Think about the meaning
Particle neither write:
1. In incentive and quantitative proposals: Neither step! Neither from place! Neither sound!
2. With relative pronouns in subordinate clauses: Where neither look, there are people everywhere. More examples: where neither..., Where neither..., Which neither..., When neither..., How neither... etc.
3. In sentences in which the verb is used with a negative particle Not : Neither drops Not I'm afraid. Not met neither one familiar face. She was silent Not having said neither words.(Value Gain)
4. In negative pronouns: neither Who , neither What , neither to whom , neither what´ , neither Which, neither whose and so on. If they are used with prepositions, they are written separately: neither from anyone, from nothing...
5. In revolutions: whatever neither it was, no matter what neither it was, wherever it went, from where neither take it, whatever it is neither it became that neither tell someone neither was and others like that.
6. In stable combinations: neither not a feather, neither alive neither dead neither during the day neither at night, neither end neither the edges ( There is no comma between words included in a stable combination: He was sitting neither alive neither dead!)
Attention
In pronouns neither in an unstressed position, and in a stressed position - Not.
Particle neither and repeated negative-joining conjunction no no…:
Neither to mother , neither She did not treat her father as warmly as her older brother. She couldn't read, nor write.
In sentences with a conjunction no no… There is always a negation before a verb: He did not think about money, or fame, or position in society.
Particle values NOT
1. Negation: the particle does NOT give a negative meaning to a sentence or individual word: Do not go there! - negative meaning of the entire sentence; This thing doesn't belong to me - negative meaning of a single word.
2. Statement with double negative: the repeating particle NOT (the first not before the verb can, the second not before the indefinite form of another verb) has an affirmative meaning: couldn't help but know = knew. In this case, a connotation of necessity and obligation arises: couldn't help but say = should have said.
3. Statement in interrogative and exclamatory sentences: in such sentences (rhetorical questions) the particle does NOT have an affirmative meaning: Where have I not been? (= been everywhere); Who hasn’t visited me! (= everyone was visiting).
NI particle values
1. Negation in sentences without a subject: the particle NI denotes negation in sentences without a subject when complemented in the genitive case: Not a cloud in the sky; There is no sound around; Don `t move! Not a word! The particle NI in this case strengthens the negation that is implied. The negative word NO or the predicate that includes NOT are omitted.
2. Strengthening denial: if there is a negation in a sentence (the word no, the particle is not with a predicate verb, participle or gerund), then NI strengthens this negation: There is not a cloud in the sky; without saying a word; looking neither to the right nor to the left. In this case, the particle NI can be omitted, the meaning of the sentence will not change, only the connotation of intensification will disappear: I didn't have a minute to think. - I didn’t have a minute to think. Such cases must be distinguished from the double use of the particle NOT to indicate a statement. Let's compare: He could not help but know and say - affirmative meaning (he knew and said); He could neither know nor guess - negative meaning, neither can be discarded (he could not know or guess).
3. Statement and generalization after relative pronouns and adverbs in a subordinate clause: the particle NI gives a general affirmative meaning to words who, what, where, when, how much etc., which serve as a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one. Whoever comes, everyone is welcome here = any person will come; No matter how hard I looked, I didn’t notice anything = looked closely for a long time; Wherever I went, I found friends everywhere = been to different places. Such cases must be distinguished from those complex sentences in which subordinate clauses have a negative meaning and in which the particle NOT is written. Let's compare: Whoever does not read this book will not learn much - the subordinate clause has a negative meaning, the action has not been completed (the book has not been read); Whoever reads this book will love it - the subordinate clause has an affirmative meaning, the action is completed (the book is read).
Note! A NI particle repeating with homogeneous terms is considered as coordinating conjunction: Wasn't audible neither sound, neither rustling.
Need to remember!
