With all the variety offered on the modern construction market products, there are products that comply with State Standards. For example, metal doors. Manufacturers that respect themselves and the consumer produce products that meet the requirements of established state standards.
What does GOST 31173-2003 say?
The provisions described by GOST 31173-2003 apply to the designs of steel door blocks with locks. The products described by the standard are intended for installation in buildings for various purposes. This regulatory document does not include the installation of door blocks special purpose, satisfying increased demands for explosion resistance, resistance to bullets, resistance to action aggressive environment, as well as fire safety.
This document describes the types of door blocks, classification, and markings. Recommends steel grade and external and internal organization boxes and sashes. GOST 31173-2003 mentions options possible finishing with internal and outside valves The standard also indicates possible types of heat insulation and methods of installing locks.
Let's be clear
There is no separate State Standard (GOST) for fire doors. The existing GOST 31173-2003 regulates only the design of metal door blocks. Those products that are called “fire doors GOST 31173-2003” are usually manufactured according to TU - Technical Conditions, compiled by the manufacturer taking into account the recommendations described in GOST 31173-2003.
The manufacturer then receives a fire safety certificate for their product. This document is valid for three years. After the certificate expires, the manufacturer must go through the procedure of obtaining a document fire safety again.
This certificate is issued after passing a product sample made in accordance with TU or GOST 31173-2003. Fire tests on door structures are carried out according to the rules described in State Standard“Test methods for fire resistance of doors and gates” numbered 53307-2009. Based on the test results, the product is assigned one or another class of fire resistance and a fire certificate is issued.
The essence of the test method is to expose the test product on one side to the temperature created by a special oven. The temperature of exposure to the tested product is regulated by GOST 30247.0-94. During testing, the time to the limiting state of the structure, determined by GOST 53307-2009, is determined in minutes.
The fire resistance class assigned to a product affects its scope of application and cost.
What determines temperature resistance?
The resistance of metal doors to temperature does not depend on the thickness of the metal used in manufacturing. Fire safety is affected by:
- Thermal insulator used. In GOST 31173-2003, in the section devoted to the design of metal doors, the following is proposed for use as a filler for cavities between the inner and outer shell: polystyrene foam, mineral wool, wood or wood chip fillers. Naturally, thermal insulation made of polystyrene foam or wood is not suitable for the manufacture of fire doors. And the density and thickness of the mineral filler also affects the time that a metal door will resist the effects of fire.
- The size of the gap between the door leaf and the frame. The smaller this distance, the greater the door’s resistance to temperature. The standard for the production of metal door blocks allows maximum deviations no more than 3 mm.
- Availability and quality of self-foaming sealant. Fire self-foaming tape is installed around the perimeter door leaf. As the temperature rises, the seal foams and hermetically closes the gap between the frame and the sash, preventing combustion gases from entering the room.
- GOST 31173-2003 establishes that the sealing gaskets used must comply sanitary standards and other technical regulations and standards adopted in accordance with the established procedure. Seals must be present around the entire perimeter of the sash and the fit of the sash must be tight.
How to choose a fire door
A fire door is a structure designed to protect against the spread of fire during a fire. A fire door must retain its protective properties for some time - until firefighters arrive and people are evacuated. As can be seen from the above, GOST 31173-2003 does not apply to metal fire doors.
The general provisions of fire safety are described by Federal Law No. 123-FZ, adopted on July 22, 2008. “Technical regulations for fire safety requirements.” To choose a metal fire door, you need to pay attention to the availability of a fire compliance certificate for the selected product and fire resistance class.
Fire resistance class - what is it?
The fire resistance class is assigned to a product as a result of fire resistance tests. Depending on the number of minutes that a particular door resisted the effects of temperature as a result of testing, a fire resistance class is assigned:
- Ei 30. Class Ei 30 has doors that are resistant to fire for half an hour. Recommended for installation in public buildings, at industrial facilities.
- Ei 60. Such doors can withstand fire for an hour. Installation of doors of class Ei 60 allows for the safest evacuation of people.
- Ei 90. Doors with fire resistance class Ei 90 are intended for installation in buildings with an increased fire hazard: gas stations, special production facilities, warehouses for fuels and lubricants, etc.
