The highest spore plants include. What plants are called higher? Examples, signs and characteristics of higher plants. Why mosses are called higher plants

Does everyone know which plants are called higher? This type has its own characteristics. Today, higher plants include:

Plauns.
Ferns.
Horsetails.
Gymnosperms.
Angiosperms.

There are more than 285 species of such plants. They are distinguished by a much higher organization. Their bodies contain a shoot and a root (except for mosses).

Specifications

Higher plants live on earth. This residence is different from the aquatic environment.

Characteristics of higher plants:

The body is made up of tissues and organs.
With the help of vegetative organs, nutrition and metabolic functions are carried out.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms multiply using seeds.

Most of the higher plants have roots, stems, and leaves. Their organs are complexly constructed. This species has cells (tracheids), vessels, and their integumentary tissues form a complex system.

The main feature of higher plants is that they move from the haploid phase to the diploid phase, and vice versa.

The origin of higher plants

All signs of higher plants indicate that they may have evolved from algae. Extinct representatives belonging to the higher group are very similar to algae. They have similar generational rotation and many other characteristics.

There is a theory that higher plants originated from or freshwater. Rhinophytes were the first to appear. When the plants moved to land, they began to develop rapidly. Mosses turned out to be less viable, as they need water in the form of droplets for them to exist. Because of this, they appear in places where there is high humidity.

Today, plants have spread throughout the planet. They can be seen in the desert, tropics and cold areas. They form forests, swamps, meadows.

Despite the fact that when thinking about which plants are called higher, there are thousands of options, but they can still be combined into some guppas.

Mosses

When figuring out which plants are called higher, one should not forget about mosses. In nature, there are about 10,000 of their species. Outwardly, this is a small plant, its length does not exceed 5 cm.

Mosses do not bloom, they do not have a root, a conducting system. Reproduction takes place through spores. The haploid gametophyte predominates in the life cycle of mosses. This is a plant that lives for several years, it can have outgrowths that look like roots. But the sporophyte of mosses does not live long, it dries up, has only a leg, a capsule, where the spores mature. The structure of these representatives of living nature is simple, they do not know how to take root.

Mosses play such a role in nature:

They create a special biocenosis.
The moss cover absorbs radioactive substances, retains them.
They regulate the water balance of landscapes due to the fact that they absorb water.
They protect the soil from erosion, which allows the flow of water to be transferred evenly.
Some types of mosses are used for medicinal products.
With the help of peat is formed.

Poultry plants

Besides mosses, there are other higher plants. The examples may be different, but they are all somewhat similar to each other. For example, mosses resemble lyciform plants, but their evolution is more advanced, since these are vascular species. They consist of stems that are covered with small leaves. They have roots and vascular tissue through which nutrition occurs. In the presence of these constituents, lymphoids are very similar to ferns.

In the tropics, epiphytic lyes are isolated. They hang from the trees, creating a fringe look. Such plants have the same spores.

Some lymphatic plants are listed in the Red Book.

Psilotic plants

This type of plant lives for more than one year. This includes 2 genera of representatives of the tropics. They have erect stems, similar to the rhizome. But they have no real roots. The conducting system is located in the stem and consists of phloem and xylem. But water does not enter the leaf-like appendages of plants.

Photosynthesis occurs in the stems, spores form on the branches, turning them into cylindrical branches.

Fern

What plants are called higher yet? These include ferns, which are part of the vascular section. They are herbaceous and woody.

The body of a fern includes:

Petiole.
Sheet plates.
Roots and shoots.

The fern leaves were called vayas. The stem is usually short, developed in it. From the buds of the rhizome fronds grow. They get to large sizes, perform sporulation, photosynthesis.

In the life cycle, sporophyte and gametophyte alternate. There are some theories that the ferns evolved from the lyre. Although there are scientists who believe that many higher plants originated from psilophytes.

Many fern species are animal food and some are poisonous. Despite this, these plants are used in medicine.

Horsetails

Horsetails also belong to higher plants. They consist of segments and nodes, which distinguishes them from other plants of the higher species. Horsetail representatives resemble some conifers and algae.

This is a kind of representative of living nature. They have vegetative characteristics similar to those of cereals. The stems can be several centimeters long, and sometimes grow to several meters.

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms are also isolated from higher plants. Today there are few types of them. Despite this, various scientists have argued that angiosperms evolved from gymnosperms. This is evidenced by various plant remains found. DNA studies were carried out, after which some scientists have deduced theories that this species belongs to the monophyletic group. They are also divided into many classes and departments.

Angiosperms

These plants are also called flowering plants. They are considered to be of the highest kind. They differ from other representatives by the presence of a flower that serves for reproduction. They have a feature - double fertilization.

