In order to find out exactly who cares about the performance of yard lights, you will have to turn to Federal Law No. 131.
It clearly states that all streets, roads, and alleys are under the auspices of local governments, just like courtyards.
Organization of yard lighting apartment building at night, in the evening, and also early in the morning is a matter of local importance. Thus, the district administration is responsible for this.
But despite this, the immediate responsibility for maintaining lighting fixtures in working order falls on the shoulders of the residents themselves.
It is citizens interested in lighting that must necessarily enter into an agreement with the administration or other organizations that are able to organize electricity to power the lanterns.
As for the repair, operation and maintenance of power lines, these issues are dealt with by the same companies that specialize in this. They will properly fulfill their duties if you conclude an agreement with them on time.
However, the courtyards in question are not public areas. They fall into the category local area, and this is a slightly different concept.
The last case is regulated by Article 161 of the RF Housing Code.
Such an agreement specifies the responsibilities of the organization, which include various services and actions for proper care and maintenance property belonging to the house. Utilities may also be included here.
All these services are provided for a reason. Residents must pay them monthly. This is also regulated by the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, namely Article 154.
Thus, the maintenance fee street lamps in working order is included in the receipts that residents receive every month.
Lighting standards
Lighting standards for the local area of an apartment building are established in accordance with, namely:
- there must be at least 6 suites at the entrance to the building;
- there must be at least 4 suites on the pedestrian path leading to the building;
- main passages running in microdistricts should be illuminated at 4 lux;
- secondary passages, as well as courtyards and various utility areas should be illuminated within 2 lux.
In addition, there are pre-designed lighting options. They provide for a specific placement of lighting fixtures and their corresponding type. The options are as follows:
When residents are faced with the task of designing lighting for their yard, in addition to the financial component, they must take into account such factors as the resistance of the lanterns to hooligans and protection from falling icicles in the winter.
Whatever option the citizens living in the house choose, they must first of all be guided by the lighting standards that are adopted in Russia.
They were invented for a reason, and failure to comply with them can result not only in liability before the law, but also in some human casualties.
What to do if there is no light?
If there is no light in the yard for any reason, residents of the house who are dissatisfied with this state of affairs can legally come with complaints to the local administration.
Before making fiery statements addressed to employees of the above-mentioned administrative body, you need to carefully read Federal Law No. 131, which states that Local governments and no one else are responsible for organizing street lighting.
Even in Russia, there is a special GOST, which sets out the requirements for the order in which lighting is organized.
Complaints must be submitted in writing to the administration responsible for municipal entity. Oddly enough, they are the ones who should be responsible for maintaining street lighting.
When drawing up a complaint, you must be guided by the Federal Law, which was mentioned above.
It clearly lists all the responsibilities that are assigned to bodies involved in local self-government.
It is among their responsibilities that the organization of energy supply for the entire population is included.
For greater persuasiveness, the written complaint must be accompanied by the signatures of all residents of the dissatisfied building. This will give it collective order and within a month it will definitely be reviewed and action taken.
If the administration refuses to take action, then residents can immediately apply to the court. Such a statement must indicate the very fact of inaction of local government bodies.
You can also add that they refuse to fulfill their legal duties. However, in such a situation, it should be remembered that no one needs a conflict with the administration that is blown out of nowhere, especially if it promises to drag on for a long time.
But if the power supply magically disappeared, in general, then something should definitely be done about it, and a statement to the court would be a completely adequate response on the part of the residents.
The same should be done if the lighting equipment is completely faulty.
In the case when the question concerns several burnt out light bulbs, it will be enough to simply contact the Municipal Economy Committee under the Administration.
Most often, they respond very quickly to signals from residents and ensure that the yard is illuminated as required by law.
Conclusion
From everything that was written above, we can conclude that organizing the lighting of the local area and maintaining the lanterns in working order is essentially a simple task.
However, there are also pitfalls here, and in order not to stumble upon them, you need to carefully study the lighting standards and the Federal laws that were discussed.
Finding yourself late in the evening in a dark courtyard or entrance to your home, you feel, to put it mildly, uncomfortable. Immediately two thoughts flash through my head: “I wish I could run home as quickly as possible” and “Who is generally responsible for lighting the apartment building and the yard?” The answers to the second question can be found in this article.
Who is responsible for the light in and around the entrance?
Every apartment owner needs to know that in addition to residential square meters he also owns, by right of shared ownership, part of the local area and all non-residential property located on it (children's playgrounds, parking lots, lawns, as well as barriers, lamps, landings, electrical panels, elevator shafts).
The owner is responsible for maintaining the common property in order. This responsibility is expressed in the form of a monthly payment specified in the receipt. The amount of electricity spent on lighting the local area and entrance is recorded on the common house electricity meter.
Lighting standards
At the entrance of each house, common areas of the house (corridors, vestibules, attics, staircase space, basements). The method and scale of lighting depends on the type and size of the building itself.
Regulatory documents stipulate some lighting characteristics:
Each main entrance to the entrance is illuminated with a lamp from 6 to 11 lux. They should be the same in the basement and attic.
The illumination of corridors should not be lower than 20 lux. In corridors whose length is less than 10 m, one lamp is installed in the center. If the length of the corridor is more than 10 m - two or more lamps.
The light switch in common areas must be located in a place accessible to every resident.
To reduce the cost of street lighting, modern light sources are used: gas-discharge, LED and fluorescent light bulbs. In some yards, special motion sensors are installed to save energy.