Such fire doors can prevent the spread of fire for one and a half hours.
GOST regarding metal fire doors, requirements for them and operating features.
What are the requirements of GOST?
To protect production, personal property and other valuables from damage as a result of fire, as well as to maximize the localization of the fire itself, it is necessary to install special fire doors. They are capable of not only withstanding very high temperature, but also comply with all safety standards and requirements. Unfortunately, not all manufacturers approach their work responsibly, which means that in order to truly choose quality product, you need to know exactly what features fire doors should have. This is exactly what will be discussed further.
In most cases, fire-resistant metal doors are installed for emergency exits. In accordance with current GOST 31173-2003, they must have locks, but at the same time, they must open quite easily. GOST requires that metal fire doors be made in such a way that even a child can use them if necessary. Considering the fact that in the event of a fire door handles can become very hot and leave burns upon contact, GOST requires making a special button on the doors, or connecting the opening mechanism to the middle rod, maintaining the minimum force required for opening.
As for opening the door itself, for maximum convenience, safety and effective use, the doors should open towards the exit. This is how you can minimize the accumulation of large quantity people directly at the exit.
Particular attention should be paid to the material used for finishing. First of all, it should not be afraid of direct exposure to fire, it should not melt, much less ignite.
If at least one of the above nuances is not observed, this can have an extremely negative impact on people’s lives and health. If all the norms and requirements prescribed by GOST 31173-2003 are fully complied with, this will not only prevent the spread of fire, but also quite possibly save someone’s life.
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If you pay attention to the requirements that apply to fire safety, and, as a consequence, to fire doors at various enterprises, then they are, in fact, almost the same type.
- first of all, the door must withstand exposure to direct fire for as long as possible, but not melt or deform;
- prevent the spread of smoke and carbon monoxide;
- easy to open.
Production Features
In accordance with GOST 31173-2003, for thermal insulation and design of fire doors, it is allowed to use only those materials that are not susceptible to fire, even when exposed to direct fire. Similar requirements apply to consumables. Among other things, handles, fittings, locks and other elements must have minimal thermal conductivity. Only in this case will they maintain a sufficiently low outside temperature and will not cause burns upon contact with skin. Decorative finishing is simply missing.
Concerning exterior finishing, then only those compositions and paint coatings, which are fire-resistant, due to which the door is provided with additional protection from fire.
Based on the above requirements, not all manufacturers have a license allowing the production of metal fire doors. The main condition for obtaining it is the presence of special equipment capable of producing products of appropriate quality.
Where are fire doors used?
Despite the fact that the production of fire doors requires the use of specialized materials with fire-resistant properties, the cost of the products themselves is quite reasonable.
As a rule, the main objects where such doors can or should be installed are production workshops and premises, service stations, private houses, warehouses, as well as special-purpose premises.
In fact, this list can be continued almost indefinitely; the main thing remains that the fire door is installed in those rooms that need to be protected from fire.
Design features of fire doors
Fire door design
In accordance with GOST 31173-2003, there are 2 types of features that you should pay special attention to:
First of all, we are talking about the availability of documents that allow a particular organization to engage in the production of metal fire doors, that is, the presence of a license. Among other things, each door must have an appropriate quality certificate and an individual passport, which indicates the main characteristics of the product, acceptable temperature conditions and other parameters.
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If you study GOST 31173-2003 in more detail, you will notice that each fire door must have certain visual features. Let's look at them in more detail:
| Mandatory design feature of a fire door | Note |
| No through holes or cracks | It's quite easy to check. It is possible to provide a light difference in two adjacent rooms. If gaps are visible, it means that the door has cracks and its quality no longer corresponds to what it should be in accordance with GOST |
| You should pay attention to the seal that runs along the perimeter between the frame and the metal door leaf | The seal should not have even small cracks, and should be as elastic to the touch as possible. |
| The softness of the closer plays an important role | for the most efficient, safe and comfortable use, the closer should move quite smoothly, but not require additional effort to operate |
| Pay attention to the awnings | As practice shows, many companies install awnings, but completely forget that the new product does not always contain a lubricant. Among other things, taking into account the specifics of the metal door itself, the lubricant used for the hinges must also have fire-resistant characteristics and properties, that is, withstand higher temperatures |
| Locking mechanism | Even light snacking in the castle is strictly prohibited. It should operate as smoothly as possible and not require much effort when opening and closing. Otherwise, this can lead to extremely unpleasant consequences. |
What is GOST R 53307-2009?