The flower attracts pollination agents. The walls of the ovary grow, change, and turn into a fetus. This happens if fertilization has occurred.

So there are different higher plants. Examples of them can be listed for a long time, but all of them were disbanded according to certain groups.

Anyone who has even a little touch on botany issues has heard of such a distinction between plants as flowering and non-flowering. Moreover, the latter also have another name that reflects the essence of their method of reproduction - spore. What plants are called spore plants? Those who have chosen the most ancient method in evolutionary terms for the reproduction and distribution of their seeds - the formation of tiny, diverse in shape structures - spores.

What plants are called spore plants?

To answer this question as fully as possible, let's start with the definition of the dispute itself (translated from the Greek spora, "sowing"). This is a small structure no more than 1 micron (10 -3 mm) in size, varied in shape and color, which plays the role of a seed in all spore plants, giving rise to the development of the embryo of a future plant.

Formation of spores is the prerogative of not all species of currently existing plants. It is believed that this ability generally came to the representatives of the flora from the distant past, when the first land plants, and life besides water originated on land.

It is known that the most ancient plants are algae, horsetails, moss and ferns. It is their historical roots that go back to periods such as the Cretaceous, Carboniferous and Silurian. And they are the inhabitants of forests, plains, swamps, steppes and polar regions of different continents to this day.

Such a long existence became possible for them, in part, because they just belong to the spore. Therefore, we can give a very definite answer to the question of which plants are called spore ones. These are ferns, mosses, moss, horsetails (from the higher category), as well as algae and lichens from the lower category.

Distinctive features

To the main features that distinguish all spore plants, include the following:

Due to the formation of structures such as spores, these plants never form flowers (they are not biologically adapted to this). Therefore, all the myths about flowering fern on the night of Ivan Kupala - just fairy tales.
The life cycle of these plants has its own characteristics. Spore plants differ in the alternation of generations in life cycle... So, the gametophyte - the sexual generation formed by the fusion of a sperm (antheridium) and an egg (archegonium) - eventually forms an adult plant that produces spores. A sporophyte sprouts from the spore - asexual generation, which forms small spores in special structures and gives rise to a new plant. Such a change in sexual and asexual generation accompanies spore plants throughout the entire period of their existence.
They need water to reproduce. It is through the fluid that the sperm gets to the archegonia, in which the egg is hidden. Without water, the fertilization process in spore plants is impossible. This is another proof that these are the most ancient representatives of the flora, whose life has always been closely associated with the aquatic environment. It is from there that all plants originate.

These are the main features that distinguish spore plants from seed plants. Now let us consider in more detail the main representatives of this supra-department.

Ferns

Ferns are the most commonly known as in decorative purposes, and in the historically formed ideas about the ancient flora, spore plants. Examples of plants are known to all amateur gardeners and connoisseurs of nature and forest privacy. Bracken, kochedyzhnik, ostrich - gorgeous in volume plants, attracting the splendor and juiciness of foliage greenery. They are ubiquitous in forest areas in areas with a temperate climate and high humidity.

Anyone who loves home potted flowers probably also has or has seen in others nephrolepis - the most common.In addition to external beauty, such plants are quite unpretentious and require only abundant and constant watering. Like all spore plants, they cannot reproduce without water.

On the fern leaves, sporangia with spores are very clearly visible. They are located on back side fronds (leaves) and look like small rounded bags of brown or dark orange color. Spores are densely poured in them with a fine yellow powder. After maturation, the sporangia opens and spores pour out into the external environment.

In total, there are more than 10 thousand ferns species, united in 300 genera.

Mosses

Very interesting and beautiful plants that form a real forest floor, similar to a carpet, are mosses. Spore plants that have very small structures - a stem, leaves, a stem with a sporangium in the form of a capsule - it's all about them. Therefore, few people distinguish them by their appearance, except perhaps real experts on mosses.

The color of these plants is rich, juicy green, leaves are hard, small, wedge-shaped. Although there are other forms, it depends on the type of moss. The main groups at the moment are as follows:

polytrichous;
brie;
hypnum;
sphagnum.

In total, there are about a hundred species of mosses, so the above list includes only the most common and practical ones.

An interesting feature of these plants is that their sporangia are similar to mugs with lids. different forms... When the spores mature, the lid opens, and the stalk, at the top of which the sporangium is located, tilts, and the spores pour out.

Seaweed

Algae are spore plants, numbering today about a hundred species, united in 11 main divisions. home distinctive feature these representatives of flora - life in aquatic environment at the most varied depths. Their body is represented by thallus, it does not have leaves and roots. The function of the latter in these plants is performed by translucent tenacious hooks called rhizoids.

