Benzpyrene, an unsaturated hydrocarbon that binds hemoglobin in the blood, has a particularly dangerous effect on living organisms, causing severe impairment of the nervous system and genitourinary tract. But its appearance is very likely in all cases where organic fuel is not completely burned: from the operation of engines (when a modern aircraft takes off, 2 to 10 mg of benzopyrene enters the atmosphere; a poorly adjusted internal combustion engine can give even more in an hour) to the smoldering of cigarettes, metallurgical , foundries and coke-chemical industries. Formaldehyde (CH20) has approximately the same effect on the human body, but it is several orders of magnitude (in terms of MPC) weaker than benzopyrene. In general, benzopyrene is one of the most dangerous substances that have been thoroughly examined to date. Even more dangerous, but less examined substances have appeared - the so-called dioxins, which will be discussed below. [...]

Industrial facilities using chemical technologies pose a significant danger. IN Russian Federation there are more than 3,600 economic facilities operating with significant reserves of emergency chemicals hazardous substances(AHOV). Of these facilities, more than 50% have ammonia reserves, 35% - chlorine. Over 70% of chemical industry enterprises are concentrated near large cities. The total area of ​​possible zones of chemical contamination is about 300 thousand km2. The most chemically dangerous regions of Russia include: Northwestern, Central, Volga, North Caucasus and Ural.[...]

Belongs to hazard class 1 “Extremely dangerous substances.”[...]

Chapter sixteen on hazardous substances consists of 14 sections, covering paragraphs 586-725. Its content includes general regulations, rules governing the declaration of substances, their packaging, labeling, preparation for use, personnel protection, laboratory practice, procedures and organization. Section eight, for example, regulates the circulation of plant protection products, including general regulations, production, introduction into circulation, use, plant protection equipment, plant growth promotion products, etc. Section nine, “Biocides,” establishes general provisions, the procedure for the production of biocides, their introduction and use (including the use of equipment for introducing biocides into the environment), as well as general regulations and paragraph 684 “Cost, collaboration, reporting”. Section ten (paragraphs 685-692) - “Detergents and cleaning products”, section twelve - “Handling of hazardous substances”. Section thirteen on administrative responsibility is interestingly structured. Here, paragraph 717 establishes one for violating the provisions of sections 1-7, paragraph 718 for the rules of the eighth section, paragraph 719 for the ninth, paragraph 720 for the tenth, paragraph 721 for the eleventh and paragraph 722 for the twelfth sections.[...]

An emergency chemical substance (HAS) should be understood as a hazardous chemical substance used in industry and agriculture, in the event of an emergency release (spill) of which the environment may be contaminated in concentrations (toxodoses) that can affect a living organism.[...]

For air, maximum permissible concentrations and the hazard class of the substance are established separately for working area(production) and populated areas (atmospheric air), and in water - separately for water bodies for domestic drinking and fishing purposes. [...]

FORMALDEHYDE (F.) is a chemical substance (HCHO) widely used in industry (in the production of particle boards, as a finishing agent in the textile industry). F. is also used as a strong preservative (for preserving biological materials and embalming corpses). F. is considered one of the main products of big chemistry; its world production is measured in tens of millions of tons. At the same time, F. is a dangerous substance that pollutes water and the atmosphere and causes severe allergic reactions (lacrimation, coughing, bronchospasms). F is assumed to be carcinogenic. F enters the atmosphere through emission from furniture made from chipboard, and is contained in car exhaust gases and tobacco smoke. An aqueous solution of F. is called formalin.[...]

The Japanese Chemical Substances Act stipulates that the production and import of new chemical substances is prohibited until the responsible ministries give their approval. True, permission depends not so much on the degree of environmental hazard of the substance, but on technical and financial opportunities manufacturer. A ban on environmental grounds follows if the substance is classified as a "specialty chemical". But in the UK, control over chemicals has become stricter. A curious feature of the mechanism used is that it is based on a fundamentally different approach: it is better to warn about chemical dangers than to carry out detailed tests. On September 1, 1994, new regulations on chemical substances came into force, affecting the classification, packaging, marking (labeling) of hazardous substances and mixtures. The most important innovation is the requirement for suppliers to classify chemicals according to their primary hazard characteristics and provide information about this on the label and in the accompanying product safety data sheets. Labels will become more detailed and include additional environmental hazard symbols. It is believed that the new regulations will eliminate barriers to trade, improve information about hazardous chemicals and reduce the need for laboratory testing on animals. It cannot be ruled out that the addition, and in some cases, the replacement of permits and prohibitions with a more developed and specifically oriented system of informing users of natural resources and consumers of products in the future may become the dominant principle in the field of environmental control.[...]

Appendix 1 identifies categories of hazardous objects. The first is based on the characteristics of the substances that are used (produced) on them. There are seven of them - from flammable to substances that pose a danger specifically to the environment. The second and third - according to the characteristics of the equipment used, the fourth and fifth - according to the results and types of work. Appendix 2 consists of two tables containing lists of hazardous substances and their quantities in tons. Thus, in its structure, this Law somewhat falls outside the accepted forms of environmental law-making. Yes, Art. 2 “Hazardous production facilities” defines them as enterprises or their workshops, areas, sites, as well as other production facilities specified in Appendix I1.[...]

of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation radioactive, chemical and bacteriological (biological), microbiological hazardous substances and wastes, gases, as well as those classified according to acute toxicity indicators in aquatic environment substances that pose a danger to the environment (the average lethal dose when exposed to fish by inhalation for 9.6 hours is no more than 10 milligrams per liter, the average concentration of poison causing a certain effect when exposed to daphnia for 48 hours is no more than 10 milligrams per liter, the average inhibitory concentration when exposed to algae for 72 hours is no more than 10 milligrams per liter). Environmentally hazardous substances can be in solid, liquid, gaseous, vapor state.[...]

In Germany, in the field of handling hazardous substances, experts name a whole set of Federal laws: “On protection from hazardous substances”, “On plant protection”, “On detergents and cleaning products”, “On lead and gasoline”, “On fertilizers”, “On On explosives”, “On the handling of substances and waste” in terms of the production, introduction and circulation of flammable substances, “On the transportation of dangerous goods”. The provisions of these laws are specified in administrative regulations, in particular those regulating domestic and international transportation of dangerous goods by streets, railways, sea, rivers (transportation of dangerous goods by air is regulated by the Federal Law “On Air Transport”). [...]

Violation of rules for handling environmentally hazardous substances and waste. The production of prohibited types of hazardous waste, transportation and storage, burial, use or other handling of radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste in violation of established rules, if this created a threat of causing significant harm to human health or the environment, are offenses.[...]

Although co-disposal of toxic and hazardous substances may influence microbial biodegradation in situ, Knox was unable to find any inhibition of the catabolic process and no major changes when cyanides, phenols, heavy metals and pesticides were co-disposed of with municipal solid waste or a mixture of solid waste and raw sludge in a control lysimeter. Despite this, the composition of water filtered into the soil during this liquidation is complicated by the presence of toxic substances. Lime flocculation removes the dispersed organic phase, preventing inhibition, allowing the microbial population to reduce organic carbon by 90% if nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are not limited. Water filtered into the soil resulting from the disposal of toxic and hazardous waste can be successfully processed using a combination of physicochemical and biological methods, but, unfortunately, these methods are expensive. [...]

