance between them should be protected by a layer of sand.
• To protect the base from high humidity and groundwater arrangement required reliable waterproofing – sand cushion at the bottom of the trench and rolled roofing felt on top of the concrete layer.
• To increase strength, the foundation must be reinforced with a special reinforcing frame.

Brickwork

After the concrete foundation has completely hardened, you can begin brickwork. The Kuznetsov furnace is built correctly only if the order proposed by the inventor is followed.

Before starting masonry, it is worth considering the location of the chimney inside the room and outside on the roof, which must meet certain requirements. Let us recall that any Kuznetsov furnace has ready-made drawings, in accordance with which construction work is carried out.

1. For laying the first two rows, fire-resistant fireclay bricks are used. A special one is prepared for connecting bricks. It is not recommended to use the mixture prepared for arranging the foundation. After completing the laying of the 1st row, the angles are checked, each of which must be 90 degrees. From the 2nd row, the arrangement of smoke exhaust channels begins.
2. To improve the thermal output of the device, it is recommended to install 4 cleaning channels - in the rear, in the vent and on the sides. Cleaning sizes are selected on an individual basis. At this stage, the horizontalness of all surfaces is checked using a corner.
3. From the 2nd row an ash pit and a ash pit are formed. These working chambers are designed to clean ash and create the necessary draft for combustion. The brickwork is done in a checkerboard pattern with a 6 mm thick seam. To fix the bricks, a solution based on refractory clay is used.
4. Next, partitions for the internal compartments are installed, and a wall is formed between the blower and the working part of the furnace. When laying the 5th row, a grate is installed, the thickness of which is determined by the degree of fuel loading of the chamber. When installing the grate, technological gaps of 7 mm are observed between the grate for the grate and the outer wall of the stove. The grille is installed under small angle in relation to the door.
5. The firebox door is also installed here. When arranging the combustion chamber, it is additionally lined with fireclay bricks, which are laid edgewise. This provides reliable protection external walls of the furnace from exposure to high temperatures.
6. Up to the 16th row, the laying is carried out similarly to the previous rows. From the 17th row, a cap is installed, after which you can begin arranging the second chamber located above the first. It will be the second cap. At this stage, the hood is overlapped, and on the 21st row, passages are arranged that are directed along interior walls on both sides.
7. The work is carried out in accordance with the proposed order until the 26th row, after which the upper part of the cap is securely covered with brickwork.
8. 24 hours after completion of the masonry, you can test run the stove with the addition of a small amount of fuel material. This will allow you to check finished design for tightness and absence of gaps between bricks. If even minor deficiencies are discovered, they must be corrected immediately.

Any “blacksmith” must have a floating firebox, for the arrangement of which a special seam is made.

The dry seam in Kuznetsov furnaces is a small technological gap in the extreme corner, almost at the bottom of the firebox. It ensures safe separation of gases in the firebox into cold and hot.

This process promotes the unhindered rise of hot gases into top part cap and their subsequent cooling. Next, the cooled gases are discharged into the second bell and out through the chimney pipe.

1. The first bell must not be connected to the combustion chamber. This is due to the fact that the fuel material must burn separately to create a high temperature regime. The connection of the hood and the firebox is allowed in a classic Russian stove with less efficient draft.
2. Each even row of brickwork should be fixed with metal wire to create additional strength and stability of the structure.
3. After completion of the masonry, it is recommended to treat the brick with a protective fire-resistant compound.
4. Decorative and functional elements of a metal stove are installed taking into account possible expansion when heated. The distance between them and the brickwork is protected by a special gasket.
5. The first combustion of the device is carried out at minimum temperatures with a small amount of fuel.
6. When heated, the brick expands, so the internal structure of the furnace made of refractory material must be designed so that there are technological gaps on each side.

The most affordable design of the Kuznetsov bell furnace can be erected with your own hands. When planning a complex and multifunctional device, the technology for its construction can also be complicated.

