When a question like this comes up at home, it's easy to answer. We put the cylinder on the scales, take the readings, subtract the mass of the empty cylinder - and you're done! But what if you need to get this information on a hike?
There are at least three methods for determining the remaining gas in a cylinder that can be applied in such a case. Here they are, starting with the most accurate:
1. Condensate method
2. Floating balloon method
3. Shaking the bottle.
Everyone who has used a gas burner or lamp is familiar with the third number. Each time the cylinder falls into our hands, we automatically shake it to feel how much fuel is left in it. The accuracy of this method is far from the truth. But, you can show everyone what a cool and experienced tourist you are :)
The most accurate method is the determination of the condensate residue. Observe the balloon in the morning or while cooking. With suitable humidity, you will notice small drops of condensation on the surface of the cylinder. The level where the condensate ends corresponds to the level of the gas in the cylinder. When determining residues using this method, do not forget that the bottom of the cylinder is concave.
The floating balloon method is only slightly inferior in accuracy to the “condensate” one, but you do not need to wait for a suitable humidity for it, but it is enough to find a natural container with water (a rain puddle, a depression below a spring, any body of water or stream). If you are using a small bottle, a walking pot, half full of water, will suffice. Now I will tell you more about this method.
First, let's get ready: we will apply markings to the balloon. We lower the fully filled cylinder upside down into a container of water, holding it in an upright position. Use a waterproof marker to mark the level at which the balloon has plunged.
Then we do the same with an empty bottle. If you do not have an empty one, then the marking can be continued when you use up gas from a full cylinder.
On a hike, when you need to find out the remaining gas, we lower the cylinder into any body of water and see to what level it has sunk. The closer the water level is to the bottom mark (when the bottle is upside down), the less gas is left in the bottle.
It is better to lower the cylinder into water with a plastic cap on to avoid water getting into the thread. Any water that has penetrated under the hood must be removed.
For those who use 450 gram Kovea cylinders, I will tell you a secret: the marks are located at a distance of 60 mm and 105 mm from the bottom of the cylinder.
If you know other methods, please share information :)
Thanks for reading Pro Hiking!
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Here are collected the most frequently asked questions about the installation and operation of gas equipment. Some issues are fully disclosed, others are discussed in separate articles and links are provided to them. Go…
What gas is used in LPG?
LPG uses liquefied natural gas (aka propane, aka propane-butane, aka LPG) or compressed natural gas (aka CNG, aka methane, aka CNG). Since methane is poorly distributed in Russia, in the future we will talk about propane and equipment for it. Propane is the third most used motor fuel in the world.
Is HBO dangerous in a car?
No, not dangerous. A car that runs on gas is safer than on gasoline. The gas itself is neutral. Its ignition temperature is higher than that of gasoline or diesel fuel. A mixture of gas with air is dangerous, therefore, in a gas cylinder, unlike a gas tank, there is no air, which means there is no explosive mixture. Modern gas cylinders are equipped with four safety valves, which eliminate the possibility of an explosion or gas leak.
How profitable is the installation of HBO?
Installing gas equipment is beneficial for most vehicles. This issue is discussed separately in the article "Installing HBO: advantages and disadvantages". To calculate the benefits of using it on your car, use the LPG installation payback calculator.
What machines are gas equipment installed on?
Technical solutions exist for any cars: gasoline and diesel, injection and carburetor, direct injection and distributed, with or without a turbine. The only question is economic feasibility: installation on some cars costs a lot of money and will pay off for more than one year.
What makes up the cost of HBO?
The installation price consists of the price of the equipment and the price for the work. Work in the installation centers costs almost the same. The difference depends on several factors:
- car engine: number of cylinders and power
- equipment brand
- type of reducer: with a combined gas valve or with a separate
- type and quality of injector ramp
- type and capacity of the gas cylinder
- material of gas lines
- quality of consumables
Some put expensive equipment and warn about it, others adhere to the golden mean, others dump and assemble kits from outright rubbish.
I advise you not to rush to cheap options and carefully discuss the package before installation. Nobody canceled the adage “the miser pays twice”.
How long does the installation take?
