In the construction of private low-rise buildings, wooden floors are mainly used. The use of wood does not burden the structure and allows you to do without the use of machinery. Installation of wooden floors between floors in brick house will help significantly save on strengthening the foundation. In addition, wood has good strength, durability, and also helps maintain a favorable indoor microclimate.

Advantages and disadvantages of using wood

The positive aspect of using wooden floors is the ease of installation and excellent quality of the material:

• environmental friendliness;
• thermal insulation;
• decorativeness.

Among the disadvantages of wood are:

• tendency to damage by microorganisms, fungi, pests;
• rotting and destruction;
• Low-quality material can be deformed, sag, and if installation rules are violated and the fit is loose, the floor will creak and vibrate.

Materials for installation of floors

Popular covering option

To make beams for the floors between floors, only coniferous wood is used.. They have higher bending strength than rocks deciduous trees. The timber or logs for the beams are first dried in the shade on outdoors. Wood that is completely ready for use should produce a certain sound when tapped. Floor beams must be tightly fixed in the sockets brickwork. Beams made of timber or logs with a cross section of 50 by 150 mm and 140 by 240 mm are used. The pitch of the beams corresponds to approximately 0.6-1.0 meters.

The ratio of the cross-section of beams and the distance between them

Also used for floors:

• planed tongue and groove boards for the floor on the second floor;
• board for the subfloor of the second floor;
• cranial bars 50x50 mm for fastening to the bottom of the beams;
• insulation (fibre insulation);
• water vapor barrier film;
• decorative covering on the floor and ceiling;
• wood antiseptic, bitumen mastic, roofing felt.

Wooden floor installation

The laying of floor beams in a brick house is carried out at the stage of its construction. The depth of the nest should be at least half the thickness of the wall. It can be made through with further sealing with insulation. All other work is carried out before the start finishing works. The load on the interfloor floor is calculated in advance, the laying step and the dimensions of the required beams are determined. The use of wooden beams for floors is possible only in a house where the spans are no more than five to six meters long.

Beam installation principle

You can also place beams by laying them on brick pillars. However, they should be installed at short intervals. This method is most often used when equipping floors. ground floor.

Laying beams

Laying begins with the outer beams, leveling them using mastic-treated linings and a long strip placed on the edge. The intermediate elements are leveled on boards laid on the outer beams.

The wood is pre-treated with an antiseptic and thoroughly dried.. When laying, the wide sides of the beams should be positioned vertically - this increases their rigidity. The ends of the beams are cut at an acute angle, lubricated with mastic and wrapped in two layers of roofing felt.

Treated lintels are placed in the niches, and a layer of mineral wool is inserted into the resulting recesses. Every third beam should be strengthened using anchors. Using a stretched cord, the maintenance of the level is monitored. The step between structural elements is no more than 1.5 meters.

Subfloor installation

Water vapor barrier (isospan) is laid overlapping on the ceilings and subfloor. The joints are taped with tape. Fire-resistant insulation is placed on top of the film. This can be mineral wool, foamed polystyrene, ecowool, expanded clay. The material should not protrude beyond the surface of the beams.

Insulated floor

The floor joists of the second floor are installed on top of the ceilings. It is advisable to lay an additional layer of mineral insulation between the joists to isolate the floor and ceiling from noise. Then the waterproofing film is laid.

Upper floor arrangement

The floor of the second floor is covered with a finishing board, plywood or plasterboard, and also reinforced with self-tapping screws. Then the flooring is laid in the form of laminate, linoleum, tiles.

To properly make a “warm floor”, you should use foil film as a vapor barrier.

Beam connection in length

If there are not enough beams for the entire span, then a connection must be made:

1. Splicing is a connection in length.
2. Joining – alignment in width.
3. Knitting is a corner connection.

The principle of connecting beams

Mainly a lengthwise connection is required. There are several ways to do this:

1. Overlay– beams are cut at an angle and connected with bolts, brackets or a clamp.
2. Back to back– connection of beams overlay with emphasis on the internal wall partition.
3. Locking- a complex connection method that requires certain skills. Its essence is that recesses and protrusions are cut out in the beams, which are then connected, securely fixing the device together.

Improving the load-bearing capacity of the floor

There are several ways to improve bearing capacity beams One of the most popular methods is attaching overlays from thick boards to them.. Their ends must rest on supports.

Improvement of load-bearing capacity by strengthening U-shaped channels is also used. They are attached to the beams from the side.

The most basic method to strengthen the floor between floors is to lay additional beams in the spaces between existing ones.. This is the most labor-intensive, but very effective method.

In houses of the previous construction, they generally did not save on materials, so wooden beams were installed with small spacing. And their cross-section is more than sufficient. But even in such a house, the overlap between floors should be checked to determine the condition of the beams. This will allow timely strengthening of weakened areas and replacement of damaged areas. The damaged fragment of the beams is removed, and the healthy wood is lengthened and strengthened by attaching overlays from thick boards.