I.V. Kuznetsov devoted his entire life to the design of furnace structures. Since 1962, he has created the most effective and economical stoves, which even after more than half a century are very popular.

Today, the inventor has more than 150 variants of furnaces, many of which have very high efficiency rates - more than 90%. I.V. Kuznetsov continues his activities, working with a team of professionals and having his own website.

Design Features

All Kuznetsov furnaces use the same operating principle, which involves the separation of combustion products. The gas generated as a result of fuel combustion is divided into two streams: hot and cold. The unique bell-type design works in such a way as to trap hot air in the structure, removing cold air into the chimney through a specially designed channel.

When the furnace is operating, a higher temperature is generated in the hood, and thanks to the design features, uniform heat distribution occurs, and the efficiency increases to 85-95%.

Important! An ordinary “potbelly stove” boasts an efficiency of no more than 35-40%. Such low figures can be explained as follows: warm air, without encountering any obstacles on its way, exits vertically upward into the pipe, without lingering in the system at all. In units designed by Kuznetsov, hot air remains inside the furnace for as long as possible, contributing to its efficient heating.

In some versions of stove designs, the chimney is lengthened as an attempt to solve the problem of rapid removal of hot gases. But in this case, a significant reduction in thrust is possible, as a result of which the efficiency may decrease even more. Therefore, the primary task pursued by Kuznetsov was to increase heat transfer without disrupting traction.

Features of furnace designs

As mentioned above, the Kuznetsov furnace can have various modifications. Depending on the functionality, such designs can be:

• Heating, which are used only for heating the room.
• Cooking- intended for cooking.
• Fireplaces- having a more decorative function, but having an invariably high efficiency, characteristic of all designs invented by I.V. Kuznetsov.
• Street. These can be either simple barbecues or entire complexes.
• Bread. Often such designs are successfully combined with cooking systems.

Naturally, the most popular stove model is. Most often, the location of the firebox in such structures is near the floor. This ensures bottom heating, when hot air gradually rises to more high levels and heats the entire furnace structure.

Hot gas separation is carried out thanks to a special cap, which has a lower outlet. Thus, hot air rises up, warming up the oven, and cold air settles on the hood and is discharged through this hole. This circulation occurs continuously until the wood in the firebox burns out.

Important! Such bottom heating helps to heat the floors, not only next to the stove structure, but in almost the entire room. Thus, the room is heated more efficiently, and overall heat transfer is improved.

Some experts argue that Kuznetsov’s method is ineffective due to the deterioration of draft during air separation. But in practice this is not the case, because the basis for the effectiveness of such furnace structures is the retention of warm air without disrupting the draft process.

Advice! It is possible to use the Kuznetsov stove not only for cooking and heating the room, but also for obtaining hot water supply. To do this on back side The hood houses a heat exchanger made of cast iron or steel.

The effectiveness of the bell-type method

Let's take a closer look at why the bell furnace has such high efficiency:

• The hood is located immediately behind the firebox, so hot gas enters the hood instantly, maintaining its high temperature.

• Since all combustion products enter the hood, their processing time increases, and the chimney is protected from soot deposits. For this reason, the Kuznetsov stove does not require frequent cleaning, which is another advantage.
• The location of the heat exchanger outside the firebox does not contribute to heat intake, and therefore does not reduce efficiency.

Advice! An increase in the number of hoods in one furnace leads to a proportional increase in efficiency, since in this case the hot air encounters more obstacles on its way and, accordingly, remains in the furnace structure longer.

Furnace construction process

The laying of such a furnace requires the presence of its diagram. Do-it-yourself ordering shows step by step the entire process of erecting this structure. To work, you will need 755 pieces of solid red brick and 65 pieces of fireclay. You also need 150 kg of sand and 135 kg of medium-fraction refractory clay to prepare the solution.