Full installation of LPG equipment takes 1 working day.
Can you install HBO yourself?
If you have enough skills, you can do it. But such an attitude will turn into a number of difficulties in the future:
- At the right time, you may not have a special tool
- You will not register the equipment with the traffic police
- It is unlikely that you will configure the software correctly
- You will not pressurize the cylinder
- You will not have a manufacturer's warranty on the equipment.
These are serious limitations and I advise you to think before deciding on an independent installation. Entrust it to an authorized center, where trained specialists will help with the selection of equipment and install LPG equipment on your car in accordance with current rules and standards.
Will the car run on gasoline after installing LPG?
Yes, gas equipment allows you to switch to petrol manually at any time. When the gas runs out, the car will automatically switch to petrol and signal it.
For people who travel long distances, a redundant fuel system is an advantage. If you have problems with one fuel, you can switch to another.
Are there any risks when installing HBO?
When installing HBO by a certified master and its regular maintenance, there are no risks of use.
What are the guarantees for gas equipment?
The electronic control unit and the gearbox are guaranteed for 2 years or 80,000 km. For other components - 1 year or 75 thousand km.
Does LPG affect engine life?
Gas equipment makes the engine easier to operate. The use of LPG allows increasing the service life of the engine and fuel system by 1.5–2 times. The effect of gas on the engine is described in the article "LPG installation: advantages and disadvantages"
What changes in the car when installing LPG?
LPG components are optional and do not replace gasoline elements. At any time, the gas equipment can be removed and the car can be restored to its original state.
An electronic control unit with sensors and wiring, a gas reducer, a filter and a gas injector ramp are installed under the hood. Gas is supplied to the engine through a tie-in to the intake manifold.
Gas lines are supplied to the reducer from a gas cylinder. It is located in the trunk or in the spare wheel well. An external filling device is connected to the gas cylinder. It is displayed in the gas tank flap, crashes into the bumper, or is carried out under the bumper. A separate article will be devoted to the installation of gas cylinders and air intake
Is it obligatory to register gas equipment with the traffic police?
Yes, according to the law, the installed HBO must be registered with the traffic police. The procedure for installing HBO is as follows:
- To issue a "Application for changes in the design of a vehicle (TC)" in the Department of Registration and Technical Inspection of Vehicles of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate at the place of registration of the vehicle.
- Obtain permission for installation on this application.
- Install HBO in a certified installation center
- With a package of documents from the installation center, obtain from the traffic police "Certificate of compliance of the vehicle design with safety requirements."
This will be a document confirming that the car has been switched to gas legally. A separate article will be devoted to the registration of HBO in the traffic police.
How much will gas consumption increase compared to gasoline?
Depending on the quality of the LPG setting and the ratio in the mixture of propane and butane, the gas consumption will exceed the consumption of gasoline by 10-15%.
How does the dynamics of the car change on gas?
Gas burns more slowly than gasoline. Its use reduces the load on the piston group, but causes a deterioration in dynamics. For HBO 2nd generation by 20%, for HBO 4th generation by 2-5% (depending on the compression ratio). We considered this question in the article "Myths about HBO: truth or fiction?"
Why do engine errors occur when installing LPG?
Engine errors appear for a variety of reasons. When working with LPG, they are often associated with the quality of the gas-air mixture: too rich or too poor. To solve the problem, call the service and the master will correct the gas card so that the error does not occur.
How does HBO affect the lambda probe?
HBO does not affect the performance of the lambda probe in any way. On the contrary, modern gas equipment uses this data in its work.
How often to change the air filter after installing LPG?
The procedure for replacing the air filter is set by the vehicle manufacturer and does not change when installing the LPG.
How often should the engine valves be adjusted after installing LPG?
The procedure for adjusting the engine valves is set by the vehicle manufacturer and does not change when installing LPG.
Frequency of maintenance of gas equipment
Replacement of the vapor phase filter - every 10,000 km. at least once a year
Checking the tightness of the system - every 10,000 km.
Replacing the high pressure filter - every 30,000 km
Checking and configuring software - if necessary.
MOT should take place in a specialized service. The work is carried out by a certified specialist.