How to protect the floor between floors

It is not enough to simply build a house correctly; it must also ensure that no problems arise during operation. To do this, even at the design stage, all factors contributing to its durability and protection are taken into account. building structures. The solution of two problems is of no small importance - protection from fire and biological influence of the environment.

Based on flammability, materials are divided into five categories, ranging from highly flammable to non-flammable. Designs from various materials distinguished by their ability to prevent the spread of fire. Fire-resistant properties - completely eliminating the spread of fire and semi-fire-resistant - capable of delaying its spread for some time. It should be noted that flammability is not the same as fire resistance. Fire resistance is understood as the ability of a structure or material to maintain load-bearing and enclosing functions in the event of a fire.

Protection from fire, fungus and insects

For these purposes, the wood is treated with fire-resistant solutions to ensure fire resistance for at least 30 minutes per experimental conditions. In residential construction, the structure of the second floor floor structure must have at least semi-fire-resistant properties.

When drawing up a design for floors, it should be borne in mind that beams are exposed to fire not only from the bottom side, but also from the sides.

The combustion rate of coniferous wood, according to resistance parameters, is 0.8 mm/min. Taking into account fire resistance, you should choose a material with a cross section of 11 by 24 cm, because with a beam height of 24 cm and a span width of 5.8 to 5.85 m, their width is increased to 120 mm or more.

The problem of protecting wooden structures from biological influences is also very relevant.:

• water, which disrupts the structure of the tree and is a breeding ground for microorganisms.
• mold fungi, rot.
• insects that cause damage to the wood structure and rottenness.
• ultraviolet radiation, which contributes to the softening and darkening of wood.

Unlike other materials, wood is an environmentally friendly product, which is important for living spaces. In addition, wooden floors retain heat well in the house. Now there is a tendency to return to natural materials, which were previously used everywhere. Means have already been created to effectively protect wood from harmful effects, worsening its performance characteristics.

The trend of increasing the number of floors of private houses makes it necessary to solve the problem associated with the construction of floors. Level of modern construction technologies allows you not to be tied to certain conditions that are associated with the configuration and size of the premises of the house. This expands the possibilities for implementing plans and makes it easier to carry out work. Before you start building floors, you need to thoroughly understand how this is done. In this article we will tell you in detail how and from what to make floors between floors.

Basic requirements for floors between floors

The floors form the number of storeys of the building

A ceiling is a structural element of a building that divides the building into horizontal plane with the formation of floors, and also separates them from the attic and basement. The share of costs for the construction of this structure is about 20% of the construction estimate. The ceiling is a critical structure, so at the design stage you should adhere to the basic requirements that apply to them:

1. Strength indicators must be at a level that allows them to withstand the load consisting of their own weight and the mass of building elements, objects and people. The strength of the floor increases with decreasing level of its location.
2. Rigidity parameters are directly dependent on the strength and width of the structure. For wooden structures bending is allowed within 0.5-0.7% of their width, for steel beams - 0.25%.
3. The ceiling must provide sufficient sound insulation so that the noise level is within the limits sanitary standards. Improving this indicator is achieved by increasing the tightness of the joints.
4. The structure must have sufficient thermal insulation. If it is located between rooms with a temperature difference of more than 10 degrees Celsius, additional heat conservation measures must be implemented.
5. To achieve the required fire safety, the floor material must have a certain fire resistance. This concept refers to the degree of protection of premises from exposure to fire over a certain period of time.
6. The combination of mass and thickness of the structure must be optimal.

How are floors classified?

Depending on the level at which the ceilings are located, the requirements for them differ.

Overlap happens:

Construction of floors is a serious matter

Interfloor ceilings: manufacturing options

In construction, there is a wide variety of solutions for organizing floors. They can be:

1. Beamless: prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic.
   
2. Beam: wooden, metal, reinforced concrete.
3. Wooden.
   Wooden floors

   This design is the most common in construction country houses. This is due to the possibility of creating the ceiling yourself. In addition, the material is affordable and has good sound and heat insulation properties.

4. Metal.
   This flooring option is usually used when organizing a plinth and basement. Metal constructions They have high reliability and a long service life, and their dimensions are smaller with the same load-bearing capacity.
   Metal products do not have sufficient thermal insulation and are susceptible to corrosion. The structure can be constructed from channels or I-beams, which are laid at a distance of 500-1500 mm from each other. They install reinforced concrete slabs of small standard sizes.
5. Reinforced concrete.
   The use of this option necessitates the use of lifting equipment, since the mass of structural elements is significant. In addition, the foundation is subject to heavy loads, which should be taken into account during design.
   Reinforced concrete floors

   The sound and thermal insulation indicators of the material are at an average level; reinforced concrete is difficult to process and has increased labor costs during installation.