Advice! Immediately before laying, all bricks must be manually checked for defects. If chips, hollow cracks, etc. are found on the surface of the material, then it should be rejected.

Foundation

Any brick oven needs a reliable foundation. The foundation can be of two types:

1. Associated with home. This the best option, however, it should be provided only in the case of simultaneous construction of a house and a stove.

Advice! If the stove is being built some time after the house has been built, then you should not try to connect its foundation to the foundation of the house.

1. Separate foundation for the stove.

The foundation must be protected from groundwater, for which roofing felt or bitumen insulation is used.

Furnace construction process

Having the drawings of the furnace, you can begin building the structure. This process is carried out in accordance with the order:

1. To ensure optimal convection, the oven designer recommends making the lower part thicker. However, two rows of bricks are quite enough. Therefore, two rows are laid out continuous, after each of them the corners are carefully measured.

Advice! For greater strength, each even row should be fixed with steel wire.

1. From the third row, the laying out of the blower and ash pan begins.
2. Next, in accordance with the order, they line up internal partitions and a wall made of fireclay bricks, located between the stove and the ash pit.
3. Laying out the fifth row, we install a cast iron grate. A small deformation gap (about 5 mm) should be left between the grate and the wall. The grill itself is mounted at a slight angle relative to the door.

Advice! The thickness of the grate should be selected based on the size of the logs that are planned to be loaded into the chamber.

The fuel chamber door is also installed in the fifth row. It must be lined with fireclay refractory bricks ( laying is done on edge). This process called lining and is designed to protect the furnace walls from elevated temperatures.

1. The 16th row is laid out in such a way as to completely close the chamber by installing the cap.
2. From the 17th row, the second chamber begins to be laid out on top of the first.

1. Next, the layout continues relative to the order. On the 26th row, it is necessary to completely cover the upper part of the oven with bricks.

Important! Checking the functionality of the furnace should be carried out no earlier than one day after construction. A test run is carried out with a minimum of fuel. The structure should be warmed up slowly.

Conclusion

The Kuznetsov furnace has a very high efficiency and can be used for various needs. But the most popular design remains the heating and cooking one. Having an order plan, you can build it yourself, for which home craftsmen will find the above instructions useful.

Ideas for creating ultra-economical stoves by I.V. Kuznetsov are borrowed all over the world, including the USA and Europe. With a responsible approach, you can make one of the stoves according to the Kuznetsov model with your own hands.

Application of the Kuznetsov furnace

Over many years of inventive activity, I.V. Kuznetsov has developed about 150 models of furnaces, designed for use in all areas of human activity without exception where heat generation is required. According to the type of specialization, “blacksmithing” is:

• heating;
• cooking;
• heating and cooking;
• baths
• outdoor, intended for smoking food, barbecuing and grilling;
• fireplaces with an open firebox, allowing you to admire the flames.

Examples of the Kuznetsov furnace

Advantages and disadvantages

The wide popularity of Kuznetsov stoves and the deep respect that people knowledgeable in the stove business have for them are due to a number of advantages:

1. The efficiency of “blacksmiths” exceeds 80%, and for some models it can reach 95%.
2. Furnaces operate at high temperatures, but at the same time they do without materials and technologies available only in factory conditions.
3. The high-temperature mode allows you to heat the stove even with the most waste and low-quality fuel.
4. Again due to high temperature During combustion, the fuel is oxidized almost completely, so soot is formed in minimal quantities. The oven may not require cleaning for several years.
5. The design of the furnace ensures very uniform heat transfer between the fireboxes, while less material is used than in construction using traditional technology.
6. In furnaces equipped with a heat exchanger, heat for heating water is taken from flue gases, and not from the firebox, so the “blacksmith” can easily perform the function of a boiler without deteriorating performance.
7. The operating principle of the stove provides good draft, so there is no need to build a high chimney.
8. “Kuznetsovka” is very plastic both in terms of design and design. That is, it can easily be adjusted to any room without compromising performance and efficiency.
9. The stove is designed in such a way that after firing, its chimney does not need to be blocked with a view. Carbon monoxide poisoning is completely excluded.
10. The design assumes uniform heat distribution in the furnace body, so cracks do not develop in the masonry due to local deformations.

