1. Find and show on the map of the country:

a) the Mediterranean region,

b) the countries of the Balkan region;

c) the countries of the Caribbean region;

d) Latin American countries.

a) The Mediterranean region unites the countries of two continents - Eurasia and Africa, such as Italy, France, Spain, Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, etc.

b) Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, etc.

c) Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, etc. d) Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, etc.

2. What terms are used to describe the geographic space?

Region, District, Cultural-Historical Region

3. What does regional geography study?

Regional Geography examines diversity modern world from a regional point of view, i.e. taking into account the individuality of its constituent parts.

4. What are cultural and historical regions? What signs characterize them? Give examples.

Cultural and historical regions are territories, the population of which, due to the common historical destinies, socio-economic development and mutual influence, have similar cultural and everyday characteristics. Cultural and historical areas are manifested in material culture - types of traditional dwellings, vehicles, food and utensils, clothes, shoes, jewelry, etc., as well as in traditional spiritual culture (calendar rituals and customs, beliefs, folklore, etc. .). Unlike ethnic groups with ethnic self-awareness, cultural and historical regions may not be recognized by people and are distinguished in the course of special ethnographic research. Examples of cultural and historical regions include Western Europe, the Middle East, West Indies, Indochina, Tropical Africa.

5. What cultural and historical region can be attributed to Russia?

Russia can be attributed to the Post-Soviet cultural and historical region.

6. Give examples of countries belonging to two or more cultural and historical regions. What is the reason for this?

Egypt is a North African, Middle Eastern, Middle Eastern and Arab country. Mexico can be attributed to both the Caribbean region and Latin America. This is due to the fact that most large cultural and historical regions have a complex multi-stage (“matryoshka”) structure. In turn, many states have their own cultural and historical centers.

7. Division the globe to separate regions, possibly on different grounds. Write in a notebook the classifications of the division of the world into regions known to you. What classifications can you suggest? What attribute would you base them on?

Classifications of dividing the world into regions are possible according to physical-geographical, cultural-historical, economic, political, ideological characteristics. I would suggest dividing the world according to language, in which each region would be characterized by the language dominant on its territory (or language family or group).