6. Coffered, arched and hipped.
   Coffered and tent-type ceilings are a type of ribbed panels. They are used in the construction of facilities with big sizes, with complex architectural forms. Such floor structures are not relevant for the construction of private houses, as are arched floors.

Overlapping on wooden beams: features

Construction interfloor covering made of wood has a number of advantages:

• the design is simple to implement, it can be done with my own hands. Its installation does not take much time. The cost of work is significantly reduced due to the absence of the need to use special equipment, and activities for lifting and moving material can be carried out with one or two assistants;
• availability of wood. For the manufacture of beams, coniferous trees are used, which are widespread;
• relatively low weight, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the weight of the structure as a whole. Thus, construction costs are reduced;
• ease of installation of sound insulation improves the comfort of living in the house;
• wooden structures have a lower cost, which overall provides significant cost savings;
• the speed of creating a floor is comparable to the installation of floor slabs and is carried out in a day. In this case, a truck crane is not needed.

Floors according to wooden beams

The disadvantages of wooden floors include:

• the existing length limitation (4.5 m) does not make it possible to construct floors over longer rooms without additional support;
• the high fire hazard of wood requires special processing of parts;
• the tree is exposed to a number of biological factors, which is prevented by appropriate treatment;
• relatively low strength.

Monolithic ceiling on corrugated sheets: what to look for

The difference between creating a ceiling using corrugated sheets and concrete is the fact that in the first case, special formwork is not required, and as a result they have a finished ceiling. In addition, the technology using corrugated sheets does not require finishing or modification.

The profiled configuration of the material creates the necessary strength and rigidity of the floor, thereby reducing the need for reinforcement and concrete. This is possible due to the fact that the solution fills only the voids of the ribs, and does not occupy the entire surface of the sheet.

To create such an overlap, it is important to use exclusively sheets intended for roofing.
The essence of the technology is to use corrugated sheeting as formwork, which is not dismantled after pouring concrete. The resulting structure has a special structure as load-bearing supports, consisting of metal columns, beams, logs. As a result, the load is redistributed from the floor to the supports, while the walls are not loaded. This design solution makes it possible to construct lightweight walls.

Overlapping with corrugated sheets

In addition, the organization of the support system allows, instead of expensive strip foundation apply support glass type. This will significantly reduce construction costs.

Covering with slabs between the first and second floors: reinforced concrete

Slabs made of reinforced concrete are widely used. According to some parameters, when compared with the monolithic design of the floor between the first and second floors, they have better performance.

The organization of such an overlap requires a strong foundation and involves the construction of walls from durable materials. As a rule, floor slabs are used for high-rise buildings.

Designs from reinforced concrete slabs They are reliable, durable and have a long service life. The amount of loads that concrete can withstand is colossal. It is characterized by the property of increasing strength characteristics over time. In addition, the material fully meets the requirements for heat and sound insulation, and also has sufficient fire safety. The process of installing slab floors does not require much time using special equipment and is not complicated.

The main disadvantages of reinforced concrete products include their significant mass and the need to use special equipment for installation. In addition, such floors require the creation of screeds so that the load on them is uniform.

Despite all the shortcomings, reinforced concrete floor slabs are successfully used in the construction of private houses.

If we consider the wooden floor between floors, then in general view it consists of beams, inter-beam filling, rolling that forms the subfloor, and a finishing layer of the ceiling. The main structural element is the beams. Most often they are made from coniferous species tree. This is the kind of wood that should be used, since the material is made from hardwood works worse in bending. Besides solid timber You can use beams made from wide boards placed on edge. Moreover, the final cross-section of the elements in such a case can be reduced by 20-30%, since the strength of such a beam is slightly higher than that of a solid beam.

Also suitable as a material for flooring are: glued beams, made from lamella boards up to 12 meters long. Such beams are much stronger than solid wood elements. It is possible to manufacture them according to individual orders in accordance with the agreed dimensions. In this case, installation is simplified due to the absence of additional adjustment manipulations. When using laminated veneer lumber, you should remember that most often these elements undergo additional processing and are coated thin layer wax. Wax makes the surface of the bars slippery. Therefore, immediately after installation on the walls or foundation, temporary flooring must be laid on top of them to prevent possible injury.