Where is the gas cylinder installed?
Depending on the design of the car, the gas cylinder is installed in the trunk, in the spare wheel well (cars), under the body (SUVs), on the roof or on the side (buses, gazelles). A convenient option for cars is in the spare wheel well. This leaves the boot space free. For cars with spare wheels R13-14, cylinders with a volume of 35 to 42 liters are suitable, for R15-16 from 53 to 60 liters. In sedans with non-folding rear seats, it is possible to install a cylindrical cylinder between the wheel arches.
How to find out the remaining gas in the cylinder?
The remaining gas indicator can be displayed on the fuel switch button. The accuracy of the indicator readings is low, since there are only 5 LEDs on the button. It is more correct to navigate by the mileage, resetting it at each refueling. Once you measure your mileage on a full tank, you will know how much fuel is left.
How to refuel with gas?
The car is filled with gas through a remote filling device. It fits into the trunk, cuts into the bumper, into the fuel filler flap, or mounts under the bumper. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. VZU under the bumper - cheap, but it is often muddy. In the trunk it is cheap and convenient, but when you disconnect the nozzle, the gas enters the trunk. The smell of gas remains for a while. The air intake in the gas tank flap is convenient, but expensive. You have to carry the adapter with you and screw it in every time you refuel it. Not installed on every car. There is a risk of scratching the car with a blown gun. The air intake in the bumper is convenient, cheap, prone to contamination. Depending on the budget for the installation, I recommend putting the VCU in the gas tank flap or in the bumper.
Where is the fuel switch button installed?
The fuel switch button is installed in the car interior to make it convenient for the driver to use. Installation is possible on false buttons, on the panel next to the ignition switch or on the gearbox torpedo.
What are the types of gas cylinders?
For propane-butane, 2 types of cylinders are produced: cylindrical and toroidal. The cylindrical ones are installed in the trunk between the arches, and the toroidal ones are installed in the spare wheel well.
The structure and installation of gas cylinders is discussed in a separate article.
How much gas does the cylinder contain when refueling?
According to safety standards, the gas cylinder is 80% full. The remaining 20% is used as a steam cushion, so when the liquid gas is heated, the pressure in the cylinder is kept normal and it will not explode. A standard 53 liter bottle holds 42 liters of gas.
How long does it take to fill the cylinder?
Before the cut-off, the cylinder is filled in three to five minutes.
How often should a cylinder be checked? According to the rules in force, the re-examination of automobile gas cylinders is carried out every 2 years. The re-examination certificate is required for passing the technical inspection.
How does maintenance work for vehicles equipped with LPG equipment?
In addition to the standard set of documents, owners of vehicles with LPG equipment need to have a passport for a cylinder, an act on the installation of gas equipment on a car, a copy of the installer's certificate for the right to install LPG equipment, in addition to the standard set of documents.
What is OVC?
VZU - "External filling device". Through it, the car is filled with gas. It has a built-in check valve that prevents gas from escaping from the cylinder and the gas pipe when the filling nozzle is turned off.
VCU installation options:
- Under the rear bumper of the car or on the tow bar;
- In the rear bumper of the car. Installed in a plastic casing;
- In the fuel filler flap. When refueling, a removable adapter is used.
Can I smoke in an LPG car?
Can. Installation of HBO does not impose additional restrictions on the use of the car.
Does gas equipment work in winter?
Yes, HBO works normally in winter. More about this in the article: Features of using HBO in the winter.
Why can't you start on gas?
In HBO of 4 generations, already evaporated gas is supplied to the nozzles. To convert a gas from a liquid to a gaseous state, you need to spend a certain amount of energy to heat it. When the gas passes from the liquid to the vapor phase, the heat energy of the coolant is absorbed (about 40 degrees). Therefore, if you switch to gas on a cold engine, the membranes inside the gearbox will lose their elasticity and break. Then the gearbox will fail. For this reason, the transition to gas is carried out at a coolant temperature of at least 45 degrees.
Why is gas more expensive in winter?