Applying for secondary education and the corresponding erudition, we need to get acquainted with the names and locations of all modern countries. However, we will not have enough strength or time to study the geography of the world through the peculiarities of each country. In addition, such a study is ineffective due to the constantly changing number of countries and their different, incomparable sizes. This is also not necessary, because we will not be able to visit all countries, and by the end of our life their number will still change.
But when studying socio-economic geography on the continents, it is impossible to understand and comprehend (recall grades 7-8) the laws and main features of the territorial organization of the world, because the size of the continents is too large. Considering that neighboring countries, especially small ones, are usually similar from each other, it is convenient to study the world, dividing it into groups of neighboring countries - regions. Remembering the "parameters" of two dozen regions is much easier than a few hundred countries. This knowledge can be successfully used all life, since in the regions only the number of countries and individual sections of borders change, but each region will forever remain a separate geographic and ethnocultural region of the world with a pronounced individuality.
Region - a group of neighboring countries characterized by a common natural conditions, physical and economic-geographical location, living conditions and economic activity people, history and culture of the peoples living in it, the proximity of the levels of socio-economic development and economic structures of the countries located in them.
The number of the main regions of the world and their composition are determined by different scientists in different ways. Therefore, it is reasonable to use the most common grid of regional divisions, which should be considered as adopted in the United Nations. Before the collapse of the USSR, the UN identified and maintained international statistics for 21 regions.
The validity of this division does not raise the slightest doubt. The only drawback is the unification in one region of the western (Brazilian-Guiana) and eastern (Andean) parts of the tropical climate zone of South America; this region should be divided in two.
Thus, there are 23 main regions. They are very convenient and easy to study the geography of the world, its territorial organization, patterns and features of development. The composition and boundaries of the regions must be firmly memorized - this is knowledge that will have to be used all your life.
1. Northern Europe is a territory separated from the mainland by the English Channel, the North and Baltic seas. Includes the British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland), Scandinavia (Denmark with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, Norway with Spitsbergen, Sweden, Iceland), the Baltic States (Finland, Estonia, Latvia).
2. Western Europe includes Germany with France and small German states - Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein.
3. Southern Europe - countries lying on the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea: Portugal, Spain, Malta, Italy, the former Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia with Montenegro, Macedonia), Albania, Greece and Cyprus.
4. Eastern Europe- Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria.
5. Russia is a separate region, a whole subcontinent, occupying the territory of Northern Eurasia.
6. Western or Western Asia includes Turkey, Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine), Iraq and Arabia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain).
7. central Asia- these are modern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, or historical Iran (Ariana) and Turan (Turkestan).
8. South Asia - the countries of Hindustan, or modern India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives.
9. Southeast Asia includes Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) and island lands (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines).
10. East Asia, or Far East- this is Japan, North and South Korea, China, Mongolia, Taiwan, Macau.
11. North Africa- Arab countries located on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and in the Nile River valley, separated from the rest of Africa by the Sahara Desert. These are Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Sudan.
12. West Africa - countries located west of Lake Chad between the Sahara and Atlantic Ocean: Cape Verde, Gambia, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania.
13. Central Africa- countries in the center of the continent from the Sahara Desert in the north to the Kalahari Desert in the south: Chad, CAR, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, Angola.
14. East Africa - countries occupying the Ethiopian and East African Highlands: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Comoros and Seychelles.
15. South Africa - South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands (Mauritius and Reunion)
16. North America - Canada and the United States.
17. Central America - countries on the "isthmus" between North and South America: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama.
18. Caribbean America - islands in the Caribbean. Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico are located in the Greater Antilles. In the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles, there are 18 small states and possessions (Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Grenada, etc.).
19. Andean America - five countries located in the North and Central Andes: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
20. Tropical South America is Brazil, Paraguay, French Guiana, Suriname and Guyana. The term "tropical" means that the climate is hot.
21. Moderate South America - Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Falkland Islands. The term "temperate" means that the climate is not tropical and bananas do not grow.
22. Australia - includes the Australian Union (on the mainland and the island of Tasmania) and New Zealand (on the islands of the same name) inhabited by European colonists. We say: "Australia", we also mean New Zealand.
23. Oceania. Includes Aboriginal-inhabited islands of Melanesia (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji), Polynesia (Tonga, East Samoa, Western Samoa, Tuvalu, Kiribati, French Polynesia) and Micronesia (Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau).
Each region has the country with the largest population. According to the weighted average rule, the relative quantitative indicators of such a country fairly accurately characterize the region as a whole. We will call such countries key, because by studying them, one can get an idea of the entire region. Knowledge of the key countries is also important because their political and economic condition affects the entire region; cooperation with them becomes a vital necessity not only for neighbors, but also for the whole world. Key countries are most often mentioned in the text and assignments, for which the characteristics of the regions are compiled.

What are regions of the world? By a general definition, the concept region means any territory that has one or more common characteristics. Region- synonym for words district, region, continent... There are regions inside every continent, country, city. By what principle the attitude of countries towards a particular region is determined, let us consider in more detail.

Why share the world?

The planet we live on is vast and diverse. Its distant parts differ significantly in geographic location, climatic conditions, economic development, historical, religious and cultural characteristics. It is much more convenient for a specialist in any issue that goes beyond one state to unite regions and countries of the world with the same characteristic features in one name. The generally accepted names of the regions are known to a wide audience, and everyone who is familiar with geography understands what this is about.

For the study of geography, division into regions is necessary for convenience. There is no need to describe in detail each individual country if the patterns of its development and geophysical conditions are similar to those of the neighboring countries, especially since the quantitative composition and names of countries change constantly over the course of history. The peculiarities of the regions are studied by a separate science - regional studies.