Some experts distinguish between toxicity and danger of a substance. Toxicity (harmfulness, poisonousness) is characterized as a measure of the incompatibility of a substance with life or health, and danger is the probability of poisoning by this substance in the real conditions of its use or presence.[...]

According to the degree of volatility, pesticides are divided into very dangerous substances (the saturating concentration is greater than or equal to the toxic), dangerous (the saturating concentration is greater than the threshold) and low-hazardous (the saturating concentration does not have a threshold effect).[...]

8.1

Research and quantitative assessment of the toxicity and danger of substances include a large set of indicators with a mandatory assessment of lethal effects, cumulative effects, skin irritation, sensitizing, embryotropic effects, effects on the cardiovascular system, reproductive function, and study of long-term effects.[ ...]

Engelfried Y., Mulhall D., Pletneva T.V. How to protect yourself from hazardous substances in everyday life.[...]

Bird excrement contains a large amount of dangerous substances: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, phenol, etc., pathogenic microorganisms, helminth eggs, as well as protozoa that remain viable for a long time, which creates a real threat of dispersal of infectious and invasive principles in nature. For example, in the summer roosting area of ​​corvids in Saransk in 2002, after its two-week existence, the ammonia content in the air was 5.79 mg/m3, outside the roosting area it was 0.73. Thus, during the overnight stays, the ammonia content in the air exceeded the MPC by 29 times and the background value by 7.9 times.[...]

During blowdowns, toxic and environmentally hazardous substances such as methanol and diethylene glycol (DEG) can be released, as well as organic acids that accumulate in pipes as a result of the destruction of DEG and during its regeneration at the gas treatment plant, which are discharged into open earthen tanks.[...]

Proponents of DDT emphasize that humans pollute the environment with significantly more dangerous substances than DDT, and that there is no evidence of the harmful effects of DDT on human health or shortening human life. According to proponents, the compelling evidence of DDT's benefits is its success in combating malaria, that it is cheap and effective, and that because it has been displaced by other substances, no DDT residues remain. The uproar caused by pesticide pollution led to federal authorities restricting the use of DDT on cotton and citrus crops in 1970.[...]

Technogenic organic xenobiotics. This very large group of various hazardous substances includes agents that, when locally exposed to relatively high concentrations associated with accidents or military operations, can cause acute poisoning and death (dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, some organophosphorus compounds). Their dispersed presence in the environment in microquantities, like other organic xenobiotics, causes a whole range of ecopathologies during chronic action. In addition to these supertoxins, this group includes pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated phenols and PAHs, aromatic amines, some plastic monomers, polymeric materials and other synthetic organic substances.[...]

There are two approaches to the concept of waste-free technology. One is based on the law of conservation of matter, according to which raw materials (matter) can always be transformed into one or another product. Consequently, it is possible to create a technological cycle in which all environmentally hazardous substances will be converted into a safe product or feedstock. According to another, a completely waste-free technology cannot be created either practically or theoretically (just as energy cannot be completely converted into useful work in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, raw materials cannot be completely converted into a useful environmentally friendly product). In other words, a completely waste-free technology is an ideal system to which every real technological cycle should strive, and the closer this approximation is, the smaller the environmentally hazardous footprint will be.[...]

For determining organic impurities in water and air and for signaling emissions of hazardous substances in laboratory production and field conditions, including on vehicles as part of mobile laboratories. Operating modes: overview analysis - determination of the presence and identification of components based on the use of mass spectra of individual substances stored in a computerized database; analysis for the content of determined components; quantitative analysis of mixtures of known composition; performing service functions - digital filtering of the mass spectrum from noise, converting an analog spectrum into a histogram spectrum, replenishing a database, and others.[...]

Oxidative reactions can occur intensively, for example, under the influence of such a chemically hazardous substance and oxidizing agent as chlorine, reduction processes - under the influence of hydrazine.[...]

In this regard, the results of research on a number of key issues of safe handling of substances and materials in drilling are of interest. In general, substances used and generated during drilling can be divided into two categories - commercial (industrial products) and non-commercial (drilling process fluids and process waste from drilling and testing wells). Fundamental differences between these categories of substances are a good reason to take different approaches to assessing their environmental friendliness. However, regulatory documents at the federal level do not take this specificity into account and provide for a unified approach to assessing the environmental hazard of substances by determining the value of their maximum permissible concentration in components of the natural environment. In relation to non-commercial substances, it is advisable to move from regulating the content of a substance in the environment to regulating its impact. This problem can be solved through comprehensive biotesting of non-commercial substances. In order to develop the methodology for such research, a study of spent drilling fluid and cuttings was carried out using various test objects, the results of which are presented in this review.[...]

National water protection laws of the United States include laws on control of the production and use of pesticides and toxic substances, although the authors consider them separately. The Federal Law of 1972 (No. 92-516) on the control of pesticides in the environment regulates their use and production. They were also banned. In the United States, the most important is the Toxic Substances Control Act (Act No. 94-469) of 1976, which provides for the preliminary testing of hazardous substances before their production in industry with the prohibition or restriction of their use depending on the results of the study.[...]

The risks against which hazardous production facilities must be insured, according to Federal Law No. 116 of July 21, 1997 “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities,” include accidents - “destruction of structures and (or) technical devices used at hazardous production facilities, uncontrolled explosions and (or) release of hazardous substances.” With this approach, not all accidents (or other events) can be covered by insurance (for example, accidents caused by corrosion).[...]

The main factor contributing to the occurrence and development of accidents is the presence of formation fluids under pressure in the well, which creates the danger of an emergency spill of a large amount of a hazardous substance and the formation of a cloud of fuel-air mixture (FA) during emergency depressurization of equipment installed at the wellhead.[ .. .]

The physical component (physical pollution) in accidents is characterized by pollutants - ingredients and physical fields, such as radioactive substances, electromagnetic, thermal, sound, ultrasonic fields. The chemical component is various kinds of simple substances and chemical compounds from among xenobiotics, alien to the biogeochemistry of ecosystems and natural landscapes. This includes, first of all, some hazardous chemical substances of a xenobiotic nature, as well as ordinary nutrients that are assimilated in certain quantities by the natural environment. Biological - pathogenic microorganisms.[...]

Particular attention should be paid to the disposal of radioactive waste in the seas and oceans. Disposal of radioactive waste (RAW) at sea is considered as the isolation of these hazardous substances from the human environment for a period sufficient for the physical decay of radionuclides. The disposal of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) and solid radioactive waste (SRW) was carried out by many countries with a nuclear fleet and nuclear industry. The first disposal of radioactive waste in the seas was carried out in 1946 by the USA in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean at a distance of 80 km from the coast of California. Since 1947, discharges began to be made by Great Britain and others. Until 1983, discharge of solid radioactive waste was practiced. to the open sea.[...]

In the complex of measures taken to protect people’s health, one of the most important is monitoring air environment at an enterprise, in a workshop, at a workplace, etc. Knowing the concentration of a dangerous substance and the limits of its fluctuations, it is possible to prevent acute and chronic poisoning, and in some cases, explosions and fires. The use of fast (express) methods of sanitary-chemical analysis makes it possible to establish fluctuations in the concentrations of analytes in short periods of time. Therefore, the use of such methods along with conventional ones is very important.[...]

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 12, 1992 No. 869, mandatory state registration of chemical compounds was introduced in our country, carried out by the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances (Table 20.2). This measure will undoubtedly make it possible to fully inventory all chemical compounds produced and used in Russia, and will ultimately help to increase the reliability of assessments of the potential hazards of substances to human health and the environment.[...]