In accordance with GOST 20448–80, a distinction is made between summer and winter gas mixtures. The chemical properties of propane and butane are different, so in the summer they are mixed in a proportion: 40% to 60%, and in winter 60% to 40%. Hence the price difference.
HBO does not work. What is the reason?
Gas equipment can fail for various reasons. In order not to guess - contact qualified craftsmen - they will help solve the problem.
Oxygen
The parameters and dimensions of oxygen cylinders can be viewed in accordance with GOST 949-73 "Small and medium steel cylinders for gases at Pr ≤ 19.7 MPa". The most popular are cylinders with volumes of 5, 10 and 40 liters.
According to GOST 5583-78 "Oxygen gaseous technical and medical" (Appendix 2), the volume of gaseous oxygen in the cylinder (V) in cubic meters under normal conditions is calculated by the formula:
Vb - cylinder capacity, dm3;
K1 - coefficient for determining the volume of oxygen in the cylinder under normal conditions, calculated by the formula
K 1 = (0.968P + 1) * *
Р - gas pressure in the cylinder, measured by a manometer, kgf / cm2;
0.968 - coefficient for converting technical atmospheres (kgf / cm2) into physical ones;
t is the temperature of the gas in the cylinder, ° С;
Z - coefficient of oxygen combustion at temperature t.
The values of the coefficient K1 are given in table 4, GOST 5583-78.
Let's calculate the volume of oxygen in the most common cylinder in construction: a volume of 40 liters with a working pressure of 14.7 MPa (150 kgf / cm2). The coefficient K1 is determined according to table 4, GOST 5583-78 at a temperature of 15 ° C:
V = 0.159 40 = 6.36m3
Conclusion (for the case under consideration): 1 cylinder = 40l = 6.36m3
Propane-butane
The parameters and dimensions of oxygen cylinders for propane, butane and their mixtures can be viewed in accordance with GOST 15860-84. Currently, four types of these products are used, with volumes of 5, 12, 27 and 50 liters.
Under normal atmospheric conditions and a temperature of 15 ° C, the density of propane in the liquid state is 510 kg / m3, and butane is 580 kg / m3. Propane gas at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 15 ° C is 1.9 kg / m3, and butane - 2.55 kg / m3. Under normal atmospheric conditions and a temperature of 15 ° C, 0.392 m3 of gas is formed from 1 kg of liquid butane, and 0.526 m3 from 1 kg of propane.
Let's calculate the weight of the propane-butane mixture in the most common cylinder in construction: with a volume of 50 with a maximum gas pressure of 1.6 MPa. The proportion of propane according to GOST 15860-84 must be at least 60% (Note 1 to Table 2):
50L = 50dm3 = 0.05m3;
0.05m3 (510 0.6 + 580 0.4) = 26.9kg
But due to the limitation of the gas pressure of 1.6 MPa on the walls, more than 21 kg are not filled into a cylinder of this type.
Let's calculate the volume of the propane-butane mixture in the gaseous state:
21kg (0.526 0.6 + 0.392 0.4) = 9.93m3
Conclusion (for the case under consideration): 1 cylinder = 50l = 21kg = 9.93m3
Acetylene
Parameters and dimensions of cylinders for acetylene can be viewed in accordance with GOST 949-73 "Small and medium steel cylinders for gases at Pr ≤ 19.7 MPa". The most popular are cylinders with volumes of 5, 10 and 40 liters. The body of the acetylene cylinder differs from the body of the oxygen cylinder in its smaller size.
At a pressure of 1.0 MPa and a temperature of 20 ° C, a 40 liter cylinder holds 5 - 5.8 kg of acetylene by weight (4.6 - 5.3 m3 of gas at a temperature of 20 ° C and 760 mm Hg).
The approximate amount of acetylene in the cylinder (determined by weighing) can be determined by the formula:
Va = 0.07 E (P - 0.1)
0.07 - coefficient, which takes into account the amount of acetone in the cylinder and the solubility of acetylene.
E is the water volume of the cylinder in cubic dm3;
Р - pressure in the cylinder, MPa (pressure 1.9 MPa (19.0 kgf / cm2) at 20 ° С according to GOST 5457-75 "Dissolved and gaseous technical acetylene");
0.1 - atmospheric pressure in MPa;
Weight of 1 m3 of acetylene at a temperature of 0 ° C and 760 mm Hg is - 1.17 kg.