Major regions of the world

The main division is determined by the UN classification system. The division of the world into regions was carried out on a territorial basis, on continents, for the purpose of statistics. It looks like this:

Europe (Central, North, South, East and West).
Asia (Central, West, South, East and South-East, North).
Africa (Central, North, South, West, East).
America (North or Anglo-America; Central or Caribbean, together with North America are combined in some sources into one region - Latin America; South)
Australia and Oceania (Australia - New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia).

There are 23 regions in total. This division denotes the regions of the world according to the parameters of the physical and geographical position of its territory, the regions of these regions coincide with the areas of the continents and islands, have a geographical border.

Historical and cultural zoning

The history of the development of peoples, the formation of their cultural heritage, the established groups of languages and dialects are as diverse on the planet as the climatic conditions of life. At the same time, there are countries for which this path was identical, some states disintegrated into smaller ones, while others united into one. Historical and cultural regions the world - these are areas in which the features of religion, way of life, cultural heritage, architecture, customs, the way of doing business, and even the basic set of foodstuffs, have similar properties that characterize this area from others. The boundaries of these regions may coincide with geographic divisions, but not necessarily.

Examples of regions of the world with common historical and cultural traditions:

North Africa and the Middle East. The territory of admirers of Islam, through which caravans of merchants from all parts of the world passed.
North America is an area in which the original culture of the Aboriginal people has been almost completely destroyed, and so are its representatives. A new community of representatives of the nationalities of all continents has completely developed.
Oceania - remote from other civilizations, the peoples of this region have created a distinctive culture that is not similar and incomprehensible to other peoples.

Ecoregions

Ecological regions of the world, or natural areas, - very vast territories, which are united by a similar landscape, climatic conditions, representatives of flora and fauna. Ecoregions are located around the planet mainly in latitudes, but have different locations and widths, depending on the topography and proximity to the ocean. The boundaries of natural regions for the most part do not coincide with the boundaries of powers or historical regions; they are determined under the influence of the distribution of warm and cold air and remoteness from the oceans.

Examples of ecoregions: tropics, equatorial forests, deserts, steppes, taiga, tundra, arctic deserts.

Tourist regions

The tourism business also considers in its activities the division of the world into regions, taking into account the recreational possibilities of the place, the proposed recreation for the tourist: nature; historical and cultural heritage; ecological, social, infrastructural situation.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has adopted 5 tourist regions, which, in turn, are subdivided into 14 sub-regions.

Regions of the world by tourist destinations:

Europe.
Asia and Pacific countries.
America.
Africa.
Near East.

Economic division

Economists divide the world in their own way. Regions differ economically from geographic, climatic, or historical regions. The principle of their division is the level of economic development of the state. According to the UN, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, countries are divided according to the degree of development of the market economy, according to the socio-political structure, according to the level of development.

Zoning of mainland fauna

ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ZONING (zoogeographical zoning) - the division of the territory into separate regions (regions, provinces, districts, etc.), relatively homogeneous in terms of the conditions of existence, composition and structure of the animal world. It is carried out for scientific and practical purposes, allows for a differentiated approach to the implementation of the necessary measures for the protection of animals.

The modern land of the earth is divided into a number of isolated massifs, the fauna of which has developed independently of each other for a long geological time. It should be borne in mind that between the continents there were direct continental connections of various ages, therefore, representatives of close taxa of the animal kingdoms can be found on different continents (for example, in Africa, Australia and South America or Madagascar and Southeast Asia, etc.). Also, there were and are mediated (indirect) links between all continents. Commonality and difference in the composition of faunas different parts the globe leads to the need for zoogeographic regionalization, to the identification of zoogeographic regions and even to their division into subregions.

The main method for identifying zoogeographic regions is based on the relative antiquity of the faunas (the fauna of Africa south of the Sahara is of the Eocene nature, of South Asia, of the Miocene, etc.).

In addition to antiquity, historical connections and taxonomic similarities between faunas are taken into account, a statistically rigorous accounting of the systematic proximity and remoteness of fauna is provided, the number of species in different groups of animals is compared. At the same time, the number of common and non-common detachments, families, clans is taken into account. The smaller the zoogeographic subdivisions (subregions, provinces, etc.), the more value modern environmental factors.