What can you say about the disadvantages? Technically there are none, but there are still some things to consider. The Kuznetsov furnace cannot have massive walls - this would negate many of its advantages. But at the same time it is subject to fairly high thermal loads. Therefore, this unit must be carefully calculated and verified at the development stage and built just as carefully, with scrupulous compliance with all technology requirements. At the slightest deviation from the technical regulations, the “blacksmithing” will turn out to be very short-lived.

You can even build a Russian stove with your own hands if you follow detailed instructions. You will find them in our next article: .

Design and principle of operation

The inventor I.V. Kuznetsov used a bell-type furnace, known for its efficiency, as a basis.

This is what a bell furnace looks like - a prototype of Kuznetsov’s model

The high efficiency of such furnaces is due to the nature of the movement of flue gases. If in channel stoves they are drawn into the chimney, often without having time to give off heat to the brick mass, then in bell-type stoves they swirl under the roof of the bell for a long time until they cool down. Only then do they fall down to the outlet, from where they then enter the chimney. The bell filled with gases simultaneously plays the role of a view: cold air from the chimney cannot penetrate into it, just as water cannot fill an inverted diving bell. This effect is called gas view.

The inventor worked with a complicated version of such a furnace, which had two hoods.

Diagram of a two-bell model

As you can see, the hoods are connected in series, that is, heat from the flue gases is removed in a two-stage manner. Previously, the construction of stoves with such a design was not undertaken very willingly - not only because of the complexity, but also because of some undesirable features. So, for example, the draft in the second bell can easily break the gas plug in the first, negating the effect of the “gas view”.

The master dealt with this drawback in the following way. The furnace was equipped with so-called downstream channels, laid to bypass the heat-accumulating parts of the array. While the flame is burning in the firebox, the convective flow it creates ensures that the draft operates as usual. When the fuel is used up and convection stops, the thrust will redistribute itself in such a way that the cold air flow will follow through the downstream channels, and not through the heated body of the furnace.

This solution not only compensated for the instability of the gas coil, but also turned out to be more reliable: a plug formed by gases can be pulled out by a strong gust of wind, whereas in the Kuznetsov furnace, the draft is redirected away from the hot mass under any conditions. In addition, thanks to the presence of downstream channels, there is no need to arrange room ventilation.

How does it work

This is the sequence in which the processes occur in the Kuznetsov furnace:

1. Due to the air entering through the blower (item 1), the fuel burns in the firebox (item 2), and the resulting mixture of flue and pyrolysis gases rises into the lower hood (item 3). Under its roof (position 4), the pyrolysis gas finally breaks down into flammable components, which burn here. This design provides a self-regulation effect: when the flame burns strongly, the gas plug increases and blocks the draft; due to the weakening of the draft, the combustion in the furnace also weakens, the gas plug, cooling, decreases and the draft resumes.
2. Conditionally cold gases from the lower bell enter the upper one (position 5). If the stove is round (this is the ideal shape for a two-bell design), then the role of the upper hood is played by its body. In its upper part (position 6) additional oxidation occurs carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide, so that the exhaust entering the chimney (item 7) mainly consists of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The gases entering the second bell are no longer super-hot - temperatures from 200 to 400 degrees - and chemically aggressive, so a water heat exchanger made of ordinary structural steel can be installed here. The extraction of heat from water does not change the operating mode of the furnace in any way, since the high-temperature part - the firebox + the lower hood - is insulated with a brick wall.

Due to the high combustion temperature, the fireclay firebox in Kuznetsov furnaces should be made isolated from the main mass or, as they also say, floating. None of its elements should be embedded in the ceramic brickwork, otherwise the latter, even if there are expansion joints, will break during firing - the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of these materials will affect it.