GOST R 53307-2009 is used when testing metal fire doors. It is this that guarantees that the product is of high quality and can save not only property, but also human life from fire.
Those products that have successfully passed the tests and received the appropriate certificate have some important features, such as the highest fire resistance, which allows these metal doors to be installed in offices, private homes, and large enterprises. Among other things, in accordance with GOST R 53307-2009, all products have the following characteristics.
In the process of choosing a metal entrance door in the product description, you can find widespread references to the fact that the products are different high quality. A detailed analysis of doors can only be carried out by someone who is knowledgeable and experienced specialist. What should ordinary customers do, for whom all entrance doors mostly look the same? We recommend paying close attention to the standardization of manufactured products. IN Russian Federation State standards (GOST) have been developed and approved, indicating technical and other requirements that manufactured products must meet. To confirm compliance, certificates of conformity of an approved type are issued. It is believed that buyers who purchase metal entrance doors are fully protected in terms of purchasing and using the highest quality products. Let's take a closer look at the approved standard.
What standard applies to fire doors?
When choosing a high-quality metal fire door, you should adhere to the GOST 31173-2003 standard. It touches steel door blocks with locks general view. Standard fire doors are assumed that can be used in residential and industrial purposes. At the same time, it is worth knowing that doors have increased security and performance characteristics (explosion resistance, armor protection, bulletproofness, resistance to numerous aggressive influences) environment and so on) do not apply to the above standard.
GOST 31173-2003 describes the features of marking and classification of door blocks. However, recommendations are provided regarding the use of steel certain type. The features of the frame, sashes, installation of locks and thermal insulation materials. In addition, recommendations are given regarding the finishing of the sash (external and internal sides).
A characteristic feature of the described standard is the fact that so-called “fire doors” do not directly apply to it. Moreover, there is simply no separate state standard dedicated to doors of this type. Therefore, GOST 31173-2003 applies to them by analogy. Mainly, as stated above, it describes the design of metal doors. In reality the situation looks like this. Manufacturer in the manufacture of fireproof metal entrance doors develops its own installations, which are most often referred to as “technical specifications”. They provide performance requirements regarding fire resistance. Such technical conditions (TU) are as close as possible to GOST 31173-2003. In order for manufactured doors to be considered fireproof, the manufacturer must obtain a special so-called fire certificate. It is valid for three years. After the certificate expires, you must obtain it again. The main condition for obtaining such a certificate is testing with a sample of the manufactured door. Tests are carried out in accordance with the recommendations and rules that are enshrined in the State Standard “Test methods for fire resistance of doors and gates” (number 53307-2009). During a combustion test in a special oven, one side of the web is heated to limit values. At successful completion Testing of products is assigned to a certain fire resistance class, which is recorded in the issued certificate. The higher the class, the more expensive the metal door. Of course, a higher quality and fire-resistant door can be used not only in residential, but also industrial premises with elevated temperature.
What determines the fire resistance of a metal door?
There is a fairly widespread opinion according to which it is believed: the thicker the sheet of metal door leaf, the more resistant it is to elevated temperature. This is wrong. In fact following features are of decisive importance:
- Thermal insulator (insulation). GOST 31173-2003 provides for the possibility of using foam plastic as insulation, mineral wool, wood and particle fillers. For obvious reasons, such a heat insulator is not suitable for fireproof metal entrance doors. There are insulation materials on sale that are characterized by high fire resistance. How to qualitatively insulate a canvas with such material yourself or with the help of a specialist, read the material dedicated to this.
- The distance (size) of the gap between the frame and the door leaf. Ideally, this parameter should not exceed a value of 3 mm. The greater the deviation from this indicator, the lower the fire resistance of the door block.
- Self-foaming seal. Extremely useful material, which foams in the event of a fire. Foam fills the space between the sash and the frame. This helps to prevent the spread of fire and heating to some extent. door frame and canvases. And also prevent combustion products from entering the room.