The fauna of a separate small area can be characterized as complete list its constituent species, and the dominant, dominant species. For economic purposes, the latter is more important. Therefore, in addition to qualitative characteristics fauna of the area (list of species), Special attention paid quantitative characteristics(the number of individual species). More numerous species are usually and economically significant: commercial species, pests Agriculture, disease vectors, etc.

The identification of the boundaries of zoogeographic regions is to a certain extent arbitrary. It should only be borne in mind that zoogeographic boundaries can be drawn strictly linearly only in those cases when they remained constant for a long geological time and now separate two sharply different landscapes. Good example what has been said represent the Himalayas, which serve as one of the sharpest boundaries dividing the fauna of one continent. This is explained both by the relative antiquity of this border, and abrupt change here is the landscape. In territories where there are no such boundaries, one fauna gradually passes into another. If the boundaries between areas are not clear, wide transitional stripes can be distinguished.

Modern faunistic zoning is diverse (Geptner, 1936; Puzanov, 1938; Bobrinsky, 1951; Bobrinsky, Gladkov, 1961; Vtorov, Drozdov, 1979, 2001; Lopatin, 1986, etc.).

Zoological division of the Earth (according to Prof. Geptner V.G.)

Areas	Subregions
I. Holarctic	1. Arctic
	2. Canadian
	3. Sonor (USA)
	4.European-Siberian (RB)
	5. Mediterranean
	6. Central Asian
	7. Manjuro-Chinese
P. Neotropical	1. Brazilian
	2. Patagonian
	3. Central American
	4. Antilles
III. Ethiopian	1. West African
	2. East African
	3. South African
	4. Madagascar
IY. Indomalayan	1. Indian
	2. Indo-Chinese
	3. Malay
Y. Australian	1. Australian
	2. New Guinea
	3. New Zealand
	4. Polynesian
	5. Hawaiian

Faunistic land zoning

The specificity of the composition of the fauna of various geographic regions and continents has been obvious to naturalists since ancient times. However, it took centuries of accumulating knowledge about the fauna of the world, the era of geographical discoveries, hundreds of scientific expeditions to the most remote corners of the globe for an idea to arise and real opportunity to carry out faunistic zoning on a global scale.

The first such attempt was undertaken by the English ornithologist F. Skleter in 1858. He identified six zoogeographic regions. Subsequently, the Skleter regions were combined into higher categories - kingdoms, and in each of the regions subregions, districts, provinces, and plots were allocated.

In the middle of the XX century. a great contribution to the improvement and substantiation of the zoning system was made by V.G. Geptner, I.I. Puzanov, N.A. Bobrinsky, F. Darlington. All these scientists relied mainly on materials on the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates. In the second half of the XX century. zoogeographers began to draw more and more data on invertebrates, primarily on mollusks and insects, mainly on coleoptera (beetles). Information about the history of the settlement of these undoubtedly more ancient groups of animals made it possible to analyze the volume, rank and boundaries of the already accepted kingdoms, regions and subregions even more deeply. O.L. Kryzhanovsky (1976) and I.K. Lopatin (1989).

As the coverage of different fauna groups becomes wider, the categories of faunistic zoning become closer to those of floristic zoning (Takhtadzhyan, 1970). This tendency has led to the idea that a complex - flora-faunistic, or biotic, zoning is also possible. The first scheme for biotic zoning of land was proposed by P.P. Vtorov and N.N. Drozdov (1978). Thus, despite the differences in the history of occurrence and settlement around the globe between different groups animals and between the animals and plants themselves, there are common patterns that determine the main foci and migration routes, barriers, refugia and other features of the geographic specificity for both flora and fauna, i.e. for the entire biota as a whole.

Drozdov N.N. offers an original scheme of faunistic zoning based on the analysis of the history of the formation of the fauna of all sufficiently studied groups of terrestrial animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, terrestrial vertebrates (animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians) are much better known to students at the level of families and many characteristic species than species, families, and even orders in the classes of insects, gastropods, or arachnids. Therefore, the presentation of the proposed zoning scheme is carried out using terrestrial vertebrates as the most familiar and recognizable objects.