Algae are referred to precisely because of the lack of division of the body into organs. They also reproduce by spores. The main four divisions of algae that are most widespread and applicable in practical activities human, the following:

Green.
Brown.
Red.
Diatoms.

Horsetails

Together with ferns, this group of spore plants once inhabited the entire land, but gradually went to the formation of deposits of peat and coal... Today, horsetails are represented by a small number of species - there are about thirty of them.

The most common in Russia is the field horsetail. It looks like a short plant with a rigid erect stem, divided into small segments by internodes, from which bunches of leaves, similar to needles, emerge. Therefore, in general, the field horsetail resembles a small Christmas tree.

The division of the body into small segments is a distinctive feature of all these representatives of the flora. Horsetail reproduces, like other spore plants, with the help of generational change, that is, both asexually (by spores) and sexually (by sperm and eggs).

Plauns

An interesting group that differ from all other controversial ones in their appearance... They have beautiful stems dotted with small leaves. Each of them seems to be spreading on the ground.

In total, there are about forty-five. Plant biology is no different from that of the spore plants we have already considered. They also have a change of sporophyte and gametophyte, they depend on water, therefore they grow only on swampy and very wet soils. Their sporangia are small, dense, elongated structures. After the spores mature, they burst and the spores come out.

Lichens

About 26 thousand species of these plants, united in 400 genera, are in modern biology. These plants have structural and lifestyle features that are different from all others. The fact is that they are a product of close mutually beneficial cooperation, a partnership between two species of living beings - and mushrooms.

This symbiosis has several advantages:

tolerance to temperature fluctuations (lichens are able to survive in the extreme Arctic);
constant exchange of nutrients (algae gives organic matter to the fungus, and the fungus gives it minerals);
adaptability to various soils.

Therefore, although lichens are the lowest spore plants, they have undoubted advantages over the higher ones in terms of lifestyle.

Phylogenesis

It was with spore plants that the modern flora of our planet began to exist. According to a number of theories, life originated in the ocean. The first plants, which were the lower spore plants, - algae, also arose there. Gradually, they moved to land, they formed leaves and roots to hold in the soil. However, water was still needed for breeding.

Then the algae gave rise to ancient ferns, horsetails, mosses and plums, which, in the process of dying off for several million years, formed whole deposits of minerals. If the ancestral forms of spore plants had a woody structure, then the modern ones have nothing to do with trees.

The whole process of phylogenesis of the described flora representatives took about four hundred million years. However now general characteristics of spore-bearing plants allows them to be separated into a super-department, which has not yet lost the final connection with their ancestors (water is still needed for reproduction), but already formed and having new characteristics.

Areas of application in everyday life

The characterization of spore plants makes it possible to understand that they are not of such global practical importance as flowering plants. However, the spheres of their use are still numerous:

The woody forms of spore plants from the middle of Selur and the Carboniferous period formed huge deposits of coal, which humans still use today.
Young shoots of ferns can be eaten.
Various parts of the horsetail and fern plants are used in medicine as pain relievers, diuretics, astringents, anti-inflammatories, and other agents.
Spores are very small and soft in texture, which can be used as baby powder.

Thus, we have received a complete and detailed answer to the question of which plants are called spore plants.

Spore plants - Plants that reproduce and spread by spores that are formed asexually or sexually. Spore plants include mosses, moss, horsetails, ferns.

Spore plants also called archegonal... The body of higher plants is differentiated into tissues and organs, which appeared in them as one of the adaptations to life on land. The most important organs are root and the escape dissected into stem and leaves. In addition, special tissues are formed in terrestrial plants: integumentary, conductive and the main.

Covering tissue fulfills protective function protecting plants from adverse conditions. Across conductive tissue there is an exchange of substances between underground and overground parts plants. Main fabric performs various functions: photosynthesizing, supporting, storing, etc.

In all spore plants in their life cycle of development, the alternation of generations is clearly expressed: sexual and asexual.

The sexual generation is an outgrowth, or gametophyte- is formed from spores, has a haploid set of chromosomes. It performs the function of the formation of gametes (sex cells) in special organs of sexual reproduction; archegonium(from the Greek. "arche" - beginning and "gone" - birth) - female genital organs and antheridia(from the Greek. "Anteros" - blooming) - male genital organs.

Sporangial tissue also has a double set of chromosomes, it divides by meiosis (a method of division), resulting in the development of spores - haploid cells with a single set of chromosomes. The generation name "sporophyte" means a spore-forming plant.

In mosses, the gametophyte (sexual generation) predominates; in horsetails, moss, ferns - sporophyte (asexual generation).