Thus, non-ferrous metallurgy makes a significant contribution to pollution atmospheric air(18% of all emissions in Russia from industrial stationary sources). The industry’s share in emissions of the most dangerous substances is especially significant - lead (% of the volume of its industrial emissions) and mercury (more than ¡4 of mercury emissions from the entire industry of Russia).[...]

Structures of the first type consist of a settling basin with a concrete bottom and slopes and include an oil products collection system, which is located at the exit of the structure. In the event of an accident with a spill of a hazardous substance, it is possible to separate pollutants from wastewater, since there is no direct discharge of wastewater into the drainage system. [...]

EC consists of General and Special parts (975 articles). The general part (first book) includes principles, goals, environmental responsibility. A special part (books two to six) regulates the protection of nature, forests, water, air, hazardous substances and waste. The Code thus consists of six books, each with sections, chapters, divisions and subdivisions.[...]

Actively participates in legislative work, being a member or leader of working groups for the preparation of draft laws “On the protection of atmospheric air”; “On the protection of the natural environment”, “On the industrial safety of hazardous production facilities”, “On hazardous substances”, “On production and consumption waste”, etc.[...]

When maintaining land records, the degree of value of productive lands is established, irrationally used, disturbed and unproductive lands, degraded agricultural lands, as well as lands contaminated with hazardous substances and susceptible to biogenic contamination are identified.[...]

Biological method, described above, is the most environmentally friendly of all methods. One of the basic principles of ecology “nature knows best” is implemented here by microbial communities by transforming complex environmentally hazardous substances into simple, harmless ones.[...]

To implement these principles, the following legal instruments are used: establishing standards for atmospheric air quality and standards for emissions and harmful physical impacts; state registration of polluting and potentially hazardous substances; obtaining permission to release and cause harmful physical impact; state accounting of harmful impacts, monitoring of atmospheric air, inventory of emissions of harmful physical impacts and their sources. Relevant requirements are defined for the various stages economic activity(design and location of enterprises, their construction, commissioning and operation), to the handling of hazardous substances (transportation and use of pesticides and agrochemicals, ozone-depleting substances, waste, etc.), to the functioning of certain groups of objects (automobile and other transport , hazardous production facilities, nuclear power facilities). In addition, the Russian legislator establishes a fairly strict system of restrictions and prohibitions. For example, the production and operation of transport and other mobile vehicles, the content of harmful substances in the emissions of which exceeds the established technical emission standards, is prohibited; the design, placement and construction of facilities that do not have gas purification installations and emission control equipment, the operation of which can lead to climate change, is prohibited. or the ozone layer of the Earth, etc. The Government of the Russian Federation decided to prohibit, from July 1, 2000, the creation of new capacities for the production of ozone-depleting substances, and their import and export are carried out according to quotas, based on the calculated rates, deadlines and other requirements of the Montreal Protocol . The production of ozone-depleting substances in our country, starting from July 1, 2000, is carried out only in cases where they are used exclusively as raw materials for the production of other chemicals and in special cases provided for by the Montreal Protocol, during their transit transportation through the territory of the Russian Federation from states and to states that are parties to the Montreal Protocol. There is a ban on such influences on the weather that could cause adverse climate change. State authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation may introduce restrictions on the entry of vehicles into populated areas, places of recreation and tourism.[...]

However, this action is so broad, varied and varied that the development of such a classification is a matter for the future. In addition, as mentioned above, the toxic effect of pollutants can manifest itself indirectly or as a result of gradual accumulation in the body (cumulation). It is also necessary to take into account the conditions of the natural environment, since the degree of toxicity of substances is influenced by the temperature of the environment and other physical factors. For the main chemical pollutants of soils and rocks, hazard classes have been identified, by which one can judge the harmfulness of these substances to biota (Table 1.1.1). However, the list of hazardous substances discussed below is actually much more extensive.[...]

When developing MPCs, they are usually guided by the principle of the limiting characteristic, i.e. proceed from the threshold of its action. To determine the MPC, the minimum effective and maximum non-effective concentrations are established. The subthreshold maximum inactive concentration with a certain safety factor is accepted as the maximum permissible. Depending on the potential danger of the substance, this coefficient ranges from 2 to 10.[...]

In the field of the theory of a single erosion-accumulation process, the problem of accumulation of eroded material requires priority development. Until now, researchers have focused primarily on the process of detachment of soil particles, while the stages of their transport and deposition remained, as it were, in the shadows. It is now absolutely clear that soil accumulation in some cases is as harmful as its destruction, especially in connection with the movement of environmentally hazardous substances - radionuclides, herbicides, pesticides, heavy metal compounds, etc. with the products of washing and blowing [...]

Available land on railway rights-of-way within the lands railway transport can be leased to citizens and legal entities for agricultural use, provision of services to passengers, storage of goods, construction of loading and unloading areas, construction of rail warehouses (except for warehouses of fuel and lubricants and gas stations of any type, as well as warehouses intended for storing hazardous substances and materials) and other purposes, subject to compliance with traffic safety requirements established by federal laws. The procedure for establishing and using rights of way and security zones of railways is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.[...]

Water protection plans. In order to achieve MAP standards, water users develop plans for water protection measures, including restoration work, rational use and security water bodies, which must be provided financially and materially. As individual stages of water protection plans are implemented to achieve MAP standards, the limits are revised towards their reduction, taking into account the introduction of the best available technologies for wastewater treatment, as well as taking into account the possibility of introducing low-waste and other environmentally friendly technologies for main production, including limiting the use of hazardous substances and materials.[...]

Universality is a characteristic of environmental law, which has become increasingly evident in recent years. It personifies the trend of convergence of different legal systems - continental, Anglo-American, Muslim, etc. Many branches of law today strive for maximum unification of legal principles, requirements and prohibitions, but in environmental law this happens naturally, constantly and on an ever-increasing scale. It is enough to mention the reform of criminal legislation on liability for environmental crimes: legislators in Spain, Russia, Germany, China and other countries have implemented a unified approach here, providing for criminal liability for environmental pollution, violation of rules for handling hazardous substances and waste, etc., in at the same time maintaining completely different positions regarding the death penalty, guilt and other institutions of criminal law. Perhaps environmental law can make the greatest contribution to bridging the differences between legal systems and is indeed actively involved in this process. [...]

This is a fairly developed institution of international and Russian legislation. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provide for a large number of crimes and misdemeanors in this area, entailing severe penalties. Thus, criminal liability is established for pollution of the marine environment (Article 252) and violation of the legislation on the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation (Article 253). The Code of Administrative Offenses regulates in even more detail the responsibility for encroachments of this kind, helping to achieve the goals of protecting by administrative and legal means Russia’s sovereign rights to the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, their mineral and living resources, ensuring environmental law and order, preventing sea pollution by hazardous substances and waste and its management, etc.

* This material is over two years old. You can check with the author the degree of its relevance.

In Part 1 of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes liability for:

1) production of prohibited types of hazardous waste,
2) transportation, storage, burial, use or other handling of radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste in violation of established rules,
if these acts created a threat of causing significant harm to human health or the environment.

In Part 2 of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for the acts specified in Part 1 that resulted in pollution, poisoning or contamination of the environment, harm to human health or mass death of animals, as well as those committed in an environmental disaster zone or in an environmental emergency zone. And in part 3 of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - if these acts negligently resulted in the death of a person or mass illness of people.