The allocation of different categories of faunistic zoning is carried out mainly according to the level and depth of endemism, that is, according to the number of endemic groups and their rank. Thus, kingdoms are determined by the presence (or absence) of endemic orders, regions - by the nature of the distribution of endemic families, subregions - by the distribution of endemic genera, sometimes families.

Kingdoms are the highest categories of faunistic zoning... Currently most scholars distinguish four kingdoms... it Notogea, Neogea, Paleogea and Arktogea. They are determined mainly by the degree of antiquity of the mammalian fauna.

The Kingdom of Notogea includes two regions - Australian and Antarctic... Notogea is distinguished by its antiquity and significant depletion of its fauna. Antiquity is due to the existence of the southern parameter uniting Australia, Antarctica and the south of South America, and the poverty of the modern fauna of Notogea is due to geographical isolation and the processes of glaciation and aridization in different regions kingdom. Characteristics fauna - the presence of monotremes (endemic to this kingdom), the domination of marsupial mammals and the almost complete absence of placentals, with the exception of rodents, bats and thin-legged.

V the kingdom of Neogeus includes only one area - the Neotropical... This kingdom is characterized by the absence of monotremes, the presence of two families of marsupials, a detachment of edentulous (families of armadillos, anteaters and sloths) and an almost complete absence of insectivorous mammals.

The Kingdom of Paleogea includes two regions - Ethiopian and Indo-Malay... In this kingdom, orders of lizards (pangolins), a lady aardvark, proboscis (elephants), a suborder of semi-monkeys (lemurs, L tarsiers) are endemic.

The kingdom of Arktogea includes only one region - the Holarctic., but occupies a vast area: the entire northern extratropical part of the globe. Here, marsupial mammals are almost completely absent; various orders of placentals dominate, but none of them is endemic. This is explained by the comparative history and youth of the faunistic complexes that have developed on this territory. Endemism manifests itself at the level of orders (or suborders) of birds - loons and auks. Mammals are represented by endemic families of desmanders, beavers, jerboa, viniaceae, pikas, aplodont and pronghorns, and three of them are monotypic, that is, they contain only one species (selevinia, or dormouse, aplodontia and pronghorn antelope). From reptiles, the family of gila-toothed lizards is endemic, from tailed amphibians - from the family of salamanders, giant gilts, ambist, salamanders, proteas and new ones (not to be confused with the order of sirens in the mammalian class).

Let's move on to more detailed description faunal regions and subregions of the globe.

One of scientific methods states that for a deep study of any object, it should be broken up, dismembered, split into smaller components. This method is very often used by geographers and economists in the complex study of large territories. They simply divide them into separate parts - districts.

What is zoning? What types of it stand out? What is the modern zoning of Russia? All this will be discussed in our article.

What is zoning?

Zoning - this is how the term sounds in English literature. However, it is the Americans who are considered the “inventors” of this method. So what is zoning? In what areas and spheres of human activity is it used?

Zoning means the division of a territory into separate parts that differ from each other in one way or another. However, it can be not only the land area, but also the water area of the sea or ocean. The constituent parts obtained in this process are called differently: districts (most often), regions, microdistricts, zones, regions.

It is important to note that zoning is not only a process, but also the result of dividing a territory into regions. At the same time, in front of him are placed specific goals... They can be both practical and purely educational.

Today, the zoning of the territory is widely used in various sciences and fields. practical activities human: in geography, economics, landscape science, urbanism, architecture, urban planning, interior design, etc. This term used in breeding. However, there he carries a completely different content.

The essence and meaning of the concept of "district"

We quite often meet with this concept in Everyday life... Districts can be residential and working, formal and informal, sleeping, industrial, recreational, and financial and business.

The term itself has French roots (rayon). In the very broad sense the word district is a locality that stands out among others in one or more features. There are other definitions of this concept. For example, one of them says that a district is a piece of space to which an action or phenomenon (natural, economic, social) extends.

