Thousands of people around the world do repairs every day. When performing it, everyone begins to think about the subtleties that accompany the repair: in what color scheme choose wallpaper, how to choose curtains to match the color of the wallpaper, arrange furniture correctly to achieve a unified style of the room. But rarely does anyone think about the most important thing, and this main thing is replacing the electrical wiring in the apartment. After all, if with old wiring something happens, the apartment will lose all its attractiveness and become completely unsuitable for living.

Any electrician knows how to replace the wiring in an apartment, but any ordinary citizen can do this, however, when performing this type of work, he should choose quality materials to get safe electrical network in room.

The first action to be performed is plan future wiring. At this stage, you need to determine exactly where the wires will be laid. Also at this stage, you can make any adjustments to the existing network, which will allow you to arrange lamps and lamps as comfortably as possible in accordance with the needs of the owners.

12.12.2019

Narrow-industry devices of the knitting sub-industry and their maintenance

To determine the stretchability of hosiery, a device is used, the diagram of which is shown in Fig. 1.

The design of the device is based on the principle of automatic balancing of the rocker arm by the elastic forces of the product being tested, acting at a constant speed.

The weight beam is an equal-armed round steel rod 6, having an axis of rotation 7. At its right end, the legs or the sliding form of the trace 9 are attached using a bayonet lock, on which the product is put on. A suspension for loads 4 is hinged on the left shoulder, and its end ends with an arrow 5, showing the equilibrium state of the rocker arm. Before testing the product, the rocker arm is brought into balance using a movable weight 8.

Rice. 1. Diagram of a device for measuring the tensile strength of hosiery: 1 - guide, 2 - left ruler, 3 - slider, 4 - hanger for loads; 5, 10 - arrows, 6 - rod, 7 - axis of rotation, 8 - weight, 9 - trace shape, 11 - stretch lever,

12— carriage, 13—lead screw, 14—right ruler; 15, 16 — helical gears, 17 — worm gear, 18 — coupling, 19 — electric motor

To move the carriage 12 with the stretching lever 11, a lead screw 13 is used, at the lower end of which a helical gear 15 is fixed; through it the rotational motion is transmitted to the lead screw. Changing the direction of rotation of the screw depends on the change in rotation 19, which, using coupling 18 is connected to a worm gearbox 17. A helical gear 16 is mounted on the gearbox shaft, which directly imparts movement to gear 15.

11.12.2019

In pneumatic actuators, the adjustment force is created by the action of compressed air on a membrane, or piston. Accordingly, there are membrane, piston and bellows mechanisms. They are designed to install and move the control valve according to a pneumatic command signal. The full working stroke of the output element of the mechanisms is carried out when the command signal changes from 0.02 MPa (0.2 kg/cm 2) to 0.1 MPa (1 kg/cm 2). Ultimate pressure compressed air in the working cavity - 0.25 MPa (2.5 kg/cm2).

In linear diaphragm mechanisms, the rod performs a reciprocating movement. Depending on the direction of movement of the output element, they are divided into mechanisms of direct action (with increasing membrane pressure) and reverse action.

Rice. 1. Design of a direct-acting membrane actuator: 1, 3 - covers, 2 - membrane, 4 - support disk, 5 - bracket, 6 - spring, 7 - rod, 8 - support ring, 9 - adjusting nut, 10 - connecting nut

Main structural elements The membrane actuator consists of a membrane pneumatic chamber with a bracket and a moving part.

The membrane pneumatic chamber of the direct action mechanism (Fig. 1) consists of covers 3 and 1 and membrane 2. Cover 3 and membrane 2 form a sealed working cavity, cover 1 is attached to bracket 5. The moving part includes support disk 4, to which the membrane is attached 2, a rod 7 with a connecting nut 10 and a spring 6. One end of the spring rests against the support disk 4, and the other through the support ring 8 into the adjusting nut 9, which serves to change the initial tension of the spring and the direction of movement of the rod.

08.12.2019

Today there are several types of lamps for. Each of them has its own pros and cons. Let's consider the types of lamps that are most often used for lighting in a residential building or apartment.

The first type of lamps is incandescent lamp. This is the most cheap look lamps The advantages of such lamps include their cost and simplicity of the device. The light from such lamps is the best for the eyes. The disadvantages of such lamps include a short service life and a large amount of electricity consumed.

The next type of lamps is energy-saving lamps. Such lamps can be found for absolutely any type of base. They are an elongated tube containing a special gas. It is the gas that creates the visible glow. Modern energy saving lamps, the tube can have a wide variety of shapes. The advantages of such lamps: low energy consumption compared to incandescent lamps, daylight glow, large selection of bases. The disadvantages of such lamps include the complexity of the design and flickering. Flicker is usually not noticeable, but the eyes will get tired from the light.

28.11.2019

Cable assembly- a type of mounting unit. The cable assembly consists of several local ones, terminated on both sides in the electrical installation shop and tied into a bundle. Installation of the cable route is carried out by placing the cable assembly in the cable route fastening devices (Fig. 1).

Ship cable route- an electrical line mounted on a ship from cables (cable bundles), cable route fastening devices, sealing devices, etc. (Fig. 2).

On a ship, the cable route is located in hard-to-reach places (along the sides, ceiling and bulkheads); they have up to six turns in three planes (Fig. 3). On large ships, the longest cable length reaches 300 m, and the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​the cable route is 780 cm2. On individual ships with a total cable length of over 400 km, cable corridors are provided to accommodate the cable route.

Cable routes and cables passing through them are divided into local and main, depending on the absence (presence) of compaction devices.

Trunk cable routes are divided into routes with end and feed-through boxes depending on the type of cable box application. This makes sense for the selection of technological equipment and cable installation technology.