Mossy, or mosses, are a separate group of higher plants, the development of which has led to an evolutionary dead end. Unlike all other divisions of higher plants, in the life cycle of mosses, the haploid gametophyte predominates over the sporophyte and carries out the functions of photosynthesis, providing water and mineral nutrition.

Riccia is a common plant in aquariums. It is an openwork juicy green moss that floats on the surface of the water and forms very beautiful islands. This plant has no stems, no leaves, and no roots. It consists of small branching flat plates, the so-called thallus.

Moss is key. Typically, key moss grows in large groups, attaching itself to stones at the bottom of the reservoir. The highly branched stems are covered with numerous leaves about 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. The color of the plant depends on the habitat and ranges from light green to dark green.

Javanese moss. Long, strongly branching stems reach 50 cm. It is a weave of thin threads of dark green color, small (about 0.2 cm) leaves are painted in various shades of green.

Anchor moss. Grows slowly in any light. Moss drowns in water; with the addition of carbon dioxide, it forms lush bushes.

Phoenix moss. One of aquatic species mosses. It grows in Mexico. Lighting range: low to very strong. The rhizoids of this moss grip well on a tree or stone. It is small in size and slow in growth.

Hepatic moss - in the summer, growing rapidly, liver moss fills the entire surface of the water, preventing oxygen from the atmosphere from entering the aquarium, therefore liver moss must be removed periodically. In this case, stronger branches should be left, they are also called flyers, which are usually formed in the most illuminated place of the aquarium.

Peacock moss. It grows slowly. Growth can be accelerated by increasing the light level. Also, an important condition for its more intensive growth is the water temperature, which does not exceed 25 ° C. If the temperature is increased to 30 ° C, then the moss leaves of the moss will begin to deform.

(12) FLAME MOSS

(13) CRYING MOSS

(14) CURVED MOSS

(15) BLEPHAROSTOMA

(16) CHINESE MOSS

Plauniforms are ancient plants descended from rhinophytes, apparently in the middle of the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era and reached their peak in the Carboniferous period. At that time, there were giant forms of lymphoids. One of the most popular species of aquarium plants today are ferns. These are spore plants that can develop and multiply on their own under suitable conditions. Also, some species can grow in different temperature conditions, which makes this type of plant practical. Outwardly, all types of ferns are similar to each other, but it is real to distinguish them. They belong to the largest group of spore-propagating plants.

(18) Plaun ram

(19) Plowpartridge.

(20) Flattened plow

(21) Plow juniper

(22) Annual plow

(23) PORCELAIN

Horsetail - a small group of plants, numbering about 20 species. They were much more widely represented in the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods.

(24) WINTER Horsetail

(25) Riverine horsetail

(26) FUEL

Ferns, or ferns, like other higher spore plants, descended from rhinophytes in the Devonian and flourished in the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era.

Azolla caroline or water fern

Azolla Caroline is aquatic plant, which does not grow deep in the water, but floats on its surface. Some algae grow on its leaves, which promote the absorption of nitrogen and oxygen. This is how the plant "feeds". Several Azolla plants can create green areas on the surface of the water, like carpets. The plant is very delicate and requires careful handling. It is relatively rare among aquarists. It has a pronounced seasonal growth pattern with a dormant period in winter.

(28) Wolfia rootless

The plant is not demanding for temperature conditions.

It can be grown in warm temperate and tropical aquariums.

(29) Limnobium escaping Limnobium is a plant floating on the surface with round glossy leaves 2-3 cm in diameter, sitting on short cuttings. It is used not only as an ornamental plant, but also as a natural shade in the aquarium. At favorable conditions limnobium, growing rapidly, tightens the entire surface of the aquarium

(30) Pistia or Water Salad

Pistia is one of the most beautiful plants floating on the surface of the water. It is a rosette of large velvety bluish-green leaves. The diameter of the rosette can reach 25 cm.Large specimens of the plant reach a height of 15 cm.Pistia has a well-developed root system consisting of many long roots. The interlacing of the roots can go down to a considerable depth, up to 25-30 cm.

DUCKLING SMALL

Consists of individual leaves round shape light green up to 5 mm in diameter. Thin filamentous roots can be up to 10 cm long.

SALVINIA SWIMMING

The plant has short stems, on which bright green leaves up to 1.5 cm long, rounded, covered with thin brown hairs below are located in pairs

(33) SALVINIA EARLING

The stem is branching, short. The leaf arrangement is whorled, 3 leaves per whorl. Two floating leaves, from rounded to oblong, are opposite each other and have two bulges each, covered with short hairs, touching the water only with the edges and midrib. The third leaf is lowered down, filiformly dissected and looks like a root. The color of the leaves is from light green to bluish green.