Preference in choosing a light source for the entrance is given to energy-saving lamps. In an hour uninterrupted operation they produce up to 12 watts. For comparison, over the same period of time, a fast incandescent lamp consumes an average of 50 W.
The only disadvantage of using energy-saving lamps in entrances is the likelihood that they can be damaged or unscrewed.
Who owns the yard lights?
An illuminated local area is necessary to create comfortable living, safety of the population and prevent cases of theft and hooliganism.
Everything is clear with the common property in the house. But with the land adjacent to the building, some nuances arise.
First, you need to figure out whether the land on which the house stands is legalized, what its boundaries are and whether it has been assigned a cadastral number. To do this, any homeowner can apply for a request to the cadastral chamber.
If the land is not registered, it is still the property of local self-government bodies. This means that they are responsible for it and all the costs of its maintenance.
There is also an option in which the developer is still the tenant of the site. In such a situation, the developer himself must resolve issues regarding the maintenance of the site.
And yet, in the case when the land is registered in the cadastral chamber, has boundaries, and land surveying has been done, it can be considered the property of the owners of apartments in the building to which it belongs.
Controls are responsible for lighting
To figure out who should be responsible for the street lighting of the local area and inside the entrances, you need to find out who is responsible for organizing the proper condition of all common property.
Ways to control the house:
- Direct management by owners (if the number of apartments is no more than 30);
- Homeowners Association;
- Management Company.
The method of managing the house is determined at a general meeting of residents. The decision may be made or changed at any time.
In the first case, the owners independently enter into contracts with organizations involved in the maintenance of houses and the provision of utilities.
In the second and third cases, the responsibility for maintaining the common property of the house lies on the shoulders of the relevant authorities.
There is no light, where to complain
Now, when it’s dark in your yard or entrance, you know who will help solve the problem. And yet, it is again impossible to do without the personal initiative of the residents themselves. If the lighting in or near the entrance goes missing, any of the residents can draw up a report in any form. This document must also contain the signatures of your neighbors. For more reliable confirmation of information, you can take photographs.
The entire collected package must end up in the hands of the board of the HOA, management company or organization that provides lighting services for common property. It is better to draw up the act itself in two copies. Ask for a receipt stamp on one of them and take this copy with you. After that, all you have to do is wait for the light to come on.
If you ask the question at whose expense the repair of public lighting in the building is paid, it becomes clear that it is at the expense of the residents. By paying for general house maintenance, they also pay amounts calculated for diagnostics and troubleshooting.
Not everyone has yet forgotten the good old Soviet times, when common property belonged not to the apartment owners, but to the state. And today you have to sit in the dark until the light of truth indicates that you need to replace a light bulb or fix a lantern.
When questions arise in the housing and communal services sector, it is so important to find reliable answers. You can do this on our website!
Comfortable accommodation for residents apartment building provided different ways. One of them is lighting in the entrance. Although many residents continue to use incandescent lamps, alternative lighting sources are growing in popularity as they are more economical, durable and have a low incandescent level.
High-quality lighting in the entrance is a necessary condition for a safe and comfortable stay for residents.
Entrance lighting can be arranged in an economical way. Innovative bulbs provide soft light that is at the same time more intense and less expensive. This is not done on your own. It is necessary to contact the management company, which is obliged to respond if the lighting does not meet the established requirements.
Currently, many entrances have an automatic system installed. Thanks to this, it significantly reduces electricity costs. This also complies with the requirements established in legislation.
Sample application for modernization of lighting in the entrance.
Each apartment building entrance is required to be equipped with lighting fixtures. IN regulatory documents indicates what the illumination should be (in lux). Categorical indications of certain lighting not stated in the rules.
However, there is an indication that lamps should be economical, with greater light output and service life.
Both fluorescent and LED lamps, including LED strips, meet these conditions.
Lighting standards for various parts of the entrance and utility rooms
Lighting in entrances different rooms has its own standards and rules (GOSTs, construction SNiP). The main ones include the following:
- standardization is carried out according to table VSN 59-88, which contains two types of standards: light from incandescent or fluorescent lamps;
- in elevators, lamps have an illumination power of 20 lux (for fluorescent lamps) and 7 lux (for incandescent lamps);
- wheelchair spaces are illuminated with incandescent light bulbs;
- elevator shafts - 5 lux incandescent light bulbs;
- Basements and attics, as well as electrical rooms, garbage collection rooms and others, are illuminated with 10 lux incandescent light bulbs.
Incandescent lamps are gradually becoming a thing of the past. And the leading positions are occupied more and more confidently LED devices, as the most economical and durable.
Standards for controlling entrance lighting
Automation undergoes regular modernization. Regulatory documentation does not always have time to change in connection with emerging technologies. Therefore, lighting standards in the entrances of residential buildings are often advisory in nature. In this case, you need to remember the following points:
- the automatic system must be turned on and off manually;
- when installing a system that reacts automatically, the light should turn on with different degrees of illumination;
- if sensors are used, then emergency lighting is provided, switched on in the staircases automatically and manually;
- The devices that illuminate the attic are located outside this room.
Who pays for lighting in hallways, and how is the amount determined?
Lighting in hallways is a general household need. If previously the consumption of electricity for general household needs was indicated separately in the receipt, then from the beginning of 2017 this item was removed. Currently, the calculation is performed depending on the presence or absence of a common building meter.