21.11.2019

In the field of development and production instrumentation and automation devices The American company Fluke Corporation occupies one of the leading positions in the world. It was founded in 1948 and since that time has been constantly developing and improving technologies in the field of diagnostics, testing, and analysis.

Innovations from an American developer

Professional measuring equipment from a multinational corporation is used in the maintenance of heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems, refrigeration units, air quality testing, calibration electrical parameters. The Fluke brand store offers the purchase of certified equipment from an American developer. Full the lineup includes:

• thermal imagers, insulation resistance testers;
• digital multimeters;
• electrical energy quality analyzers;
• rangefinders, vibration meters, oscilloscopes;
• temperature, pressure calibrators and multifunctional devices;
• visual pyrometers and thermometers.

07.11.2019

Use a level gauge to determine the level different types liquids in open and closed storages and vessels. It is used to measure the level of a substance or the distance to it.
To measure liquid levels, sensors are used that differ in type: radar level gauge, microwave (or waveguide), radiation, electrical (or capacitive), mechanical, hydrostatic, acoustic.

Principles and features of operation of radar level meters

Standard instruments cannot determine the level of chemically aggressive liquids. Only a radar level gauge is capable of measuring it, since it does not come into contact with the liquid during operation. In addition, radar level gauges are more accurate compared to, for example, ultrasonic or capacitive ones.

1. Scope of application of this instruction (KASV-1.86 “VK-21”).
The requirements of this manual are mandatory when servicing and operating the equipment. boiler area with KABC boilers (fuel - natural gas).

2. Designations and abbreviations.
In this document, the following divisions apply: designations and abbreviations:

• VK – hot water boiler;
• PUE – rules for electrical installations;
• TNLA – technical normative legal acts
• PC – safety valve;
• NKF – sodium cation exchange filter.

3. Safety requirements.
Production instructions for the maintenance and operation of boiler room equipment with the attachment of an operational thermal diagram of the boiler room must be posted at the workplace and handed out boiler room personnel.
Boiler room staff must know and comply with the requirements set out in this manual.
Boiler room equipment maintenance must be carried out in strict compliance with the requirements of the Design Rules and safe operation steam boilers with a steam pressure of no more than 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf/cm2) and hot water boilers with a water heating temperature of no higher than 388 K (1150C), industrial safety rules in the field of gas supply, Rules for the design and safe operation of vessels operating under pressure, PUE, this instruction and other technical regulations.
To be completed operation and repair of boiler room equipment Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination, training at an educational institution that has a license from a technical inspection body and a certificate for the right to service boilers, internship, instruction, and testing of knowledge on labor protection issues are allowed. Individual training of personnel is not permitted.

A repeated check of the knowledge of these persons should be carried out by a commission of the enterprise:

• - periodically (at least once every 12 months);
• - when switching to servicing boilers of a different type;
• - when converting serviced boilers to another type of fuel.

Not allowed:

• – operation of a hot water boiler with faulty pressure gauges, safety valves, explosion valves designed to release combustion products into the atmosphere in the event of an explosion of the combustible mixture in the boiler furnace;
• – knock on a working boiler;
• - to carry out coinage or welding work;
• – use pipes and other devices for opening and closing gates, taps and valves;
• – lengthen spanners additional levers, second keys or pipes;
• – operate pumps, fans and smoke exhausters without guards;
• – tighten the seals while the pumps are running.

The change of duty personnel must comply with the requirements of internal regulations. Upon joining duty boiler room staff is obliged to familiarize himself with the entries in the shift log and check the serviceability of the boilers being serviced and related to them auxiliary equipment, as well as serviceability emergency lighting and alarm system for calling the administration.
Acceptance and handover of duty must be documented by the shift supervisors with an entry in the shift log indicating the results of checking the boilers and related equipment, as well as pressure gauges and safety valves.
It is not allowed to produce duty shift during an accident in the boiler room.
Boiler operators must not be distracted from their assigned duties.
It is forbidden to leave boilers until combustion in the furnace has completely stopped and gas pressure has dropped to zero.
Unauthorized persons may be allowed into the boiler room only with the permission of the administration and accompanied by its representative.
Boiler room and all its equipment must be kept in good repair and properly clean. It is prohibited to clutter the boiler room or store and store materials and objects. The passages and exits of the boiler room must always be free. Doors for exiting the boiler room- easy to open.
Before starting work inside the VC connected to other operating boilers by common pipelines, as well as before inspecting or repairing elements operating under pressure, if there is a danger of people being burned by water, the boiler must be separated from all pipelines with plugs.
Opening hatches and hatches, as well as repairing boiler elements, is permitted only in the complete absence of pressure.
Work inside the furnace and VK flues may only be carried out at a temperature not exceeding 35° C and with a written permit (permit), issued after an appropriate inspection of the site of the planned work.
Before starting work inside the firebox or flues, they must be well ventilated, illuminated and reliably protected from the penetration of gases and dust from the flues of operating boilers. The cleanliness of the air in the furnace and flues must be confirmed by analysis.
When sections of pipelines and gas ducts are disconnected, as well as on the starting device of blowing machines, posters must be posted on valves, valves and flaps: “Do not turn on - people are working.” In starting devices of blowing machines, fusible inserts must be removed.
When working in boilers and gas ducts, lighting with a voltage of no higher than 12V should be used.
Before closing hatches and manholes, it is necessary to check for people or foreign objects inside the boiler.
Keep boilers clean and not cluttered with foreign objects.
Do not carry out repairs while the boilers are operating.
In the event of a fire or other accident outside boiler room stay where you are. If fire threatens boiler room, stop running boilers and auxiliary equipment.
Capital and current repairs boilers must be produced in accordance with a specially developed schedule.

