FEDERAL STATE GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
higher professional education
Stavropol State
agricultural university
Department of Ecology and Landscape Construction
Coursework on the topic:
"Elements of a Regular Garden"
Is done by a student
full-time department of the 5th year
specialty: "Gardening and landscape construction"
Gerasimenko A.A.
Head Ph.D. , Associate Professor, Kondratieva A.A.
Stavropol, 2010
Content
- Introduction
From the history of the regular style
Style characteristic
Regular style elements
Plants for the regular garden
Materials used in the design
Regular style nowadays
Bibliography
- Introduction
What is style in landscape design? In a broad sense, style is a certain commonality of the figurative system, means of artistic expression, creative techniques, due to the unity of the idea and artistic content. In landscape design, this is a certain interpretation of the basic rules and techniques of planning, the color scheme of a small garden, the selection of plants and their combination, the type of decorative paving, small architectural forms, garden equipment. The history of human development has put forward two main directions in garden design- regular and landscape. Each historical epoch brought its own features to these trends. Our time is not left out.
The origins of garden styles go back centuries. From the 9th century BC e. a man-made garden is known - the Babylonian hanging "gardens of Babylon" (one of the "seven wonders of the world"). Despite the fact that only their description has come down to us, however, like the gardens of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, they had a significant impact on the development of gardening art, the examples of which are still famous palace parks. The basic principles of styles in landscape architecture, of course, have been transformed not only in time, but also in the traditions of different countries. For example, the regular gardens of the Italian Renaissance, French Classicism and Dutch Baroque differ significantly from each other, due to natural conditions and national character.
The main trends in landscape design are regular and landscape styles, as well as their offshoots - rural garden, high-tech, modern. In this paper, a characteristic of the regular (classical) style will be given.
2. From the history of the regular style
The classic or regular garden style is also called French. And this is explained by the fact that this style reached its peak precisely in France, during the reign of Louis XIV, in the era of the apogee of absolutism. Then regular, regular gardens embodied the ideas of the absolute triumph of beauty, orderliness and the genius of architectural thought over nature. A man created a clear, thoughtful park, verified to every detail, demonstrating superiority and power, the conquest of the world around him.
The regular style of landscape design is associated primarily with the name of André Le Nôtre, an architect, landscape designer and court gardener of Louis XIV, who became the author of stunning beautygarden and park ensembles. Andre Le Nôtre worked in the parks of Vaux-le-Vicomte, Fontainebleau, Chantilly; in the park of the Palace of Versailles. Later he was invited to England, where he continued to work on projects of garden ensembles (he became, in particular, the author of St. James and Greenwich parks in London).
Regular gardens and parks were created at palaces and castles and were an integral part of the garden and park ensemble. Regular gardens were designed to emphasize the splendor and monumentality of the architecture of the palace.
Regular gardens spread to many countries where they received further development and added new elements.
3. Characteristics of style
The regular style (formal, classical) is characterized by straight lines, geometrically trimmed forms of garden vegetation and floral decoration of regular forms, a strict distribution of architectural and garden elements. This style is most widespread in the gardens and parks of Italy. Her gardens had a strong influence on the compositions of the gardens of the Nordic countries.
Experiencing periods of prosperity and decline, the regular style with all sorts of changes and additions, as a reception of a landscape gardening device, has been preserved to this day. The value of this style lies in the fact that, thanks to the clarity and clarity of the geometric division of the garden space, the most favorable conditions are created for emphasizing solemnity and splendor. Therefore, it is appropriate in the central parts of gardens and parks, saturated with architectural structures, and in cities - in squares and squares.
The basis of the regular style is almost always an architectural structure, and ornamental plants play a subordinate role. As a result, special attention is paid to maintaining the constancy of the shape of plants through artificial shearing and special selection of plants that do not change much in shape. Therefore, trees and shrubs with clear, geometric shapes of crowns and well amenable to shearing are most used with a regular style. As soon as they cease to carry out measures that hinder the natural growth and development inherent in plants, the garden changes its appearance not for the better.
The art of cutting trees originated in ancient Roman gardens, where this method of caring for plants was given particular importance. To designate works of this kind, special terms were even introduced: "green sculpture", "vegetative architecture", and the garden of that time often turned into a place for displaying works of the so-called topiary art.
Later, when regular gardens and parks gave way to landscape (landscape), the art of cutting trees ceased to be popular. Currently, in many gardens in Europe, cutting trees is again becoming quite widespread. A sensible and expedient haircut can be a very important gardening technique that enhances the beauty of the garden. In particular, hedges can successfully replace some architectural structures, making the garden much more decorative.
Regular style requires flat areas. In their absence, semicircular terraces are arranged. Plantings are often limited to a few brightly flowering shrub species. The overall impression is enhanced by the path, which is usually the main focus in regular gardens. In the center of the garden, sculptural compositions, a pool or a flower bed are installed. Classical elements also include lattice-trellises on the walls of buildings, along which climbing plants are allowed to grow.
4. Regular style elements
1) Plot size
First of all, the size of the plot plays a role. According to historical tradition, a regular park is a fairly large area; the whole garden is perceived as an alternation of picturesque paintings, striking in their grandeur. The regular garden is designed for long walks, where at the end of each alley that leads into perspective, a new view opens up. In addition, all the elements in the summer cottage should be solid, squat, powerful, of impressive size, which is often difficult to do on a smaller plot.
2) Relief
It is also worth noting that a regular garden is a flat area with no relief drops. Therefore, it is often necessary to carry out a large number of earthworks, installretaining walls
, screens and other special designs.
3) Layout
As for the layout itself, it must be strictly geometric, where the house is the axis of symmetry. The main feature of a regular garden is its isolation from the surrounding nature, so the randomness and random arrangement of garden elements is unacceptable.
4) Parterre
The main element in a regular park is the stalls - an open part of the garden with lawns, ponds, flower beds, borders, divided into sections of regular shape.
5) Parterre lawn
There are increased requirements for planting a parterre lawn, as a rule, 1-2 types of grasses are included in the mixture of seeds. The grass of the parterre lawn should be thick, uniform; The ground floor lawn needs careful maintenance. The lawn line should be even, clear, and not interrupted. Parterre lawn is the backdrop for tapeworms and parterre flower beds.