Radioactive substances and waste include sources ionizing radiation radioactive substances and nuclear materials in any physical condition.

Bacteriological substances- these are substances containing pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria (causative agents of various diseases of plants, animals and humans), the handling of which requires special care.
Chemical substances- these are compounds of various chemical elements. Some of them are highly toxic and have harmful effects on human health and ecological systems.

Requirements for the management of radioactive substances and waste are specified in the Federal Law of July 11, 2011 N 190-FZ (as amended on July 2, 2013) “On the management of radioactive waste and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation.” Requirements for the management of hazardous waste are specified in the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 N 89-FZ (as amended on November 25, 2013) “On Production and Consumption Waste.”

Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the production, handling and neutralization of potentially hazardous chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms are established in the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ (as amended on March 12, 2014) “On Environmental Protection environment" (Article 47). Additionally in Art. 14 of the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ (as amended on June 23, 2014) “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” states that chemical, biological substances and certain types of products potentially dangerous to humans are allowed for production, transportation, purchase, storage, sale and application (use) after their state registration in accordance with Art. 43 Federal Law “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.”

To bring the perpetrator to criminal liability for committing the crime indicated o in Part 1 of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the following conditions are required:

1) subject of the crime - special (a person responsible for compliance with the rules of transportation, storage, burial, use or other handling of radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste), who has reached 16 years of age.
2) carrying out actions to produce prohibited types of hazardous waste, or to transport, store, bury, use or otherwise handle radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste in violation of established rules.

Production - industrial activities purposefully carried out within the framework of a selected technological process in such a way that they lead to the emergence of prohibited types of hazardous waste as a main or by-product, which are not destroyed or rendered harmless.

Transportation - movement from places of production, collection, warehousing, storage to the place of processing, burial or destruction.

Storage is the placement of waste in storage tanks for subsequent reuse or removal for disposal.

Burial is permanent placement in specially equipped places, containers.

3) creating a threat of causing significant harm to human health or the environment as a result of the actions of the perpetrator, i.e. consequences (the occurrence of the most significant harm to human health or the environment) did not occur.

In paragraph 6 of the Plenum Resolution Supreme Court RF dated October 18, 2012 N 21 “On the application by courts of legislation on liability for violations in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management” explains what is considered to be the creation of a threat of causing significant harm. Creating a threat of causing significant harm to human health or the environment means the occurrence of a situation that would have entailed harmful consequences provided for by law if they had not been prevented in a timely manner by measures taken or other circumstances independent of the will of the person who violated the rules for handling environmentally hazardous substances and waste. Such a threat presupposes the existence of a specific risk of actual causing significant harm to human health or the environment.

Significant harm to human health is expressed in severe or moderate harm to the health of at least one person, and significant harm to the environment - in its pollution, poisoning or contamination, a change in the radioactive background to values ​​posing a danger to human health or life, etc. 4) the presence of direct intent to commit a crime: the person is aware of the social danger of the actions he commits, realizes that they create a real possibility of causing harm to human health or the environment, and wants to commit these actions.
According to Part 2 and Part 3 of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the form of guilt can be either intentional or careless.

When bringing a person to justice under Part 2 of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation must result in consequences in the form of pollution, poisoning or contamination of the environment, causing harm to human health or mass death of animals, or actions must be performed in an environmental disaster zone or in an environmental emergency zone. Causing harm to human health means causing harm to health of any severity to one or more persons (clause 2 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of October 18, 2012 N 21 “On the application by courts of legislation on liability for violations in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management”).

An environmental emergency zone is established in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated 02/06/1995 N 45 “On approval of the “Temporary procedure for declaring a territory an environmental emergency zone” and Federal Law dated 12/21/1994 N 68-FZ (as amended on 07/21/2014) “ On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies.”

Environmentally hazardous substances and waste- these are radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste, as well as other prohibited types of hazardous waste that are prohibited in any case, for example, highly potent toxic substances that can be used to produce weapons of mass destruction, the production of which is prohibited in the implementation of certain technological processes, the production of which prohibited in an amount exceeding the established one, or in a certain concentration, or in certain places and during certain periods, or without the appropriate permission or license.

Mandatory signs of waste: danger and prohibition of their production.

Hazardous waste includes types of raw materials that are not suitable for production or have lost their consumer properties, their unusable residues, products, products or solid, liquid, paste, gas and vapor substances and energy arising during technological processes that can cause poisoning or other damage to living beings and their habitat, including humans.

Hazardous waste is divided into toxic (poisonous), radioactive and other.

The toxicity class of waste is determined in accordance with the Temporary Classification of Toxic Industrial Waste and Methodological Recommendations for Determining the Toxicity Class of Industrial Waste, approved by the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology in 1987. The concepts of radioactive waste and radioactive substances are defined in Art. 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Use of Atomic Energy". See Radioactive Materials.

Toxic waste is products, items, and types of raw materials that are not disposed of during the production process and contain toxic (poisonous) substances.

Toxic substances are all organic or inorganic chemical substances, as well as compounds or products containing such substances, which, when absorbed or in contact with the body or when introduced into the environment, can, through chemical or physico-chemical processes, cause harm to human life and health , environment,

According to the degree of danger, chemical substances are divided into 4 classes: extremely dangerous, highly dangerous, moderately dangerous, low-hazardous (GOST 12. 1. 007-76. “Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements”), according to GOST 17.4.1.02-83. "Nature conservation. Soils. Classification of chemicals for pollution control" - into highly hazardous, moderately hazardous, low hazardous. Special classifications have been developed for pesticides.

The production of prohibited types of hazardous waste, as well as the transportation, storage, burial, use or other handling of radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste in violation of established rules, are criminally punishable if these acts created a threat of causing significant harm to human health or the environment (Part 1 Article 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

It is necessary to establish a causal relationship between the actions of the subject and the mentioned threat.

The production of prohibited types of hazardous waste is a technological process or a set of technological processes professionally carried out on a permanent or temporary basis for predetermined purposes, or other production actions, as a result of which prohibited types of hazardous waste appear as a main or by-product.

Actions for production may consist of organizing the technological process, i.e. in the form of giving instructions by authorized persons (persons) on its start, selection of technology and implementation of other measures to ensure production, as well as safety during the transportation of dangerous goods by road" dated April 23 1994 ¦ 372, instructions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Russian Federation dated May 25, 1993 “On the procedure for state registration of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances”, etc.

Violation of the rules for handling radioactive, chemical, bacteriological (biological) substances and waste can be expressed in action or inaction that is contrary to the rules at any stage of the circulation of these substances or waste.

Russian environmental legislation defines the stages of waste management: their neutralization, i.e., liberation from harmful impurities; recycling, i.e. their neutralization in which useful products necessary for further production are simultaneously extracted; storage, i.e. temporary disposal of waste; collection, i.e. accumulation of hazardous waste at the place of its generation (production); storage, i.e. placing them in storage facilities with the intention of subsequent reuse or removal for disposal; burial, i.e. permanent placement in special containers, in specially equipped places; transportation, i.e. moving waste from places of collection, storage, warehousing to the place of processing or disposal; destruction; disposal, i.e. collection, sorting, transportation, storage and burial on the surface or underground, as well as operations for their recovery, recycling, etc. Individual stages of handling hazardous substances and waste are regulated by the Law of the RSFSR of April 19, 1991 "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" (Vedomosti of the RSFSR. 1991. ¦ 20. Art. 641; as amended and supplemented on June 2, 1993 // Vedomosti of the Russian Federation. 1993. ¦ 29. Art. 1111), Vodny Code of the Russian Federation of November 16, 1995, by-laws.