(34) Ludwigia creeping

(35) HORNED FERRY

(36) Indian water fern

(37) Thai fern, pterygoid

(38) Rotala round-leaved or Indian rotala

(39) Limnophila aquatic, ambulia aquatic

(40) Aponogetone Kapuroni

(41) Calamus herbaceous (acorus)

(42)Grizzly hydrocotyl or Griffon grass

Biology grade 6. Theme: The kingdom of the plant. Seaweed. Higher spore plants

The purpose of this test is to check if a student can:

¾ to distinguish higher plants from lower ones;

¾ describe the main divisions of lower and higher spore plants by their characteristic features;

¾ characterize the importance of algae and higher spore plants in nature and human life;

¾ show signs of more high development higher plants compared to lower ones.

Option 1

unfulfilled.

–A. Mushrooms are plants.

–B. Bacteria are plants.

–V. Plants are studied by the science of zoology.

+G. Plants can be unicellular or multicellular.

+A. Algae is studied by the science of algology.

–B. Algae are higher plants.

–V. All algae are green.

–G. Algae are multicellular organisms.

3. Select correct statement concerning spore plants.

–A. Lichens are the highest spore ones.

+B. Horsetails are spore-like.

–V. Spore plants include mushrooms.

–G. Spore plants include algae.

+A. The lower plants are the most ancient group of plants on Earth.

–B.

–V. The lower plants include mushrooms.

+G. Green algae are lower plants.

5. Mark which of the following four statements about Green Algae are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Kelp is a green algae.

+B. Chlamydomonas is a green alga.

–V. Porphyra is a green algae.

+G. Chlorella is a green algae.

+A. Mosses are perennial, small plants.

–B. The science that studies mosses is called algology.

+V. Mosses are terrestrial plants.

–G. Photosynthesis in mosses can take place in complete darkness.

+A. The gametophyte of heterosporous lymphoids is short-lived.

–B. The stem of the lymphatic organisms consists of tissues of the same type.

+V. Shoots of lycopods branch dichotomously.

+G. Lyme leaves have stomata and veins.

–A. Rhizome is a collection of sporangia.

–B. The underground part of horsetails is represented by rhizoids.

–V. Horsetails are food for many animals.

–G. Photosynthesis in horsetails occurs in the leaves.

+A. In the life cycle of ferns, sporophyte predominates.

+B. Fern leaves are called waiami.

–V. Floating salvinia belongs to the equal-spore ferns.

–G. Common bracken is a representative of heterogeneous ferns.

–A. Riniophytes evolved from bryophytes.

+B. For terrestrial plants, the division into underground and aboveground parts is characteristic.

+V. The integumentary tissues of rhinophytes had stomata.

–G. The first land plants reached several meters in height.

+A. The germ has a haploid set of chromosomes.

+B. Fertilization of higher spore plants is possible only in the presence of water.

–V. The vascular tissues of higher spore organisms perform a photosynthetic function.

–G. The gametophyte of the higher spore organisms is better adapted to the environmental conditions than the sporophyte.

12. Note which of the following four statements about plant adaptations to their habitat are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. The presence of pigments other than chlorophyll in red algae is an adaptation to trapping maximum number light in aquatic environment .

+B. The silicon shell of diatoms has a protective function.

–V. The algae are attached to the substrate by the roots.

+G. The appearance of mechanical tissues in ferns is an adaptation to the terrestrial habitat.

Option 2

When writing down the answers to the test items, circle the letters that correspond to the statements that you think are correct, and cross out the letters that correspond to the statements that you believe are incorrect. For example, if you think statements A and C are right and statements B and D are wrong, write it down. If at least one letter out of 4 is not marked, the task is considered unfulfilled.

1. Choose the correct statement about plants.

+A. Plants feed on solar energy.

–B. Life on Earth is possible without plants.

–V. The body of higher plants is called thallus.

–G. Plants are studied by the science of virology.

2. Choose the correct statement about algae.

–A. Chlamydomonas is a multicellular alga.

+B. Kelp is a brown algae.

–V. Algae reproduce only sexually.

–G. The cell wall of algae is stained with chlorophyll.

3. Choose the correct statement about higher spore plants.

+A. Ferns are the highest spore ones.

–B. The highest spore plants are flowering plants.

–G. The highest spore bacteria are bacteria.

4. Note which of the following four statements about lower plants, correct and which are incorrect.

–A. The lower plants include ferns.

+B. The lower plants include green algae.

–V. Lower plants reproduce only sexually.

+G.

5. Which of the following algae are diatoms? Note which of the following four answers are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Pinnularia.

–B. Ulotrix.

–V. Sargassum.

–G. Kelp.