6) Parterre flower garden
The parterre (ornamental) flower garden is a flower garden with a complex pattern. Parterre flower beds are difficult to design, flowers for them are selected according to color and flowering time. Parterre flower beds require a lot of care. The center of the parterre flower garden can be a small sculpture, a flowerpot or a fountain.
7) Pond
No regular garden is complete without a pond. The mirror surface of the water will be perfectly combined with the overall composition. The reservoir on the site is made in the form of a circle, oval, square, rectangle. The coastline must be clear; plants in the coastal zone are planted in strict order, in rows. On large areas, cascades are often created - multi-stage structures made of stone or concrete, which serve to fall water jets. Fountains are also installed on the site, which can serve as the center of flower arrangements, for example.
8) Hedges
An indispensable element of a regular garden are hedges and borders. In addition to decorative functions, they also have practical purposes (they serve to zone the garden). The creation of green rooms and corridors is another of the tricks of the French park. Look very niceberso
- living walls, looking up. The creation of green rooms and all kinds of labyrinths will require the installation of supporting structures; it can be arches, pergolas, trellises.
9) Topiary
It is difficult to imagine a regular garden without topiary figures. Many trees and shrubs (both deciduous and coniferous) lend themselves to topiary haircuts; Topiaries are given a variety of shapes (ball, cube, pyramid, cone, spiral).
5. Plants for a regular garden
When designing a regular garden, evergreens are widely used, which can retain their decorative effect even in winter. Most often, these plants are easy to cut, which corresponds to the characteristics of classic gardens. This allows you to give crowns various geometric shapes, create green corridors, bosquets, borders. To create topiary forms, plants such as:
- Conifers:
- barberry (common, thunberga)
- elm
- spruce (prickly, ordinary)
- cotoneaster (shiny)
- juniper (common)
- thuja (western)
- boxwood (evergreen), etc.
- Deciduous:
- maple (field, Tatar)
- linden (large-leaved, Manchurian)
- mock orange
- sucker (silver)
- lilac (Hungarian)
- spirea, etc.
This is just a small list of trees and shrubs, which allows you to emphasize strict symmetrical lines and create rounded shapes. The features of these plants are slow growth, the ability to keep the line, the dense surface of the plant. Many of the plants are able to bloom in the shearing (quince, barberry, felt cherry, etc.). The combination of different types of plants allows you to create spectacular contrasting combinations. different kinds and plant varieties have a variety of foliage colors: barberry and cotoneaster - burgundy; pear loholistnaya and sea buckthorn - silver foliage, golden forms of mock orange, different shades of green in most species. Also, many of the plants have a spectacular color in the autumn: barberry, viburnum pride, ginnal maples, Tatar, spirea, etc.
In the floral design of classical gardens, annuals are most often used, which makes it possible to change the palette and microstructure of the parterre several times during the growing season as the plants fade and are replaced. In early spring, the assortment of flower beds and flower beds is mainly represented by bulbous plants: geocinths, tulips, daffodils, etc. Then they are replaced by other deciduous ornamental plants: coleus, ornamental cabbage, hostas, seaside cineraria, etc .; flower-decorative: petunias, tagetis, geraniums, lobelia, ageratum, asters and many others.
Climbing plants are of no small importance. Arches, pergolas, arbors are often woven with such species as actinidia, morning glory, climbing rose. Often you can find an antique sculpture gently woven with ivy, girlish grapes (parthenocissus), hops.
The main element of a regular garden is of course the lawn. It serves as a background for the perception of wood and shrub compositions. Skillfully designed lawn parterres against the background of inert materials are an independent and highly decorative part of a classic garden (the Great Italian Fountain in Peterhof is surrounded by such parterre). Most lawn grasses are members of the grass family. Pure varieties are rarely planted, usually the lawn is various combinations of only four species and their varieties: meadow bluegrass, red fescue, giant bent grass, perennial ryegrass.
etc.................
Landscape gardening art was born far from today and even more than one thousand years ago, it is rooted in antiquity. A garden is a mirror that reflects the most beautiful features of the soul of a particular nation, reflects its culture, way of life, and attitude. Some styles go away without leaving behind significant traces, while others, on the contrary, become standards for all subsequent generations.
The specific style depends on which planning method a person chooses, what equipment he uses and what plants he plants. No less important is what the plot for the garden is and what architectural style the residential building belongs to. The style depends not only on the culture of each individual area, but also on the individual preferences of the owner of the garden.
Style in landscape design is a certain interpretation of the basic rules and techniques of planning, equipment and garden coloring.
The history of the development of garden and park construction
During the heyday of the Sumerian civilization, people planted trees along canals for irrigation. The purpose of planting trees along the canal was to reduce water evaporation. But very soon the goals of the Babylonians and Assyrians went beyond the purely utilitarian. It was these peoples who brought hanging gardens and forest parks to our world.
The first mention of gardens
The fifth century BC is the era of the highest heyday of Babylon, it is in that era that it becomes cultural center the whole east, and it was then that the famous hanging gardens were created by King Nebuchadnezzar. Their beauty amazed contemporaries, and legends about the famous "hanging gardens of Babylon" were composed among their descendants.
The story of the Hanging Gardens is the love story of King Nebuchadnezzar, who created them for his wife from India, in which she would find solace from her homesickness. Time passed, epochs succeeded each other, but the famous creation of the Babylonian king continued to captivate the imagination with its beauty. Admiring Arabs created gardens of this type in Spain.
But not only the Sumerians were masters of garden art. The Medes and Persians were also successful in creating gardens. Yet their style was not much different from that of the Assyrians and Babylonians. Usually the palace was the very place that was surrounded by gardens. Their structure was geometric, there were many alleys inside. Such gardens were called "paradisi".
Even then, people learned not only to use ready-made natural samples, but also to create new varieties of plants - even then they knew how to graft trees. For example, the famous historian of ancient Greece, Herodotus wrote about the magnificent rose of King Midas with sixteen petals.