If a common house meter is installed, then the indicators are determined by employees of the supervisory authority together with representatives of the house. After this, the difference between the received amount and the metering values in each apartment is calculated.
The number of square meters not equipped with sensors also matters. The result is distributed among homeowners depending on the area of the room. The more square meters in the apartment, the more you will have to pay for electrical energy according to the ODN.
If there is no meter, then payment is made in accordance with current regulations installed in the region.
Motion sensor in the entrance - reacts to the movement of objects in its “area of responsibility”.
Who replaces lighting in hallways?
If there is no light in the entrance, then the reason can be determined independently. It could be as follows:
- light bulb burnout;
- lamp malfunction;
- short circuit;
- damage to switches;
- breakdown of the distribution board;
- accident;
- planned work.
After determining the cause of the breakdown, the management company or homeowners association is reported. These organizations are responsible for providing light in the entrances of an apartment building (the responsibility does not apply to balconies, the decision on lighting of which is made by homeowners).
Expert opinion
Mironova Anna Sergeevna
Generalist lawyer. Specializes in family issues, civil, criminal and housing law
Replacement of light bulbs is the responsibility of the management company. Troubleshooting and replacement are carried out based on the results of routine inspections. They are carried out according to a set schedule.
Where to go if there is no lighting in the entrances
Residents can call or come to the management office and submit a corresponding application. Specialists of the management company must conduct necessary work the very next day after the application. In case of delay, residents have the right to contact the housing inspectorate or the prosecutor's office. In some cases, the period during which work is performed may be extended to 7 days.
What are the possible consequences for the management company if there is no lighting in the entrances?
Lighting in the entrance is very important, because in addition to its direct purpose, it provides the safety of residents and protection against theft. Therefore, authorized organizations are required to promptly respond to these applications.
If the problem has not been resolved within 7 days of submitting your application, Management Company may be held legally liable under the Code of Administrative Offenses. In accordance with Article 7.22 of the Code, officials are subject to a fine of 4 to 5 thousand rubles. And the fine for legal entities ranges from 40 to 50 thousand rubles.
Art. 7.22 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Violation of the rules for the maintenance and repair of residential buildings and (or) residential premises.
The rights and legitimate interests of citizens are controlled by the state housing inspection. Specialists of this organization and administration have the right to draw up protocols if relevant violations are identified.
Automation schemes for entrance lighting
Lighting in entrances apartment buildings carried out in different ways. Each scheme has its own characteristics. They can combine each other or have similar characteristics. Below are the options that are most common.
Lighting control using push-button stations
The method is more suitable for low-rise buildings, whose residents have a conscientious attitude. With its help it is possible to save money, but this depends only on the residents. The main advantage of this method is its affordable price.
Management is carried out in two ways.
The first one is a push-button post located in the entrance hall and on each floor.
The second one makes it possible to turn the light on and off only when stairwell. Basements and attics have external lighting in the form of a standard switch or a special sensor.
If apartment owners do not show awareness in general house issues, then the lights can be turned off using a timer.
Using Light Sensors
In good natural light suitable option is to use a system with light sensors. This is not the most economical option, but is used as an alternative to a standard switch.
The sensor is installed in a dark place. The device works when it gets dark. In this case, the lighting can be turned on in the entrance or outside the room. In utility rooms, it is advisable to use standard switches.
Using motion sensors
This scheme arose not so long ago, but its popularity is growing every year. When using motion sensors, savings are achieved. Moreover, no attention is required from the residents.
In this case, sensors are installed on each floor, but sometimes - one at the entrance to the entrance. After the device is triggered, the time until shutdown is counted. If there is an elevator, the lights are turned on differently. Most often, the sensor is triggered when leaving the elevator. It is better to equip the utility rooms of the entrance with standard switches.
Combined lighting schemes
Often combined lighting schemes are used in entrances. At the same time, they are guided by the type of room and the tasks assigned. For example, the main starter is a light sensor that is activated in low light and sends a signal to motion sensors mounted outside, in the lobby and in the elevator.
In another example, a motion sensor is used as the main one. Other rooms can be switched on via standard switches.
1. Overview of public lighting systems
As numerous observations show, the collective lighting system in multi-storey residential buildings is represented by incandescent lamps with an average power of 60 W. Lamps are usually installed without shades, which is a violation of the requirements fire safety. The fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in two aspects:
Possibility of fire from contact of the lamp and flammable material;
the possibility of a fire from contact with surrounding combustible materials by the hot elements of the lamp, formed during its destruction.
The first aspect is related firstly to the fact that the temperature glass flask incandescent lamps after 60 minutes of burning range from 110 to 360°C (with lamp power from 40 to 100 W). This is what explains the presence of dark, smoky circles on the ceiling above the installed lamp.
Secondly, it is associated with improper use when one violation (use of an open lamp without a diffuser (heat-resistant shade), which many residents remove so that “the lamp shines brighter”) is superimposed by another violation - non-compliance permissible distance approach of flammable materials. This phenomenon, quite often, occurs in cramped apartment vestibules, which residents use as makeshift storage rooms.
Even the presence of a sufficient distance does not guarantee safety - a fire can occur (the second aspect) from hot metal particles formed during emergency conditions (lamp burnout) in defective lamps (melting of electrodes or inputs by arc discharges) and scattering from the lamp at a distance of about three meters. Vertically falling particles retain their incendiary ability even when falling from 8-10 m.