4. Maintenance and operation of boiler room equipment.
Boiler room personnel and their responsibilities
Boiler operator must know:

• - Design and principle of operation of serviced boilers operating on gaseous fuel.
• - The main thermal processes occurring in the boiler and ways to achieve the most economical operating modes of the boiler.
• - Design, principle of operation and procedure for servicing auxiliary equipment - blower fans, pumps.
• - Design and maintenance rules for furnaces, fittings and boiler fittings.
• - Design, purpose and principle of operation and maintenance rules for the control and measuring instruments used.
• - Technical diagramspipelines and boiler room equipment according to drawings and in kind, their structure and purpose.
• - Basic methods of external and internal cleaning of boilers.
• - Signs and causes of malfunctions in the operation of boilers, auxiliary equipment, instrumentation.
• - Methods for preventing and eliminating malfunctions and accidents.
• - Requirements for the design and safe operation of steam boilers with a steam pressure of no more than 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf/cm2) and hot water boilers with a water heating temperature not higher than 388 K (1150C), industrial safety rules in the field of gas supply of the Republic of Belarus.
• - Safety regulations and industrial sanitation, fire prevention measures, internal regulations, production instructions, rational organization labor at your workplace.
• - Standards for the consumption of fuel, electricity and water to produce a unit of heat.
• - Procedure for maintaining operational documentation.
• - Plumbing and repair work necessary to troubleshoot problems during equipment operation and performed with participation in scheduled preventive inspections and repairs.
• - Their rights and responsibilities, subordination, whose orders must be followed, who to notify about accidents and malfunctions, about fires and accidents.

Boiler operator should be able to:
- Serve hot water boilers working for gas fuel, auxiliary boiler room equipment and monitor their serviceability.
- Prepare boilers and auxiliary equipment for operation.
- Blow out the boiler, check safety valves and pressure gauges.
- Stop boilers in planned and emergency procedures in accordance with the instructions.
- Maintain the combustion mode correctly.
- Use technical documentation, maintain operational documentation at the workplace.
- Carry out minor repairs (filling oil seals, changing gaskets, etc.)
- Prevent all kinds of accidents and malfunctions in the operation of boilers and equipment, and if they occur, quickly take measures to eliminate them.
- Provide first aid to victims.
- Use fire protection equipment.

The administration should not give boiler room staff instructions that contradict production instructions and may lead to an accident or accident.
Workers boiler room bear responsibility for violation of instructions in the manner established by the rules internal labor regulations of the enterprise and other legal acts.

Preparing the VC for kindling.
Kindling of the VK can only be done if there is an order written down by the person in charge. boiler room in the order journal. The order must indicate the duration of filling the VC with water and its temperature.
When preparing to light a gas-fueled VC, the operator must check:
- serviceability of the boiler and auxiliary equipment;
- absence of people and foreign objects inside the boiler, in the furnace and gas ducts, then close the boiler hatches and manholes;
- condition of the firebox and flues;
- serviceability of instrumentation shut-off valves, PC, no plugs on the lines;
- serviceability of fittings. All fittings must have a good seal to prevent air from leaking into the firebox.
After checking serviceability of boiler equipment You can start filling the VC and network mains with water. Filling is done with water at a temperature not lower than 5°C. The filling time is approximately 1-2 hours, with filling being faster in summer and slower in winter.
To avoid the appearance of significant thermal stresses, the temperature difference between the metal of the VC and the water at the time of filling should be no more than 40-50°C. During the filling period, the tightness of the flange connections, as well as the purge and drain fittings, is simultaneously checked. If a leak is detected in the above places, tighten it; if the leak continues, stop the water supply, drain it and replace the gaskets and stuff the seals.
When the network, together with the VC, auxiliary equipment and network pipelines, is filled with chemically purified water, the network pump is turned on.

Starting the pump.
The pump must not be put into operation without a preliminary inspection, which should, as a rule, be carried out before each start-up.
During the inspection it is necessary to check:
- is there lubrication in the bearings;
- whether there are any jams in the pump (the latter is checked by turning the coupling);
- Is the oil seal well packed? The oil seal must be carefully packed and evenly and loosely tightened so that when the pump is running, water slowly drips through the oil seal. Water leaking through the seal indicates good packing and also that air is not being sucked into the pump through the seal. Water flowing through the seal can be drained through the hole in the bracket body; an over-tightened seal will soon heat up and increase energy consumption, and in addition, too much packing can cause the shaft to seize.
After you have verified that the pump is in good condition:
- close the valve on the discharge pipeline. This is necessary to avoid overloading the electric motor during startup. Starting with an open valve is allowed if it has been adjusted to a certain capacity and pressure;
- turn on the electric motor;
- after the pumps have reached their full speed, slowly open the valve until the required pressure is reached (according to the reading of the pressure gauge on the discharge pipeline).
Note: To avoid heating, it is not recommended to work with the valve closed for long periods of time.
All boiler pumps, hot water supply pumps, make-up pumps are started similarly to network pumps, according to the above instructions.

Starting a stationary VC.
Before launch of a stationary water heating boiler type VK-21 necessary:

• - Make sure there is water circulation through the boiler.
• - Check for natural traction.
• - Check the tightness of the gas shut-off valves in accordance with the instructions for using the leak testing unit BST-BPG-01-P.
• Proceed to ignite the GGS-2.1 burner:
• - Turn on the burner sequential connection circuit breaker on the power unit and the “Start” button. The “Network” indicator light should light up.
• - Check the serviceability of the light and sound alarm by pressing the “Control” button.
• - Click on the “Start” button. The fact that the “Start” program is running is indicated by the “Start” indicator light being on. After this, start-up operations begin to be performed automatically.
• - At the moment of ignition of the igniter, (observe visually), smoothly open the low-fire valve, observing the ignition of the main burner flame. Wait until the main flame burns steadily.
• - After the start program is completed, the “Start” indicator turns off and the “Operation” indicator light turns on, indicating that the automatic water temperature controller at the boiler outlet has started working.

Further operation of the boiler is carried out automatically.