6. Note which of the following four statements about Bryophytes are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Mosses use their roots to absorb water from the soil.

+B. The science that studies mosses is called bryology.

–V. The gametophyte in mosses consists of one diploid cell.

+G. Distinguish between leafy and thallus mosses.

7. Note which of the following four statements about the Parsley department are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. The leaves of the sporophyte are covered with bark.

–B. Plaunas serve as food for many animals.

–V. Sporophyte is a collection of sporangia.

–G. Strobil is a specialized leaf on which sporangia are placed.

8. Note which of the following four statements about the Parsiformis division are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Horsetails are heterogeneous plants.

+B. The body of horsetails is dissected into nodes and internodes.

+V. For horsetails, intercalary growth is characteristic.

–G. Horsetails have large leaves.

9. Note which of the following four statements regarding the Fern division are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Sori are located on the underside of the leaves.

–B. In tree ferns, the shoots are modified in the rhizome.

+V. Fern leaves can be whole or split.

–G. Fern spores give rise to sporophyte.

10. Note which of the following four statements about the evolution of higher spore plants are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Plaunas are a blind branch of evolution, as they have limited photosynthesis.

–B. The appearance of rhinophytes on land was facilitated by the presence of mechanical tissues in them.

–V. Bryophytes - the first land plants .

–G. Riniophytes were gigantic plants.

11. Note which of the following four statements regarding the structural and vital functions of higher spore plants are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. The nuclei of sporophyte cells have a single set of chromosomes.

+B. Tissue is formed by cells that have a common origin, a similar structure and perform the same functions.

–V. The gametophyte of higher spore plants consists of one cell.

+G. The diversity of spores in higher spore plants promoted better adaptation to life on land.

12. Note which of the following four statements about the higher spore plant spores are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Spores of higher spore plants contain a diploid set of chromosomes.

+B. Spores of higher spore plants are protected from drying out by a dense shell.

+V. Spores can develop on land.

–G. All higher spore plants are equal spore plants.

Option 3

1. Choose the correct statement about plants.

–A. Viruses are related to plants.

+B. In the life cycle of plants, sexual and asexual generations alternate.

–V. Lower plants have roots and shoots.

–G. Plants feed heterotrophically.

2. Choose the correct statement about algae.

–A. Ulva is a unicellular alga.

–B. The surface of the thallus in brown algae is covered with a shell.

+V. Many algae are fish food.

–G. The pigment is a colorless substance.

–A. All green plants belong to the highest spore plants.

–B. The highest spore ones are unicellular algae.

–V. Cyanobacteria are the highest spore bacteria.

+G. Mosses are the highest spore ones.

4. Note which of the following four statements about the lower plants are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. The lower plants include brown algae.

+B. Spores in algae can have flagella, and then they are called zoospores.

–V. Sexual reproduction is carried out using spores.

–G. Sporophyte is the sexual generation in plant life.

5. Note which of the following four statements about the Brown Algae section are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. TO brown algae include algae that live in fresh water.

–B. Brown algae include only unicellular plants.

+V. Brown algae reproduce vegetatively, sexually and asexually.

+G. Fucus is a representative of brown algae.

6. Note which of the following four statements about Bryophytes are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. The feet of the bryophyte sporophyte are immersed in the tissue of the gametophyte.

+B. Marshallia is thallus moss.

–V. Perennial bryophyte sporogon.

–G. An ordinary polytrich can reach a height of 1 meter.

7. Note which of the following four statements about the Lyceum division are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. The gametophyte of monoecious gametophytes in equospore lymphoids.

–B. Plauns reproduce only sexually.

+V. The roots of the lymphatics are formed from the lower part of the shoot.

–G. Leaves are missing from lymphoids.

8. Note which of the following four statements about the Parsiformis division are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. The sheath of the leaf is the distance between adjacent nodes.

+B. Horsetails gametophytes are usually bisexual.

+V. The stalk of the horsetails is impregnated with silica.

–G. All horsetails are heterogeneous plants.

9. Note which of the following four statements regarding the Fern division are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Ferns reproduce only sexually.

–B. Our ancestors knew that ferns reproduce by spores and never bloom.

–V. All ferns are equally spore plants.

–G. In the life cycle of ferns, gametophyte predominates.

10. Note which of the following four statements about the evolution of higher spore plants are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Ponytails are descended from lycopods.

+B. Coal was formed from ancient higher spore plants.

–V. The gametophyte of rhinophytes is well studied.

+G. The predominance of the gametophyte in the life cycle of many spore plants "slowed down" their further historical development.

11. Note which of the following four statements regarding the structural and vital functions of higher spore plants are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Leaf mosses are better adapted to terrestrial habitats than thallus mosses.