Selecting the cross-section of wooden floor beams

For floors between floors with a span of 3 - 4.5 meters, beams with a cross section from 140 × 100 mm to 200 × 120 mm should be used. For spans of 4.5 - 6 meters, beams from 200 × 120 mm to 240 × 160 mm will be needed. For attic floors, you can use elements with a cross-section that is 20 - 30% smaller. These are all general recommendations, of course. For a more accurate and correct definition the required section and the step between the beams requires calculation. To calculate the cross-section, the span length, the distance between the beams and the amount of load exerted on them are taken into account. As an alternative to calculating parameters yourself, you can use

General parameters for selecting beams for interfloor and attic floors:

Section of a wooden beam, mm	Distance between beams for a given span width in a wooden floor between floors, m					distance between beams for a given span width in the attic floor, m
	3,0	3,5	4,0	4,5	5,0	3,0	3,5	4,0	4,5	5,0
50×160	0,8	0,6	0,45			1,2	0,9	0,65	0,5	0,4
60×200	1,25	0,8	0,7	0,55	0,45	1,85	1,35	1,05	0,8	0,65
100×100	0,6	0,45	0,35			0,9	0,7	0,5	0,4

Installation of wooden floors between floors

Wood beams are laid at a distance of 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 or 1.2 meters from each other (table for selecting beams for interfloor and attic floors). The larger the span width and beam cross-section, the smaller this gap should be. An exception may be the attic floor, where the distance between elements can be increased to 1.5 meters. The beams (logs) are mounted along the short side of the room perpendicular to its length, maintaining parallelism to each other as much as possible. First of all, the outer beams are fixed, the correct position of which is checked building level. Then the elements are laid from the edges to the center, maintaining the distance between them. You also need to check the horizontality of the beams and, if necessary, place cuttings of boards protected by waterproofing under their ends.

It is necessary to leave special niches in the structures of external walls 150-200 mm deep, into which beams are subsequently laid. The length of the supporting part must be at least 120 mm, but not more than 180 mm, so that there is a 20-30 mm gap between the wall and the beam in the niche. When laying in walls made of brick or other block materials, every third beam must be secured with masonry. Before laying, the ends of the beams on the side of both internal and external walls are wrapped with two or three layers of roofing material or covered with bitumen mastic. This reduces the likelihood of wood rotting. The remaining voids in the niche are filled with insulation ( mineral wool or polystyrene foam) and sealed.

Installing a wooden floor in a wall groove:

Inter-beam filling It is made of two layers: rolling (flooring) and thermal insulation. For the first layer use wooden boards and boards. The roll is attached to bars with a cross-section of 50 × 50 mm, which are nailed to the sides of the beams. From below, the interfloor ceiling is hemmed with boards, particle boards (chipboard, OSB) or plasterboard slabs. All these materials play the role of rough or finished ceiling. If you want to leave the beams natural and visible, finishing hemming should be done to the frame (beam) attached to the inside of the beam above the lower plane of the floor.

Wooden floors between floors in section:

A vapor barrier and slabs of mineral wool, extruded polystyrene foam, polystyrene foam, and perlite are laid on top of the roll. The insulation boards should be laid as closely as possible to each other. The thickness of the layer of any material for interfloor coverings should be at least 100 mm, and for attic and basement floors - 200-250 mm. More accurate calculation of the required insulation and its required thickness can be done in

If there is a need to strengthen the wooden floor between floors with a large span, then it is recommended to lay the beams in a cross pattern, perpendicular to each other. However, this method will increase the complexity of the work, because you will not only have to install more beams, but also make cuts in them (at intersection nodes), then tighten them with clamps or wire. True, the beams themselves in this case, both in the longitudinal and transverse directions, can be laid less frequently. And yet it is much easier to reduce the pitch of the beams and lay more of them, reducing the space between the beams. Another way to solve the problem is to choose elements with a large cross-section or strengthen the beams on the sides with additional overlays from boards.

Compared to modern and traditional ones, wooden floors have a number of advantages that are worth considering.

The first is light weight: the wood from which beams, boards and plywood panels are made has a lower density, but at the same time can withstand heavy loads (of residential buildings). In this regard, there are savings on the entire construction as a whole, since the walls can be made of less thickness, and the foundation can be laid at a lower depth (if the type of soil allows it).

Next - ease of installation: wooden floors are produced (or rather, assembled) by a team of carpenters without the use of bulky mechanisms and machines. Sometimes you can save a lot on materials and labor.

The design features of wooden floors are such that they make it possible to use a large number of heat/sound insulation materials. In addition, the finished floor is easier to finish (it’s easy to sew plasterboard on the ceiling, the floor does not require leveling with a cement-sand screed).

Above is a table of the advantages that a wooden floor of a house has in comparison with concrete floor. Thus, the types of wooden floors given below are inferior only in loads, which makes their use advisable in the construction of residential, especially private country houses built from brick, foam block, wood.

Types of wooden floors for houses

Depending on the space-planning solution of the house, that is, the presence/absence of a basement, heated floors and their number, apply for various purposes types of wooden floors: basement, interfloor/attic, attic.

Wooden floors differ in design due to the humidity and temperature conditions of the areas they divide into floors.

If the next floor (or under-roof space) is planned to be allocated for living space, like the previous one, then it is covered with interfloor ceilings.

Covering the 1st floor , if there is a ground floor or basement underneath it, this is a wooden basement floor, also called a basement.

Due to the difference in temperature and humidity of the rooms, the design includes a layer of vapor barrier, heat-reflective film and a reinforced thermal insulation layer.