Monitoring the operation of a stationary VC.
During VK operation you must:
Maintain network water pressure within:

• - direct pipeline not higher than 5 kg/cm2 and not lower than 2.5 kg/cm2
• - return pipeline not higher than 1.5 kg/cm2 and not lower than 0.7 kg/cm2

Maintain the water temperature at the outlet of the VC according to the graph depending on the outside air temperature.
Maintain normal combustion of fuel in the VK furnace: conduct combustion according to the VK regime map.
Monitor the operation of the circulation pumps, smoke exhauster and boiler burner fan.
Regularly lubricate bearings.
Monitor the condition of the VC, fittings, fittings and pipelines.
Clean the VK surfaces from dust.
Note: When servicing the VK, you should be guided by the requirements of the operating instructions and performance cards. In a prominent place in boiler room a table of the dependence of the water temperature in the boiler on the outside air temperature and regime maps of each VK should be posted.

Stopping a stationary VC.
Normal shutdown of the VK is carried out according to a schedule or written order of the person responsible for safe boiler room operation.
The burner is turned off using the “STOP” button and occurs automatically according to a given program.
After stopping the VC, it is necessary to de-energize the shield automatic control VK, close gas taps VK, open the VK purge spark plug, close the valve to return pipeline VC.

Emergency stop of stationary VC.
The VC must be immediately stopped by protection or maintenance personnel in the following cases:

• - detection of VC malfunction;
• - if cracks, bulges, gaps in their welds, breakage of an anchor bolt or connection are found in the main elements of the boiler;
• - the appearance of hydraulic shocks in the boiler during its operation;
• - malfunction of automatic safety or alarm systems, including loss of voltage on these devices;
• - occurrence in the VC, gas duct or boiler room fire that threatens the safety of operating personnel or the boiler structure;
• - increasing the water pressure at the boiler outlet above the permissible level: 6 kgf/cm2.
• - reducing water pressure below the permissible level: 2.5 kgf/cm2;
• - increasing the temperature at the water outlet from the water supply above the permissible level: 95°C;
• - decreasing (increasing) the pressure of air supplied to combustion in accordance with the operating instructions of the manufacturer;
• - decreasing (increasing) the pressure of the gas supplied to combustion in accordance with the operating instructions of the manufacturer;
• - reducing the vacuum in the furnace;
• - gas explosion in the furnace.

The reasons and time of the emergency stop of the VC must be reported to the person responsible for safety boiler room operation and make an entry in the shift journal.

5. Chemical water treatment of the boiler room.
Raw water contains calcined and magnesium compounds, which, when heated, have the ability to form dense deposits called scale on the internal heating surfaces of boilers, which significantly impair heat transfer and, as a result, lead to an increase in gas consumption and metal stress in boilers.
Replacing the scale-forming calcium and magnesium cations contained in water with an equivalent amount of sodium cations (Na+), the salts of which are highly soluble and do not form solid deposits on the heating surface, is called water softening using the sodium cationization method.
Sodium-cationized water is carried out by an ion-exchange material containing mobile cations that can be replaced by calcium and magnesium cations, as well as iron, usually contained in natural water.
The exchange reactions of these cations can be presented in the following form:

1. Ca (HCO3)2 + 2NaK = CaK2 + 2NaHCO3
2. Mg (НСО3)2 + 2NаК = MgК2 + 2NаСО3

Here K is a complex cation exchanger complex, practically insoluble in water.
From the above reactions it follows that water, after filtering it through the NCF, will contain, instead of calcium and magnesium salts, which determine its hardness, the corresponding sodium salts, as a result of which the hardness of the sodium-cationized water residue decreases, the alkalinity does not change, and the dry residue is somewhat increases.
During the process of water softening, the cation exchanger is gradually saturated with calcium and magnesium ions and loses the ability to deeply soften water, after which the residual hardness of the softened water begins to increase until it is equal to the hardness of the source water, i.e. its working exchange absorption capacity is completely exhausted.
To restore the working exchange capacity of the cation exchanger, it is necessary to replace the previously retained Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions with the Na+ ion. This process is called regeneration. It is produced by passing a solution of table salt through a layer of depleted cation exchanger.
The reactions that occur in this case can be represented by the following equations:

1. CaK2 + 2NaCl = 2NaK + CaCl2
2. MgK2 + 2NaCl = 2NaK + MgCl2

The resulting calcium and magnesium chlorides are highly soluble in water and are removed with the regeneration solution and wash water.

Construction and maintenance of sodium cation exchange filters (NKF)

List of operational documents
1. Passport boiler room
2. Boiler passports.
3. Change magazine boiler room
4. Thermal energy accounting log.
5. Journal of chemical water treatment.
6. Heat engineering boiler room diagram.
7. Chemical water treatment scheme.

List of materials used
1. Graphite lubricant
2. Grease solid oil fatty GOST 1033-79.
3. Paronitis.
4. SHAON cord 30 mm
5. Plate 2N-1-MBS-S
6. Enamel, solvent.
7. Rags.

Magazine forms

Boiler room shift log

1st page

Heat meter

Network water

Air pressure in front of the burner,

Temperature care. gases t o C

Heat production Q, Gcal

Working hours T, hour, min

Consumption Q 1, m 3

Pressure

Temperature

Pressure

Temperature

after pump, kgf/m 2

return, t o C

After hydraulic fracturing,

Before the burner, kgf/m2

2nd page

Thermal energy logbook

Coolant flow, m 3

Instantaneous heat consumption, kW

Instant coolant flow rate, m 3 /h

Temperature, o C

Operating time, hour

Note

Difference T1-T2

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Purpose of operation of boiler rooms. Operation of boiler plants includes a set of measures aimed at ensuring safe, reliable and economical operation of all equipment and uninterrupted supply of steam and hot water specified costs and parameters.