- Sealing gaskets. Those that comply with GOST 31173-2003 should be used. They should tightly cover the entire perimeter of the sash.
How to choose a quality fire door?
The main purpose of a fire door is to protect against the spread of fire for some time before the arrival of rescuers. Mainly provisions relating to fire safety (including those applicable to doors of this type) are contained in technical regulations, approved by Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 123-FZ dated July 22, 2008.
When choosing a fireproof metal entrance door, you should pay attention not only to the product conformity marking GOST 31173-2003, but also to the presence of an approved fire certificate. As mentioned above, it fixes the fire resistance class.
What is a fire rating? What are they?
Fire resistance class is an indicator that is assigned to a particular product depending on the indicators obtained during the combustion test of a metal entrance door. The main parameter is the period of time during which the door “resisted” the constantly rising temperature and exposure to open flame. The following main fire resistance classes are distinguished:
— Ei 30. The number in the name reflects the number of minutes during which the metal entrance door will be resistant to fire. This is a standard class, which is sufficient for use in residential and industrial premises, as well as public places.
— Ei 60. An increased fire resistance parameter for an hour indicates a sufficient reserve of time during which it is possible not only to wait for rescuers, but also to evacuate people from a burning building.
— Ei 90. Metal doors of this class are recommended for use in places with increased fire hazard. This could be production of the appropriate type, gas stations, workshops, kitchens, warehouses for fuel and lubricants and other facilities. An hour and a half is enough for rescuers to localize and put out the fire.
Sections of the article:
In order to steel doors corresponded to a certain standard, was developed normative base for these products. For metal doors, GOST standardizes the dimensions, type of hinges, optimal properties and characteristics. These requirements are contained in document number 31173-2003. Technical conditions and standards for steel door blocks were developed at the Certification Center, as well as by the Design Bureau. Entered into force on March 1, 2004.
Basic requirements according to GOST 31173-2003
This standard and requirements apply to all metal door structures for all types of buildings. This document described the most important parameters that door manufacturers operating in the Russian Federation must comply with. The only doors that are not covered in this regulatory documentation are highly secure structures and special-purpose products.
According to regulatory requirements, the door leaf must be a structure made of metal profile And sheet metal, connected by welding. The standard allows the use of both straight and bent profiles. All corner connections can be performed using welding or other technologies (provided that the strength of the structure is maintained).
also in technical conditions information on the door frame is indicated - manufacturers are recommended to make this element from bent profile pipes or bent profile. As for the dimensions, the profile should be no thinner than 1.5 mm, the cross-section of the pipe should be at least 40x50 mm.
In addition to the profiles on which the base is created, the door block must also be reinforced with special elements. The standard provides at least two vertical and horizontal stiffeners. Reinforcement through inclined profiles is also possible. Horizontal stiffeners should be located in the area of anti-removal systems or in the hinge area.
GOST recommends installing two or more sealing circuits on external metal doors. They must be installed strictly without gaps, and the seal material must be selected based on climate zone and possible atmospheric influences.
All requirements specified in this regulatory documentation can only be used for door designs certain overall dimensions. So, the area of the canvas should be no more than 9 m2. The height of the opening leaf is less than 2200 mm, the width is up to 1200 mm. The standard weight of the block is no more than 250 kg.
Classification of doors according to standards
GOST 31173-2003 describes the classification of door structures. Thus, all door blocks according to their purpose are divided into internal or entrance and external.
By appearance and by design, the standard divides steel doors into models with a closed frame, with door frame U-shaped type, as well as with a U-shaped box and with an additional threshold.
In addition, products are distinguished by the number of panels and the side of their opening. The standard provides for single-leaf structures, double-leaf ones with the same or different widths canvases, with one or more non-opening inserts. On the opening side, the door can open inward or outward.
There is also a difference in the number of sealing contours - these are doors with one contour or models with two or more contours.
A door block made of steel can have decorative finishing. Thus, the documents recommend several types of finishes. This is coating the canvas with paints and varnishes or painting powder paint. GOST also allows the use different kinds artificial or natural leather, insulation, decorative materials based on films. Available in finishes based on wood materials– this is natural or synthetic veneer, solid wood. In addition, manufacturers can equip the canvas with glass or mirror materials. Combined finishing is also allowed.