The region is one of the main units of the administrative-territorial structure of a number of states in the world (most often of the second order). In particular, it is isolated in many countries (in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and others).

Today the term "area" is used in a variety of scientific disciplines and spheres of human life, from botany to military affairs.

Types and directions of zoning

What types of zoning exist? First of all, it can be cognitive or constructive (transformative). And if in the first case the zoning method is used for the purpose of research, study of the terrain, then in the second - for the purpose of developing a concept rational use potential of this or that territory.

Zoning can also be homogeneous or nodal, single-feature or multi-feature. In turn, the signs by which the regions are distinguished may differ in content, tasks, coverage area, etc.

Based on the signs of the allocation of areas, there are the following types of zoning:

natural;
geographic;
climatic;
demographic;
military;
economic;
recreational;
tourist, etc.

The main principles of territorial zoning

The scientific and practical method of territorial zoning occurs according to three main principles:

national;
administrative;
economic.

The national zoning principle takes into account ethnic composition population in a particular territory, their traditions and historically developed features of work and life.

The administrative principle implies a certain unity of the economic and political-administrative structure of a country or a specific region. With its help, favorable conditions for the independent development of individual regions of the state.

Finally, the economic principle of regionalization considers any area as component part a single economic complex of the country with a certain set industrial enterprises and infrastructure facilities.

These three principles are fundamental and universally recognized. They are taken into account for all types of territorial zoning.

The essence and levels of economic zoning

Economic zoning is the process of identifying areas or zones of a country (region), which reflects the existing division of labor. the main objective such a process - the creation of conditions for the conduct of a rational socio-economic policy. In the economic zoning of territories, it is important to take into account many factors. First of all, it comes on the deposits of mineral and fuel resources, climatic conditions, the level of soil fertility, demographic indicators.

Economic zoning is carried out at three levels. It:

macrolevel(allocation of large economic zones);
meso-level(allocation of economic regions within one state or region);
microlevel(allocation of industrial centers, complexes and nodes of economic activity).

The essence and types of geographic zoning

Geographic zoning is the process of identifying individual systems and complexes on the ground, which are distinguished by their internal unity and a set of specific natural features.

It is customary to distinguish several types of physical and geographical zoning. So, it can be zonal (latitudinal) or azonal, complex or sectoral. In the case of sectoral (component-wise) zoning, the division of the area is carried out according to the relief, climate, vegetation, etc.

The most elementary part in the hierarchical system of physical-geographical regionalization is the facies. it simplest form any landscape that is located within the same biocenosis and is homogeneous geological structure, water regime, microclimate and soil cover.

Modern zoning of Russia

The very first attempts to regionalize the territory of the country were made in pre-revolutionary times. However, the most striking example of the use of this method in practice was the so-called GOELRO plan of 1921 (the all-Union plan for electrification). It was based on the principle of the unity of the administrative and economic division of the state.

Modern geographic zoning provides for the allocation of twelve physical and geographical countries within Russia. Each of them is distinguished by a homogeneous relief, similar climatic and biogeographic features. These countries are:

Russian plain.
Caucasus.
Ural.
Fennoscandia.
Island Arctic.
Western Siberia.
Central Siberia.
North-East Siberia.
Koryak-Kamchatka-Kuril country.
Baikal country.
Altai-Sayan country.
Amuro-Sakhalin country.

The modern economic zoning of the country also provides for the division of the territory of Russia into 12 economic regions. They all differ in size and specialization. Let's list all these areas:

Central.
Central Black Earth.
Northern.
Northwestern.
North Caucasian.
East Siberian.
West Siberian.
Far Eastern.
Volzhsky.
Uralsky.
Volgo-Vyatsky.
Kaliningrad.

Conclusion

What is zoning? This is the process of dividing a locality into parts (areas), distinguished by certain features. Based on the goals and objectives, this process can be cognitive or constructive. Based on the internal content, it is customary to distinguish geographic, economic, demographic, climatic zoning and its other types.