Special rules are established for chemical and biological agents plant protection, growth regulators for agricultural plants and forests, pharmaceuticals, substances that have a destructive effect on the ozone layer.

Under significant harm human health means harm that is life-threatening or may cause other consequences provided for in Part 1 of Art. 111 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Significant harm to the environment is a deterioration in the quality of the environment and natural objects associated with their contamination, pollution and other actions of the subject, or deterioration of the environmental conditions of human life, or mass diseases, death of animals, destruction (destruction) of environmental objects.

The act is committed with indirect intent.

The subject of the crime is a sane person who has reached the age of 16, who is entrusted with the responsibilities for handling radioactive, chemical, biological substances and waste and (or) responsibilities for ensuring the safety of such actions, the reliability of equipment and facilities protection, as well as control and supervisory functions carried out directly in the process of circulation of these substances and waste. A more severe punishment is provided for an act if it resulted in pollution, poisoning or contamination of the environment, harm to human health or mass death of animals, was committed in an environmental disaster zone or in an environmental emergency zone, or resulted in the death of a person or mass disease of people through negligence.

Heavy metals and some other metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, tin, zinc, copper, etc.) are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Heavy metals include more than 40 chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table with a density of more than 7-8 g/cm 3 .

The entry of heavy metals into the biosphere occurs due to technogenic dispersion:

Emission during high-temperature processes (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, roasting of cement raw materials, combustion of mineral fuels);

Irrigation with waters containing high levels of heavy metals;

Application of domestic wastewater sludge to soils as fertilizer;

Secondary pollution due to the removal of heavy metals from dumps of mines or metallurgical enterprises by water or air flows;

Intake of large quantities of heavy metals with constant application of high doses of organic, mineral fertilizers and pesticides containing heavy metals.

The leading role in the transfer of metal pollutants belongs to circulation processes, which in turn determine the features of their spatial distribution.

Mercury and its compounds used as fungicides (for treating seed), in the production of paper pulp, as catalysts in chemical production.

Of the total amount of mercury that a person receives from food, approximately half comes from animal products and 1/3 from plant foods. In total, about 9,000 tons of mercury are produced annually in the world, of which 5,000 tons end up in the oceans. From the water it is absorbed by plankton, then by zooplankton, fish, predatory fish, and birds of prey.

People poisoned with organic mercury compounds experience brain damage - limited visual fields up to blindness, impaired coordination of movements. Since the biological half-life of mercury in the human body is 70 days, the poison accumulates in the body. Mercury causes chromosome breakdown in cells. Having penetrated a cell, mercury can become incorporated into the DNA structure, which affects a person’s heredity.

Lead. Lead compounds enter the environment when burning leaded gasoline, with flue gases from thermal power plants, as a result of migration from landfills, with runoff from farmland, and can accumulate raw materials of plant and animal origin. More lead accumulates in potato tops than in tubers, and more lead in cereal straw than in grain.

The toxic and cumulative properties of lead are especially dangerous for children, whose developing organs are more sensitive to toxicants, and for older people, whose intestinal excretory functions are slow. Lead affects the hematopoietic, nervous, digestive systems, as well as the kidneys. It refers to substances that accumulate in various organs and tissues with the formation of persistent depots in the body.

Lead poisoning can manifest itself in frequent headaches, dizziness, increased fatigue, irritability, poor sleep, muscle hypotension ( decreased vascular or muscle tone), and in severe cases - in paralysis and mental retardation.

Acceptable daily dose lead is 0.007 mg/kg; the maximum permissible concentration value in drinking water is 0.05 mg/dm 3 .

Cadmium widely used in the production of pigments, batteries, electroplating, production of alloys, enamels, glass production, nuclear and rocket technology, semiconductor production, polymers (as a stabilizer), anti-corrosion coatings, etc.

The first symptoms of cadmium poisoning are pain in the back and legs; in the early stages, the kidneys and nervous system are affected, and lung function is impaired. As the disease progresses, skeletal deformities occur and body length decreases significantly.

We get the most cadmium from plant foods, since it easily passes from the soil to plants, which absorb up to 70% of cadmium from the soil and only 30% from the air. Among grain crops, wheat is more contaminated with cadmium than rye grain, but 80-90% of cadmium released from the soil remains in the roots and straw. Cadmium contributes to disruption of iron and calcium metabolism.

Acute cadmium poisoning occurred if its concentration in drinks or food products exceeded 14-15 mg/l. Soon after consuming such products, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and in severe cases, diarrhea and shock appeared. Similar poisonings have been reported abroad from consumption of fruit juices and other drinks from tin cans and vending machines (coated with cadmium-containing alloys).

Arsenic. Sources of environmental pollution with arsenic are power plants using brown coal, copper smelters, production of semiconductors, glass, dyes, etc.

As a result of its wide distribution in the environment and use in agriculture, the usual content in food products is 0.5 mg/kg, with the exception of some marine organisms that accumulate this element. The use of arsenic compounds in pesticides for treating vineyards leads to cases of wine poisoning.

Chronic poisoning with arsenic and its compounds occurs with prolonged consumption of drinking water containing up to 2.2 mg/dm 3 of toxicant. Its single dose of 30 mg is lethal to humans. Chronic arsenic poisoning leads to loss of appetite and weight loss, gastrointestinal disorders, peripheral neuroses, conjunctivitis, hyperkeratosis and melanoma of the skin. Melanoma occurs with long-term exposure and can lead to the development of skin cancer ( malignant tumor, developing from melanocytes - pigment cells that produce melanin (natural dark pigment)).

FAO/WHO experts have established a permissible daily dose of arsenic of 0.05 mg/kg body weight, which for an adult is about 3 mg/kg per day.

Pesticides are used in various forms: solutions, suspensions, aerosols, foams, gases, vapors, dust, powders, granules, capsules, pastes.

Most pesticides are stable, difficult to decompose compounds, in which 4-5% of the applied amount is used, while the rest is dispersed in the agroecosystem, ending up in soils and plants, which in turn creates complex environmental problems.

Freons(freons) – a group of fluorinated hydrocarbons; gases and volatile liquids. Used as coolants in refrigeration machines, as coolants in aerosol packages cosmetics, as components of fire extinguishing compositions. Freons upon contact with an open flame decompose to form toxic difluoro- and fluorochlorphosgene and do not interact with most metals.

Freons are not toxic to the body, but their impact on the environment may be Negative consequences– formation of an ozone “hole” due to a decrease in ozone concentration under the influence of freons.

Dioxins– substances containing chlorine atoms in their molecules. They have extremely high resistance to chemical and biological degradation and are transported through food chains. Source of income into the environment is:

Violation of rules for industrial waste disposal;

Incineration of municipal, medical and hazardous waste (PVC products);

Car exhaust gases;

Metallurgical and metalworking industry;

Pulp and paper industry;

Forest fires (forests treated with chlorophenolic pesticides);

Chlorination of drinking water, etc.