The ancient Greeks strove for harmony, ancient cosmology taught that order reigns in the universe, harmonious addition was valued in the beauty of the body. Exactly the same view prevailed in relation to the gardens - symmetry reigned in them. Fountains, vases, columns and sculptures adorned the squares of parks and garden alleys. Exactly ancient greek culture laid the foundations of park art.
As for planting, firs, palms, oaks, cypresses, plane trees and olive trees were most often used. Gardens were decorated with them, they grew in parks and emphasized the beauty of temple or residential buildings.
Gardens of Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome reached the greatest heights in park and garden art. The Romans conquered not only nations, but also their culture. Expanding its territorial space, Rome expanded its cultural horizons. The Romans used the most outstanding achievements of the Greeks, Egyptians and many other civilizations, and in this multicultural cauldron, the unique Roman park and garden culture was born.
The gardening art of the ancient Romans is one of the richest in history. Correct geometric gardens and parks have become a model for posterity, have become a real treasure of the entire world culture.
Landscape gardening culture of the Middle Ages
With the onset of the Middle Ages in Europe, the main focus and Monasteries became the center of culture, education and civilization. It is not surprising in this regard that it was mainly they who played a central role in the creation and decoration of gardens and parks. Within the monastery walls began new world in which gardens bloomed. The monks preserved the experience of all previous cultures and combined it with modern knowledge. All this was used in the process of cultivating plants, growing medicines and cultivating gardens. The worldview changed, a unique perception of nature appeared, the central element of which was the Garden of Eden. Working in the garden brought purification of the soul, since during the work the monks contemplated the earthly image of heavenly paradise. In those days, a paradise courtyard appeared - a special quadrangular space within the walls of the monastery, which closes the ambit with a covered arcade. The prototype of such a garden is the Roman peristyle. In the center of the garden there was usually a well, reservoir or other source of clean water.
If in one or another monastery they were engaged in fish breeding (so that there was something to eat during fasting), then in the center there was a whole pool. Four geometrically regular paths led to the source. Bushes and low trees were rarely planted. The beds, most often, served as a source of various medicinal herbs or flowers to decorate the temple. Flowers were given a symbolic meaning. White lily - the purity of the Virgin Mary, White Rose- Mary herself, the red rose - the blood of Christ, etc.
The gardens of medieval Europe were divided by function:
1)herbarium- a garden where medicinal flowers or herbs grew;
2)Gardinum– a kitchen garden where fruits and vegetables grew;
3)Viridarium– a garden for recreation and entertainment;
In his 1812 rescript, Emperor Charlemagne specified which flowers should be planted in his gardens. There was detailed list, which listed about 60 species ornamental plants and flowers. Copies of this list were distributed to all European monasteries. But not only the monasteries knew the art of creating parks and gardens. Palaces and even many city buildings often had their own personal garden plots. Monuments of medieval literature, as well as songs of bards, minstrels and troubadours brought to us not only exciting stories, but also a description of the appearance of the gardens that belonged to the nobility. Many people tell about the gardens of the late Gothic era book miniatures and illustrations.
The characteristic features of such gardens were the stone walls that protected them. Often these walls were complemented by water moats or small pavilions. The beds had rectangular shape, and between them were often laid boardwalks, brick or stone paths. Roots and vegetables grew in the beds, as well as plants with which they repelled insects or prepared “love drinks”.
Landscape parks also appeared in the Middle Ages, as evidenced by many images in the paintings of that time. Not very used as benches high wall, usually covered with turf. In the center of the garden there was a water source (as a rule, it was a fountain, a well or a pool). In addition, people often ate there, so there was also a food table in the center.
Trees and bushes were often sheared, it also happened that they cut out entire garden labyrinths leading to the center. The patterns on the floors of Gothic cathedrals served as a model for the forms of the labyrinth. Wealthier owners could also afford to keep animals in their gardens. One could often see peacocks, crackers, pheasants, capercaillie and starlings there.
Fragrant herbs were widely used, which were used both to remind a person of paradise and to cleanse castles of bad smells. The roses that the Crusaders brought from the Middle East were especially prized as decorative flowers. In places intended for various secular entertainments and knightly tournaments, they liked to arrange “meadows of flowers”.
With the onset of the Renaissance, gardening culture became widespread. It was during this era that most of the exemplary parks and gardens, similar to the gardens of Versailles, appeared, which are still the cultural heritage of Europe. The basis for all styles was laid by the landscape and regular style.
Style of gardens in Russia
Garden construction in Russia dates back to ancient times. Back in the eleventh century, the first gardens appeared in Kyiv, and the first exemplary garden in Russia appeared already in the twelfth century in Vladimir. It was created by Andrey Bogolyubsky. Then gardens began to be actively created in Suzdal, Murom and many other Russian cities. As in all of Europe, in Russia until the sixteenth century, monasteries were the main place for creating gardens.
The Makaryevsky garden, Glebkov, Galyatevsky, as well as the garden, which was created by Metropolitan Alexy, were especially famous. In the sixteenth century, palace gardens began to appear. The most famous of them were built within the walls of the Kremlin, as well as on the Moscow River, along the Yauza River and on the Vorontsovo Field.
The beginning of the reign of Peter the Great marked new stage in Russian garden and park art. The first botanical gardens appeared in Petrograd, in 1706 they also appeared in Moscow, where the Apothecary Garden was created, which still exists as a branch of the Botanical Garden of Moscow University. Under the influence of the landscape style, the appearance of Russian parks of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. New parks began to appear, and the old ones were rebuilt according to the canons of this style.
Russian craftsmen borrowed all the most advanced achievements of Italian and French gardening art and transferred them to Russian soil. Russian gardens and parks harmoniously fit into Russian landscapes, which is especially noticeable in the composition of Peterhof parks, as well as in Pavlovsk park. It was this time that was marked by the flourishing of Russian landscape gardening culture.
Among the most famous parks are Tsarskoye Selo, Oranienbaum parks, Peterhof, Summer Garden, Tsaritsyno park, Kuskovo and Arkhangelskoye. Russian parks are rightfully included in the treasury of world gardening art along with outstanding gardens and parks in France, Italy and Great Britain.