1. If the repeating particle NI is used in stable expression , That comma between the parts of this turnover is not placed:
| No more, no less | Neither yes nor no | Neither day nor night |
| No end no end | Neither more nor less | Neither yourself nor people |
| Neither stand nor sit | Neither back nor forward | Neither give nor take |
| Neither two nor one and a half | Neither alive nor dead | No way about anything |
| Neither ours nor yours | No answer, no hello | Neither fish nor fowl |
| Neither light nor dawn | Break a leg | Not a word or a breath |
| Out of the blue | Neither here nor there | Neither this nor that |
| Neither here nor there | Neither shaky nor shaky | Neither way nor that |
2. When is NOT written, and when is NOT written? (when written separately)
Table “NOT and NOR Particles”
Exceptions: to be left with nothing, to have nothing to do with it, to be considered for nothing, etc. Cf. also: there is no need to argue (‘there’s no reason, there’s no need’) - medicine is no longer needed (‘unnecessary’ - as a predicate). 3. The repeating particle does not have the meaning of a connecting conjunction: There was no news from him for a day or a month; There is no driving or walking on this road; The story flows neither quietly nor loudly. 2. The use of a repeated conjunction-particle neither in the meaning of ‘and not’ makes the presence of a conjunction in front of it and (usually before the last homogeneous member of the sentence) redundant. In exclamatory sentences with an affirmative meaning in combination with the meaning ‘no matter who (what, which, etc.)’ it is possible to use the particle ni: Who told you this?
Rules for writing particles “NOT - NOR” along with other words
The particle (prefix) is not written in negative pronouns and adverbs in an unstressed position: nowhere, no, no one, from nowhere (but: nowhere, nowhere). The negative predicate may be absent in the sentence, but it is implied: There is no one in the garden (there is no one). The repeating particle is not used in the function of a connecting conjunction and is equal in meaning to the combination and not; Wed: The soul is neither happy nor sad.
“Not” and “neither” - together or separately?
Not” will stand separately if there is or is implied opposition in the participle. Likewise, with nouns, adverbs and adjectives, if there is or is implied opposition. Comment: the philosophical term “not-I” is written with a hyphen. If the particle is not part of an intensifying negation (not at all, not at all, far from, not at all, etc.) preceding an adverb, adjective or noun.
Many people confuse its spelling with participles. These parts of speech are formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written completely differently. As you can see, the participle “not completed” is written separately from “not”, since it has the dependent word “exercise”. In this case, it is included in the participial phrase, which explains its spelling with a negative particle.
In addition, the presence of double negatives sometimes makes translation from Russian very difficult. Therefore, even in such trifles as spelling particles, we have to be guided by certain rules. First, let's look at the general concepts of spelling “not” and “nor”, and their place in a sentence. 3. With indefinite, negative pronouns and some adverbs in the unstressed position, “ni” is always written in sentences. 1. If the noun is not used without "not" (loser).
Words without not are not used: fury, stormy, necessary, impossible, hate. Nouns, adjectives and adverbs starting with -o form a new word (it can be replaced with a synonym): untrue (‘lie’), not bad (‘good’), not far (‘close’). Short adjectives that are not used in their full form or have a full form with a different meaning: not glad, should not, not ready, not much. Writing not with short adjectives often depends on the meaning (affirmation or negation): He is not smart. He is not smart (stupid). Reinforcing particle NI - together or separately?
Usually the particle “not” has the meaning of negation (I didn’t come to school because I was sick). Separately, it is necessary to say about the words “not one” = “many” (More than one person has visited these places = many), “not one” = no one (Not one will pass through this barrier = no one). And one more thing: if “neither” is a repeated conjunction, then I is written by itself: He was not interested in stamps, postcards, or badges. Sometimes it seems very difficult to determine which particle to write with the verb, nor or not. However, everything is quite simple. The exception is verbs that cannot be used without the particle “not”. Such verbs include: to hate, to be indignant, to dislike, to force, to rage, to be unwell, to be numb.