GOST 31173 2003 divides metal doors into strength classes. So, there are three classes - M1, M2 and M3. Strength level is assessed by resistance different types loads They can be static or dynamic, shock and others.
Materials and components
All materials that modern manufacturers used for the production of door structures must be manufactured in accordance with certain standards and conditions. So, the steel sheet should have the most even and smooth surface possible. There should be no cracks or deformations in the metal. The standard allows for slight waviness - its maximum permissible size is no more than 0.5 mm.
All materials and components used in production must withstand various climatic conditions and atmospheric influences. The structural elements of the steel block must comply with GOST 380, 1050, 5632.
Seals must be installed on the canvas and the box. However, it is not even allowed minimum clearances. This is one of the requirements of GOST 307778, in the text of which you can find other requirements for seals.
Hinges, locks, locking hardware
Characteristics, installation methods, as well as the location of locks and hinges on the door leaf must be described in the manufacturer’s working documentation. The parameters of locking mechanisms and hinges are influenced by the dimensions of the door leaf, weight, and conditions of use. All requirements for locks can be found in documents GOST 5089 and 538.
The hinges must be attached to the block and the canvas using welding technologies or using mechanical connections, but with the condition of maintaining strength.
To provide the metal door structure with the required level of protection, the standard recommends the use of locking mechanisms of various systems - these can be cylinder, lever-type locks and others.
Steel door units can also be equipped with various accessories such as closers, bolts, opening limiters, peepholes and chains. Locks and hinges, no matter what type they are, should not interfere with the easy and reliable closure of the door.
Finishing
As for the type of finishing, the manufacturer must agree on the door covering and its quality with the buyer of the product in the sales contract. Quality is assessed based on provided and pre-approved samples. Choosing the right one finishing material depends on the operating conditions of the door block.
The main documents that regulate metal coatings, as well as the requirements for coatings based on varnishes and paints are GOSTs 9.402, 9.401, 9.032.
According to the standard, the first layer should be a primer coating, then you can proceed to applying decorative and protective materials. More details on the requirements for finishing quality can be found in GOSTs 9.301 and 9.032.
Production of door linings made of metal. If in finishing works If wood or wood-based materials are used, then manufacturers are guided by GOST 2140. According to it, the surface roughness should be no more than 60 microns. Wood moisture level is no more than 8-12%.
Sound insulation requirements
Sound insulation parameters must be established in design documents. The level itself is established during testing in special centers. According to GOST 31173, the door block must be soundproofed to levels of at least 20 dB.
The standard distinguishes three classes according to the level of sound insulation - for example, the first class has sound absorption rates from 20 to 25 dB, the second class - from 25-31 dB, the third class - 32 and higher.
GOST on thermal insulation
All metal blocks are divided into three classes. Classification is made according to heat transfer resistance. Thus, products of the first class have indicators of 1.0 m °C/W and higher, the second - 0.7-0.99 m °C/W, the third - 0.4 -0.69 m °C/W.
In order for the unit to provide proper thermal insulation performance, street doors must be equipped with at least two sealing circuits. More details about this are indicated in GOST 24698 81. It applies to wooden, but also to external metal doors.
Requirements for outdoor or outdoor steel blocks
About street door blocks described in GOST 24698. According operational characteristics these models must meet several important requirements.
So, these solutions must have high performance sound and heat insulation. A seal must be installed on the frame and in the sash. Also, the surface and finish of the door leaf must have very high wear resistance in order to withstand atmospheric influences. Protective layer must reliably protect the metal from corrosion processes.
In addition, the door must withstand temperature changes and not deform. The document also states fire safety and strict adherence to geometric characteristics. It is necessary to have more serious locking devices than are provided for ordinary entrance doors to the apartment.
All these provisions and requirements must be fully complied with by manufacturers of metal door structures. The quality of the final product depends on whether the manufacturer strictly complies with GOST. The majority of all metal doors produced in Russia are of truly high quality and fully comply with these requirements. The buyer receives a highly reliable and protected product.