Russian country garden with linden alleys, oak groves, thickets of lilacs and wild roses, forest meadowsweet and variegation of flowering lawns, it was a natural continuation of the surrounding forests, but at the same time a well-thought-out profitable farm, which included an apiary, livestock and poultry, cascades of ponds with fish ponds, vegetable gardens with vegetables and greenhouses, fruit plantings. Beauty and usefulness were combined into a poetic image of a garden, all the components of which mutually complemented each other.
Nowadays, Russian park style is being used more and more. Something close in spirit is also found outside of Russia. So, in Germany, the “naturgarten” style is popular these days, in France “jardin du natures” and in England “ecogarden”.
IN landscape architecture There are two basic, fundamental planning techniques: free (aka landscape) and regular (aka formal). Both directions have passed through all the great historical architectural styles, from antiquity to modernity and modern architecture who brought their bright, unique features, features to each of these styles.
The fundamental difference between these techniques from the standpoint of organizing space is that the regular style is based on the principles of geometry, and the free style is based on complete subordination to the natural environment.
Features of a regular layout
Regular planning, by and large, is our aggressive intrusion into the natural environment.
All planning elements of a regular garden should be beautiful, beautiful "to the ring", harmonious, refined and, as far as possible, close to perfect. These are the main criteria for regular planning reception.
The regular garden reflected the age-old idea of ordering the World, reflected the dream of a perfect World, and in every historical era is an example of how people imagined an ideally built world, "Paradise".
The development of the great historical architectural styles in Europe by periodization varies by centuries in different countries.
In the antique garden, regular reception is less common, mainly in orchards, gardens, in the courtyards of houses. Vividly illustrates his Villa Hadrian. The peculiarity of a regular reception in the ancient garden is the absolute simplicity and clarity of the construction of space. Endless harmony of the combination of straight and circular lines, right angles, the purity of the composition, the complete absence of pretentiousness.
The religious worldview determined the spirit of the entire era of the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Here regular planning technique we find in gardens at monasteries, vineyards, pharmacy gardens, gardens inside castles, ornamental vegetable gardens. The regular planning technique of Renaissance gardens is a reminder of the ancient garden of the Roman period. The new era proclaimed the new values of man with his new view of the world, its structure, the beauty of the earth and the glorification of nature. Vivid examples of such gardens are Italian gardens on active terrain, symmetrically planned and exquisitely man-made: Villa Borghese, Villa d'Este, Boboli Gardens. They are characterized by theatrical effects in the construction of a space embellished with complex architectural decorations.
The regular garden of the Baroque era is replete with pomp of composition, refinement of lines, elegance of forms, intricacy of plot in the construction of a landscape scenario. This is a continuation of the palace in the open air: with halls, theaters, amphitheatres, balustrades, open wide bright parterres, luxurious ponds and fountains.
The greatest brilliance, sharpness, brightness of the regular planning technique was achieved in the great brainchildren of the genius Anre Le Nôtre. Among them, perhaps the most striking is Versailles. The sight of vast open spaces of altered nature on a scale unthinkable for that time already caused enslavement in the subconscious. It was a vivid demonstration of what the Sun King can do with nature, with people, the embodiment of the idea of absolute power over the world, over destinies and nature itself.
Rococo gardens are highly decorative, pomp, sophistication, ornateness, pretentiousness and complete theatrical illusory nature of the architectural environment created by man as the embodiment of style, visually changing, tearing, overturning space.
Classicism, which replaced the Baroque and Rococo, was due to a new way of thinking, a new aesthetics of the emerging new bourgeois society. Its origins were natural-philosophical ideas, the idealization of antiquity, the influence of oriental cultures. In landscape architecture, he is in close contact with Romanticism in its desire for the idealization of wildlife. The new aesthetics was embodied in the free composition of new gardens and parks, where regular planning elements became only a fragment.
The regular garden of the eras of Classicism and Romanticism occupies a very modest area, but often a central place: in front of the palace, like a foyer, like a living room on the street. It no longer amazes with the monumental scale of the regular garden of past eras. This is already a small area as a tribute to tradition and an overture in the perception of the grandiose compositional events of the landscape scenario of free plans.
The regular garden of Romanticism is characterized by a mysterious, exquisite design. A typical example of a romantic regular garden can be called a courtyard in front of the Alupka Palace from the sea: with a parterre, on which an exquisite fountain reigns.
The architectural style of the second half of the 19th century, often referred to as eclectic, in the planning of a regular garden is characterized by the continuation of the tendencies of a regular romantic garden using, borrowing quotes from gardens of past eras, which, in fact, fundamentally distinguishes the architecture of this period.
The last great historical architectural style of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - Art Nouveau (or Art Nuovo) - is little represented by regular gardens. They reveal themselves with an exquisite decorative plan in front of the buildings, remaining only a fragment of a luxurious large free-planned space.
To the main planning elements A regular garden can include a parterre, a bosquet, a pond of a regular shape and, of course, a geometrically built alley as a connecting axis in space. Each of these elements has its own characteristics and characteristics.
Regular parterre is a large space that is designed like a colored carpet, bright and decorative. In different historical epochs, the parterre was designed in different ways.
In the gardens of the Baroque and Rococo, it was made from low-cut shrubs, for example, evergreen boxwood, yew; framing ground cover plants. But it is worth noting that those flowers that we now know as the main carpet plants were introduced into culture only at the end of the 19th century, based on the introduction of South African flowering groundcovers. In past historical epochs, there were no undersized, brightly flowering herbaceous ground covers in culture. To achieve a colorful effect was possible only by using colored materials - such as colored marble chips, coal, broken bricks, fragments of colored glass, etc. Therefore, in its own way, the use of these materials in the current regular gardens can be called an anachronism, while there are a lot of flowering carpet herbaceous ground cover plants.
Parterre designs ranged from simple geometric patterns in the gardens of Antiquity, Gothic and Renaissance to exuberant, pretentious and sophisticated - in the Baroque era.