The firebox must be surrounded by a so-called dry seam. This is a seam between fireclay and ceramic bricks, which, instead of clay mortar, is filled with a gasket made of asbestos or basalt cardboard.

There is an annular gap (L1) between the firebox and the lower hood, and another one (L2) between the hoods. If the width of L2 is made greater than that of L1, the gas view will be more stable.

Calculation of the Kuznetsov furnace

"Kuznetsovka" - very difficult heating device and attempts to calculate it and design it yourself will not lead to anything good. You just need to choose from all the available options the most suitable one for yourself - the author does not make a secret of his developments. If the characteristics of the model you like do not indicate the heat transfer power, it can be calculated approximately: a stove that is heated twice a day, every sq. m of its surface gives off approximately 500 W of heat.

The OVIK-9 furnace, the manufacturing procedure of which we will consider, with dimensions of 1015x630x2100 mm, has a heat transfer power of 3.6 kW.

Model OVIK-9: general view

Preparatory work

First of all, you need to choose a place to build a furnace. The easiest way to do this is before building a house - then both the stove and the building are designed together so that three or at least two rooms are heated. Since already ready home the situation is more complicated. In this case, they tend to build the oven into interior partition, since its implementation into a load-bearing wall requires complex calculations and dangerous labor-intensive work (part of the wall will have to be dismantled, keeping the load from being covered by a system of lintels and columns).

You can, of course, limit yourself to a simple wall-mounted arrangement, but then only one room will be heated.

A reinforced concrete foundation must be built at the selected location. Its dimensions must exceed the dimensions of the oven by at least 100 mm on each side. It is not allowed to combine the foundation of the furnace with the foundation of the building - both structures give different settlements and one of the foundations will pull the other along with it, causing it to skew.

A reinforced concrete foundation must be installed under the furnace.

The depth of the foundation depends on the bearing capacity of the soil, the depth of its freezing, and the method of operation of the building (periodically/continuously). Typically, in buildings with year-round habitation of people located on stable ground, the foundation is deepened by 400–600 mm. Crushed stone should be poured onto the bottom of the excavation as a reinforcing layer, and a sand cushion should be placed on top of it.

Then everything is done using traditional technology - formwork is installed, fixed reinforcement cage and filled with concrete. You should proceed to the construction of the furnace only after the concrete has fully matured and gained sufficient strength - this usually takes about a month.

Before laying the 1st row, waterproofing of two layers of roofing felt or roofing felt must be laid on top of the foundation. The contours of the future furnace are drawn on it with chalk - this will make it easier to navigate.

Materials and tools

To work you will need:

• trowel;
• level;
• mallet and other construction tools.

To divide bricks you will need a pick hammer and a grinder with a diamond wheel.

This set of tools will be needed for work

The furnace will be built from two types of bricks: conventional solid ceramic with a grade of M150 (250x120x65 mm) and fireclay grade ShB-8 (250x123x65 mm) or Sh-5 (230x114x40 mm). The firebox walls will be lined with fireclay bricks.

When purchasing fireclay bricks, you should be very careful. Unscrupulous sellers may pass it off as acid-resistant brick, which is similar in appearance but cannot withstand high temperatures. So it won’t hurt to ask to see a certificate.

Brick for laying the furnace

It is often recommended to choose fireclay bricks by color - the darker the better. But this rule does not always apply. If clay taken from different deposits was used, then the characteristics of light brick may well be higher than that of dark brick. It is more correct to evaluate the quality of fireclay bricks according to the following criteria:

• the structure must be uniform and fine-grained - without pores and inclusions visible to the naked eye;
• when tapped with a metal object ( light hammer or wrench) the brick should produce a clear, abrupt and ringing sound;
• when dropped, it should break into large pieces (low-quality ones crumble into small fragments down to sand).