In connection with the explosion and fire hazard of boiler installations, Federal Law “On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities”(No. 116 dated February 21, 1997) classifies boiler installations into the category of production facilities hazardous to boiler plant personnel, the population of adjacent territories and the environment natural environment. According to the law, control over the manufacture, installation and safe operation of steam boilers with a working pressure of more than 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf/cm 2) and hot water boilers with water temperatures above 115 0 C is carried out by a federal state executive body called the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision" (abbreviated as Rostechnadzor) and its territorial bodies.

Basic requirements for boiler plant personnel. Due to the complexity of the design and maintenance of modern boilers and boiler rooms, specially trained personnel recruited from literate persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination, training and certification are allowed to operate them.

According to the “Regulations on the procedure for training and certification of employees of organizations operating in the field of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities controlled by the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia” (RD 03-444-02 dated January 11, 1999), boiler house personnel are divided into operational management, duty and operational - repair

The operational management personnel of boiler houses include: boiler house manager, shift supervisor, shift foreman, duty dispatcher and other specialists in accordance with the staffing schedule. From among the management personnel with a thermal engineering education, the enterprise administration appoints someone responsible for the good condition and safe operation of the boilers, which is recorded in the boiler passport.

Only the Responsible Person has the right to give orders (must be written) to start the boiler and stop it. Certification of Responsible and Managing Specialists is carried out by Rostechnadzor bodies at least once every three years. Certification of management personnel in the field of industrial safety is carried out according to a schedule approved by the head of the enterprise.

The duty personnel are operators, boiler operators, stokers, HVO operators and other workers servicing boilers and auxiliary equipment of boiler houses in accordance with the approved duty schedule;

Operational repair personnel include workers engaged in repairs and who have the right to perform operational maintenance and make operational switches in boiler rooms.

According to the requirements of the “Rules for the design and safe operation of steam and hot water boilers” (PB-10-574-03), training and certification of boiler room operators, machinists and stokers must be carried out in educational institutions, as well as in courses specially created by enterprises and licensed by Rostechnadzor authorities on this type activities. must be compiled for Individual training of personnel is not allowed.

Based on the results of the final exam (with the participation of a Rostechnadzor inspector), the student is awarded a qualification and issued a certificate for the right to service boilers, signed by the chairman of the certification commission and the Rostechnadzor inspector. Specialists are allowed to service boilers by order of the organization.

Periodic (repeated) testing of the knowledge of service personnel is carried out at least once every 12 months by a commission appointed by order of the organization (participation in its work of a Rostechnadzor inspector is not necessary).

An extraordinary test of the knowledge of service personnel is carried out by a commission of the organization in the following cases:

When moving to another organization;

When transferring to service boilers of other types;

When converting the boiler to burn another type of fuel;

At the request of a Rostechnadzor inspector or administration.

Duties of duty personnel.

According to " Standard instructions on the safe conduct of work for boiler house personnel" (RD 10-319-99), boiler maintenance personnel must:

Know your responsibilities, to whom you are subordinate, whose instructions you must follow, who to notify about malfunctions, accidents, fires and accidents;

Know the structure and operation of the boilers it serves and all auxiliary equipment, pipeline diagrams, fuel oil pipelines and gas pipelines, designs of gas and fuel oil burners and the limits of their regulation;

Be able to promptly identify problems in the operation of boilers and auxiliary equipment and pipelines, fittings, fittings, and if problems are detected, immediately eliminate them;

Be able to check the proper operation of water indicating devices, pressure gauges, safety devices, alarms, check valves and so on.;

Operate trouble-free and economically, uninterruptedly supply consumers with steam or hot water in required quantity and established quality at minimum consumption fuel;

Monitor the condition of the fittings, tighten leaking seals;

Monitor the tightness of the flange connections and the condition of the pipelines (painting, inscriptions, plates, etc.);

Check the tightness of manholes, hatches, the absence of leaks, as well as the absence of air leaks into the firebox, gas ducts, etc.;

Timely check the operation of automatic control, safety and alarm devices in accordance with the requirements of the instructions for their operation.

Main responsibilities of the person responsible for the good condition and safe operation of boilers defines “Standard instructions for those responsible for the good condition and safe operation of boilers” (RD 10-304-99).

The person in charge must have a special thermal engineering education and pass a knowledge test in accordance with the requirements of RD 03-444-02 “Regulations on the procedure for training and certification of employees of organizations operating in the field of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities controlled by the State Technical Supervision Authority of Russia”

In some cases, the Responsible Person may be a specialist who does not have a thermal engineering education, but has been trained under the “Program for advanced training of managers and specialists without a thermal engineering education who are appointed responsible for the good condition and safe operation of steam and hot water boilers” (RD 10-60-94 ) in educational institutions licensed by Rostechnadzor for training. In addition, the Responsible Person must undergo certification by a commission with the participation of an inspector from Rostechnadzor.

According to the requirements of the Rules and Standard Instructions, the Responsible is obliged to:

Allow trained and certified personnel to perform maintenance;

Provide maintenance personnel with production instructions developed on the basis of manufacturer's instructions for installation and operation, taking into account the layout of the equipment. Instructions are issued to personnel against signature and are constantly located at their workplaces;

Ensure that service personnel undergo periodic medical examinations;

Ensure the maintenance and storage of technical documentation for the operation and repair of boilers (passports, replacement and repair logs, water treatment log, repair cards, log control checks pressure gauges, etc.);

Provide each boiler put into operation with a plate indicating the registration number, permitted pressure and the timing of the next internal inspection and hydraulic test;

Regularly inspect boilers in working condition;

Every day on weekdays, inspect the boilers in working condition and check the entries in the shift log with signatures in it;

Issue a written order to put the boiler into operation after checking the readiness of the boiler room equipment for operation;

Work with staff to improve their qualifications;

Conduct technical inspection of boilers;

Store boiler passports and manufacturer’s instructions for installation and operation;

Conduct emergency training with boiler room personnel;

Participate in surveys and technical examinations;

Participate in the commission for certification and periodic testing of knowledge of engineers and service personnel;

Timely comply with instructions issued by Rostechnadzor authorities.