Impact on humans:

Dioxins- global ecotoxicants with powerful mutagenic, immunosuppressant, carcinogenic and embryotoxic effects. The reason for the exceptional toxicity of dioxins is the ability of these substances to surprisingly accurately fit into the receptors of living organisms and suppress or change their vital functions.

Dioxins, by suppressing the immune system and grossly interfering with the processes of cell division and specialization, provoke the development of cancer.

Dioxins toxic at any concentration, therefore their content in food products is baby food not allowed, the maximum permissible concentration for fat-containing products is set at 0.000001-0.0000007 mcg/kg.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A compound from the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a widespread carcinogenic substance present in gaseous industrial wastes, car exhausts, tobacco smoke, food combustion products, etc. Benz(a)pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Up to 40% of emissions come from ferrous metallurgy, 26% from domestic heating, and 16% from the chemical industry.

The highest concentrations exceeding the MPC by 10–15 times were observed in cities with aluminum production plants (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Novokuznetsk, etc.). The MPC was exceeded 6–10 times in cities with ferrous metallurgy enterprises (Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk). 3–5 times – in cities with large petrochemical and oil refining enterprises (Ufa, Perm, Samara)

Almost 75% of cancers are caused by carcinogenic chemical compounds that we consume in food.

Microclimate

Microclimate parameters have a direct impact on a person’s thermal well-being and performance.

According to GOST 12.1.005-88, the microclimate of industrial premises means the climate of their internal environment, which is determined by the combination of temperature, humidity, air speed and thermal radiation acting on the human body.

Sanitary rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 “Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises” establish hygienic requirements for the microclimate of workplaces, taking into account the intensity of energy consumption of workers, the time of work, and periods of the year.

These standards regulate the microclimate parameters in the working area of ​​the production premises:

Temperature, °C;

Relative humidity, %;

Air speed, m/s;

Thermal radiation intensity, W/m2.

Optimal microclimatic conditions should ensure optimal thermal and functional condition of a person.

Air temperature. One of the main conditions for the normal course of all life processes in the human body is the principle of temperature constancy. Heat exchange the body is associated with the production of thermal energy ( heat production) and giving it back to external environment (heat transfer) by balancing the processes of chemical and physical thermoregulation (at temperatures above 25 0 C, a person’s performance decreases, the maximum temperature of inhaled air at which a person is able to breathe for several minutes without special protective equipment is 116 0 C).

The amount of heat generated by the human body depends on the degree of physical stress in certain meteorological conditions and ranges from 85 (resting state) to 500 J/s (hard work).

Air humidity. Water vapor enters the atmosphere when water evaporates from the surface of seas and oceans, lakes, rivers, and soil.

In enclosed spaces where people are, air humidity increases due to the evaporation of moisture from the mucous membranes (about 350 g/day) and human skin (about 500-600 g/day); in residential premises, water vapor enters the air when washing clothes and cooking food; in production premises - from equipment that is a source of moisture and heat release.

Air humidity characterized by:

Absolute humidity - the amount of water vapor present in a unit volume of air at the time of research (expressed in weight units (g/m 3) or mm Hg).

Maximum humidity is the amount of water vapor capable of saturating a unit volume of air under given conditions (expressed in weight units or mmHg).

Relative humidity - the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum, expressed as a percentage;

Saturation deficit is the difference between maximum and absolute humidity.

The optimal relative humidity is 40-60%.

Air speed in nature. The movement of air in nature is usually called wind; the main characteristics of winds are speed (m/s) and direction; V upper layers the atmosphere, the wind speed is much higher than in the surface layer. To depict the prevailing wind directions, a special graph is built - a “wind rose” - a vector diagram characterizing the wind regime in a given location based on the results of long-term observations. The lengths of the rays diverging from the center of the diagram in different directions are proportional to the frequency of winds in these directions. The wind rose is used in urban planning for rational zoning of the territory settlement in order to prevent air pollution of a residential area by atmospheric emissions from industrial facilities and remove them as far as possible outside the populated area.

Air speed indoors is normalized depending on the energy consumption of a person when performing various works. In industrial premises, the speed of air movement is normalized taking into account the degree of severity and intensity of work.

The minimum air speed felt by a person is 0.2 m/s. In winter, air speed should not exceed 0.2-0.5 m/s, in summer 0.2-1.0 m/s. In hot shops, it is allowed to increase the blowing speed of workers to 3.5 m/s (air showering).

Optimal air-thermal regime indoors, especially in the cold and transitional periods of the year, is achieved by the operation of heating and ventilation systems.

In accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88, the standardized microclimate parameters are divided into optimal And acceptable(Table 3.2).

Optimal parameters microclimate- this combination of temperature refers to. humidity and air speed, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure, does not cause deviations in the human condition.

Acceptable microclimate parameters- a combination of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged exposure, causes an incoming and quickly normalizing change in the state of the worker.

Atmosphere pressure. In the living and working conditions of a person, there are often significant deviations from the normal atmospheric pressure, which can serve as a direct cause of health problems. As decrease in atmospheric pressure With altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air also decreases, which at an altitude of 15 km is practically equal to zero. At an altitude of 3000-4000 m above sea level, a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen leads to an insufficient supply of blood and tissues of the human body, which is accompanied by a number of functional disorders. The central nervous system is most affected. Headaches, shortness of breath, tinnitus, impaired coordination of movements, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, nosebleeds, deterioration of smell, hearing, decreased tactile sensitivity and vision appear. This entire symptom complex is usually called altitude sickness, and when climbing mountains - mountain sickness. Mountain and altitude sickness occur in pilots when the cabin is depressurized, and in mountain climbers.

Increased atmospheric pressure is a harmful and dangerous production factor during the construction of underwater tunnels, subways, and diving work. With the rapid restoration of atmospheric pressure when a person is lifted from the depths, it can develop decompression (caisson) sickness. Its origin is explained by the fact that when staying under conditions of high atmospheric pressure in the blood and tissues of the body, the solubility of nitrogen increases, which, when quickly leaving the zone high pressure secreted in the form of bubbles and clogs the lumen of small and large blood vessels.

Lighting

The absence or lack of natural light, insufficient illumination of the work area, increased light brightness, reduced contrast, direct and reflected brightness, increased pulsation of the light flux negatively affect the performance and health of a person in general.

The standards for natural, artificial and combined lighting of buildings and structures, as well as the standards for artificial lighting of residential areas, enterprise sites and work sites outside buildings are established in SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting”.

When regulating the illumination of industrial premises, its minimum is regulated permissible level depending on the characteristics and type of visual work performed, the lighting system used and the type of light sources used.

For various types lighting standards are different.

At artificial lighting in accordance with SNiP 23–05–95 for each category and subcategory of visual work the following are standardized:

Illumination E, lux;

Blindness index P;

Pulsation coefficient Kp, %.

At natural And combined lighting in accordance with SNiP 23–05–95, for each category of visual work, depending on the characteristics of lighting (top, side or combined), the coefficient of natural illumination KEO is normalized, and for side lighting the minimum value of KEO is normalized, and for top and combined - the average value.

Industrial lighting should ensure that there are no sharp shadows in the worker’s field of vision that distort the size and shape of objects of distinction and thereby increase fatigue and reduce labor productivity. Fluctuations in illumination cause re-adaptation of the eye, also leading to significant fatigue.

Ensuring the required level of standardized illumination indicators for various types of lighting is the key to the successful implementation of production tasks and contributes to the preservation of the health of the population as a whole.