A common violation occurs when aluminum wires are extended using copper wires using twists. As a result, a galvanic couple is formed, leading to electrochemical corrosion(destruction of the contact) and an increase in contact resistance, which ultimately can also become a source of fire due to heating of the junction of the wires.
Among the main power supply options, the following main ones can be distinguished:
The entire system is switched on without diodes;
the entire system is switched on using diodes (centrally, in the electrical panel);
combined solutions (diodes are partially installed in lamps and switches).
Diode- an electronic component that has different conductivity depending on the direction of current. In homes it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the service life of incandescent lamps.
Installed diodes in the power supply circuit of the house lighting system cause incandescent lamps to begin to flicker noticeably, which causes additional discomfort to residents.
The effective voltage decreases from 220 to 156 V, but it should be taken into account that due to the fact that the incandescent lamp is a nonlinear element and its actual energy consumption is reduced by only 42% and the luminous flux, depending on the square of the normal voltage, is reduced to 27%.
Light flow- a physical quantity characterizing the amount of “light” power in the corresponding radiation flux. It is the main characteristic of a light source for assessing the illumination created by a given light source.
As a result, the lamps become less energy efficient: if the original version has a luminous flux of 800
lm at a power of 60 W (light output 13.3 lm/W), then at
using a diode, the luminous flux is 216 lm
at a power of 34.8 W (light output 6.2 lm/W).
Energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. In the case of lighting, it is using less electricity to provide the same level of illumination.
Luminous output of the light source- the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.
To compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents install lamps of higher power, reaching up to 200 W, which leads to an increase in electricity for the needs of general house lighting.
Ultimately, the illumination of entrances and vestibules does not meet the standards of SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 (the average illumination on staircases, floor corridors, etc. should be at least 20 lux).
2. Review of energy-efficient light sources
Figure 1 - CLE device, where 1 - thickening of the tube; 2 - inner coating of the flask; 3 - electronic ballast; 4 - ventilation hole; 5 - base
The following energy-efficient light sources (ELS) are widely available on the market, applicable for use in residential buildings: fluorescent lamps (including CLE (compact fluorescent with built-in ballasts (electronic ballasts))), LED lamps and lamps.
A significant disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the presence of mercury vapor in their composition, which requires special disposal measures and the presence of a switch-on delay (the lamp reaches the nominal luminous flux of operation after a noticeable period of time). The stated service life of 25,000 hours is usually not met due to frequent burnout of tungsten electrodes. During operation, the lamp heats up to 60 °C, and if they are used as part of any closed lamps, the heat generation leads to overheating of the electronics and premature failure of the lamp. These lamps do not have a warranty period. When used in cold rooms, their luminous efficiency and service life are reduced. Also, the human factor cannot be ignored - lamps can be stolen by residents in order to use them to illuminate the apartment.
The only significant drawback of lamps with LED light sources is their high market price. But this price is compensated by their significantly lower energy consumption, even in comparison with CLE. But when using this lamp in a standard lamp, the light distribution on the illuminated surface may deteriorate, because This lamp produces a narrow beam of light. Thus, these lamps can be used effectively only when they are vertical installation towards the floor (for example, in a chandelier).
Figure 2 - LED lamp design, where 1 - light diffuser; 2 - LEDs; 3 - circuit board; 4 - radiator; 5 - driver; 6 - ventilation holes; 7 - base
Figure 3 - LED lamp SLG-HL8
Choosing between LED lamp and an LED lamp, it is advisable to choose an LED lamp, since an LED lamp has a similar human factor and the possibility of overheating the electronics (as with CLE).
At the moment, there are two types of LED lamps on the market that are acceptable for use in the housing and communal services sector - those based on a driverless circuit and those using a driver. The price range of lamps is within 500-700 rubles. without using a driver and 700-1600 rubles. for luminaires with driver.
The main purpose of the driver is conversion alternating current and high voltage primary circuit into constant stabilized current and low voltage acceptable for powering LEDs. In addition to this basic function, the driver provides protection against short circuit, protection against overheating of the driver and the lamp as a whole, as well as stable operation of the lamp in wide range incoming voltage. The reduced voltage of the secondary circuit ensures safety when conducting electrical installation work and maintenance of the lamp.
The essence of the driverless circuit is that the lamp uses a large number (2070) of low power LEDs (0.1-0.3 W), connected in series to power them high voltage(>70 V). But the reliability of any technical system is inversely proportional to the number of elements used, and the burnout of any of the LEDs (when using cheap LEDs of dubious quality) leads to failure of the lamp. There are no protection systems.
As a result of the absence of a driver (switching power supply), the LEDs are not powered correctly, which leads to their rapid aging (the service life is reduced from 50,000 to 30,000 hours). Also, the main disadvantages of these lamps include a high pulsation coefficient, which can be conditionally tolerated due to the short stay of residents in the entrance.
3. Automation tools
To control the lighting system in an apartment building, in addition to standard switches, you can use various motion sensors as automation tools.
A motion sensor (MS) is a sensor that monitors the movement of any objects. As a rule, a motion sensor is understood as an electronic infrared (IR) sensor that detects the presence and movement of a person and switches the load - an alarm system if it is used as a security system, or lighting systems when used as a means of reducing energy consumption (by reducing operating time) of these systems. After a certain period of time (usually adjustable), the DD switches off the load (in this case, the lamp).