The person in charge is given the right to remove personnel from service if they violate instructions or personnel who show unsatisfactory knowledge. He has the right to present to management proposals for bringing to justice engineering and technical workers and persons on duty who violate rules and instructions, as well as to submit proposals to management for eliminating the reasons that give rise to violations of the requirements of rules and instructions.

Organization of duty service. Due to the continuous long-term operation of boiler room equipment, their operation is organized through constant duty (watches) of maintenance personnel. Duties are carried out in shifts with a shift duration of no more than 8 hours. The composition of the shift is determined staffing table. The procedure for personnel joining and leaving duty is determined by the Internal Regulations.

The procedure for accepting and handing over a shift (duty). Before going on duty (approximately 20 minutes before), the shift supervisor (shift foreman) checks the availability of service personnel, their ability to be on duty, and their knowledge of their duties.

After this, the shift manager briefs the staff, during which:

Indicates each person what to look for Special attention during reception, carrying and delivery of shifts;

Introduces personnel to switched on and off equipment and heat consumers;

Draws attention to malfunctions and malfunctions in the operation of equipment;

Reminds you of the need to follow safety rules and measures and fire safety and etc.

After briefing, the personnel takes over the shift at their posts and reports to the shift supervisor about the condition and malfunctions of the equipment within their workplace.

The operator (driver, fireman) taking over duty must:

Obtain from the operator being replaced information about the operation of the equipment, operating modes, operational problems, assignments for the shift and comments from management;

Check the availability of water and fuel supplies;

Find out the condition of the heating surfaces of the boiler and economizer, lining, combustion devices, auxiliary equipment, instrumentation and get acquainted with their readings;

Check the functionality of automatic control, security and alarm systems;

Specify the time of the last purge and the time of the next purge;

Check by touch for tightness of purge valves, bleed valves and check valves;

Make sure there are no gas leaks and the position of shut-off and control valves on the gas pipeline at boilers, etc.

The shift manager, in turn, gets acquainted with the condition, diagram and operating mode of the boiler room equipment, with all entries in the shift log, and receives information about the operation of the boiler room from the shift manager being replaced. The shift supervisor, having received the report, signs for acceptance of the shift in the shift log.

It is prohibited to accept or hand over shifts during the period of liquidation of an accident, fire, or during critical switching operations.

Technical documentation of the boiler room.

Technical documentation includes:

Technical data sheets for boilers and pressure vessels (expander continuous blowing and heat exchangers), forms for auxiliary equipment, drawings, descriptions and instructions of manufacturers of boilers and auxiliary equipment and structures;

Executive technological diagrams of boiler room systems (supply and network pipelines, steam pipelines, blowdowns and drainages, fire pipelines, electrical cables and connections, automation, etc.), acts and protocols for installation, testing and commissioning;

Technical (production) instructions for maintenance, scheduled preventive inspections (PPO) and repairs (RPR) of boilers and auxiliary equipment;

Job descriptions;

Instructions for safety and fire safety;

Instructions for using the gas analyzer;

Regime maps, load (heat supply) schedules;

Shift magazine;

Repair log;

Journal on instrumentation and automation;

Journal of water treatment;

Logbook for conducting briefings;

Logbook for periodic inspections and control tests of protective equipment;

Emergency training log and schedule;

Containment and elimination plan emergency situations;

Journal of the controlling persons of the enterprise;

Logbook for inspecting the route of external gas pipelines and route map;

List of works with increased danger.

Forms and drawings, technological diagrams, factory and project documentation are transferred by installation, construction and commissioning organizations to the boiler room personnel upon commissioning. Instructions are developed by boiler house management personnel based on documentation manufacturing plants and standard instructions.

The shift log is used to record data on the operation of boilers and auxiliary equipment, switching and switching operations, malfunctions and accidents, received orders, inspections and repairs. (Details of repairs are recorded in the repair log). In particular, in accordance with the Rules, the shift log must reflect: the start time of firing and stopping the boiler, inspection of the boiler before accepting a shift, purging of the boiler, checking the serviceability of boiler pressure gauges and water indicating devices, safety valves and feed pumps.

A repair log is kept for each boiler, in which the Responsible Person enters information about the repair work performed, the materials used, the welder and welding, and about boiler shutdowns for cleaning or flushing. Replacement of pipes and beading of connections of pipes with drums and collectors are noted on the pipe layout diagram attached to the magazine. The repair log also reflects the results of the inspection of the boiler before cleaning, indicating the thickness of scale and sludge and all defects identified during the repair period.

Information about repair work that necessitates an early inspection of the boiler, as well as repair work to replace boiler elements using welding or rolling, is recorded in the repair log and entered into the boiler passport.

Replacement and repair magazines must be numbered, laced and sealed.

Setting the activation parameters of the automatic safety system of the fire-tube boiler “Turboterm”

AIT enterprise SMP - 95 Tomsk

Regime map and technical examination of the fire-tube stake “Turboterm”

Heater for heating the boiler room

Plate heaters DHW systems

Hydraulic adapter in the thermal circuit of the boiler room

Network pumps with frequency regulation

Three way hydraulic adapter valve

Make-up pumps

The teacher kicked Vovochka out into the corridor for bad behavior and said: “Don’t come to school without your father.” Vovochka is standing in the corridor, whining. The director passes by. Vovochka told him everything. The director asks: “Where does your father work?” - At the Central Committee, says Vovochka. The director approached the teacher and said that let’s give Vovochka probation, let’s not immediately call my father, he, after all, works for the Central Committee. Vovochka came home joyful and said to his father: “Dad, again your Central Boiler House helped me out.”