If the floor is on the ground, then it is done, or along logs laid on a concrete pad.

Overlapping residential floors and the attic has more simple design compared to all others, since in the thickness of the structure (referred to as “pie”) there is no need to use layers of special insulating materials (waterproofing, heat-reflecting foil, etc.); wooden elements do not need to be treated with special waterproofing impregnations.

Covering the last floor is referred to as a wooden attic floor if the under-roof space is not equipped for housing.

The structure of its “pie” contains various film materials and a reinforced layer of thermal insulation, similar to a basement floor.

However, there is more high temperatures act from below, and low ones from above.

Therefore, the materials are arranged in a different order than that of the basement floor. And if pitched roof is not planned at all, then they block it top floor covering slab designed for high climatic loads (not made of wood).

Construction of wooden floors of houses

The “filling” of the pie (inter-beam space) of a wooden floor refers to the structure of the floor, however, the most important thing depends on the length of the floor and the requirements for loads on it - the design, pitch and location of load-bearing elements, stiffeners.

Various board and panel floorings are used, with different quantities layers, special fasteners, as well as additional stiffeners if necessary. Additional processing of lumber is carried out, their merging and shortening, etc. Let's consider what types of wooden floors there are by design:

• beam floors;
• ribbed floors;
• beam-ribbed floors.

They are distinguished by such characteristics as maximum length span and permissible design load. It may not be strange, but basement, attic and interfloor flooring on wooden beams, the technology of which has existed for many years, is still considered the most reliable and durable. However, the cost of materials for beam floors is the highest.

Flooring on wooden beams or logs

Overlapping on beams or logs is the most ancient, traditional look wooden floors, in which previously rectangular or square beams made of solid wood, laid in increments of 60-150 cm, were used as rigidity-bearing elements. Such floors on wooden beams or logs are installed on stone or log walls.

Modern wooden floors are also made on beams made from laminated board and plywood. They have a rectangular cross-section, solid and hollow (box-shaped); they can also have a log (round/oval) cross-section or a complex I-section.

Connecting the beam to the wall also looks different depending on the wall design. If there are no corresponding technological holes in it, then to support the beam on a wooden wall, nests are punched to a depth of no less than 150 mm, most often to 2/3 of the wall thickness. Every 3rd beam is fixed to the wall with anchor fasteners.

If there is a concrete strapping belt, then the beam is attached to it using special brackets, brackets, and anchors. Log walls are also mated to beams using brackets with powerful screw fasteners.

The end of the beam itself is cut off at 60 degrees, treated with waterproofing mastic and wrapped with waterproofing roll material to a depth in the wall plus 10 cm. free space The nest is sealed with mineral wool insulation.

Floors with wooden ribs

Boards 4-5 cm thick and 20-28 cm high are used as stiffeners. Modern design A lightly ribbed wooden floor contains a flooring that is laid on ribs running in increments of up to 60 cm (30-60). Ribs are considered rectangular section products made from solid or laminated wood (I-section - these are already beams), as well as from combined wood-metal T-shaped structures.

For additional rigidity of the structure, the ribs are tied together, which is done with steel tape ties or wooden jumper boards. These elements come with a pitch equal to the pitch of the ribs themselves (30-60 cm) with fastenings made of nails, self-tapping screws or fastening carbon steel elements (for wooden dressings).

The ribbed structure is designed for a maximum span of 5 m wide. It is considered most advisable to perform such floors in houses built using wood-frame construction technology.

Interface of edge with wall , if these are basement, attic and interfloor ceilings in wooden house, made using wood-frame technology, occurs on top harness wall frame frames. In this case, the ribs are laid along the axis vertical racks, fastening to bottom harness made with steel angles.

In case of log walls, the mating is carried out similarly to beam/log structures, i.e., to steel mounting brackets attached to the log with powerful threaded fasteners.

With stone walls, the ribs are connected in the same way as in the case of beams/logs. However, in houses with solid (stone, block and log) walls, it is more advisable to use beam-ribbed structures, which will be discussed later.

Floors on beam-ribbed structures

The beam-ribbed structure, on which the wooden interfloor floor is laid, provides a span length of 15 m, like a beam floor. In this case, the beams are located in the structure with a large step, and ribs are installed perpendicularly between them. The connection with the beams is made metal clamps, mounting brackets with powerful fastening threaded elements.

Connecting the beam to the wall produced as in beam floor, with the same types of walls (stone, block, log). For wood frame load-bearing walls The ribbed floor design is suitable due to a more uniform distribution of the load and the lightness of the structure itself.

Thanks to this system of arrangement of beams and stiffeners, a wooden floor between floors (and both basement and attic) seems attractive from the point of view of saving materials. The consumption of wooden elements is somewhat less than in a beam floor with almost the same load-bearing capacity.