- this is a space decorated with densely planted clipped plants, imitating in its idea palace galleries, theaters, arcades, colonnades, enfilades of halls, rooms. All this was achieved by shaping - fixing plants on special frames and forming a haircut. They cut any plants: both coniferous, and deciduous, and trees, and shrubs. Oak, hornbeam, beech, linden, spruce, arborvitae were especially ideally cut to create huge spaces of halls and theaters. Dense thickets formed into classic bosquets. A popular planning element of a regular garden - a labyrinth - was also a bosquet.
The art of shaped plants - topiary art reached its zenith in the 17th century. In some countries Western Europe At that time, the presence of unshaped plants in gardens was considered bad form. They cut their hair in the form of architectural forms, sculptural compositions, animals, birds, geometric shapes. So it was accepted. The world had to be transformed as the aesthetic ideal of the era.
Topiary. Madeira Botanical Garden - Funchal
alleys- these are geometrically arranged paths, decorated with plantings, bordered by trees and shrubs: single-row, double-row, three-row. A special requirement for the design of alleys was that the plants bordering them were ideally similar - one breed, one species, one age. The rocks could alternate, but not through one, but in tiers: one in the foreground, another in the background. Plants were planted in rows, in a square-nested way, in a checkerboard pattern. Therefore, when the concept of "alley" is used in relation to a free landscape, this is not true. In the free landscape, the alley does not exist; there are paths and paths, designed as is typical for the natural environment - in groups, clumps, arrays of plantations. Alleys, on the other hand, can be linear, circular, but necessarily subordinate to the general compositional design, the entire planning structure of a regular landscape.
Water- one of the most expensive and most spectacular planning elements of any landscape, therefore, in a regular landscape, it must be approached with special attention. Here he works compositionally as a decoration of space, like a brooch, a jewel. Its form in a regular landscape is spectacularly beautiful, unusually refined, decorative, sometimes to the point of sophistication in its outlines. It should not be as simple as the mooing that we see in the regular landscapes of today's estates.
The regular landscape is replete with patches of color in flower beds and flower arrangements. These are flower beds, rabatka and curbs.
- device for flower arrangement, which, most often, is round, oval or mixed in composition with a rectangle or square, with a necessarily raised central part. This is also enhanced by the flower arrangement, where lower flowers are applied along the contour, and higher towards the center. Here, in the center, the accent can be one towering flowering or coniferous plant, sculpture or small architectural form. Previously, as such an accent, ground cover plants were used on special frames, which were made in the form of small architectural forms and sculptures.
Rabatka- a flower strip, which also in a regular landscape can be uniform or with an ornament made of low flowers.
Border- This is a decorative border. It can be made from clipped evergreen shrubs, bright colors, emphasizing the sophistication of the design of the plan of alleys, stalls and the amphitheater.
In a regular landscape, trellises were actively used as decorative screens to divide the space of the garden. They were entwined with flowering and ornamental vines.
Features of landscape planning
Lines of natural outlines, three-dimensional compositions of plants, relief, water and stones, as if created by nature itself; the absence of straight lines, angles and strict geometric shapes in the drawing of the plan; paths that repeat the nature of the relief, meandering in space, as if playing with it; channels of man-made streams and canals, banks artificial reservoirs that are perceived as natural; buildings and structures, organically inscribed in the man-made natural environment - all these are characteristic features of the landscape layout of the garden.
Free planning technique, it is also called landscape, ascended the throne in England and began to reign in the landscape organization of gardens and parks throughout Europe simultaneously with classicism and romantic style. New time, new public relations gave rise to a new aesthetics of perception of the world and man in this world. The geometrically ordered harmony was replaced by admiration for the natural environment as an image of the new "Paradise". That was the time of the music of Beethoven and Chopin, the poetry of Pushkin and Byron, the exciting plots of Dumas and the love conflicts of the novels of George Sand. The time of ancient mythological stories, embodied in the paintings of Nicolas Poussin and the romantic heroism of the canvases of Karl Bryullov. The time of love of freedom and youthful romanticism, storm storms and bright dreams of unrealizable.
The attention of contemporaries of that era was also concentrated in a special attitude to the ancient heritage and fairy-tale descriptions by travelers of the gardens of distant and mysterious Japan, in which the whole world is reflected in miniature; freely planned stately gardens of China as universal gardens. All this was reflected and demanded in romantic landscapes: the theatrical scenery of Baroque gardens was replaced by mysterious grottoes, enchanted caves, magical romantic ruins, heroic rocks and biblical stone chaos.
The composition of freely planned gardens of the Romantic era was based on completely different principles than the free plans of modern landscapes. The three-dimensional composition of romantic gardens was based on the figurative semantics of ancient mythology and biblical stories. Pictures of ancient mythology were played out in characters with the participation of gods and heroes, while the scene of events was the very space of a garden or park, and the performers were trees, shrubs, flowers, rocks, stones, water streams and water mirrors. The natural elements inspired by these images formed the composition in space as a landscape scenario. These were romantic games played by adults with nature - peculiar charades on popular plots, strange for us. The whole essence of the era was reflected in the gardens of Romanticism.
The fundamental difference in the use of regular and freely planned gardens was that the former served for festivities. a large number people, while the latter were created as manor parks: their planning elements did not imply a large number of visitors per unit area.
In Ukraine, bright examples of gardens with a free layout, world-class gardens can be called the absolutely brilliant Alupka Park, planned by the gardener Kebakh in the 19th century, the Sofiyivka park in Uman, the Trostyanetsky arboretum, the Sokirintsy, Alexandria parks in Bila Tserkva.
The main planning elements of a freely planned landscape include: lawns (as opposed to parterres of a regular garden), paths (as opposed to alleys), paths, ponds with natural forms, curtains, or, in a simple way, thickets and massifs (as opposed to from bosquets), tree-shrub groups and tapeworms in the composition of plantations.
Lawns are open spaces framed in many ways by backstage plantings, like a stage in the development of a landscape plot. Pictures created by lawn space can form landscapes of near, medium and far perspectives. Pictures of distant perspectives are closed by views of valuable architectural or landscape objects, located far outside the territory of the garden, but serving as compositional accents of its space. This common, especially in the past, technique for constructing a landscape composition is called “landscape on loan”.