A very useful function built into most DDs is the presence of light sensors (the DD will not work if the illumination in the room exceeds a certain level). Due to this, the lighting system does not turn on during daylight hours.
Figure 4 - Operating principle infrared sensor movement
The disadvantages of IR DD are
Limited sector coverage (review);
reduced sensitivity when installed at a height of more than 2 meters;
impossibility of installation near strong heat sources (for example, radiators).
For example, when installing a motion sensor in a long corridor (about 6-8 meters), it only works when a person reaches approximately the middle of it, which causes certain inconvenience (you have to walk through the first third of the corridor in the dark). Their viewing range (about 6 meters) is quite enough for use in the entrance.
A solution to a limited coverage sector can be the installation of 2 DDs using the following installation schemes:
At the beginning and at the end of the corridor on the walls, the DDs are directed towards each other;
uniform distribution of DD on the ceiling.
In both cases, the sensors must be connected in parallel so that the activation of any of the sensors turns on the lamp. The disadvantage of this solution is the increased consumption of the DDs themselves, which, given their high market price (about 250 rubles), will lead to significant financial costs with questionable savings in the case of using energy-efficient light sources. For example, 2 DDs constantly consume more than 10% of the power of an operating LED lamp. Also, we should not forget that there is also a significant complication of the switching system - it is necessary to lay a wire to each of the sensors in both directions.
There are also cheaper DD options - sound (photoacoustic). These sensors are often found already as part of certain luminaires (see Figure 1.5). The presence of the word “energy saving” in their name and a low market value of about 250 rubles. captivates many HOAs and management companies, but their serious drawback is the problem of setting the sensitivity to the sound level. Setting the sensitivity too high leads, for example, to the fact that a resident wearing sneakers can walk past such a sensor and it will not work. Setting a low sensitivity results in a lack of signal selectivity - DDs are triggered by almost any sound.
Figure 5 - Energy-saving lamp ZHKH-03
A common disadvantage of any motion sensors is that the lamp experiences significant larger number cycles on-off, which reduces its service life of the installed light source. For example, incandescent lamps burn out in 90% of cases at the moment of switching on with an accompanying surge of current. In the case of KLE, the interval between switching on, established by the warranty conditions to achieve the required operating time, may be more than two minutes (this is due to the operation simple circuits pre-heating). Application of devices in their composition soft start does not allow the use of CLE and LED lamps.
The cost of saved electricity justifies the premature failure of light sources only in the case of using incandescent lamps, which have a relatively low market value. Motion sensors also cause some discomfort to residents, especially if installed incorrectly.
The only area where the use of DD in a residential building is economically feasible is in places of rare use, for example, an emergency fire escape.
As observations have shown, no more than 1 person per week uses the fire escape. Taking into account the number of floors of houses where this staircase is present, it is possible to determine energy savings in the case of using incandescent lamps and EIS.
In the case of using incandescent lamps, the energy savings in terms of power consumption is 60-0.5 = 59.5 W, where 60 is the power of the LON-60 incandescent lamp, W; 0.5 - DD power consumption in standby mode, W. Per month, when working around the clock, the savings will be: 0.0595 24 29.4-42 kWh (here 0.0595 is the released power, kW; 24 is the number of hours in a day; 29.4 is the average number of days in a month ). At a price for electricity of 2,367 rubles/kWh, established DD costs 250 rubles. and installation cost about 150 rubles. each DD equipment project will pay off within (250+150)/(42x2,367)-4 months.
In the case of using an EIS (see clause 1.2) with an average power of about 8-15 W, the released power is equal to (15...8)-0.5=14.5...7.5 W (here 15 is the power of the EIS, analogue of an incandescent lamp 60 W; 8 - power of the LED lamp SLG-HL8, also analogue of LON-60). In this case, the average monthly energy savings will be (0.0145.,.0.0075)-24-29.4=10.2...5.6 kWh. Payback period - (250+150)/((10.2 ...5.6)x2.367)~17...30 months, or one and a half to three years.
Thus, it is not economically feasible to install motion sensors complete with an EIS - an incandescent lamp is sufficient. The only drawback of this decision is the ban on the production and sale of incandescent lamps in Russia in 2014.
A non-standard (wall-mounted) installation diagram for emergency staircases is recommended, since it provides coverage of two flights of stairs at once (see Figure 1.6). As practice shows, the DD with this scheme is triggered only when a person approaches in the middle of the landing (in front of the stairs itself), which, given the low intensity of use of the fire escape, can be considered an insignificant drawback.
Figure 6 - Application of motion sensors on emergency stairs
4. Characteristics of the SLG-HL8 lamp
LED luminaires of the SLG-HL8 series (Silen-LED Group, for House Light 8 W) are intended for general lighting of housing and communal services facilities. They are specially designed according to lighting engineering calculations for energy-saving lighting of technical and public premises, which are provided by housing and communal services: entrances of residential buildings, staircases and stairwells, elevator shafts, corridors, vestibules, platforms of residential buildings and other public premises.
Lamps of this series can be used for duty and emergency lighting any non-residential premises public and private buildings, in addition, they are suitable for outdoor lighting under a canopy - under the canopies of entrances (there is a special version for outdoor use with increased characteristics of anti-vandal protection and resistance to temperature changes).