However, it goes very high consumption labor and material of the mounting elements that connect the beams and ribs. Therefore, it is unlikely that you will be able to save on material, and even more so on work.

Installation of modern wooden floors for houses

Modern wooden floors differ not only in design, location load-bearing beams, ribs, types of fasteners. Updated standards and requirements for thermal insulation, sound insulation and other characteristics are today achieved by using new materials that form the construction of wooden floors in residential buildings.

For example, new fiberglass heat/sound insulators are many times superior to good old expanded clay in terms of heat and sound retention. Modern polymer roll materials are used, which prevent the formation of condensation due to temperature differences. Different materials and their quantities are used for one or another ceiling:

• ground floor (1st floor);
• interfloor/attic;
• attic

Specially developed preparations in the form of wood impregnations allow you to protect for many years load-bearing elements coverings from damage from various biological and physico-chemical factors (termites, fungus, moisture, fire, etc.). Therefore, we will consider further in detail the construction of the main types of wooden floors.

Installation of wooden flooring for the basement (1st) floor

It is worth noting that basements can be equipped, that is, they can have the same temperature and humidity as in the premises of a residential ground floor. In this case, it happens that a wooden floor is built, the structure of which is no different from the interfloor one.

However, a well-equipped basement is not suitable for everyone (if you plan to have a cellar in the basement) or affordable, because heating is expensive. Then an overlap is performed, the structure of which is shown below in the figure.

The first floor contains a layer of rough plank flooring, which is laid on the so-called “skull” bars. These are products made of rectangular wood (40x40, 50x50 mm), which are attached to the sides of the block flush to the bottom side with screws or nails.

It is customary to fill the space between the beams with heat-insulating material; previously it was expanded clay and wood shavings; now the insulation of wooden floors is carried out more efficient materials– extruded polystyrene foam, rolled or slab glass wool. The larger the layer of heat insulation, the better; It is believed that 10 cm of modern material is quite enough.

A layer of rolled vapor barrier material (usually a polymer film) is placed on top. Next are the logs (with a large beam spacing) and flooring made of boards or sheets of plywood, chipboard and the finishing floor covering (the so-called “finished floor”).

the first floor is different from the beam one. To begin with, you can see that there is no boardwalk along cranial bars, but there is a so-called “black ceiling”, which was previously made from boards; now sheets of plywood, chipboard, and fiberboard are more often used. They are attached with self-tapping screws to the ribs in increments of about 15 cm.

Thermal insulation, which is also the sound insulation of a wooden floor, is located in the intercostal space, as close as possible to the ribs and other stiffening elements running across the ribs. Sometimes, to seal the gaps (when using a slab insulator), they are filled with polyurethane foam.

A vapor barrier film is laid on top, followed by covering with chipboard, fiberboard or plywood in 1-2 layers, or board flooring is used.

the first floor is similar to the previous one. It is important to note that the rough ceiling was previously carried out to improve heat/sound insulation, as well as the ability to fill the space with loose and heavy thermal insulation material. Nowadays, some craftsmen do not carry out the rough ceiling, but lay the insulation on pre-stitched plasterboard, which is not correct according to the technology.

Installation of interfloor wooden floors

The most valuable quality in interfloor wooden floors is sound insulation, which provides coziness and comfort for residents. For these purposes, a variety of floor pie devices can be used. Maximum configurations, in which a wooden floor can be made between floors, contain many layers different materials, but if the budget is limited, then you have to exclude something in order to save money.

So, if the areas located on adjacent floors have approximately the same temperature and humidity, many do not install vapor barrier layers. Additional processing impregnation of wood against moisture, microorganisms and pests may also seem unnecessary. Let's consider several options for installing wooden floors.

Installation of beamed wooden floors between floors most often contains a sheathing of joists, on which the subfloor is made with sheets of fiberboard, chipboard, and plywood. This is due to the rather large step of the beams (boards or sheets will burst from such a step) or the need to level the beams.

Wherein best device interfloor ceiling: between the joists and beams, as well as the subfloor and finished floor, a rubber-cork underlay is often used, which absorbs noise and vibration from walking. If the slabs are laid on the floor in two layers, this layer can also be used between them.

If there is a log, there may be a second layer of sound insulation located between them. As sound insulation, between the subfloor and the finished floor there can also be a soundproofing layer in the form of 2-5 mm sheets of balsa wood.

Construction of a ribbed wooden floor between floors is somewhat simpler: logs are not required, since the ribs are located in small increments. The rough ceiling is covered with a lathing made of a wooden or metal galvanized frame, after which it is sheathed with sheets of plasterboard.

From our own experience we can say that in the case of wooden floors, it is better to use wooden sheathing under drywall, since the metal can ring when vibrations from walking through the wood are transmitted, as well as its deformation.

Construction of a beam-ribbed wooden floor it also does not require joists between floors and looks like a ribbed wooden floor.