Paths and paths, connecting the main objects in the garden, meander vigorously in space, are smoothly drawn, obeying the free forms of the relief, touching the horizontals.
Reservoirs in a freely planned landscape imitate streams, streams, waterfalls, springs, lakes created by nature. Their artificially formed natural form, enclosed in shores, indented by bays, bordered by stones, flowering and evergreen ornamental plants, is emphatically decorative, it brings out the artistic merits of the natural environment to the maximum, making it even more beautiful.
Trees and shrubs in a landscape landscape are arranged freely in space in the form of groups, clumps and arrays, creating multifaceted scenes of landscape paintings, complemented by free-standing expressive trees or shrubs - tapeworms.
Flowers in a landscape freely planned landscape are arranged like natural blooming lawns - decorative color spots, free-form borders, no longer bordering and emphasizing, as in a regular garden, the geometry of space, but playing with it, building its color palette and revealing the most effective compositional features.
Flower garden, Butchard's garden
A free planning technique is based on the maximum subordination to the natural environment and the identification of its merits. The aerobatics of an architect working with a free plan is to achieve the feeling that it has always been like this here, that nature itself has created here.
Elena GNEZDILOVA, Architect, Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, KNUSA
He wrote a tragic and ironic poem. "What street is this? // Mandelstam Street. // What a damn last name - // No matter how you twist it, // It sounds crooked, not straight. // There was little linear in him, // He was not of a lily temperament, // And therefore this street, // Or rather, this pit // That's what it is called by the name // of this Mandelstam. I believe it is a variation on the theme of Horace's Monument. The monument turns out to be a pit (grave) - due to its physical irregularity. And to me, sorry for the urban look, this seems to be a very offbeat reflection on the nature of linear and free planning. Oddly enough, in history we do not observe the evolution from irregular to regular cities. It would seem that first a free-form settlement should appear, then it should be given a geometric order. However, in Babylon, and in Mohenjo-Daro (the main city of the Harappan civilization), and in Giza (Egypt, the Old Kingdom), that is, in all centers of the invention of urban civilization, we are faced with regular plans from the very beginning. It's even bewitching. The invention of regular planning turns out to be a modern invention of the city in general. It is worth recalling that cities appear at about the same time as writing. I don’t know how original this comparison is, but for an archaeologist or a person with philological experience, the visual similarity of the regular plans of ancient cities with the oldest written monuments is obvious - be it Hittite cuneiform tablets or Egyptian reliefs and papyri. Writing and the regular plan are contemporary inventions and, it seems to me, relatives. If you like, a regular plan is a text written right on the ground. It is all the more striking that at the same time regular and irregular cities exist. The invention of regularity looks like a colossal civilizational leap, but it turns out that it can be used or not. It's like reinventing the wheel and rolling it back. From a semiotic point of view, rectangular blocks in the territory are index signs in the classification of Charles Pierce (that is, those in which the signifier is physically connected with the signified - like, say, the label with the bottle on which it is pasted). This indexing in antiquity took place literally, by marking the city plan on the ground, drawing the boundaries with a plow (as Romulus did at the founding of Rome). To a certain extent, the same thing is still happening (with the difference that the plan is first drawn on paper or on a computer). Question - what do these rectangular signs drawn on the ground mean? And why they can not be used, what replaces these signs when there is no regular planning? This is what Mandelstam is talking about. The street gets his name because she (the pit) and he (the poet) are "non-linear". The index for an irregular territory is a person. The trace of such signification by a man of a place is our naming of streets - at least the same Mandelstam Street, which did appear in Voronezh, even Nemtsov Bridge, which has not yet appeared in Moscow. It is from such inhabited and marked by death places that an organic, irregular settlement is formed. Behind this is the idea of an inextricable, sacred connection between man and territory. Remember the bans on the sale of land in the feudal economy, the principles of primacy - living signs-indexes cannot be changed or split. By the way, a funny vestige of this idea in the modern economy is the need to notarize the purchase and sale of real estate (which does not need to be done with food, clothes, or mechanisms): land is such a commodity, the purchase of which for money is not quite legal, violates order of things, and a legal procedure is required to restore it. What does a regular rectangle of the territory mean if, with a free planning, the site is indexed by a specific person associated with it? If, say, there were “a lot of linear” in Mandelstam, if it were such a standard, “rectangular” Mandelstam, then his name would say nothing about the place. His human quality would come down to a square. Here it is worth recalling the role of geometry in ancient civilizations. The Pythagoreans, followed by Plato, saw in geometry an expression of the metaphysical order of the universe. From this come the esoteric consequences of the teachings of proportion, but in the case of a regular layout, we are talking about the most elementary geometric order. However, its meaning is not so much elementary as very generalized. The very action of correlating the territory with the geometric order makes it involved in the order of reason. Nature knows no right angles, regular territory is not just terra, but terra sapiens. If you like, the irregular city consists entirely of proper names - it is marked by the unique destinies of those who lived and died here. A regular city is a city of pronouns. Anyone can live in each particular quarter, or no one can live, for rectangular territories, only one of their properties is important - the presence of consciousness. Spiro Kostof spent a lot of effort to prove that the regularity of the city layout does not make political sense. His arguments are not without persuasiveness and wit. On the basis of the grid, cities are democratic (like the Greeks or Americans) and authoritarian (like in Ancient China, Rome or the USSR) - the shape of the city does not say anything about the structure of power. "A grid is a grid and nothing but a grid" - this is Kostof's formula. She sounds great, but I can't agree. The grid has no specific political meaning, but the grid has a political meaning as such. The grid is power. It doesn't have to be authoritarian. In the tradition of American urbanism, it is customary to associate a regular grid with a democratic structure, and this is natural for people who have New York. The founding fathers of the United States believed that the landowner had the right to vote, and the land legislation of this time prescribed to mark the land in an orthogonal grid, so that together they got a vivid spatial image of democracy - all citizens are equal, all have equal allotments, everyone can be reduced to a square. However, it should be borne in mind that Madison, and Jefferson, and Jay, and even Hamilton were people of the Enlightenment and classicism and, inventing the country, were inspired by the model of ancient Greek colonization. By themselves, people who settled nearby, due, I think, to the impossibility of balancing two basic herd instincts - the right to equality and