Unimpacted particles neither and nor
But in most cases, the particles are neither unstressed nor distinguishable in pronunciation. He can neither read nor write. He can neither work nor rest. No matter how much you look for the culprit in this matter, you still won’t find it. 4. Both the particle not and the particle neither are part of a number of stable combinations.
3. Particles as if, after all, they say, etc., as well as combinations of almost that, just that, etc. When using an intensifying particle in a sentence, there is usually a negation not (And you won’t stop time for a moment).
No matter how hard you try, you won't change anything. Spelling NOT, NOR with nouns. Explanation: here, too, NOT occurs twice, but these are not repeating particles.
If the negation is in opposition to a word that does not have this particle. In these cases, the participle is close in meaning to the verb. Comment: not for anything, not for anything - separately, as they are separated by a preposition.
In this situation, everything depends on the stress. It is not easy for schoolchildren to remember the spelling rules for a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own spelling features. We immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. In this case, we will write it together.
Note. If the particle koe- (koi-) is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then a line is not placed: with some, with something (cf.: some, some).
2) With nouns, when a particle gives the word the opposite, new meaning. 1) With participial forms and verbs. 2) In participles, if the participle is in a short form. For example: the house is not completed, the debt is not paid, the coat is not sewn. 6) For all words that are written with a hyphen. For example: it is not said in Russian, all are not commercial and industrial enterprises, they do not sing in the old way.
76. Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech, NOT and NI.
1. Written separately:
- particles would(b), same(g), whether(l) (would have read, would have gone, the same),
- particles here, after all, they say, as if, etc. (He's not from here. You know that!);
2. Written with a hyphen:
- particles of something, something, either, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, -yes (yes, someone, give it to him, enough),
Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech
| Part of speech |
apart |
|
| 1. if without is not used (ignorant, adversity), |
1. if there is or is implied opposition; not a friend, but an enemy), |
|
| 1. if the base is not used (careless, nondescript). |
1. if there is or is implied opposition with the conjunction a (not big, small), |
|
| with indefinite and negative pronouns without prepositions (several, no one, something) |
always written separately (not three, not seventh) |
|
| pronoun | with other categories of pronouns (not in my class, not on our floor) | |
| if without it is not used (to hate, to be perplexed) |
with all other verbs (not to know, to cry |
|
| if without not not used (hating, perplexed) |
with all other participles (not knowing, for crying) |
|
| participle |
| having given communion |
if full participles do not have dependent words with them (unattended student) |
1 . if full participles have dependent words (a student who did not arrive on time), |
| 1 . if without is not used (ridiculously, carelessly), |
1. adverbs ending in -o, -e, if there is or implies opposition (not funny, but sad), |
Tasks and tests on the topic "Spelling particles NOT with different parts of speech, NOT and NI."
- Particle as a functional part of speech - Particle 7th grade
- Particles - Morphology. Functional parts of speech grade 10
Lessons: 1 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
| NOT | NI |
| 1. As a word-forming particle NOT under stress is part of indefinite and negative pronouns and adverbs ( no′who, no′something, few, no′whom, no′where). | 1. As a derivational particle, an unstressed particle NI is part of negative pronouns and adverbs ( no one′, nothing′, not at all′, no one′, nowhere′). |
| 2. Particle NOT is used as the main negation of what is denoted by the word to which it refers in meaning. For example.: That's life, Not frozen in bronze, draft, Not included in the volumes. | 2. For an affirmative meaning, the particle NI is used in a subordinate clause in combination with pronouns and adverbs ( whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, wherever, no matter how much etc.). For example.: Wherever us neither abandoned by fate and happiness wherever led, we are still the same. |
| 3. Particle NOT can be used in sentences with double negatives - in the 1st and 2nd parts of a compound predicate. For example.: I couldn't help but know(i.e. must know). I can't help but admit it(i.e. you need to confess). In these cases, the sentence takes on an affirmative meaning. | 3. Particle NI serves to strengthen denial. For example.: Because it’s all covered in snow in winter neither turn green, neither I can't bloom. In this case, the particle cannot be replaced by the conjunction AND, or omitted altogether, and the main meaning of the sentence will not change. (!!! Particle NOT does not allow such a replacement, it cannot be omitted, since then the sentence would have the opposite meaning) |