Installation of attic wooden floors

It is worth noting here that those who make wooden floors with their own hands often make a mistake, and a gross mistake. So, their location of the vapor barrier layer is no different from that in the basement wooden floor. Correct location– from below, on the run-up (in a beam ceiling), or pressed by the ceiling sheathing to the ribs (in a beam-ribbed and ribbed ceiling).

Sometimes a layer of waterproofing is laid on top to protect against water ingress in case of leakage from roofing. Roofing material cannot be used, as it is carcinogenic, so rolls are used. polymer materials. In addition, the load-bearing elements themselves (beams/ribs) are processed modern impregnations, preventing the occurrence of fungus, rotting, etc.

In this article, we looked at the construction of the wooden floor itself, and as for the joists, subfloor and finished floor, this is already the construction of a wooden floor along the ceiling. However, we hope that the lion's share of how to make a wooden floor was revealed to you by the content of this article.

Wooden houses have long established themselves as environmentally friendly housing with a long service life. Proof of this are buildings that are about 100 years old. Timber is most often chosen for construction; it can be unprofiled, profiled or glued.

Timber house roof

For the floors, the same wood that was used during construction is chosen; a metal channel is used less often. Each material has both advantages and disadvantages. The long-term operation of the house depends on the quality and method of laying the floors. The following information will help you understand the specifics and nuances.

Floors are called structures that separate:

• residential floors, including the attic;
• basement or basement living rooms;
• unheated attic from the living space.

Thus, the upper part of the ceiling serves as the basis for the floor, and the lower part serves as the ceiling. For houses made of timber, a beam structure is used, since the weight of solid reinforced concrete slabs cannot be supported by any wooden structure.

The ceiling must meet certain strength requirements, that is, withstand loads such as people, furniture and other interior items. In addition, the structure must also have rigidity, preventing deflections of the beam elements.

• Magnitude permissible load installed on beam structures based on the purpose of the room. So, for practically empty attics this figure is no more than 100 kg/m², for interfloor, basement or basement ones - up to 210 kg/m².
• The rigidity of the material according to the maximum deflection for unused attic floors is 1/200 of its length, for interfloor ones - up to 1/250, for example, a beam 4 m long will bend by 16-20 mm.
• During design work, it is necessary to provide for the laying of material with sound-proofing and heat-insulating properties.
• Fire resistance is an important material characteristic. Wooden floors have low resistance to open flame, so it is extremely important to treat all elements with fire retardants.

Choosing beams for flooring a house

Metal floor beams

Metal beams are reliable and durable. Thanks to their increased strength and correspondingly smaller thickness, they save space. I-beam structures, channels or angles can be used here.

Advantages:

• resistance to biological influences (not susceptible to the formation of rot, the development of fungi, unattractive to insects);
• non-flammable material, able to withstand high temperatures;
• metal beams can cover large widths - up to 9 m.

Flaws:

• impressive weight, which means a large load is created on the entire structure, and therefore on the foundation;
• at points high humidity is subject to corrosion;
• the floors do not have high levels of sound and heat insulation;
• price.

To install metal beams, special equipment is used, which is not advisable when constructing low-rise individual buildings.

Wooden floor beams

In most cases, when building houses from various materials, timber floor beams are used. More often they are harvested from coniferous trees; timber from deciduous trees is less common.

Advantages:

• naturalness;
• low weight, allowing you to do without special lifting equipment;
• ease of processing;
• simplicity and ease of installation;
• affordable price.

Flaws:

• limited span width - for interfloor - up to 5 m, for unused attic - up to 6 m;
• increased flammability;
• susceptibility to rotting and infection by bark beetles.

However, processing special drugs, increases resistance to fire and biological influences.

For device attic structures logs are often used, which, depending on their diameter, have high bending strength.

Separately worth noting beams made of laminated veneer lumber, which, due to its special structure, significantly increases the span width limitation. Such elements can withstand increased load. The timber is distinguished by its excellent appearance, which makes it possible to leave them open, creating an accent when creating a country-style interior.

Section of floor beams

The span is covered with beams along a short wall. First, the end beams are laid, then the distance between them is evenly distributed. The pitch directly depends on the cross-section of the beams used; usually the thickness of the crossbar should be 1/25 of its length. So, for example, if you need a floor beam 4 m long, then its width should be at least 160 mm.

For interfloor ceilings

For attic floors:

If it is not possible to purchase floor beams the right size, then it is allowed to replace it with two boards, where the total thickness is equal to the cross-section of the beam. The lumber must be fastened together with nails or screws in increments of 20 cm in a checkerboard pattern; this design will withstand double load.

Log diameter, mm	Span width, mm
	3 000	3 500	4 000	4 500	5 000	5 500	6 000	6 500	7 000	7 500
170	1 000	800	600	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
210	---	---	1 000	800	600	---	---	---	---	---
250	---	---	---	---	1 000	800	800	600	---	---
290	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	1 000	800	800
310	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	1 000	800
330	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	1000

The moisture content of lumber should not exceed 14%.