the right to primacy - cannot divide their territory into equal rectangular parts. For this you need external factor that performs this division. Of course, the cities of Mormons (Salt Lake City), Greek colonists (Miletus, Priene), Roman military camps (Timgad, Split), Stalinist and Mussolini cities had different political structures. However, they have one thing in common - they were all means of colonizing the territory. I believe that this right - the right to transfer space from terra inconscia to terra sapiens - is the prerogative of the authorities. Colonization is the transformation of wild territories into civilized ones even before civilized citizens settled on them. Colonization may have the most different goals- economic, administrative, religious - but these goals are achieved with the help of political power. If a city is founded by a railroad company (such as Galva, Illinois) for land speculation, then this means that political power in the city belonged to the railroad company, and if in 1833 Joseph Smith drew the ideal plan of Zion, embodied, following the exodus of the Mormons, in Salt Lake City, then this means that the political power in this city belonged to the Mormons. Colonization is a powerful gesture. If we come across examples of additions to a city with an irregular layout of a regular part (as in Naples) or are confronted with a regular redevelopment of a historic city, this is evidence of government intervention. Perhaps one of the most striking examples in the history of urban planning is the redevelopment of Russian cities by Catherine the Great, established by her commission of Ivan Betsky, when most of them received regular plans. This grandiose experience can be connected with Alexander Etkind's idea of "internal colonization" as the main strategy of Russian statehood. The regular plan was both a means of modernizing the country and a sign of political dominance. On the contrary, if we are faced with a gradual loss of regularity in the city - and this is the history of most European cities that grew up on a Roman basis - then we have a trace of the "leaving" of power from the city. This happened until the twentieth century - and suddenly everything turned upside down. Endless new regions of the USSR, partly Europe (France, Germany), Asia - colonization by sleeping areas takes place in the form of occupation of free spots without any signs of regularity. On the contrary, the quarterly development of historical centers is beginning to be associated with free urban life, traditions and the “right to the city” (Henri Lefebvre’s 1968 term, emphasizing the rights of urban communities in opposing power and speculative development). How is this possible? It seems to me that in order to answer this question, it is worth remembering that in a traditional city the rectangle of a block was built up relatively freely. We meet there a wide variety of forms - from city villas to multi-storey square houses, from well-yards to front inner streets. The free planning of sleeping areas is inseparable from the standard residential cells of apartment buildings. A multi-apartment industrial building is a regular city, reduced to one volume, a square of a block, turned into a cube of an apartment. That is why, it seems to me, industrial multi-apartment housing has a rather tangible flavor of the representation of power, and authoritarian regimes - like Russia or China - give a noticeable preference to this form of settlement. So the power becomes closer, more intimate: it comes to your apartment. Compared to this, the cells of the blocks seem to be symbols of civil liberties and informal communities of citizens.
Every field has its own trends. Landscape design is no exception, which is also subject to change. fashion trends. Every year, experts try to offer all new options for decorating plots. They reflect not only the mood of the present, but also the views of the masters, their amazing abilities and talent.
general information
Landscape design can be considered a concept known for a long time. Previously, it was used when it came to decorating fairly large land areas or public areas, including parks. But today, in this regard, the situation has changed quite dramatically. For contemporaries, landscape design has become relevant in many cases. And first of all, specialists in this field are in demand among private traders who buy large areas land to build a house on.
Landscaping in such cases should be thought out very competently so that every corner of the site is involved. Many home gardens today contain interesting decor items, they are, from a design point of view, luxurious and rich. Modern styles landscape design allows you to turn areas into trendy and original places. But in order to get such a wonderful garden, you need to invest a lot of serious work and costs, including not only financial, but also temporary. The specialist must first of all decide on the style, conduct an irrigation system, choose materials for paving paths, plants, fences and much more. The right approach to the design of the territory is a guarantee that the personal plot will turn out to be a truly unique place.
Landscaping styles
The choice of direction primarily depends on the area land plot. If the territory is small, then chic massive monumental compositions will be out of place on it. Moreover, at design work Natural light must also be taken into account. personal plot. To date, a sufficient number of a wide variety of styles of landscape design is known. Most often, experts use country, Provence, Scandinavian, landscape. No less popular are rustic and regular styles in landscape design. Each of them has its own history, features, forms and purposes.
Homestead territory is perceived by many as a personal corner of nature. After all, spending enough time in the air allows a person to relieve stress, refresh thoughts and improve mood. Therefore, a beautiful and at the same time functional arrangement household territory can confidently be called a guarantee both for peace of mind and for a great pastime. In this article we will talk about what constitutes a regular style in landscape design, the photo of which is presented below. It has already gained great popularity not only in Europe, but also in our country, so many will be interested in getting to know this direction better.
Peculiarities
This method will be an ideal solution for those people who love symmetry and prefer to see order in everything. The regular style in landscape design implies the presence of many clear compositions that are made in the form of ideal figures and geometric lines. It is more suitable for large areas. Only the presence of a large-scale territory makes it possible to demonstrate all the features of a regular or French garden.
Regular style in landscape design: description
There are no trifles in this direction. The regular style involves taking into account even the slightest nuances, which should be very subtly in harmony with in a general way site. There is a clear layout here. At the same time, you need to know that arranging a garden in a regular style is not as easy as it seems: such work requires a lot of time and effort, and caring for it is quite laborious. However, the result fully pays for everything. A garden in a regular style, laid out on a country plot, will resemble a real park of French aristocrats. At the same time, every detail and image in it must be thought out to the smallest detail. Regular landscape style in the garden can be recognized by the symmetrical planting of shrubs and trees, the correct geometric contours, straight alleys or paths, the clarity and regularity of the compositions, the complex parterre, the pronounced center line, as well as the many-sided water elements and numerous sculptures. All this gives the formal park orderliness and sophistication with notes of grandeur and solemnity. The French regular style is the exact opposite of the naturalness that is expected in an English or landscape garden.