+B. The cavities in horsetail stems can be filled with water.

–V. The gametophyte of lymphoids is capable of photosynthesis.

–G. From the extinct mosses, deposits of coal were formed.

12. Note which of the following four statements about algal cell pigments are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Iodine is obtained from red algae.

–B. Agar is obtained from green algae.

–V. Laminaria belongs to diatoms.

+G. The silica shell of diatoms consists of two parts that overlap.

Option 4

–V. Spores are formed in gametangia.

+G. The pigment chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts.

3. Choose the correct statement regarding higher controversial.

–A. The highest spore ones are multicellular algae.

+B. Higher spore plants grow in Ukraine.

–V. Brown algae are the highest spore ones.

–G. Higher spore plants serve as the basis for benthos and plankton.

4. Note which of the following four statements about the lower plants are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Gametes are formed in gametangia.

–B. The mobile gamete is called the zoospore.

+V. Spirogyra belongs to green algae.

+G. Diatoms have a shell on the surface of the thallus.

5. Note which of the following four statements about the Red Algae department are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Red algae live mainly in fresh water.

+B. Red algae reproduce vegetatively, by spores and sexually.

+V. Medicines are made from red algae.

–G. Representatives of this department of algae have flagella.

6. Note which of the following four statements about Bryophytes are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Brood baskets of thallus mosses are used for sexual reproduction.

–B. Sphagnum contains only living cells.

–V. All bryophytes serve as food for animals.

+G. Mosses take part in the formation of peat.

7. Note which of the following four statements about the Parsley department are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Sporophyte predominates in the life cycle of lycopods.

–B. Plaunas are woody and shrubby plants.

+V. Plaunas have real roots.

–G. The clavate crimson belongs to the diverse lymphatic species.

8. Note which of the following four statements about the Parsiformis division are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Horsetail spores develop on gametophyte.

+B. Horsetails come from rhinophytes.

–V. Intercalation growth occurs due to the covering tissue of the horsetails.

+G. Horsetail is found in Ukraine, reaching 1 meter in height.

9. Note which of the following four statements regarding the Fern division are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Modern ferns are mostly tree-like plants.

–B. The eggs are formed in the antheridia.

+V. The fern gametophyte is attached to the soil by rhizoids.

+G. Ferns fertilization takes place in water.

10. Note which of the following four statements about the use of higher spore plants are correct and which are incorrect.

–A. Mosses improve the aeration of waterlogged soils.

–B. Silica-impregnated stems are used for grinding metal.

–V. Spontaneous ignition of ferns in swamps can cause forest fires.

–G. Horsetail spores, containing up to 50% oil, are used to sprinkle tablets.

11. Note which of the following four statements concerning the higher spore-bearing plants listed in the Red Book of Ukraine are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Maidenhair Venus hair lives in the Crimea.

+B. Marsilia four-leafed belongs to the heterogeneous ferns.

–V. The big horsetail is found in the Nikolaev region.

–G. Batrachospermum is a relict lyre.

12. Note which of the following four statements about the sporophytes of higher spore plants are correct and which are incorrect.

+A. Sporangia develop on sporophytes.

–B. Ferns are characterized by the formation of strobiles on sporophytes.

+V. In heterosporous plants, microspores and megaspores develop on one sporophyte.

+G. Mixed-spore ferns are usually perennial plants, shadow lovers and moisture.

The subkingdom of higher plants unites multicellular plant organisms, the body of which is dismembered into organs - root, stem, leaves. Their cells are differentiated into tissues, specialized and perform specific functions. According to the method of reproduction, higher plants are divided into controversial and seed. Spore plants include mosses, moss, horsetails, ferns. Mosses- This is one of the most ancient groups of higher plants. Representatives of this group are most simply arranged, their body is dissected into a stem and leaves. They do not have roots, and in the simplest - liver mosses, there is even no division into stem and leaves, the body looks like a thallus. Mosses attach to the substrate and suck in water with minerals dissolved in it using rhizoids- outgrowths of the outer layer of cells. These are mainly perennial plants of small sizes: from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters ().