For a structure with dimensions of 1015x630x2100 mm, you will need 430 ceramic bricks (excluding the chimney) and 22 fireclay bricks.

How to prepare the solution

The solution used is clay. The clay and sand used for its preparation should not have organic impurities which can lead to cracking of the seams. In clay, the presence of these impurities can be recognized by a clearly audible smell (it can even be pleasant) - normally clay has almost no smell.

Sand should be used either from mountain sand or made by grinding broken bricks - in these varieties the content of organic impurities is minimal, or they are completely absent. Brick sand usually costs less than mountain sand, but is not inferior in quality. Just pay attention to the following circumstance: for the solution ceramic masonry you need sand from ceramic bricks, and for fireclay bricks - accordingly, from fireclay bricks.

Pay attention to the grade of clay. The mortar for fireclay masonry should be prepared on the basis of white kaolin or fireclay marl. Any clay with fire-resistant properties is suitable for ceramic masonry, for example, gray or blue Cambrian, gray kaolin.

Clay of the same grade, but from different deposits, can differ greatly in viscosity, fat content and adhesive properties. Therefore, the solution recipe, namely the optimal ratio of sand and clay in it, should be selected experimentally. In the case of using brick sand, this is done as follows:

1. A 1 kg portion of clay should be filled to the top with water and left for a day.
2. After this, the soggy clay is kneaded with the addition of water until it looks like plasticine or thick dough and stops sticking to your hands.

• first - 10% of the volume of clay;
• in the 2nd - 25%;
• in the 3rd - 50%;
• in the 4th - 75%;
• in the 5th - 100%.

Each portion must be thoroughly stirred until smooth and dried for 4 hours. Don't forget to mark how much sand is contained where.

After this, each portion of the solution must be rolled out into the shape of a cylinder 30 cm long and 1–1.5 cm in diameter. All of them are wrapped around a round blank with a diameter of about 5 cm. Now the test samples must be dried for two weeks at room temperature and without drafts .

After this, it remains to evaluate each of the options:

1. If there are no cracks on the cylinder at all or they are present in the form of a very fine mesh, such a solution can be used for any part of the furnace.
2. If the depth of the cracks reaches 1–2 mm, the solution can withstand temperatures up to 300 degrees. This mixture can be used for laying a country fireplace or barbecue.
3. If there are deep cracks or breaks, the solution is considered unsuitable for use - the proportion of sand in it is excessive.

Typically, about 0.2 cubic meters are consumed for a laying of 500 bricks. m mixture of clay and sand.

Note! If you don’t mind the additional costs, you can purchase a ready-made mixture for preparing a stove solution at a specialized store.

Having thus defined optimal combination clay and sand, start preparing the solution:

• the required amount of clay (approximately 40 kg per 100 bricks) is again soaked for 24 hours, kneaded until the consistency of dough, but then rubbed through a sieve with a mesh size of 3x3 mm;
• then sand is added according to the experimentally selected recipe;
• gradually adding water, stir the solution until creamy;
• evaluate how the solution wets the trowel and, if necessary, adjust its composition by adding a small amount of clay or sand.

What else is needed?

1. A fire door, for example, brand DT-3, with opening dimensions of 250x210 mm.
2. Blower door, for example, DPK brand, with an opening of 250x140 mm.
3. Grate size 250x252 mm.
4. Cast iron hob with two burners, size - 586x336 mm.
5. Doors measuring 510x340 mm, 2 pcs. – for the cooking chamber.
6. Gate valves with a flow area of ​​130x130 mm, 2 pcs. – for the cooking chamber and for switching between summer and winter modes work.
7. Valve with a clearance of 250x130 mm - for a chimney.
8. Equal angle pieces 36x4, 600 mm long (4 pcs.).
9. A piece of steel strip 40x4 mm, 600 mm long.
10. Steel sheet 3 mm thick, size 600x550 mm.
11. 3 mm thick steel sheet measuring 500x700 mm to protect the floor in front of the firebox.

Replace steel with any other fireproof flooring, for example, ceramic tiles.

Have you always dreamed of having a magical fireplace in your home? You can fold it yourself. And the following guide will help with this: .

Masonry: ordering and step-by-step instructions

The sequence of work looks like this:

Lay out the 1st row of 20 bricks, which should be an ideal rectangle with a strictly horizontal surface.

First row diagram

“Rectangularity” is checked by measuring the diagonals - they must be equal. In the absence of experience, the row must first be laid out without mortar and only then, when everything has been adjusted and checked, the mortar must be applied. The thickness of the seams should be 5 mm.

Advice. To make the stove look more attractive, install rounded bricks in the corners. You don’t have to cut them yourself - such blocks are sold ready-made.

In the 2nd row, the first (lower) hood and the blower chamber originate. The two halves of the brick are laid without mortar and slightly pushed out. When the masonry is completed, these bricks will need to be removed, which will make it possible to clean the base of the cap from splashes of mortar and brick fragments. After cleaning, the halves are finally placed on the solution.

Second row diagram

When the 2nd row is laid out (14 bricks are required), install the blower door on it, supporting it with several bricks. The door frame must be wrapped with asbestos cord, which will act simultaneously as a seal and expansion joint. It is fixed in the brickwork by means of wire, which is placed in the seams.

Having laid out the 3rd row according to the diagram (the bricks included in it should tightly fix the blower door), proceed to laying the 4th. Here, in addition to ceramic bricks, fireclay bricks are used - we begin to lay out the side and rear walls of the firebox.

Third row diagram

The blower door is covered with hewn ceramic bricks looking outwards, and hewn fireclay bricks looking inwards. They must be separated by a thermal gap of 5 mm. It can be arranged in the following way: a gasket made of packaging corrugated cardboard is laid between the bricks - it just has required thickness; When kindled, the cardboard will burn out and a gap will form on its own. Temperature gaps must be provided wherever fireclay bricks are adjacent to ceramic bricks.

Fourth row diagram

In row No. 5, the fireclay bricks forming the side walls of the firebox are slightly shifted so that the bricks of the 4th row located underneath them form a shelf 10–15 mm wide for the grate. The bricks should be moved apart so that there is a gap of 5 mm between them and the grating, which is necessary for the free expansion of the heated metal.

Fifth row diagram

The brick forming the front wall should be cut at an angle.

In the same row, the formation of a vertical channel connecting both caps begins.

When the row is laid out, you should install the grate in its place, filling the gap between it and the bricks with sand.

Installation of grate bars

In parallel with laying the 6th row, you need to install and fix the fire door. Direct contact of its frame with the brick is not allowed - it is necessary to lay an asbestos cord as a gasket. The door frame can be fixed from below with wire, but a more reliable element is required from above - the wire will quickly burn out. Instead, a steel strip is used.

Sixth row: installation of the combustion door

When laying row No. 7 on the side of the brick that forms the back wall of the firebox, a gap of 20–30 mm wide is left. This is the beginning of a dry weld.

Seventh row diagram

Having laid out row No. 8 according to the diagram, proceed to laying the 9th row. At this stage, a channel is formed connecting the firebox with the lower hood. Lilac color indicates bricks in the side walls of the firebox, the upper edges of which should be 10 mm below the plane of the row. An asbestos strip 10 mm thick will need to be laid on the left wall so that it is flush with the plane of the row.

Eighth row diagram

Pay attention to how the fire door is blocked: the bricks are cut at an angle to create a “lock-on” masonry.

Ninth row diagram

When laying out the 10th row, you should remember that ceramic bricks must be laid without mortar on the asbestos lining (it covers the fireclay bricks in the firebox wall).

Tenth row of order

In the surrounding firebox ceramic bricks It is necessary to make a cutout for the hob. Its dimensions should be such that there is a temperature gap of 5 mm around the slab, that is, the bricks will need to be trimmed by about 10 mm. And in the contact zone hob with fireclay bricks, a gap of 10 mm must be left. These bricks, cut at an angle, are located in the front and to the right (indicated in orange).

If the slab is equipped with stiffening ribs at the bottom, additional grooves must be cut in the brick for them so that the slab is supported on the brick along the entire edge. It is installed immediately after laying the row - on an asbestos cord soaked in clay solution. The gaps between the slab and bricks are filled with sand.

Near No. 11 the walls of the cooking chamber begin. A door for it is also installed here, the frame of which must be wrapped with asbestos cord. For fixation, you can again use wire.

Eleventh row diagram

Rows 12, 13 and 14 do not need comments - we simply lay them out according to.

After laying the bricks of the 15th row, the cooking chamber is closed steel sheet 3 mm thick and 600x550 mm in size with a cutout for the exhaust duct. The top of the sheet is reinforced with 4 pieces of angle and a steel strip. The steel ceiling prevents various small debris from getting into the food, which could fall into it from the brickwork.

Installing the hob

In the bricks of the 16th row, framing the exhaust and front vertical ducts, cutouts are made for valves, taking into account a 5 mm temperature gap.

Scheme of the 16th row

When the row is laid out, the valves are installed in place.

Installation of valves

After the 17th row, the formation of the upper cap begins (18th row). Here, too, it is necessary to leave the slightly extended halves without mortar; by removing them, it will be possible to clean the base of the cap from the mortar and various debris that fell during the laying process. After cleaning, the removed bricks are coated with mortar and finally installed in their place.

The eighteenth row of the order is the beginning of the formation of the cap

Rows 19 to 27 are laid out in order.

In the 28th row the main chimney damper is installed. Under it, cutouts should be made in the bricks with a depth of 10 mm (indicated in lilac) and such a width that a temperature gap of 5 mm remains around the valve body.

Scheme of the 28th row

The valve must be installed immediately after laying out the row, and it is laid on the solution.

Installation of a chimney damper

In rows No. 29 and 30 the furnace is closed, and in row No. 31 a mounted pipe begins with a smoke exhaust channel into the brick (270x140 mm).

Formation of the casing pipe

The finished oven must be thoroughly dried. To do this, it is kept for some time with the doors and valves fully open. Things will go faster if you hang a light bulb with a power of 200–400 W in the firebox. It will provide not only heat, but also a stable convective flow, which will remove all moisture in a short time.

The first fire should be carried out with a small portion of fuel - the fire must first harden the walls of the firebox.

You should not start finishing the stove before it has completed its first season - decorative coating may be damaged during shrinkage processes.

Operation in various modes

IN summer mode Kuznetsov's stove turns from a heating and cooking stove into a cooking stove. To do this, it is enough to open a special valve (it is called the summer valve), after which the flue gases will enter the chimney directly, bypassing the caps. Accordingly, only the hob will be subject to heating.

The temperature inside the cooking chamber can be regulated by a valve installed on the exhaust duct extending from it. By closing the valve and the chamber door, it can easily be turned into an oven. For ease of use, shelves for baking sheets can be fixed in the walls.

If you need to quickly warm up the room or dry out, open the door of the cooking chamber. At the same time, the temperature on the burners remains high enough for cooking.

Video: building a two-bell oven with your own hands - part 1

Video: part 2

Kuznetsov's furnace has the highest technical characteristics, but at the same time it is quite accessible for a master in a beginner’s class. But experienced stove makers should be careful - they often overestimate their knowledge and do something in their own way, neglecting the recommendations of the inventor. Such deviations are not allowed - as was said, the Kuznetsov furnace with high accuracy calculated and must be constructed just as accurately. Follow the instructions in the article and you will be protected from errors.