By subscribing to the Kit Educational materials for boiler room operator, You will receive the book “Definition of Knowledge” for free. Test for boiler room operator.” And in the future you will receive both free and paid information materials from me.

TOR ON THE TOPIC "OPERATION OF BOILER UNITS" №1

The “Operation of Boiler Plants” test is used to test the knowledge of a boiler room operator. In his work, the boiler room operator must be guided by two main documents - the Operator’s Production Instructions and the boiler operation schedule. Check yours urgently professional competence and demand in the labor market!

1. Work permit for work on initial start gas in the boiler room should be stored:

a) at least one year with registration in a special journal;

b) constantly in the executive and technical documentation for this facility;

V) this work is not considered gas hazardous and therefore a work permit for its implementation is not issued.

Work is called gas hazardous if it is performed:

a) in a polluted environment with an oxygen content of less than 20%;

b) in a gassed environment with a methane content of more than 1%;

c) in a gas-polluted environment, or work during which gas may escape from gas pipelines and units.

3. Choose the most correct option answer from those proposed. The degree of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning depends on:

a) the age and health of the person;

b) the percentage of the latter in the air;

V) correct operation hot water boiler (operation according to regime maps);

d) the percentage of the latter in the air and the duration of a person’s stay in a polluted environment.

The alarm for methane gas contamination in the boiler room (CH 4) is triggered when the concentration in the boiler room is equal to:

a) 5%; b) 1%; c) 0.08%; d) 5 – 15%; e) 0.05%.

5. Choose the correct answer from the options provided. The work of replacing a faulty pressure gauge on a gas pipeline is:

a) gas hazardous and can be carried out by any instrumentation specialist;

b) non-gas hazardous and can be carried out by any instrumentation specialist who has been trained in the safe conduct of this work;

c) gas hazardous and is carried out, as a rule, by a permanent staff of workers without issuing a work permit but according to approved production instructions.

6. Choose the correct answer from the options provided. The boiler operating mode map is used for:

a) inspectors who control the preparation of the boiler room for the heating period;

b) regulating the operation of boiler auxiliary equipment;

c) an inspector from Gostekhnadzor when accepting the boiler into operation;

d) control of boiler operating parameters that ensure safe and economical operation in the required performance range.

7. Add. On dispatch console The following mandatory alarm is output:

A); b); V); G); d).

8. Add. The shut-off device at the gas pipeline entrance to the boiler room must be immediately closed when:

A); b); V); G).

9.Add. Sub-heating of water to boiling is………

10. List. Requirements for the logbook:

A); b); V); G); d); e); and).

TOR ON THE TOPIC "OPERATION OF BOILER UNITS"№2

KNOWLEDGE TEST QUESTIONS

When retesting his knowledge, the boiler operator received an unsatisfactory rating. In this case, the person responsible for the safe operation of the boiler:

a) must not allow the boiler operator to work and set a deadline for re-testing his knowledge. Only after positive certification can the boiler operator be allowed to work;

b) may not remove the operator from work, but is obliged to reduce the level of the boiler room operator;

c) in agreement with the Gostekhnadzor inspector, may allow the operator to work and set a deadline for re-testing his knowledge.

2. Choose the most correct answer option from those proposed. Boiler room operator during a power outage:

a) must immediately turn off all electric motors of the boiler room;

b) is not obliged to turn off the electric motors; this is done by the personnel of the electrical shop;

c) must immediately turn off all electric motors in the boiler room. This should be reflected in Manufacturing instructions operator for emergency shutdown of the boiler during a power outage.

3. Choose the correct answer from the options provided. Control of gas contamination in the boiler room is carried out:

a) at least 1 time per shift; b) at least once a day; c) after 2 hours; d) constantly.

4. Choose the correct answer from the options provided. A fire on a gas pipeline is being extinguished:

a) only carbon dioxide fire extinguishers; b) only foam and powder fire extinguishers;

c) water jet; d) tarpaulin, felt and other materials to cover and isolate the flame from oxygen; d) all of the above methods.

5. Choose the correct answer from those given. The use of filter gas masks when carrying out gas hazardous work:

a) not allowed; b) permitted with the permission of the work manager; c) is allowed if the duration of work in a gas mask is no more than 30 minutes.

6. Choose the correct answer from those given. In the event of an accident in the gas supply of a boiler room, the operator must first call (notify):

a) responsible for the safe operation of the hot water boiler; b) wife; c) the boiler house operator must implement a warning scheme in the event of an emergency in the gas supply of the boiler house. d) responsible for the safe operation of the enterprise’s gas facilities;

7.Choose the correct answer from those given. The biggest heat loss in a hot water boiler is:

a) heat loss from chemical underburning. The main way to reduce it is to automatically regulate the combustion process;

b) heat loss with flue gases. The main way to reduce it is to keep the external and internal surfaces pipes;

c) heat loss from cooling the lining. The main way to reduce it is good insulation of the external surfaces of the boiler.

TEST QUESTIONS TO ASSESS ABILITIES AND SKILLS

8. List. The localization and response plan for emergency situations should include:

A); b); V); G); d).