History of occurrence
Initially, the process of formation of garden and park art was strongly influenced by the prevailing views and state structure country, as well as the type of thinking of the ruler. They set the tone for landscape design. After all, gardens and parks, in which the utilitarian function did not have a leading role, at that time only the richest people allowed themselves to have them.
Regular landscape style has a very long history. It originates from the ancient Romans, who, by contrasting the aesthetics of geometric shapes with the natural environment, reached a high level in this art. IN Ancient Rome plastic and floral compositions were combined with fountains and cascades. The landscaping art of this mighty empire at that time used almost the entire arsenal of ornamental gardening known today. Historically, the garden in the regular style was a place for processions and walks, as well as for sitting.
heyday
It was widely used in France in the seventeenth century. The regular style at that time was used to create parks and gardens, laid out at palaces or castles. It is closely associated with the name of King Louis XIV. The formal or regular style reached its heyday in the 17th century, in the era of the apogee of absolutism. Therefore, it is also called French.
Regular gardens and parks, due to their compositional complexity, were mainly used to decorate castles and palaces and were designed to additionally emphasize the monumentality and splendor of the elite ensembles. A huge contribution to the formation and development of this style was made by Andre Le Nôtre, the court gardener of Louis XIV. He is the author of the unique landscape solutions in such famous parks as Versailles, Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Vaux-le-Vicomte, etc. One of the most striking examples is the country residence of Louis XIV - Versailles. The magnificent palace is the center of the composition, from which straight, well-groomed alleys and evenly trimmed lawns diverge. Each flower garden in a regular style occupies a thoughtful place allotted for it.
All this turned into a delightful piece of paradise with intricately trimmed trees and shrubs, magnificent flower beds, and a brilliant surface of artificial ponds. Louis IV thus sought to once again demonstrate his power, not only over his subordinates, but also over nature itself.
Implementation Methods
French or regular landscape style is often considered an example of European classics. However, many call it sunny and artsy, avant-garde and even pretentious. After all, the French or regular style of the park suggests anything but ease of care. Aesthetics with expressiveness are the main tasks. This feature of this trend in landscape design can be traced in modern incarnations.
The main elements of the French garden are the parterre, including the lace parterre, the flower bed in a regular style, the parterre lawn, topiaries and flower beds.
The dominant color of any regular garden is green. Neatly cut lawns and other varieties are like frames and backgrounds for “playing” with symmetry and geometry. Green tunnels connecting flower beds and lawns, framing trimmed borders and clipped hedges around the perimeter, a entwined facade of the building, numerous topiaries in the form of spheres, pyramids, etc. - all this should dominate the design of the landscape.
The main element is the parterre - an open part of the garden, divided into sections that have regular shapes, most often separated by sandy paths. It may contain patterned ornaments collected from low or sheared ornamental plants in combination with coarse-grained sand of different shades, gravel, etc. The word "parterre" is formed from the French par and terre, meaning "on the ground." It can be floral, lawn and lace.
scale
The regular style was mainly used to decorate the castle grounds of palaces and castles, which can hardly be called modest. Therefore, such gardens are traditionally associated with scale. They are intended primarily for long walks, so that new views constantly appear before your eyes and picturesque paintings alternate. On the small area it is quite difficult to organize this, besides, numerous decorative elements will clutter up and therefore burden the space.
In addition, a mandatory requirement for the implementation of a regular style in the design of the garden is a flat, even area, without the presence of relief irregularities. This requires extensive earthworks.
Geometry
The regular style is characterized primarily by axial composition. Most often, the main structure in the garden acts as an axis of symmetry. Straight lines coming from it allow you to streamline the space and emphasize the impact on nature. This style does not allow any randomness. The main element of a regular garden is the parterre - an open part of the territory with lawns, borders, flower beds and flower beds, consisting of regular-shaped plots. The main background for flower beds and solitaires is the parterre lawn, which requires especially careful care, since it is he who is considered the face of the park. A characteristic feature of a regular garden is ornamental flower beds with intricate patterns and compositions, which are particularly difficult not only in design, but also in subsequent care. In this case, you can not do without a professional. The center of a flower arrangement is often a fountain or sculpture.
Hedges, topiary and ponds
When zoning a regular garden, arches, hedges, pergolas and trellises are widely used. One of the best decorations are considered to be created as a result of cutting trees and shrubs and giving them various shapes. An obligatory element of a regular or formal garden is a pond with a clear coastline. Its shape can be in the form of a square, circle or rectangle. The reservoir should be framed by vegetation planted in a strict order.
Plants and materials used
The decorativeness of a regular garden, if possible, should be maintained throughout the year. Therefore, experts prefer evergreens. To create picturesque vaults, liana or ivy is most often used. Perfectly fit into the regular style and monogardens, which consist of only one type of plant, for example, rose gardens, sirenaria or iridaria. As a rule, in such a garden it is customary to use plants that have decorative foliage. Another selection criterion is the maximum long flowering.
Trees that are given interesting shapes as a result of shearing are yew, privet, thuja, boxwood, barberry and juniper. However, experts recommend not to get carried away: it is enough to use two or three types in the compositions.
The flower garden should have classic strict forms. Arabesques are also characteristic of such a French garden. Moreover, a flower bed in a regular style should consist only of undersized plants, for example, bright subulate phlox, lobelia, coleus or ageratum.
Parterre
The regular style garden has required element: parterre - a single ceremonial composition, consisting of flower beds, lawns and a reservoir. He is the face of the garden. A real front parterre should occupy a large space, so that the whole whole composition can be seen only from the top floor of the house. However, today it has become widespread simple options, which are often performed near private houses or cottages. It's about about a well-groomed lawn of the correct form, limited along the perimeter by a border or green flower beds.
A garden in a regular style, as you know, must have large area. Nevertheless, some elements of this direction of landscape design can also be used on small areas. For example, a regular plot style can be obtained by creating flower beds decorated with trimmed shrubs. Large space is not required for them, but the bushes arranged symmetrically will have an impact on the style of the garden.
If a gazebo is provided on the site, then it is recommended to use forged metal or even wooden decorative carved elements in its design. Similar fragments will be appropriate for fences. A good option as an element of a regular style on the site would be a cast fence, executed in a classic, strict manner.