Vibration

Vibration is small mechanical vibrations that occur in elastic bodies. The reason for the excitation of vibrations is the unbalanced force effects that occur during the operation of machines and units.

Their sources are:

Reciprocating moving systems (crank mechanisms, hand hammers, etc.);

Unbalanced rotating masses (manual electric and pneumatic grinding machines, cutting tool machine tools, etc.);

Impacts of parts (gears, bearing units);

Heterogeneity of the material of the rotating body;

Mismatch between the center of body mass and the axis of rotation;

Deformation of parts due to uneven heating during hot fits.

Vibrations may be unintentional(for example, due to poor balancing and alignment of rotating parts of machines and equipment, pulsating fluid movement, hammer drill operation) and specially used in technological processes(vibratory pile drivers, vibration equipment for the production of reinforced concrete structures and concrete laying, special equipment for accelerating chemical reactions, etc.).

When vibration affects the body (Figure 3.3), central nervous system analyzers - vestibular, skin and other devices - play an important role.

Impact of vibrations on humans classified:

According to the method of transmission of vibrations;

In the direction of vibration;

According to the time characteristic.

Rice. 3.2 - Effect of vibration on humans

Depending on the transmission method vibrations to a person, vibration is divided into general vibration transmitted through supporting surfaces to the body of the seated person or standing man; local, transmitted through hands or parts of the human body in contact with vibrating surfaces of work tables.

General vibration According to the source of its occurrence and the possibility of regulating its intensity by the operator, they are divided into the following categories (GOST 12.1.012–90 Vibration safety. General requirements):

Category 1– transport vibration affecting the operator at the workplace of self-propelled and trailed machines and vehicles when they move across the terrain, including during their construction; in this case, the operator can actively, within certain limits, regulate the effects of vibration.

Category 2– transport and technological vibration affecting the human operator at the workplace of machines with limited mobility when moving them along specially prepared surfaces of production premises, industrial sites and mine workings; however, the operator can only occasionally adjust the impact of vibration.

Category 3b– vibration in the workplaces of non-manual workers and non-manual workers. This includes workplaces on industrial cranes, metal and woodworking machines, forging and pressing equipment, foundry machines and other stationary technological equipment.

Jerky vibration is especially dangerous, causing microtrauma to various tissues with subsequent changes. General low-frequency vibration affects metabolic processes, manifested by changes in carbohydrate, protein, enzyme, vitamin and cholesterol metabolism, and biochemical blood parameters.

When affecting the body general vibration First of all, the musculoskeletal system, nervous system and analyzers such as vestibular, visual, and tactile are affected.

The scourge of modern production, especially mechanical engineering, is local vibration. Local vibration is mainly experienced by persons working with hand-held power tools. Local vibration causes spasms in the blood vessels of the hand and forearms, disrupting the blood supply to the limbs.

At the same time, vibrations act on nerve endings, muscle and bone tissue, cause a decrease in skin sensitivity, deposition of salts in the joints of the fingers, deforming and reducing the mobility of the joints. Low frequency fluctuations cause a sharp decrease in capillary tone, and fluctuations high frequencies- vasospasm.

Local vibration According to the source of occurrence, it is divided into:

Transmitted from manual controls of machines and equipment;

Transmitted from hand tools(without engines) and processed parts.

By direction of action vibration is divided into:

– vertical;

– horizontal, from back to chest;

– horizontal, from the right shoulder to the left shoulder.

When working construction machines and technological processes, there are horizontal and vertical shocks and shaking, accompanied by the occurrence of periodic impulse accelerations.

At oscillation frequency from 1 to 10 Hz maximum acceleration equal

10 mm/s 2 are imperceptible,

40 mm/s 2 – slightly perceptible,

400 mm/s 2 – very noticeable,

1000 mm/s 2 – harmful,

4000 mm/s 2 – intolerable.

By time characteristic differ:

Constant vibration, for which the controlled parameter, for example, vibration velocity, changes by no more than 2 times during the observation period;

Variable vibration, varying according to controlled parameters by more than 2 times.

Vibration disease(VB) from the effects of general vibration and shocks is recorded among transport drivers and operators of transport-technological machines and units, often in reinforced concrete factories.

Basic vibration parameters. The parameters that evaluate vibration can be: vibration displacement u(m) or its derivatives: vibration velocity v(m/s) and vibration acceleration a(m/s 2). If the vibration velocity changes according to a harmonic law with amplitude A, then two other parameters will obey this law. In this case, the vibration acceleration amplitudes A a and vibration displacement A u are related to amplitude A by the following relations:

; (3.8)

When analyzing vibrations, we usually consider not amplitude, but root mean square values, determined by averaging the value over time ω(t) on the segment T

(3.9)

Thus, to characterize vibrations, the spectra of the effective values ​​of the parameters or the average squares of the latter are used.

In the practice of vibroacoustic research, the entire range of vibration frequencies is divided into octave ranges. In the octave range, the upper limit frequency is twice the lower frequency . Analysis and construction of parameter spectra can also be carried out in one-third octave frequency bands, which are three times narrower .

If f 1- lower limit frequency, and f 2- upper, then the geometric mean frequency is taken as the frequency characterizing the band as a whole . The geometric mean frequencies of the octave vibration frequency bands are standardized and are: 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 31.5; 63; 125; 250; 500; 1000 Hz.

Since vibration parameters can vary over a very wide range, logarithmic vibration levels are often used in practice. The logarithmic unit is called bel (B), and its tenth part is called decibel (dB). Logarithmic level - a characteristic of oscillations comparing two similar physical quantities, proportional to the decimal logarithm of the ratio of the estimated and initial value of the quantity. The reference values ​​of the parameters taken as the starting point are used as the initial value. Thus, the logarithmic vibration level will be determined by the formula:

Where ω- root mean square value of the considered vibration parameter, ω 0 - threshold value of the corresponding parameter.

For vibration velocity threshold value , threshold values ​​for vibration acceleration a 0 and vibration movements u 0 are equal: ; , at .

Vibration is regulated by standards and other rules and regulations. There are sanitary and hygienic (documents establishing standardized parameters and their permissible values, working regimes for people in vibration-hazardous professions) and technical (equipment protection) vibration regulation.

When hygienic assessment of two types of vibration, it should be borne in mind that sanitary and hygienic requirements and rules in first case included in technical documentation for machinery and equipment, and in second- to the documentation on the technology of work.

Acoustic vibrations

Physical concept about acoustic vibrations covers both audible and inaudible vibrations of elastic media.

Acoustic vibrations in the range 16Hz...20kHz - sound;

Acoustic vibrations with a frequency of less than 16Hz - infrasound,

Above 20kHz - ultrasonic.

Spreading in space sound vibrations create an acoustic field. The human ear can perceive and analyze sounds in wide range frequencies and intensities. The lowest threshold values ​​are in the frequency range 800...4000 Hz.

From a physiological point of view, noise is any unfavorably perceived sound.

Noise classification:

Depending on the predominance of sound energy in the corresponding frequency range, low-, medium- and high-frequency noise is distinguished;

According to the time characteristics - constant and non-constant, constant - the sound level over an 8-hour working day changes by no more than 5 dBA and non-constant - the sound level over an 8-hour working day changes by no less than 5 dBA. In turn, non-constant noise is divided into time-varying, intermittent, and pulsed;

By duration of action - long-term and short-term;

By spectrum - broadband (the intervals between frequency components are very small) and tonal. Tonal - in the spectrum of which there are audible discrete tones. A tone is considered pronounced if one of the one-third octave frequency bands exceeds the others by at least 7 dB. (noise circular saw– tonal, jet engine - broadband);

By nature of occurrence - mechanical, aerodynamic, hydraulic, electromagnetic.