| 4. Particle NOT hardly, hardly, almost, not at all, as well as in unions not that... not that, not only... but, not that not... but, not that not... but. | 4. Particle NI is part of stable combinations neither give nor take, neither fluff nor feather, nor hearing nor spirit, neither from place, neither day nor night, neither light nor dawn. |
| 5. Particle NOT used in subordinate clauses with conjunctions Bye And for now For example.: Strike iron, not yet cooled down. Work, not yet they will call. | |
| 6. Particle NOT used in exclamatory and interrogative sentences (often with the particle only). Eg.: Where is he not just been there ? Which ones thoughts Not came to mind ! | |
| It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of combinations: not alone(and many, several) and no one(nobody), not once(and many times) and never(never, at all). For example.: I was in the forest not alone(and there were several people) None of the excursionists were late for the train (no one was late). We not once We were in Crimea (and we were many times). We never have not been to Crimea (never been). |
4. Spelling interjections
Derivatives interjections and onomatopoeic words are written hyphenated: Ah ah ah!; ge-ge-ge!; ooo!; Bang!
Composite interjections written separately: here's another!; was not!; where ours didn’t disappear!; pray tell!; exception: Fathers of light!
Subject: Introductory words and phrases
I. Introductory words and phrases are highlighted commas.
There are several main groups of introductory words based on their meaning:
1. introductory words and phrases expressing speaker's feelings(joy, regret, surprise, etc.)
fortunately, unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to regret, to chagrin, unfortunately, to surprise, to horror, to shame, to happiness, to joy, to misfortune, what good, not equal hour, let's face it, it's a strange thing and etc.
Eg: Thanks again, they nailed themselves to the haystacks, otherwise they would have completely frozen to death.
Come on Is it difficult to manage such a household?
2. century words expressing assessment speaking degree of confidence communicated (certainty, assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.)
of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, certainly, of course, self-evidently, indisputably, really, probably, possibly, truly, probably, in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, perhaps, should be, it seems, it would seem , apparently, apparently, perhaps, really truly, isn’t it true, in essence, essentially, essentially, right, tea, one must assume, I think, I hope, I believe and etc.
Eg: I know right word, I know!
He, comes out, doesn’t understand anything about it.
3. century words indicating connection of thoughts, the sequence of their presentation:
so, therefore, it means, on the contrary, on the contrary, further, finally, however, by the way, in general, in particular, first of all, in addition, in addition, therefore, for example, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, by the way to say, by the way, firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, emphasize and etc.
Eg: So here it is, things went completely differently.
And most importantly, come and serve.
4. century words indicating techniques and ways to formulate thoughts:
in a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, in short, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.
For example: We met our neighbors or, or rather, with neighbors.
His endurance more precisely, his composure always helps him out.
5th century words indicating message source:
they say, report convey, according to..., according to information..., according to..., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, in my opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember, it is heard, they say and etc.
Eg: According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away.
But, according to rumors, some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk.
6. centuries-old words, which are a call to the interlocutor or to the reader with the purpose
draw his attention to what is being communicated:
you see, you see, you understand, you understand, you know, you know,
understand, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine,
excuse me, forgive me, believe me, please, have mercy, take note, do
Please, tell me if you want to know and etc.
For example: You were afraid admit it when my fellows threw a rope around your neck.
Imagine, our young people are already bored.
7. century words indicating evaluation of the measure what it says:
at most, at least, at least, without exaggeration and etc.
Eg: I, without any exaggeration, looked at you as a higher being.
8. century words showing degree of commonness what it says:
happens, happened, happens, happened, as usual, as usual and etc.
For example: Both old men, according to the ancient custom of old-world landowners, Very
loved to eat.