Timber house roof

General rules for laying floor beams:

• Before starting work, all wooden structural elements are processed protective equipment. During the process of fitting the material (sawing, cutting), the grooves or ends are also processed.
• It should be remembered that the location of the beams relative to the chimney pipes should not be less than 40 cm.
• The most reliable connection is considered “ dovetail" Of course, the process is quite labor-intensive, but reliable. Typically, timber does not require additional fixation to load-bearing walls using nails or screws. Here, a tongue-and-groove connection is sufficient, which allows the structural elements to “move” during the shrinkage of the house.

• To achieve a horizontal level, planks of boards are placed at the end of the beam. You cannot use wood chips - they will quickly rot and the ceiling structure will become distorted.
• If wooden beams are intended for installation on walls made of bricks, concrete blocks and other stone materials, then the ends of the beam are wrapped in roofing felt. Thus, protecting the wood from condensation, and therefore from premature rotting.
• Voids in nests with outside filled with tow, jute fiber, polyurethane foam or sand-cement mortar.

Installation of a basement floor made of timber

• IN lower crown grooves are cut out at home, and the end of the beam is adjusted to the appropriate dimensions. The prepared elements are placed in the nests. The ribs formed by the beams are checked for horizontalness using a level. All supports must be in the same plane, otherwise the load on the floor will be distributed unevenly.
• After the building shrinks, everything is checked structural elements. If there are changes, they are eliminated by trimming or placing wedges. After this, the beams can be securely fixed with bolts, screws, staples or metal corners.
• After this, the floors are insulated using polystyrene foam, mineral wool or other thermal insulation materials. A vapor barrier membrane is spread over them and preparations are made for laying the finished floor.

Construction of a timber basement

• The beams are installed in the same way as for the base. The difference lies in the thickness of the stone wool or fiberglass wool used. And also in an additional layer of vapor barrier, here the membrane is laid on both sides of the ceiling.

• A special role is given to basement ventilation; it prevents the appearance of dampness, and as a result unpleasant odor in living rooms.

Construction of interfloor timber floors

• After inserting the beams into the sockets of the main walls, the bottom of the ceiling is hemmed with moisture-resistant plywood. The lungs are filled into the formed space bulk materials(expanded clay, sawdust, well-dried sand), you can lay mineral wool mats or foam sheets.
• Next, the filler is covered with a vapor barrier film and covered with fiberboard or chipboard panels, on which the floor coverings are laid.

Construction of an attic floor made of timber

• Beam fastening can be either external or internal. In the first case, various cuts of wood are used. When using such connections, it is necessary to remember that cutting by no more than ¼ of the thickness of the timber is allowed. Fastening half a tree is unacceptable; longitudinal cracks may form at the point of the cut, which significantly reduce the rigidity of the beam.
• With an internal connection, the end of the beam is cut at an angle of 45-60º and placed in the grooves of the load-bearing walls. The depth of the bookmark must be at least 10 cm. Recesses in wooden walls the cross-section of the timber being laid is made slightly larger. This makes it possible wooden elements do not deform when temperature changes.
• Solid embedding in stone walls is unacceptable - there must be relatively free air exchange in the nest. Heat loss through these points can be reduced by sealing the space with mineral wool, jute or tow. In this way, cold bridges will be eliminated, but no obstacles will be created for the passage of air.
• Here you can use laminated veneer lumber as beams and leave it for everyone to see. You can reduce heat loss by making a false floor on the side attic space. The resulting cells are filled with insulation, which is covered with a vapor barrier film.

Insulation and sound insulation of timber floors

• When forming floors between floors, it is necessary to use soundproofing materials that can muffle 2 types of noise - airborne (people's voices, TV sound, etc.) and impact (the sound of falling objects, children running around).
• A rigid mineral wool slab on a basalt base with a density of at least 45 kg/m³ will cope with these tasks. In this context, this material also acts as thermal insulation. In such cases, the membrane is laid on the side of the warmer room.
• Reduce heat loss through the basement, basement or attic space, it is also possible by laying stone wool, the thickness of which depends on the climatic characteristics of the region. The higher the thermal conductivity coefficient of the material used, the greater the thickness of the insulation.

• The attic floor is arranged as follows: a vapor barrier membrane is spread on the side of the living room and secured with a construction stapler directly to the beams.
• If foil material is used, the shiny surface should face down. Thermal insulation is placed in the space between the beams, which should be covered with windproof material.
• Diagram of thermal insulation for ceilings dividing the basement space or basement from the living rooms, looks like this: insulation is laid on the subfloor, then spread vapor barrier material and the boardwalk is installed.

Having calculated correctly specifications beams, and following simple rules, the construction of individual elements of the house, in particular floors, will not create any difficulties.