The luminaire in a classic, economical design is available in an NPB 1301 housing with a degree of protection IP54, allowing installation on walls and ceilings. The body is made of aluminum alloy, which helps remove heat from the lamp, and is covered with borosilicate frosted glass to limit glare from LEDs. At the customer's request, it is possible to develop and manufacture the lamp in other housings.
Lamps are manufactured in Barnaul, undergoing comprehensive quality control. During production, various engineering templates and jigs are used.
All lamps are covered by a 3-year warranty, during which faulty lamps are replaced free of charge. It should be noted that this period exceeds the maximum payback period for the lamps.
Table 1 - SLG-HL8 Specifications
5. Installation of LED lamps
Since LED lamps have a certain directionality, installing LED lamps in places where incandescent lamps were installed is not the right solution. This is explained by the fact that the main “working surface” in the entrance is the floor, and if the lamp is installed on a wall, the main luminous flux will fall on the wall opposite the installation site. As a result, the floor will be illuminated only by reflected lighting, which will reduce the required illumination. For this reason, lamps are installed on the ceiling (exceptions are cases when installing the lamp on the ceiling is impossible).
Despite the fact that installation becomes more complicated, since you have to lay a long connecting cord from the connection point to the lamp, this method in addition to increasing the average illumination, it improves light distribution and also reduces the human factor - the lamp is located at the maximum height, which makes it difficult to freely access it, reduces the glare effect and the possibility of accidental damage.
Figure 7 - Scheme of a typical installation of LED lamps in the entrance of a house of 97 and 121 series
Installation of lamps is carried out on weekdays. In exceptional cases, installation can be carried out on Saturday. The date of installation is notified at least 24 hours in advance. Preparatory work for residents who have installed doors in vestibules, it comes down to cleaning things that are afraid of dust and ensuring access to the vestibule on the specified day.
The work is carried out by a specially trained installer, device knowledgeable and rules for installing LED lamps, which also conducts explanatory work with residents. Connection to the home's electrical network occurs through the utility lighting line without the need to open electrical panels. Work must be carried out to identify and eliminate installed diodes, which can reduce the service life of LED lamps.
Electrical installation is reduced to the following operations:
Removing the old lamp;
installation of a new distribution box;
installing an LED lamp on the ceiling;
laying the cable to the lamp;
connection (depending on the type of wire) through specialized clamps for lighting equipment to the wires.
Figure 8 -Typical installation LED lamp
The average installation speed is about 30 lamps per day, which corresponds to 1 entrance of a 9-story building.
6. Economic calculations
In the case of lighting systems, the payback period refers to the period of time elapsed after the purchase and installation of more energy-efficient light sources, during which the price of saved electricity will exceed the price of the lamp, taking into account its installation.
Payback = Investment/Annual Savings (1.1)
The initial option is a working LON-60 lamp in 2 main versions (see paragraph 1.1) - with and without the use of a diode in the power circuit. It is necessary to determine how much it costs to operate this light source in both options.
We will carry out calculations for the following options replacements (through a dash - abbreviation adopted later):
Compact fluorescent lamp SPIRAL-econom 12 W, 600 Lm (manufactured by ASD) - CFL12.
LED lamp with power LED-A60-standard 7 W, 600 Lm (ASD company) - LL7.
LED lamp SPP-2101 with a power of 8 W, 640 Lm (ASD company) - LED8
LED lamp SLG-HL8 with a power of 8 W, 660 Lm (Silen-Led) - SLG-HL8.
Light sources were selected based on the principle of equality luminous flux incandescent lamp 60 W (600 lm).
To estimate the payback period, it is necessary to have initial data for calculations, which include the price for electricity (since 2015 for houses equipped in the prescribed manner with stationary electric stoves - 2.5 rubles) and the average daily operating time - 14 hours;
6.1 Operating costs of incandescent lamps
Electricity consumed per year R el can be calculated using the following formula:
R el = R light / T day * 365 (1.2)
Where P light is the power of the lamp, W; T day - average daily operating time, h; 365 is the number of days in a year.
According to clause 1.1, if an incandescent lamp is switched on through a diode, then its energy consumption is reduced by 42%. Accordingly, for LON-60 connected through a diode this power will be 60 - 42% = 35 W.
In further calculations, we will designate this design case as the option of using an incandescent lamp with a power of 35 W (LON35). We will designate a lamp turned on without using a diode as LON60.
R el LON35 = 35 * 14 * 365 = 178.85 kWh (1.3)
R el LON60 = 60 * 14 * 365 = 306.6 kWh (1.4)
IN in monetary terms The cost of consumed energy can be calculated using the following formula:
C el = R el * C kW*h (1.5)
Where C kW*h is the cost of a kilowatt-hour, rub./kW*h.
According to this formula, for the given calculation cases, the cost of consumed electricity will be:
With email LON35 = 178.85 * 2.5 = 447.12 rubles (1.6)
With el LON60 = 306.6 * 2.5 = 766.5 rubles (1.7)
It should be noted that lamps switched on without a diode operate in nominal mode, and they burn out during operation, while lamps switched on using a diode practically do not burn out.
This means it is necessary to determine how much is spent per year on replacing burnt out lamps. This cost is the sum of the cost of the lamp, multiplied by the number of replacements.
C deputy = C l * n z (1.8)
Where Ts l is the cost of the lamp, rub.; n z - number of replacements, pcs./year;
The number of replacements n s for can be determined based on the average daily operating time of the light source T days and the average service life of the light source T sl.