9. century words expressing expressiveness of the statement:
in truth, in conscience, in fairness, jokes aside, funny to say, not a reproach
be said, I must admit, to say honestly, to confess, to be honest,
speaking between us, between us it will be said and etc.
E.g.: You yourself, don't say it in anger, made a lot of mistakes.
Today's youth without offense, kind of... sour.
The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas: maybe, I mean, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, meanwhile , I suppose, in no way, almost, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if, as if, supposedly etc. (particles, adverbs).
II. If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members of the sentence and precedes the generalizing word, then before the introductory word is placed dash, and after that - comma.
For example: Among birds, insects, in dry grass - in a word, everywhere, even in the air, one could feel the approach of autumn.
III. If a word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any punctuation mark.
For example: A Pyotr Petrovich, at least in many ways, a very respectable man. The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek.
IV. If the initial word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated comma.
Eg: Both messages ( apparently, received recently) have attracted widespread attention.
V. The century of the word is separated from the previous coordinating conjunction comma, if the initial word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure.
For example: Let that horseman on a horse, a pilot on a plane, and, however, in war, the first row is the infantry.
If deletion or rearrangement of the original word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction.
Eg: But by the way, it’s not a big problem if you don’t see anything before the Rhine.
VI. Depending on the context, the same words act either as primary words or as members of a sentence: maybe, probably, exactly, by the way, obviously, by the way, actually, true, maybe, clearly, first of all, certainly, naturally, further, thus, etc.
For example: It’s a pity, I haven’t heard from him for a long time, Maybe what the hell were you going for? - He maybe t is do.
Considerations presented naturally lead us to the right decision
question (“naturally”). – Considerations presented , naturally,
lead us to the correct solution to the issue (“of course”).
VII. Punctuation with words and phrases finally, in the end, however, of course, in general, in general, in any case, in turn, in fact, in particular, mainly, most importantly, means, on the contrary, for example, at least, from the point of view, for its part has its own characteristics.
1. Word finally is introductory if:
Indicates a connection of thoughts and completes the enumeration:
Sitting somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hill above a river, or, finally, on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustling of leaves;
If it evaluates a fact from the speaker’s point of view or is used to express impatience, to strengthen something: Go away, finally!
In the meanings “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything” the word finally is an adverb:
Finally all business was completed. All the cash and wife's diamonds were quickly gone, finally and most of the daughter's dowry. ( practical tip: you can substitute a particle for this adverb -That: Finally got to our accommodation for the night (= Finally got there...). Adding a particle -to to a word is impossible.
2. There is a similar difference between the function of introduction and the function of circumstance for the combination in the end:
I'm not a criminal in the end – In the end an agreement was reached.
3. Word however is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a sentence.
For example: The weather was windy, wind, however, not quite the same. So much trouble however.
At the beginning of a sentence or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of union But and is not introductory.
Eg: However His father's cunning policy did not offend him at all.
4. Word Certainly usually separated by commas as an introduction.
Eg: Certainly, habit means a lot. There were difficulties in the beginning Certainly.
But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated. Eg: Certainly that's how it is.
5. Word at all is introductory and is isolated if it is used in the meaning
"generally speaking". Eg: Similar articles, at all, are of interest. At all, I would like to know what happened.
In other cases the word at all used as an adverb in different meanings:
Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all(“in general”, “on the whole”). He lights fires at all prohibited (“always”, “absolutely”, “under all conditions”).
Note. Ability to add a word speaking can serve as a criterion for distinguishing between basic words and members of a sentence:
This question By the way, is being staged for the first time (“by the way”). You, actually, it would be possible not to come (“as a matter of fact”). The content is interesting, the examples are convincing, the presentation is accessible, Briefly speaking, the book is useful (“in short”). Return to what was said frankly, I don’t want to (“to be honest”). All major work in fact, are already finished (“essentially speaking”). The weather was autumn or more precisely, pre-autumn (“more precisely”).