9. Define. Using the graph, determine the conditions for mild operator poisoning carbon monoxide(SO).

Graph of human poisoning with carbon monoxide (CO)

TEST QUESTIONS TO ASSESS READINESS TO ACT

10. Set the correct sequence. This sequence must be reflected in the Operator’s Operating Instructions. When the safety automatic system is activated, the boiler room operator must:

	a) make a log entry about the emergency shutdown of the boiler, indicating the time of shutdown and the reason	1-z
	b) try to find out the cause of the emergency shutdown of the boiler and begin to eliminate it. Further actions carried out under the guidance of the person responsible for the safe operation of the boiler
	c) close the operating valve (valve) in front of the burner
	d) call the person responsible for the safe operation of the boiler
	e) make sure that the gas pressure in front of the burner is zero
	f) close the control valve (valve) in front of the burner
	g) open the valve on the boiler safety gas pipeline
	h) move the protection switch from the “Protection” position to the “Off” position
	i) make sure that combustion does not occur in the boiler furnace

Dear friend! You will find the answers to this test in the Kit. test tasks for a boiler room operator or Study guide"Boiler room operator" These information materials are paid. It is advisable to have them in your personal library. Questions and recommendations can be left at. See you in touch!

Best regards, Grigory Volodin

Operation of a boiler unit consists of the following: lighting and stopping the unit, monitoring and controlling the operation of the boiler unit, choosing optimal operating modes and the most favorable load distribution, observing the rules of technical and safe operation, organizing repairs, preventing accidents, etc. A modern boiler unit requires the most careful monitoring and error-free control. The task of monitoring and control is to ensure at every moment the required steam output or heat output and the specified parameters of steam and water with reliable and economical operation of the unit. Productivity is the main indicator of the operation of a boiler installation.

Preparing the boiler for operation. Before lighting, check the serviceability of the boiler and its readiness for start-up, for which a thorough internal (if the boiler is open) and external inspection of the unit is carried out. They check the serviceability of all fittings, explosion valves, the tightness of closing manholes and hatches, the readiness to start smoke exhausters and fans by testing their operation, etc. After this, open the air valves on the boiler and economizer or lift the safety valve to release air. Next, the feed valve is opened and the boiler is filled with water. The boiler is filled with water through the economizer (if equipped), while the air valve or safety valve on the economizer must be open; When water appears in them, they are closed.

The boiler is filled with water of proper quality at a temperature in the range of 50–90°C. Uneven heating or cooling of the boiler can cause thermal deformations. Fill the boiler slowly (1–2 hours) to the lowest level of the water indicator glass, taking into account that the water level will rise when it is heated. Then they begin to light the boiler: burn a layer of fuel on the grate , fuel oil nozzles or gas burners. At the same time, they monitor the density of the boiler and the absence of leaks based on the water level in the water indicator glass. The boiler is first fired up with the gate behind the boiler slightly open (without a smoke exhauster) without a fan, then the fan is turned on and the draft is increased.

Before lighting, the boiler flues must be ventilated. natural traction or by turning on the smoke exhauster for 5–15 minutes, longer – with gaseous fuel and fuel oil.

When installing a non-boiling and group economizer, gases are passed in addition to it through a bypass chimney; in the absence of the latter, water is continuously pumped through the economizer; the water temperature leaving the economizer should not exceed 60 °C. To prevent corrosion of the air heater, the fans are turned on when the gas temperature behind the air heater reaches at least 120°C or air is passed in addition to it. Rapid heating of the boiler during lighting causes uneven expansion of the heating surfaces, which is often the main reason for the destruction of rolling and other joints. Therefore, kindling is carried out within 2–4 hours.

When the pressure in the boiler is 0.02–0.05 MPa below the pressure in the common steam line (main), slowly and carefully open the steam valve (gate) on the boiler drum or on the steam superheater (if any) and connect the boiler to the steam line; After connecting the boiler to the steam line, the condition of the entire unit and its fittings is carefully checked again. Then close the superheater drain valve. When the water level in the boiler decreases, they begin to feed it with water. The bypass chimney is closed and the gases are directed through an economizer or air heater. Thus, the boiler unit is switched to operating mode.

Maintenance of the boiler during operation is reduced to maintaining normal mode, which ensures the highest steam production of the specified parameters at at the lowest cost fuel in a safe and reliable operation boiler unit.

Boiler shutdown may be planned , short-term and emergency. Planned(complete) shutdown of the boiler is carried out according to a schedule in a certain sequence. The fuel supply stops, the remaining fuel on the grate is burned in the layered firebox, the air supply stops (the fan stops), the flue ducts are ventilated for 10 minutes; then the smoke exhausters stop and the gate behind the boiler closes. After combustion in the furnace has stopped and steam has been produced, the boiler is disconnected from the steam line and the superheater purge is opened for 30–50 minutes to cool it. Then the furnace is cleaned of residual fuel, ash and slag, and the ash bunkers are unloaded. During the boiler shutdown, the water level in the boiler and its power supply are continuously monitored. After disconnecting the boiler from the steam main, it is recharged to the permissible upper limit. Over the course of 4–6 hours, the boiler slowly cools down, while the combustion doors and gate behind the boiler must be closed.

Short term stopping the boiler unit may be caused by a disruption in its normal operation due to equipment malfunction or for other reasons that may cause an accident. The sequence of operations in these cases is the same , as during a planned boiler shutdown. After disconnecting the boiler from the steam line and opening the superheater purge, monitor the pressure gauge, water indicating device and the general condition of the firebox and boiler.

Emergency The boiler unit may stop in the following cases:

When the steam pressure in the boiler increases above the permissible level (despite the reduction in fuel supply, blast and draft and increased water supply);

If there is a water leak or the boiler is overfilled with water;

If both safety valves fail;

Due to a malfunction of the pressure gauge and all water indicating devices;

If all feed pumps fail and the water supply to the boiler stops;

If there is significant damage to the boiler elements (pipe rupture, cracks, bulges, leaks, etc.);

If abnormalities are detected in the operation of the boiler (shocks, knocks, noise, vibration);

When the masonry is destroyed, the frame and casing of the boiler are heated until red;

If a fire occurs that threatens the boiler.

In the event of an emergency stop, the boiler is immediately disconnected from the main steam line, the supply of fuel and air is stopped, and the draft is sharply reduced; Burning fuel in layered fireboxes is immediately removed or carefully filled with water.