N h = (T day * 365) / T day (1.9)
Where T day is the average daily operating time, h, T sl is the average service life of the light source, h.
The average service life for an incandescent lamp with a rated power of 60 W (for example, B220-230-60-1) is given in GOST 2239-79 and is 1300 hours.
For Lama LON-60 the number of replacements is:
N з LON60 = (14 * 365) / 1300 = 3.9pcs (1.10)
For this lamp average price for the city of Barnaul for 2014 amounted to 13.3 rubles. Therefore, the annual cost of replacing lamps is:
With deputy LON60 = 3.93 * 13.3 = 52.28 rubles (1.11)
In total, we find that the annual costs of operating a 60 W incandescent lamp are:
RUR 485.45 - in case of using diodes;
766.5 + 52.28 = 818.78 rub. - without using them. However, these calculations do not take into account the cost of the work itself to replace them.
6.2 Payback periods for replacement options
To determine the payback period for various options for replacing LON-60 with EIS, according to formula 1.1, two main parameters are determined - the cost of purchase (investment) and annual savings.
C z = C EIS + C mon (1.12)
Where C EIS is the cost of EIS, rub.; C mon - cost of work on dismantling old lamps and installing new ones, rub. This cost refers to capital costs.
Annual energy savings C can be calculated using the following formula:
C econ = C el LON + C el EIS (1.13)
Where C el LON is the annual energy consumption of an incandescent lamp (in both design options), kWh; C el EIS - annual energy consumption of EIS, kWh.
If the purchase cost (see formula 1.12) is divided by the annual savings (see formula 1.13), then the payback period in years can be determined:
T payback = C w / C econ (1.14)
To convert the resulting value from the resulting fraction, you need to subtract the whole part - these will be whole years - and multiply the remainder by 12 to get months.
It should be noted that the calculations do not take into account inflation and the annual increase in electricity tariffs, which lead to an additional reduction in the payback period.
Replacement option for 12 W CFL:
S z KFL12 = 130 + 100 + 100 = 330 rubles
Here 130 is the cost of a 15 W CLE with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - cost of the most popular lamp NBB 64-60 with diffuser RPA-85-001, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.
R el CFL12 = 12 * 14 * 365 = 61.32 kWh
Ts el KFL12 = 61.32 * 2.5 = 153.3 rubles
n z CFL12 = (14 * 365) / 8000 = 0.64pcs
With deputy CFL12 = 0.64 * 130 = 83.2 rubles
Also, to this cost it is necessary to add the cost of recycling a failed mercury-containing lamp (12 rubles), which, taking into account delivery, will cost about 20 rubles.
In case of violation in accordance with Article 8.2. of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, citizens will owe from 1 to 2 thousand rubles, officials - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles, entrepreneurs - from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days), and legal entities - from 100 thousand to 250 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days).
With deputy+util KFL12 = 83.2 + 20 * 0.64 = 96 rubles
C exploit KFL12 = 153.3 + 96 = 249.3 rubles
From economy = 818.78 - 249.3 = 569.48 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 249.3 = 236.15 rubles
T payback = 330 / 569.48 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 330 / 236 15 = 1.4 = 1 year 5 months
Replacement option with a 7 W LED lamp:
C z LL7 = 200 +100 +100 = 400rub
Here 200 is the cost of a 7 W LED lamp with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - cost of the NBB 64-60 lamp with RPA-85-001 diffuser, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.
R el LL7 = 7 * 14 * 365 = 35.77 kW*h
C el LL7 = 35.77 * 2.5 = 89.43 rub
n z LL7 = (14 * 365) / 30000 = 0.17pcs
With deputy LL7 = 0.17 * 200 = 34 rubles
C expl LL7 = 89.43 + 34 = 123.43 RUR
From economy = 818.78 - 123.43 = 695.35 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 123.43 = 362.02 rubles
T payback = 400 / 695.35 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 400 / 362.02 = 1.1 = 1 year 1 month
Replacement option for the SPP-2101 lamp:
S h LED8 = 500 + 200 = 700rub
here 500 is the cost of the LED lamp SPP-2101, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub. The increase in installation costs is explained by the fact that the lamp is not installed in its original place, but on the ceiling (see Figure 8)
P el LED8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 40.88 kWh
Ts el LED8 = 40.88 * 2.5 = 102.2 rub
n з LED8 = (14 * 365) / 30000 = 0.17 pcs
With deputy LED8 = 0.17 * 500 = 85 rub.
Here it is more appropriate to use the term not “replacement cost” but “amount of depreciation”, since the lamp is an integral part of the light source and the entire complex has to be replaced.
C exploit LED8 = 102.2 + 85 = 187.2 RUR
From economy = 818.78 - 187.2 = 631.58 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 187.2 = 298.25 rubles
T payback = 700 / 631.58 = 1.11 = 1 year 1 month
T payback diode = 700 / 298.25 = 2.35 = 2 years 4 months
Replacement option for SHG-HL8:
S z SG-HL8 = 750 + 200 = 950 rub.
Here 750 is the cost of SLG-HL8, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub.
Rel SG-HL8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 4°, 88 kWh
C el SG-HL8 = 4°, 88 * 2.5 = 1°2.2 RUR
n SG-HL8 = (14 * 365) / 50000 = 0.1 pcs
In the case of the SLG-HL8 LED lamp, at the end of its service life of 50,000 hours, with the expected good condition of the lampshade, it is possible to replace the light module without replacing the lampshade itself and the cooling systems. The price of these works is 500 rubles.