6. Word For example associated with the following punctuation:
a) is separated by commas as an introductory one: Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue, For example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe;
b) is separated by commas along with the turn at the beginning or end of which it is located: Even in cities, for example in Moscow, bridges are strewn with people;
c) requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it comes after a generalizing word before homogeneous members: Some mushrooms are very poisonous , For example: pale toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
7. Word Means is introductory if it is synonymous with words hence,
that is: So, Means, you can't come today?
If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on its place
in a sentence:
a) In the position between the subject and the predicate, the word means serves as a means of communication of the main members, a dash is placed in front of it: Fight - Means win;
b) In other cases it is not separated by any signs: Man Means immeasurably more than is commonly thought of;
c) If it is located between the subordinate and main parts of a complex sentence, then it is separated by commas: If spring comes, Means, it will be warm;
d) If it is located between parts of a non-union complex sentence, it is also separated by commas: The bell rang, Means, the lesson is over.
8. Turnover including a combination from point of view, highlighted if it has the value “in opinion”: Choice of option, from my point of view, successful.
If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then it is not isolated: In terms of novelty the book deserves attention.
Subject: Isolated and homogeneous members of a sentence
Separating agreed definitions
1. If the definition comes after the word being defined.
For example: Andrey Gavrilovich, surprised by an unexpected question, wrote a response on the same day.
2. The word being defined has its own definition + 2 single definitions.
Eg: Huge Sun, dim And orange, descends into a rapidly growing cloud.
3. The main word is a personal pronoun (isolated in any position).
Eg: Tired of spring bliss, I fell into involuntary oblivion.
4. The definition refers to the missing main word.
For example: But now he’ll call, sneaky, police.
5. Usually the definition is highlighted, standing at a distance from the main word.
Eg: Rebellious, a hurricane raged over the city.
The presence/absence of a comma is determined by the peculiarities of the author's intention and intonation. Compare:
The children, tired from the long journey, soon fell asleep.
Tired from the long journey, the children soon fell asleep.
Isolation of clarifying members of a sentence
Clarifying members of the sentence are isolated in any position. Constructions containing an additional message required during the utterance process are separated by commas. Such constructions are most often added with the words even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, moreover, and, and in general. For example .: There is no need to split hairs and mystify the reader. , yes and yourself.
Punctuation marks for homogeneous parts of a sentence
Homogeneous- members of a sentence that perform the same function in a sentence and are associated with the same word. Example . He been there for everyone parties, theatrical premieres, concerts And balls, Fine danced And knew all new dances.
1 . When homogeneous members of sentences are connected by a non-union connection, a comma is used. Example . The broken ones rushed along the waves barges, overturned boats, boards, logs, roofs, skeletons entire houses uprooted trees.
Note. You should not separate stable phrases with punctuation marks (such as let's talk about this and that), compound names, terms ( granular pasteurized sturgeon caviar, Cupronickel tea spoons), as well as verbs that are in the same grammatical form, denoting movement and its purpose ( come have lunch, come visit, sit sewing).
2 . Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by non-repeating coordinating conjunctions, separated by comma:
a) with adversative conjunctions ( a, but, yes=but, but, however ). Example . It didn't look like ,But funny;
b) with accession unions ( yes, yes and ). Example . It's all in the past now , yes and doesn't matter.
AND not separated by comma at:
a) connecting unions ( yes=and, and ). Example . The wind blew from the root And the tops of the fir trees rang.
b) divisive unions ( or, or ). Example . Early or he needs to return late.
Note. In reinforcing structures such as took it and left, no, no, yes, they visited, the young and the unemployed, it’s a joy to know them before the union no comma .
3 . Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected repetitive conjunctions: and...and, yes...yes, neither...nor, or...or, whether...li, either...either, then...that, not that...not that −, a comma is placed . Example . I managed to visit And on the rink , And in the theatre. He probably rolled a stone ,or climbed a tree , or stood on the bench.