Mosses: 1 - marching; 2 - cuckoo flax; 3 - sphagnum
All mosses are characterized by the alternation of generations of sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte), moreover, the haploid gametophyte prevails over the diploid sporophyte. This feature sharply distinguishes them from other higher plants. On a leafy plant or thallus, sex cells develop in the genitals: sperm and egg cells. Fertilization occurs only in the presence of water (after rain or flood), along which sperm move. From the resulting zygote, a sporophyte develops - a sporogon with a box on a leg, in which spores are formed. After ripening, the capsule is opened and the spores are spread by the wind. When in wet soil, the spore germinates and gives rise to a new plant. Mosses are quite common plants. Currently, there are about 30 thousand species of them. They are unpretentious, withstand very coldy and prolonged heat, but they grow only in humid shady places. Body liver mosses rarely branches and is usually represented by a leaf-shaped thallus, from the back of which rhizoids extend. They settle on rocks, stones, tree trunks. V coniferous forests and in the swamps you can find moss - cuckoo flax. Its stems, covered with narrow leaves, grow very densely, forming solid green carpets on the soil. Cuckoo flax is attached to the soil by rhizoids. Kukushkin flax is a dioecious plant, that is, some individuals develop male sex cells, while others develop female sex cells. On female plants after fertilization, capsules with spores are formed. Very widespread white, or sphagnum, mosses. Accumulating in your body a large number of water, they contribute to waterlogging of the soil. This is due to the fact that the leaves and stem of sphagnum, along with green cells containing chloroplasts, have dead, colorless cells with pores. It is they who absorb water 20 times more than their mass. Sphagnum rhizoids are absent. It is attached to the soil by the lower parts of the stem, which, gradually dying off, turn into sphagnum peat. Oxygen access to the peat is limited, in addition, sphagnum releases special substances that prevent the growth of bacteria. Therefore, various objects trapped in a peat bog, dead animals, plants often do not rot, but are well preserved in the peat. Unlike mosses, other spore mosses have a well-developed root system, stems and leaves. More than 400 million years ago, they dominated among woody organisms on Earth and formed dense forests. Currently, these are a few groups of mainly herbaceous plants. In the life cycle, the predominant generation is the diploid sporophyte, on which spores are formed. Spores are carried by the wind and, under favorable conditions, germinate, forming a small outgrowth – gametophyte. This is a green plate measuring from 2 mm to 1 cm. Male and female gametes are formed on the outgrowth - spermatozoa and an egg. After fertilization, a new adult plant, sporophyte, develops from the zygote. Plauns- very ancient plants. Scientists believe that they appeared about 350-400 million years ago and formed dense forests of trees up to 30 m high. Currently, there are very few of them, and these are perennial herbaceous plants... In our latitudes, the most famous club-shaped lyre (). It can be found in coniferous and mixed forests. The stem of the lymphoid creeping along the ground is attached to the soil by adventitious roots. Small awl-shaped leaves densely cover the stem. Plaunas reproduce vegetatively - by areas of shoots and rhizomes.

Fern-like: 1 - horsetail; 2 - plow; 3 - fern
Sporangia develop on erect shoots, collected in the form of spikelets. Ripe small spores are carried by the wind and allow the plant to multiply and spread. Horsetails- small perennial herbaceous plants. They have a well-developed rhizome, from which numerous adventitious roots extend. Jointed stems, in contrast to stems of lymphoids, grow vertically upward, lateral shoots extend from the main stem. The whorls of very small scaly leaves are located on the stem. In the spring, on the wintering rhizomes, brown spring shoots with spore-bearing spikelets grow, which die off after the maturation of the spores. Summer shoots are green, branching, photosynthesize and store nutrients in rhizomes, which overwinter, and in spring they form new shoots (see). The stalks and leaves of horsetails are tough, saturated with silica, so animals do not eat them. Horsetails grow mainly in fields, meadows, swamps, along the banks of water bodies, less often in pine forests. Horsetail, a hard-to-eradicate weed of field crops, is used as a medicinal plant. Stems different types horsetails due to the presence of silica are used as a polishing material. Marsh horsetail is poisonous to animals. Ferns, like horsetails and baluns, were a thriving group of plants during the Carboniferous period. Now there are about 10 thousand species, most of which are common in tropical rainforests. The sizes of modern ferns range from a few centimeters (grasses) to tens of meters (trees of the humid tropics). Ferns of our latitudes are herbaceous plants with a shortened stem and feathery leaves. There is a rhizome underground - an underground shoot. From its buds above the surface, long, complex feathery leaves - fronds develop. They have apical growth. Numerous adventitious roots extend from the rhizome. Fronts of tropical ferns reach a length of 10 m.In our area, the most common ferns are bracken, male ferns, etc. In the spring, as soon as the soil thaws, a shortened stem with a rosette grows from the rhizome beautiful leaves... In summer, brown tubercles appear on the underside of the leaves - soruses, which are clusters of sporangia. Disputes form in them. The young leaves of the male fern are used by humans for food, as a medicinal plant. Bracken fronds are used to decorate bouquets. In tropical countries, some fern species are bred in rice fields to enrich the soil with nitrogen. Some of them became decorative, greenhouse and indoor plants such as nephrolepis.