Weight of 1 cubic meter of acetylene at a temperature of 20 ° C and 760 mm Hg is 1.09 kg.
Let's calculate the volume of acetylene in a 40-liter cylinder with a working pressure of 1.9 MPa (19 kgf / cm2) at a temperature of 20 ° C:
Va = 0.07 40 (1.9 - 0.1) = 5.04m3
Weight of acetylene in a 40 liter cylinder with a working pressure of 1.9 MPa (19 kgf / cm2) at a temperature of 20 ° C:
5.04 1.09 = 5.5kg
Conclusion (for the case under consideration): 1 cylinder = 40l = 5.5kg = 5.04m3
Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide)
Carbon dioxide (according to GOST 8050-85 "Gaseous and liquid carbon dioxide") is used as a shielding gas for electric welding. Mixture composition: СО2; Ar + CO2; Ar + CO2 + O2. Manufacturers can also label it as a mix MIX1 - MIX5.
Parameters and dimensions of cylinders for acetylene can be viewed in accordance with GOST 949-73 "Small and medium steel cylinders for gases at Pr ≤ 19.7 MPa". The most popular are cylinders with volumes of 5, 10 and 40 liters.
At a working pressure of carbon dioxide in the cylinder of 14.7 MPa (150 kgf / cm2), the filling factor is 0.60 kg / l; at 9.8 MPa (100 kgf / cm2) - 0.29 kg / l; at 12.25 MPa (125 kgf / cm2) - 0.47 kg / l.
The volumetric weight of carbon dioxide in the gaseous state is 1.98 kg / m³ under normal conditions.
Let's calculate the weight of carbon dioxide in the most common cylinder in construction: a volume of 40 liters with a working pressure of 14.7 MPa (150 kgf / cm2).
40L 0.6 = 24kg
Let's calculate the volume of carbon dioxide in the gaseous state:
24kg / 1.98 kg / m3 = 12.12m3
Conclusion (for the case under consideration): 1 cylinder = 40l = 24kg = 12.12m3
How to find out the fullness of the balloon. What gas pressure is guaranteed when replacing. How is the pressure in the propane bottle related to the amount of gas remaining? How to determine if a cylinder has been completely filled or cheated? (10+)
How to find out how much gas is in the bottle? Pressure after filling and during operation
The material is an explanation and addition to the article:
Household gas cylinders.
Safe operation of household gas cylinders.
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Ask a Question. Discussion of the article.
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If the gasoline level indicator is a mandatory attribute on the instrument panel in the cabin of any car, then it is not always possible to monitor the presence of fuel in a car with gas equipment. For example, the 4th generation electromechanical LPG gas level sensor is provided as standard with propane equipment. The 2nd generation is equipped only with a mechanical pointer on the cylinder multivalve, but it is not very accurate. And it is more convenient to control the gas level by looking at the indicator in the passenger compartment, and not in the trunk. Checking the remainder of methane, due to its gaseous state, is possible only by the pressure, which is shown by the standard pressure gauge.
Without special devices, the approximate gas remainder () can only be found empirically (by mileage). After full filling of the cylinder, the speedometer counter (odometer) is reset to zero, and the car is operated exclusively on gas fuel until it is completely depleted. After that, the distance traveled is recorded and the specific gas consumption is determined, which will serve as an indicator for further trips.
Obviously, the accuracy and ease of use of the above method leaves much to be desired, for several reasons:
- the conscientiousness of refuellers does not always meet expectations;
- the influence of climatic conditions when moving;
- manner of transport operation.
Therefore, in order to find out how much gas is left in the cylinder, it is wiser to take advantage of the fruits of technological progress.
Types of sensors
It is possible to classify fourth-generation gas level sensors of propane gas systems (they are also called fuel level sensors - FLS) according to two main parameters:
- by resistance (for most models it is 50 kOhm or 90 Ohm);
- by the number of contacts (there can be two or three).