Noise exposure, accompanied by damage to the auditory analyzer, is manifested by slowly progressive hearing loss.

The degree of influence of noise depends on its intensity and duration of exposure, the state of the central nervous system and, very importantly, on the individual sensitivity of the body to the acoustic stimulus. Children's and women's bodies are especially sensitive to noise. High individual sensitivity may be one of the reasons for increased fatigue and the development of neuroses.

Noise affects the entire human body: it depresses the central nervous system, causes changes in the rate of breathing and pulse, contributes to metabolic disorders, the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, stomach ulcers, hypertension, and can lead to occupational diseases.

Sound waves arise when the stationary state of the medium is disrupted due to the presence of some disturbing influence in it. The speed of propagation of a sound wave - the speed of sound (m/s), depends only on the characteristics of the propagation medium

(3.11)

where ρ is the density of the medium, kg/m3, K– modulus of volumetric elasticity of the medium, Pa.

In air at a temperature of 20 0 C, the speed of sound is 340 m/s.

Any oscillatory motion characterized by an oscillation period T and frequency f.

Oscillation period T=1/f corresponds to the time interval through which at each point in space the temporal development of oscillations will be repeated. This time interval will correspond to the spatial interval of repetition of the wave pattern, the so-called wavelength λ=с/f.

A sound field is a region of space in which sound waves propagate. At each point in the sound field, the pressure and speed of air particles change over time.

Sound pressure - the difference between the instantaneous value total pressure and the average pressure observed in an undisturbed medium, Pa.

Anticoagulants of indirect action. Anticoagulants of this group are synthetic substances derived from coumarin (ethyl biscoumacetate, acenocoumarol

Atomic-molecular science, study of composition, study of the structure of matter

Environmentally hazardous substances and waste- ϶ᴛᴏ radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste, as well as other prohibited types of hazardous waste, which are prohibited in any case, for example, potent toxic substances, which can be used for the production of weapons of mass destruction, the production of which is prohibited when carrying out certain technological processes, production of which it is prohibited in a volume exceeding the established one, or in a certain concentration, or in certain places and during certain periods, or without a permit or license.

Mandatory signs of waste: danger and prohibition of their production.

For determining specific types environmentally hazardous substances and waste, it is extremely important to refer to the Law “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” of December 19, 1991 (Vedomosti RF. 1992. ¦ 10. Art. 457), the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Use of Atomic Energy” of November 21, 1995 (SZ RF. 1995. ¦ 48. Art. 4552), as well as by-laws and departmental regulations.

Hazardous waste includes types of raw materials that are not suitable for production or have lost their consumer properties, their unusable residues, products, products or solid, liquid, paste, gas and vapor substances and energy arising during technological processes that can cause poisoning or other damage to living beings and their habitat, including humans.

Hazardous waste is divided into toxic (poisonous), radioactive and other.

The toxicity class of waste is determined in conjunction with the Temporary Classification of Toxic Industrial Waste and Methodological Recommendations for Determining the Toxicity Class of Industrial Waste, approved by the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology in 1987. The concepts of radioactive waste and radioactive substances are defined in Art. 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Use of Atomic Energy". See Radioactive Materials.

Toxic waste - products, products, types of raw materials that are not subject to disposal during the production process, containing toxic (poisonous) substances.

Toxic substances - ϶ᴛᴏ all organic or inorganic chemical substances, as well as compounds or products containing such substances, which, when absorbed or in contact with the body or when introduced into the environment, can, through chemical or physico-chemical processes, cause harm to life and health people, environment,

According to the degree of danger, chemical substances are divided into 4 classes: extremely dangerous, highly dangerous, moderately dangerous, low-hazardous (GOST 12. 1. 007-76. “Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements”), according to GOST 17.4.1.02-83. "Nature conservation. Soils. Classification of chemicals for pollution control" - into highly hazardous, moderately hazardous, low hazardous. Special classifications have been developed for pesticides.

The production of prohibited types of hazardous waste, as well as the transportation, storage, burial, use or other handling of radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances and waste in violation of established rules, are criminally punishable if these acts created a threat of causing significant harm to human health or the environment (Part 1 Article 247 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

It is necessary to establish a causal relationship between the actions of the subject and the mentioned threat.

Production of prohibited types of hazardous waste is a technological process or a set of technological processes professionally carried out on a permanent or temporary basis for predetermined purposes, or other production actions, which will result in prohibited types of hazardous waste as a main or by-product.

Actions for production may consist of organizing the technological process, i.e. in the form of giving instructions by authorized persons (persons) on its start, selection of technology and implementation of other measures to ensure production, as well as safety during the transportation of dangerous goods by road" dated April 23 1994 ¦ 372, instructions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Russian Federation dated May 25, 1993 “On the procedure for state registration of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances”, etc.

Violation of the rules for handling radioactive, chemical, bacteriological (biological) substances and waste can be expressed in action or inaction that is contrary to the rules at any stage of the circulation of these substances or waste.

Russian environmental legislation defines the stages of waste management: their neutralization, i.e., freedom from harmful impurities; recycling, i.e. their neutralization, in which useful products necessary for further production are simultaneously extracted; storage, i.e. temporary disposal of waste; collection, i.e. accumulation of hazardous waste at the place of its generation (production); storage, i.e. placing them in storage facilities with the intention of subsequent reuse or removal for disposal; burial, i.e. permanent placement in special containers, in specially equipped places; transportation, i.e. moving waste from places of collection, storage, warehousing to the place of processing or disposal; destruction; disposal, i.e. collection, sorting, transportation, storage and burial on the surface or underground, as well as operations for their recovery, recycling, etc. Individual stages of handling hazardous substances and waste are regulated by the Law of the RSFSR of April 19, 1991 "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" (Vedomosti of the RSFSR. 1991. ¦ 20. Art. 641; as amended and supplemented on June 2, 1993 // Gazette of the Russian Federation. 1993. ¦ 29. Art. 1111), Vodny Code of the Russian Federation of November 16, 1995, by-laws.

Special rules have been established for chemical and biological plant protection products, growth regulators for agricultural plants and forests, pharmaceuticals, and substances that have a destructive effect on the ozone layer.

By significant harm to human health we mean harm that is life-threatening or may cause other consequences provided for in Part 1 of Art. 111 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Significant harm to the environment - ϶ᴛᴏ deterioration in the quality of the environment and natural objects associated with their contamination, pollution and other actions of the subject, or deterioration of the environmental conditions of human life, or mass diseases, death of animals, destruction (destruction) of environmental objects.

The act is committed with indirect intent.

The subject of a crime is a sane person who has reached the age of 16, who is entrusted with responsibilities for handling radioactive, chemical, biological substances and waste and (or) responsibilities for ensuring the safety of such actions, the reliability of equipment and facilities protection, as well as control and supervisory functions carried out directly in the process of circulation of these substances and waste. A more severe punishment is provided for an act if it resulted in pollution, poisoning or contamination of the environment, harm to human health or mass death of animals, was committed in an environmental disaster zone or in an environmental emergency zone, or resulted in the death of a person or mass disease of people through negligence.