With deputy SG-HL8 = 0.1 * 500 = 50 rub.
C exploit SG-HL8 = 102.2 + 50 = 152.2 rub.
From economy = 818.78 - 152.2 = 666.58 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 152.2 = 333.25 rubles
T payback = 950 / 666.58 = 1.43 = 1 year 5 months
T payback diode = 950 / 333 25 = 2.85 = 2 years 10 months
7. Conclusions
Let's summarize all the technical characteristics and obtained economic data for the considered lamps into a single table. The luminaires are listed in the order in which they are described.
Table 2 - Characteristics of light sources
Options | |||||
Specifications |
|||||
Luminous flux, lm | |||||
Power consumption, W | |||||
Light output, lm/W | |||||
Average service life, hours | |||||
Presence of mercury | |||||
Price characteristics |
|||||
Lamp price, rub. | |||||
Lamp price, rub. | |||||
Price of the kit with installation, rub. | |||||
Payback, months |
|||||
without diodes | |||||
with diodes | |||||
Performance characteristics |
|||||
Number of replacements, pcs. | |||||
Annual consumption, kWh | |||||
Probability of theft | |||||
Based on the conducted research, we will give brief description to each light source, indicating its main advantages and disadvantages.
60 W incandescent lamp. Typical system lighting the entrances of apartment buildings. It has the highest energy consumption and the lowest light output and service life. Fire hazardous. When used with diodes, it does not provide standardized illumination. The main advantage is the low price of the lamp.
Compact fluorescent lamp with a power of 12 W. Contains mercury, which requires special measures for its disposal (and, as follows, disposal costs). The main advantage is improved light output and service life at a moderate cost and ease of replacement.
7 W LED lamp. Provides the lowest energy consumption. Cheapest option LED source Sveta. But at the same time, the probability of theft is maximum (or installation of a special lamp is required). The main advantage is the shortest payback period and ease of replacement.
LED lamp SPP-2101 (8 W). Option of an LED lamp in a luminaire housing. Due to the high price, the payback period is 2 times longer. The main advantage is the reduced likelihood of theft compared to an LED lamp.
LED lamp SLG-HL8 (8 W). The most expensive replacement option. Option of an LED lamp in a metal casing. Longest payback period. It is repairable, and repairs are carried out in Barnaul. The main advantage is that the payback period is shorter in all cases warranty period operation (3 years).
8. An example of modernizing lighting systems in an apartment building in Barnaul
The object of modernization was a panel residential apartment building of the 97th series with 205 apartments.
Average illumination 8.7±0.1 lux
Results of illumination measurements according to GOST R 54944
The house has been managed by the Altai Homeowners Association (HOA) since 1997. At the board meeting on April 7, 2011, it was decided to replace the collective lighting system, represented by 170 incandescent lamps installed in the entrances and vestibules, with energy-efficient light sources. All lamps were switched on centrally (in the electrical panel) through power diodes. The ceiling height is 2.63 m. The walls are half painted with light paint, the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are whitewashed. The results of measuring illumination in the floor corridor are presented below.
The EIS light was chosen LED lamp brand SLG-HL8. The cost of the work is 170,000 rubles. The duration of the work is 2 months.
According to the calculated data, the payback period was 2 years. After carrying out the work, to check the calculation data, a log was taken for recording electric meter readings, based on the results of which the graph shown in the figure below was constructed. For improved visualization, a stepwise approximation of the obtained data was carried out.
Figure 9 - House energy consumption for 2010-2013
The graph shows that after November 2011, when the work was completed, lighting costs decreased from 45,005,500 kWh to 1,000-1,200 kWh, and total energy consumption decreased by 2 times (from 8,000 to 4,000 kWh). The energy consumption of elevators has remained unchanged, but in the future plans have been developed to carry out energy saving work in elevators.
Another data visualization designed to provide insight into the overall energy consumption pattern is Figure 10.
Figure 10 - Structure of energy consumption at home for 2010-2014
From the above diagram it can be seen that before modernization, lighting costs amounted to 2/3 of ODN, after modernization - less than 1/3. At the same time, the average annual energy savings is about 4000-12 = 48,000 kWh, which in monetary terms in electricity prices for 2011 is 48,000 1.79 = 85,920 rubles. With energy saving costs, the payback period was 1 year and 10 months. The reduction in the payback period is justified by bringing all lamps to a single rating - many residents, to improve illumination, installed instead of the standard 60-watt lamps with a power of up to 200 W. Lighting control systems - switches - were also restored. The introduction of automation equipment partially played a role - motion sensors were installed on the emergency staircase.
A prerequisite was to bring the level of illumination in the entrances to the normal level. The results of illumination measurements after the upgrade are shown in the figure and table below.
The average illumination was 25.3±0.1 lux. Light measurement results after modernization
An important feature of the measurements taken is that they were carried out in 24-hour increments at the same time and with the same camera settings.
As the above data show, the average in both cases exceeds 20 lux and averages 22 lux. These readings fully comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10. This confirms the correct choice of LED lamps.
In 2014, incandescent lamps were replaced with LED lamps in elevator stacks and elevator cabins. This also reduced the home's energy consumption, bringing it to 25% of the original value (from ~8000 to ~2000 kWh).