LPG sensors (resistive and with a microcircuit)
The 4th generation HBO FLS is equipped with an arrow and is installed on a multivalve. This device is an independent indicator, it also transmits readings to the gas / petrol switch (button) with LED indication. On the button there are 4 (less often 3) green and one red light, which lights up when the gas level drops to 5-10% of the volume, while a triple sound signal beeps and the system switches to gasoline. The display step is about 10 liters. Not that it is very informative, but after all, the gasoline sensor is far from ideal in this regard.
The most "advanced" solution is to display the gas level indication on the standard fuel gauge when the gasoline indicator located on the dashboard operates in two modes. That is, if the engine is running on gasoline, the device shows the remainder of the gasoline, and when switching to the gas mixture, the sensor is “reoriented” accordingly. This method is possible only by interfering with the car dashboard and reworking the LPG HBO. In addition, this venture cannot be carried out on all machines.
Video material on the implementation of the 4th generation LPG gas level sensor on the dashboard:
Also, not so long ago, electronic digital (sensor) indicators of the amount of gas appeared on sale. Such a sensor works autonomously, having no connection with the elements of gas equipment. A special emitter is connected from the bottom of the cylinder, where it, while calculating the fuel level, projects the readings onto the indicator in the car interior.
Ultrasonic level sensor
For methane gas equipment, there is also a pressure gauge with a gas pressure indication output to the car interior.
Electronic digital indicator (methane pressure gauge)
The device and principle of operation of gas sensors
The level of the liquid fraction of the propane-butane mixture in the cylinder is fixed by a float, the same as in the gasoline tank. However, the gas cylinder, unlike the gas tank, is sealed and under high pressure, so the “float-sensor” connection works with this feature in mind. Namely, the movement of the float causes the rotation of the movable magnet located in the multivalve body, which transfers the rotation to the magnets of the pointer.
The mechanical part of the sensors is identical, but the fourth generation FLS also transmits a signal to the LPG button using built-in series-connected resistors or microcircuits. Where the LED track shows the remaining fuel.
How to display the gas level indication in the car interior with 2 generation LPG
Owners can independently attach a gas level sensor and display its readings on a button in the car's interior. In order to implement the ability to control the remaining fuel in a car with second-generation gas equipment, you just need to select the desired fuel selection button with indication and a sensor / pointer to it. It is important to remember that at least two conditions are met:
- the multivalve must be of class A (have an internal cavity for installing the sensor);
- the resistance of the sensor must be identical to the resistance of the switch.
Selection of keys with indication and sensor for HBO 2nd generation:
Connecting and configuring the 4th generation LPG sensor
You don't need to buy anything for the equipment yourself: as noted above, an electronic pointer (most often it is WPG, WPGH (HALLA), WPGH-1 or Stag WPG-4) and an indicator button are included in the delivery set. But the setup and calibration of the 4th generation LPG gas level sensor will be required.
First of all, in order to correctly calibrate the sensor, you need to make sure that the float is done correctly.
Then install the pointer and make its initial settings (positioning). For this purpose, the multi-function valve body has three holes on each side of the sensor ear. Then, according to the FLS connection diagram (included in the kit), connect the connectors on the equipment ECU with the sensor.
Gas quantity indicator sensor connection diagram
The initial calibration of the sensor is carried out along the way and during the first filling (that is, with an empty bottle). Then you can apply several adjustment methods. But in any case, you will need:
- laptop with special software (in particular, for STAG it is AC GAS SYNCHRO);
- a connecting cord with a USB connector for connecting to the HBO diagnostic block.
The first method is to fit, i.e. fill up 10 liters of propane-butane at the gas station. Set this value in the program, then use fuel. Then the honey agarics refuel, but already 20 liters, set the parameters, etc.
The following methods are manual calibration and auto-tuning.
Experience in setting up and operating gas level sensors suggests that, despite all efforts, accurate calibration still fails. This is attributed to the oval shape of the gas cylinder, the imperfection of the float design and the specific properties of the liquid gas fraction. So the road for further modernization of LPG remains open.
For more information on how automatic configuration and manual calibration of the 4th generation LPG gas level sensor is performed, see the video:
