Behavior Any activity in which we engage, from gross motor activity to thinking.

Brief explanatory psychological and psychiatric dictionary. Ed. igisheva. 2008.

Behavior

Inherent in living beings with the environment, mediated by their external (motor) and internal (mental) activity. The term "P." applicable both to individuals, individuals, and to their aggregates (P. biological species, social group ). The first attempts to scientifically understand P. arose on the basis of mechanistic determinism, in the categories of which P. was interpreted according to the type of interaction of physical bodies. The doctrine of evolution in biology (C. Darwin) made it possible to explain the expediency of P. in living beings, stimulating the development of objective methods for studying P. in the unity of its external and internal manifestations. On the basis of biological determinism, the doctrine of higher nervous activity animals, which I.P. Pavlov considered to be synonymous with P. contrasted P. with consciousness, believing that the subject of psychology is only P., which was reduced to a set of motor reactions to external stimuli. Subsequently, supporters of behaviorism made adjustments to this scheme (see) The uniqueness of an individual’s behavior depends on the nature of his relationships with the groups of which he is a member, on group norms, value orientations, role prescriptions (see). P.’s inadequacy (expressed, in particular, in a person’s overestimation of his capabilities, splitting of verbal and real plans, weakening of criticality when monitoring the implementation of the P. program) negatively affects interpersonal relationships.

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: “PHOENIX”. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

Behavior

The interaction with the environment inherent in living beings, mediated by their external (motor) and internal (mental) activity; goal-oriented activity of a living organism that serves to establish contact with the outside world. The term is applicable both to individuals, individuals, and to their aggregates (behavior of a biological species, social group). Behavior is based on the needs of the body, over which executive actions are built to satisfy them. The genesis of forms of behavior is due to the complication of environmental conditions, in particular the transition from a homogeneous environment to an objective one, and then to a social one. Behavioral facts include:

1 ) all external manifestations of physiological processes associated with the state, activity and communication of people - posture, facial expressions, intonation, etc.;

2 ) individual movements and gestures;

3 ) actions as larger acts of behavior that have a certain meaning;

4 ) actions - even larger acts, usually having public, social significance and associated with norms of behavior, relationships, self-esteem, etc.

The higher one climbs the evolutionary ladder, the more stereotypical behavior is replaced by acquired behavior. For understanding the biological prehistory of specifically human forms of behavior it is extremely important; information about the instincts of animals is important, as well as about the language and communication of animals and their use of tools.

According to S. L. Rubinstein, behavior is a special form of activity: it becomes precisely behavior when the motivation for action moves from the objective plane to the plane of personal-social relations (both of these plans are inseparable: personal-social relations are realized through objective ones). Human behavior has natural prerequisites, but it is based on socially determined activity, mediated by language and other sign-semantic systems, the typical form of which is labor, and the attribute is communication.

The uniqueness of an individual's behavior depends on the nature of his relationships with the groups of which he is a member; from group norms, value orientations, role prescriptions. Inappropriate behavior negatively affects interpersonal relationships; it is expressed, in particular, in an individual’s overestimation of his capabilities, the splitting of verbal and real plans, and the weakening of criticality when monitoring the implementation of behavior programs. The main thing in behavior is the attitude towards moral standards. The unit of behavior analysis is the action.

Dictionary practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998.

Specificity.

Behavior is based on the needs of the animal organism, over which executive actions are built to satisfy them. The genesis of forms of behavior is due to the complication of environmental conditions, in particular the transition from a homogeneous to an objective, and then social environment.

Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.

BEHAVIOR

(English) behavior,behavior) - externally observable motor activity of living beings, including moments of immobility, the executive link of the highest level of interaction of the whole organism with the environment.

P. is a purposeful system of sequentially executed actions, which carry out practical contact of the organism with the surrounding conditions, mediate the relationship of living beings to those properties of the environment on which the preservation and development of their life depends, preparing satisfaction needs organism, ensuring the achievement of certain goals.

P.'s source is the needs of a living being. P. is carried out as a unity of mental - incentive, regulatory, reflective links (reflecting the conditions in which the objects of needs and drives beings) and executive, external actions that bring the organism closer or further away from certain objects, as well as transforming them.

Changes in P. in the course of phylogenesis are determined by the complication of the conditions of existence of living beings, their transition from a homogeneous to an objective, and then social environment. The general laws of P. are the laws of analytical-synthetic reflex activity of living beings, based on the physiological laws of work brain, but not reducible to them.

Human behavior is always socially conditioned and acquires the characteristics of conscious, collective, goal-setting, voluntary and creative activities.

At the level of socially determined human activity, the term “P.” also denotes a person’s actions in relation to society, other people and the objective world, considered from the perspective of their regulation by social norms of morality and law. In this sense, it is said, for example, about highly moral, criminal and frivolous P. Units of P. are actions, in which the position of the individual and his moral convictions are formed and at the same time expressed. (V.P. Zinchenko.)

Large psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

Behavior

   BEHAVIOR (With. 453) - a set of real actions, external manifestations of the vital activity of living beings, including humans. In everyday speech, a narrower interpretation of behavior as a person’s compliance is traditionally accepted generally accepted rules relationships and fulfillment certain forms actions (educational, professional, etc.). Accordingly, behavior is defined in the evaluation criteria as exemplary, satisfactory, or unsatisfactory. This interpretation, however, does not exhaust the entire variety of forms of behavior and does not allow us to consider this phenomenon comprehensively.

The behavior of any living creature is a continuous process of adaptation to constantly changing conditions external environment. For all animals, the environment acts as a set biological factors. Animal behavior is inherently reactive, that is, it is a complex of reactions to environmental stimuli. It is in this aspect that behavior is considered within the framework of behaviorism. Proponents of this trend (J. Watson, B.F. Skinner, etc.) extended ideas based on the study of animal behavior to human activity. This approach drew sharp criticism from many scientists who argued the inconsistency of biologizing human behavior. Indeed, many human actions are dictated by the need to respond to the demands of the external environment. But human behavior does not end there. The simplest actions are determined by external motivations, that is, human behavior in its individual manifestations can be reactive. But many more complex actions are determined by a person’s inner motivations, and thus his behavior appears as a genuine activity. The main content of animal behavior is adaptation to the environment. A person turns out to be able to go beyond the limits of a reactive device. Higher manifestations his behavior is in the nature of activity. From a scientific and methodological point of view, activity is a specifically human category. Its originality lies in the fact that it is aimed both at adapting to external conditions and (at more high level) to adapt environmental conditions to the needs of the person himself. This achieves a truly active, rather than reactive, nature of human behavior.

At the early stages of development, the child's behavior is entirely dictated by environmental stimuli. (This is why the pedagogical recommendations of behaviorists turn out to be very effective for children younger age; subsequently, their role decreases.) Psychologists define the behavior of a child in the first years of life as field behavior, that is, conditioned by the external field - the material environment that consistently appears before the child. If mental development disturbed, as happens with various mental illnesses and anomalies (for example, schizophrenia, autism, etc.), behavior and subsequently remains spontaneous and involuntary for a long time. For example, by placing toys in the room accordingly, you can accurately predict the sequence of actions of a child suffering from autism when he enters this room. Normal mental development involves the gradual formation of voluntary regulation of behavior, when the child’s own impulses acquire an increasingly greater role (behavior becomes “field independent”). Behavior gradually loses its spontaneous, impulsive character and is increasingly mediated by consciously set goals.

A person’s behavior is an external expression of his inner world, the entire system of his life attitudes, values, and ideals. Moreover, a person’s knowledge of certain norms and rules is not enough to regulate his behavior if they are not consciously learned by him and accepted as his own beliefs. Only when embodied in real behavior, internal installations acquire the property of beliefs.

The behavior of each person reflects his individual psychological characteristics: the degree of emotional stability, character traits, inclinations, etc. Individual individual traits can leave a negative imprint on behavior. For example, emotional instability combined with a learned tendency to act violently may manifest itself in aggressive behavior.

Popular psychological encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo. S.S. Stepanov. 2005.

Behavior

A general term that describes any response in the body that can be measured. Debate about what can and cannot be considered behaviorism has continued since the advent of behaviorism, where the emphasis is only on overt and observable reactions. Over the years, the meaning of the term has expanded and it is now used to refer to a range of reactions that are not directly observable. For example, verbal memory or problem-solving may be considered a type of behavior, although the researcher draws conclusions based on the end result rather than observing the process.

Psychology. AND I. Dictionary reference / Transl. from English K. S. Tkachenko. - M.: FAIR PRESS. Mike Cordwell. 2000.

Synonyms:

See what “behavior” is in other dictionaries:

BEHAVIOR- the ability of animals to change their actions, to respond to internal influences. and ext. factors. P. includes processes with the help of which the animal senses the external environment. the world and the state of one’s body and reacts to them. P. is considered in various... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

BEHAVIOR- the process of interaction of living beings with the environment. P. arises at a high level of organization of matter, when its living structural formations acquire the ability to perceive, store and transform information using it... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

BEHAVIOR- until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. was understood almost exclusively as a commonly used term in the field of practical pedagogy, which included public assessment (“good”, “bad” P.) of the moral level of the student in ... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

BEHAVIOR- BEHAVIOR, behavior, many. no, cf. A set of actions and actions, a way of life. Impeccable behavior. Line of conduct. || Course of action. “My behavior, I know, is unforgivably rude.” A. Turgenev. || Compliance established rules… … Dictionary Ushakova

behavior- Cm … Synonym dictionary

Human behavior is personally oriented or socially meaningful actions, the source of which is himself. Behavioral psychology - branch psychological science, studying behavior, its determinants, factors influencing it, etc.

Behavior is classified according to many parameters, including classifications that vary among different researchers. So, they distinguish:

• internal and external;
• congenital and acquired;
• intentional and unintentional;
• conscious and unconscious, etc.

The largest number of species are distinguished in social behavior.

Human social behavior

It represents an action or combination of actions among and about people. Moreover, such actions must be socially significant - have meaning for others.

Social behavior can be deviant (deviant) and delinquent (harmful to others), adequate or inadequate to the situation and prevailing circumstances, conflictual and conformist, etc.

In everyday communication and interaction it has great importance intentional and unintentional behavior. If a person committed a certain act without malicious intent, this does not exempt him from responsibility, but somewhat mitigates the punishment. And if the behavior served as a response (for example, a provocation to a conflict), responsibility is somewhat reduced.

Other equally important varieties are conscious and unconscious behavior. Although they can easily be confused with intentional and unintentional, they are different concepts. Unconscious behavior is an action, the motive and execution of which is not recognized by the person. As a rule, it goes unnoticed by the actor himself, but is perfectly interpreted by those around him.

Human behavior for the most part represents a social aspect, but there is also an individual aspect - it is carried out in the paradigm of “I and objects”. It is also classified into erroneous and correct, adequate and inadequate, etc.

Other classifications

According to other parameters, behavior is divided into:

• congenital;
• acquired;
• creative.

In the first case, actions that are genetically programmed are considered behavior. They also include those learned in the first hours of life.

In the second case, behavior is formed as a result of learning and upbringing. A lot of controversy arises here, since a detailed analysis of many actions clearly demonstrates that they are also genetically programmed, and training acts only as a kind of catalyst for the maturation of readiness to perform them.

Speech, lexical norms, rules of behavior, foundations, attitudes, etc. are also part of acquired behavior. A separate category is learned behavior – a model of behavior formed based on the example of other significant adults. In some cases, it is also considered phobic reactions, for example, in cases where the child has not encountered heights, but has developed acrophobia.

Creative behavior is actions created by the person himself. It represents a constructive, creative action.

Exists a large number of factors influencing human behavior, but this issue is the most controversial in behavioral psychology. Currently, there are several basic concepts that explain human behavior.

1. Personality trait theory. According to this direction, human behavior is determined (predetermined) by individual traits. According to some researchers, a person can have from 2 to 10 basic character traits, which determine the general “course” of his actions.

2.Behaviorist theory. It defines a behavioral act as a response to a stimulus. Behavior is a set of emotional, motor, speech reactions formed in response to the influence of the external environment.

At birth, a person already has a certain repertoire of genetic reactions. During life, the impact of a stimulus provokes the creation of new reactions based on this repertoire; unconditioned stimuli are combined with conditioned ones, forming complex systems.

3. Second theory gave rise to the creation of social learning theory. According to it, human behavior is determined by roles and patterns. They, in turn, are formed in the process of observing social patterns. Personality is a product of the interaction of “I” and the environment, therefore behavior is influenced by the person’s environment, significant adults, movie characters, teachers, comrades, etc. This theory explains well the variability of behavioral acts depending on circumstances, but pays little attention to personal qualities as a factor in determining behavior patterns.

4. Psychoanalytic theory. It represents the greatest opposite of behaviorism and states: behavior is the result of resolving intrapersonal conflict. It arises between three structures of the psyche: Id (It - subconscious, instinct), Ego (I, personality) and SuperEgo (society, conscience, norms, foundations). The leading role belongs to the Id, it is this that motivates action, and behavior is defined as a set of behavioral acts in response to the impulses of the Id. Conflicting aspirations are unconscious and therefore must be recognized as internal conflicts and analyzed accordingly.

5. Cognitive theory. Behavior according to it is not a mechanical response to a stimulus, but the result of interpretation specific situation, which is implemented using existing knowledge and experience. Behavioral actions depend, first of all, on a person’s own assessment of circumstances, therefore the subjects of study should be: obtaining information, explaining it, creating and recognizing an image, imagination, speech, etc.

6.Gestalt. According to this theory, a person perceives the world in the form of holistic images, while interacting with surrounding reality, he highlights the most relevant integrity here and now. Behavior is a manifestation of being in the form of a single image. That is why the “here and now” characteristic is primary in the interpretation of certain human actions.

7. Group dynamics theory. Human behavior directly depends on collective activity, since he is not only a participant in the group, but also its product. This assumption “works” only in relation to behavior in a group, more often in a work team.

Sociological theories are a separate category, since they distinguish a fairly large number of them. In addition, they consider the behavior of an individual exclusively in a group or society.

Sociological theories

Typicality theory. Behavior is determined by the presence of typical properties, which, in turn, are formed due to belonging to a category (cultural, national, professional, etc.)

Theory of social action. Behavior is a consequence of actions taking into account the interests, needs, and perceptions of other participants.

Institutional. Behavior is the role acquired by the individual, namely the compliance of actions within its framework with norms.

Functional. Behavior is the performance of a certain function established for the purpose of normal functioning of the group.

Interactionism. Behavior is the interaction between participants structural divisions, small groups within a large one.

Theory of social conflict. Behavior is a consequence of a clash of interests of group members, as well as public positions and opinions.

Social exchange theory. Behavior is based on a rational, mutually beneficial exchange of goods, activities, and rewards for them.

Phenomenological approach. The main aspect of this theory is the concept of the everyday world. It is shared by many people in the process of life, however, it does not exclude private, biographical moments. There are face-to-face or impersonal relationships in the world, and this determines human behavior.

We have described only the main generally accepted theories, each of which determines human behavior in a certain way. It should be understood that the factors influencing human behavior at any given moment and under certain circumstances are diverse, and each of them requires consideration.

The article was prepared by psychologist Margarita Vladimirovna Poltoranina

Under behavior refers to the observable activity of all living beings. A person’s behavior is an external manifestation of his activity, his relationship to society and other people, viewed from the perspective of morality and law. There is a concept of deviant behavior, that is, one that does not correspond to accepted norms in society.

Behavior is also understood as a set of actions - conscious actions aimed at achieving certain goals. Through action, a person asserts himself as a person. An action is always personally colored; it necessarily contains an assessment of it by the individual himself. We can say that an action reveals a person’s moral attitude, his attitude towards the world, people, and loved ones.

Human behavior is determined by both conscious and unconscious factors.

First of all, we are guided by our innate instincts. Not only humans, but all inhabitants of the living world have instincts. For example, when we approach the edge of a cliff, it is as if something is holding us on a certain edge, beyond which we do not cross; we do not go deep into an unfamiliar forest; We move very carefully, by touch, in the dark. We are protected by the so-called self-preservation instinct - a built-in defense mechanism. A person has not yet had time to comprehend the danger, mentally calculate his actions and their consequences, but this instinct has already become active and determined the necessary behavior. Instincts are also called satisfaction of hunger and sexual desire. The great life-giving instinct is motherhood, which all living beings possess. A mother cat will never abandon her kitten, a bird will never abandon her chicks (with the exception of the cuckoo), all parents take care of their young and would rather die themselves than abandon their children in trouble.

In addition to instincts, a person has emotions. Scientists understand the concept of “emotions” as experiencing the meaning of life phenomena and situations, determined by human needs. Emotions are sadness and joy, boredom and disappointment, irritation and pleasure. Emotions are divided into positive and negative. Positive ones are, for example, joy. We experience it when we meet good friends, when we successfully complete an important task. We rejoice when the sun is shining, the warm sea rolls its blue waves towards us, when the birds sing, beautiful music sounds. Doctors say that positive emotions capable of curing a person from many diseases. Negative emotions include irritation, sadness, and disappointment.

Along with emotions, human nature contains feelings. This is the strongest and most pronounced form of experience associated with those people, events and objects that for this person are especially significant. We hear about feelings from the very early age. The child experiences feelings of hunger, fear, affection, gratitude. Later, many other feelings appear that cannot be fully listed. Feelings include, for example, friendship, love, respect, pain, fear, anger, anger, envy, hatred. Love and friendship make life more interesting and multifaceted. They say that the better you treat another person, the more good you do to him. It is by giving away part of himself, his soul, that a person himself becomes richer. The feeling of love is the most fruitful of all human feelings.

Our feelings can be divided into practical (responsible attitude to work and study, passion for sports exercises), aesthetic (understanding of beauty, proportionality, combination), intellectual (desire for self-improvement, love of truth) and moral (love, friendship, gratitude, envy, jealousy, hatred). Some of these feelings may be stable, while others arise due to an unexpected situation. Of course, a person cannot be responsible for all the feelings that momentarily arise in him (for example, unexpectedly, even against his will, you can feel envy of your classmate or girlfriend), but he must control the most stable of them.

Often, opposite feelings can coexist in a person - hatred and love, despair and hope, fear and courage, uncertainty and energy. Everyone has the right to choose from them and responsibility for this choice falls on the person himself. The one who chooses hatred in the future can become a murderer, and the one who chooses fear can become a coward. Thus, our feelings largely determine our actions and actions.

Since ancient times, many people have believed that love is the basis of this choice. It’s not for nothing that this word has so many meanings - we are talking about love for certain food, for entertainment, for sports, for work, for a car, for weapons, for a vegetable garden, for a certain color, to clothes, to parents, to the people around us, to parents, to the most dear person in the world, to your city, to your republic, to your country, to all humanity, to nature, and so on ad infinitum. Love or dislike often explains our behavior, words, mood, thoughts and views.

How does love arise? Why do people love something but are indifferent to something else? Why do we choose the only one out of thousands of other people to love? What lies at the basis of love for some school subjects, indifference to others and repulsion from others?

Everyone has their own answer to these questions. But I still wonder what they thought about this before.

For many of us, the problem of love is primarily a question of how to be loved, and not the desire to love ourselves. In addition, most modern people the ability to inspire love is understood as a certain mixture of charm and sexual attractiveness. Attractive girl for a man or Attractive man for a woman - a thing that they want to get. “Attractive” usually means a set of pleasant qualities that are in great demand and fashionable in this era. There were periods in human history when drinking and smoking women, fragile men, blondes, bearded boys, etc. were considered attractive.

Love- effective force in man, the force that destroys the barrier between man and his fellows, uniting him with others; love helps a person overcome the feeling of loneliness and at the same time allows him to remain himself and maintain his integrity.

Love can be accompanied by envy, jealousy, ambition, greed, but these passions cannot replace true love, which shows human strength and is possible only in conditions of freedom and never due to coercion. Love implies caring (interest in the lives and well-being of those we love), responsibility (attention to the expressed or unexpressed needs of another person), respect (the ability to see another person as he is, to recognize his individuality), knowledge (the ability to see the position the other and his own interests).

Love is one of the main mysteries of human life, which is solved differently in different eras and by different people. We can identify four main problems of understanding love: “What is natural in love and what is not?”, “How in love do the desires for pleasure and pleasure correlate with sublime feelings and goals (improvement, ideal relationship, sacrifices to another or to God)?”, “What is the connection between sexual desire and falling in love?”, “Does love presuppose marriage and family or not?” Thinkers have given different answers to them. Each of you may have your own opinion on this matter.

However, we all agree that human life becomes insipid and meaningless without love, which requires not only mental strength, but also a certain talent. The Dagestan poet Rasul Gamzatov states: “To love beautifully also requires talent.”

One of the most powerful human feelings, which can suppress almost all others, including sometimes love, is fear. A person gripped by fear loses the ability to think normally and navigate environment, he is capable of giving in to panic and becoming easily controlled. When residential buildings with sleeping people were blown up in Moscow in September 1999, Muscovites were seized with fear for some time, they were afraid to sleep in own home. After the explosions in the Okhotny Ryad shopping complex and in the passage on Pushkinskaya Square, people began to be afraid to go down into the passages. After terrorists detonated bombs in a subway car at the Avtozavodskaya station and in front of the entrance to the Rizhskaya metro station, Muscovites for a long time were still afraid to go down to the subway and use the subway.

Danish philosopher S. Kierkegaard classifies the feeling of fear as a negative emotion. There are two concepts of fear: fear of a specific danger and unaccountable melancholy, characteristic of a person. Fear is akin to the instinct of self-preservation. After all, a completely fearless person is capable of imprudent actions that could lead to danger for other people. Experienced intelligence officers say that fear in many cases helps them avoid failure in their work. Moderate feeling of fear, according to ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, is one of the main virtues; it makes a person careful and careful in his actions.

It is impossible to unequivocally evaluate such a feeling as anger. When we are faced with blatant manifestations of human meanness, envy, cruelty, we experience an acute rejection of this. This anger can protect not only ourselves, but also the people around us from evil, and can prevent disaster.

Give examples from history when people's anger had positive consequences and its manifestation was the punishment of evil. Do you think such anger can be called noble? Do you know examples where anger has become destructive, destructive for the person himself and many other people? To find similar examples, consult historical and fiction literature.

The highest embodiment of human essence is thought. Thought contains a person’s understanding of the world, other people and himself. With the help of thought, a person determines the structure of the world around him, forms ideas about the past, present and future, about his purpose, about life and death, about how the world and human society develop. The thought is fruitful. It materializes and is embodied in objects, structures, mechanisms, and works of art invented by man. A. S. Pushkin wrote: “What constitutes the greatness of a person if not thought?”

If we ask ourselves what largely determines a person’s behavior in the world around him: instincts, emotions, feelings or thoughts, then we probably won’t find a definite answer. Each thinker will answer in his own way. Some will say that everything is based on primitive, simple animal instincts, such as hunger and sexual desire. No need to idealize human nature. If you give the crowd “bread and circuses,” you can do whatever you want with it. If instincts are satisfied, a person can be “led on a string.” S. Freud, for example, believed that the basis of all human actions is sexual desire, an unsatisfied sexual instinct. If this instinct does not find a normal outlet, its transformation - sublimation - into something else occurs. This could be creating a beautiful work of art, such as a painting or a poem, or it could be inciting a terrible war or committing a crime. Many historians explained wars of conquest and migrations of peoples by the search for new sources of food. It was hunger, in their opinion, that was the main driving force historical development.

Others, on the contrary, will say that the main thing in a person is emotions and feelings. The world rests on love and on love. As Christian doctrine says, “God is love.” Still others will defend the conclusion that the main thing in a person is the rational principle, thought. A person calculates everything, analyzes it and, based on this, decides what to do.

Human behavior manifests itself only in relationships with other people. Of course, any person thinks first of all about himself and his interests; he is by nature an egoist. And there is nothing shameful in this, because even in Holy Scripture It is said: “Love your neighbor as yourself.” But selfishness comes in different forms. There is a so-called “reasonable egoism” when a person understands that he can achieve his goals and objectives only in agreement with other people, because only by cooperating, helping others, will you achieve what you want. However, there are two extreme positions, which scientists call altruism and egocentrism.

Altruism is a moral principle that consists of selfless service to other people, a willingness to sacrifice personal interests for their benefit. In the surrounding life, manifestations of altruism include such phenomena as mercy, charity, and philanthropy. The main principle of altruism is helping without expectation of reward or encouragement. In relationships between people, there are also cases of self-sacrifice, when a person completely renounces his desires, devoting himself entirely to another. Such sacrificial love often occurs among parents for their children.

Egocentrism, on the contrary, is a life principle and moral quality, expressed in the fact that a person is guided in his behavior only by his own interests, regardless of the interests of others. The roots of egocentrism lie in a person’s conviction in his own exclusivity and in the fact that other people - parents, friends, teachers - serve only to fulfill all his whims. Psychologists believe that egocentrism is characteristic of early childhood, but with proper upbringing it can be overcome by the age of 12–14.

Probably, correct behavior should be based on a person’s understanding of his interests, with mandatory respect for the interests of other people. Otherwise, you cannot avoid mistakes and blows of fate.

set of real actions, ext. manifestations of the vital activity of living beings, including humans. In everyday speech and ped. In practice, a narrower interpretation of P. is traditionally accepted as a person’s compliance with generally accepted rules of relationships and the performance of certain forms of actions (educational, professional, etc.). Accordingly, performance is defined in the evaluation criteria as exemplary, satisfactory, or unsatisfactory. This interpretation, however, does not exhaust the entire variety of P. forms and does not allow us to consider this phenomenon comprehensively.

P. of any living creature is a continuous process of adaptation to constantly changing external conditions. environment. For all animals, the environment acts as a set of biol. factors. Animal nutrition is inherently reactive, i.e. represents a complex of reactions to environmental stimuli. It is in this aspect that P. is considered within the framework of behaviorism. Its supporters (J. Watson, B. Skinner, and others) extended ideas based on the study of animal behavior to human activity. This approach has drawn sharp criticism from many. scientists who proved the inconsistency of human biologization. Indeed, many human actions are dictated by the need to respond to external demands. environment. But human P. is not limited to this. The simplest actions are determined by external factors. motives, i.e. P. of a person in his departments. manifestations may be reactive. But many more complex actions are determined internally. the motives of a person, and, thus, his P. acts as a genuine activity. Basic The content of animal life is adaptation to the environment. A person is able to go beyond the reactive adaptation. Higher manifestations of his P. are in the nature of activity. With scientific and methodological point of view, activity is a specifically human category. Its originality lies in the fact that it is aimed at adapting to external conditions. conditions, and (at a higher level) to adapt environmental conditions to the needs of the person himself. This achieves a truly active, rather than reactive, character of human P.

In the early stages of a child’s development, a child’s behavior is entirely dictated by environmental stimuli. (This is why the pedagogical recommendations of behaviorists turn out to be extremely effective for children of younger age; subsequently their role decreases.) Psychologists define the child’s education in the first years of life as field, i.e. conditioned by external field - that material environment that consistently appears before the child. If mental development is disrupted, as happens with diff. psychic diseases and anomalies (for example, schizophrenia, early childhood autism.

etc.), P. and subsequently remains field and involuntary for a long time. For example, by placing toys in the room appropriately, you can accurately predict the sequence of actions of a child suffering from early childhood. autism when he walks into this room. Normal mental development involves the gradual formation of voluntary regulation of P., when the child’s own impulses acquire an increasingly greater role (P. becomes so-called field independent). P. gradually loses its spontaneous, impulsive character and is increasingly mediated by consciously set goals.

The formation of specifically human skills involves the assimilation of certain norms and rules developed by mankind. Just as a child first randomly manipulates any objects, and subsequently masters them practically. purpose and properties, so he assimilates the social nature of his actions, learns to correlate actions and their results. The decisive role here belongs to adults, who initially act externally for the child. regulators of his P., but gradually shift this role to the child himself. As a result, he turns out to be able to independently regulate his actions, i.e. regulation becomes internal. On the part of adults, it is pedagogically unjustifiably rigid to adhere to their directing, regulating function, without taking into account the child’s growing ability to appropriate this function. This kind of appropriation should be carried out gradually, however, if adults deliberately slow down this process, the child may not learn the skills of managing his P for a long time.

The motivating force of human behavior is a system of motives that determine each specific action and its direction. Insufficient formation of the motivational sphere or its distortion, which arose as a result of unfavorable conditions for the formation of personality, leads to violations of P., which in ped. practice, along with insufficient voluntary regulation, are assessed as unsatisfactory P. For example, the activity of ml. schoolchildren, especially first-graders, are determined by a premium. gaming motives. Only gradually, as a result of purposeful formation, does the formation of the actual teaching occur. motivation.

P. of a person acts externally. expression of his inner the world, the entire system of its life attitudes, values, ideals. Moreover, a person’s knowledge of certain norms and rules is not enough to regulate his behavior if they are not consciously learned by him and accepted as his own beliefs. Only having embodied in the real P., internal. attitudes acquire the property of beliefs. Therefore, it is pedagogically advisable to form internal activity regulators through practical implementation of a certain P.

Each person's personality is reflected in his individual psychology. features: degree of emotional stability, character traits, inclinations, etc. Dept. individual traits can leave a negative imprint on P. For example, emotional imbalance in combination with an acquired tendency to violent actions can manifest itself in aggressive behavior. The teacher’s task is to correct unwanted behavior, taking into account the peculiarities of internal formation. the world of a particular child, his individual traits.

Many deviations in the P. of children are a manifestation of emotional distress, internal. conflicts. Corrective influences should be aimed at mitigating psychol. imbalance, elimination of painful experiences that generate negative P.

Lit. Leontiev A. N., Activity. Consciousness. Personality, M., 1975; Aseev V.G., Motivation of behavior and personality formation, M., 1976; Vygotsky L. S., L u p and I A. R., Etudes on the history of behavior, M; see also lit. at st. Activities, Motives. P. S. Ariskin.

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Unfortunately, we are not always taught this at school. But many people are interested in the rules of behavior among friends and in the company of unfamiliar people. How to make a culture of etiquette a part of your life and become a welcome member of any company?

Norms and rules of behavior in society apply to all forms of human interaction with the outside world. Well-mannered behavior implies that a person reacts correctly to any events and does not respond with outbursts of anger to negativity.

The formation of personality begins in childhood, so most of the responsibility for upbringing lies with the parents. It is adults who must instill in the child love for loved ones, respect for others and, naturally, the rules of good manners. And you need to do this not only with words, but also with your own example.

The next stage of personality development is self-education. Persistent and purposeful movement along this path forms character, allows you to consciously develop the most valuable human qualities and learn the rules of behavior accepted in society. There should be no excuses here, because today there are all the necessary resources for self-education - a wide network of libraries, theaters, television, the Internet. The main thing is not to absorb the entire flow of information, but to learn to select the most valuable grains of truth.

To develop a culture of behavior, focus on aesthetic self-education. It develops a sense of beauty, teaches you to correctly understand and perceive the beauty of nature and art, and enjoy communication in a positive way. But it’s worth making a reservation: simply knowing and applying the rules of behavior accepted in our society is not enough. Lies and pretense are unacceptable here - in the heart of a truly educated person there is only place for natural politeness, sensitivity and tact.

Listen first, then speak. Do not interrupt your interlocutor - you will have time to express your point of view later.

Basic norms and rules of behavior in society

Kindness and consideration for others are the most important rules social behavior. But the list of good manners is quite extensive. Let's consider the main ones:

1. Think not about yourself, but about others. People around us prioritize sensitivity over selfishness.
2. Show hospitality and friendliness. If you invite guests, treat them as your closest people.
3. Be polite in your interactions. Always say hello and farewell words, thank you for the gifts and services provided not only in word, but also in deed. A letter of gratitude, although it seems like a relic of the past, will be appropriate and pleasant for the recipient.
4. Avoid bragging. Let others judge you by your actions.
5. Listen first, then speak. Do not interrupt your interlocutor - you will have time to express your point of view later.
6. Don't point your finger at people or stare with piercing eyes. This confuses them, especially disabled people.
7. Don't violate other people's personal space - for example, don't get too close to unfamiliar people and wear a stuffy perfume. Never smoke in public without asking permission from your interlocutors, especially in the presence of non-smokers - no one likes it.
8. Avoid criticism and complaints. Man with good manners tries not to offend people with negative statements and does not complain about fate.
9. Stay calm in all situations. Anger not only leads to unnecessary conflicts with others, but also brings dissonance into your own inner world. Control your speech so as not to raise your voice, even if you start to get nervous.
10. Be punctual. Being late shows that you don't know how to plan your day and don't value other people's time.
11. Keep your word. An unfulfilled promise can lead to real tragedy in the life of the person you hope for.
12. Repay your debts on time. Failure to comply with this rule often becomes the reason not only for the cessation of friendship and good relationships, but also for serious enmity.

In business it is not enough just to be a well-mannered person, but by following the rules business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

Correct behavior in the company of business people

In the business environment, as well as in social life, there is a certain etiquette. It largely repeats the basic rules of behavior of people in society, but it also has its own nuances. Knowing the norms of business etiquette, you will receive recognition in the world successful people, you can quickly build a career or advance own company to a leading market position. Of course, in business it is not enough to just be a well-mannered person, but by following the rules of business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

• Punctuality. One of the fundamental tenets of the business world is “time is money.” You can negotiate brilliantly, present presentations charismatically, manage staff professionally, but... “stealing” someone else’s time by being constantly late negates the entire effect of positive qualities. An unpunctual person does not inspire trust and respect and is unlikely to find permanent partners among successful large companies. Correct behavior in society business people requires clear planning of the working day and complete control over the course of events.
• Dress code. Appearance - business card a person that tells about his character and inner world more than any words. A provocative appearance shows protest against the laws and foundations of society, and this is not accepted in the business world. But a strict business suit, neat hairstyle and harmoniously selected accessories indicate that a person is ready to obey universal rules and work in a single team.
• Grammatically correct speech. Mumbling under your breath or using slang words will ruin even the most correct appearance. If you do not have the innate gift of expressing thoughts clearly, work in this direction. Speech to the point, without unnecessary lyrical digressions, will help you find mutual language with colleagues and clients and will become good help for moving up the career ladder.
• Maintaining trade secrets. In life they don’t like talkers and gossips, and in the business world they don’t like disloyal employees. Disclosure of company secrets can not only cause dismissal, but also cause difficulties with subsequent employment - the spy immediately ends up on the secret “black list” of unreliable employees.

• Respect. A professional must show courtesy to his partners, clients and colleagues. The ability to listen to other people's arguments without argument or criticism and to discuss disagreements in a constructive and positive way is an invaluable quality of a business person.
• Mutual assistance. You need to help your colleagues in word and deed, especially those who have recently worked with you. In most cases, good comes back to us a hundredfold.
• Responsibility. Everyone knows that at work you need to work. However, many employees spend work time for chatter and personal matters. This is direct irresponsibility towards common cause. It’s not so bad if it only affects the idlers themselves. But the failure of an important project can leave the company without profit and employees without wages.
• Telephone etiquette. Business meeting over the phone require a special approach, because at a distance it is impossible to establish visual and emotional contact with the interlocutor. To leave a positive opinion about yourself, do not interrupt your interlocutor, speak clearly and clearly, ask questions only to the point. If speak about telephone etiquette within the company, then try to avoid personal calls during working hours - they distract the attention of other employees and position you as a frivolous talkative person.

It is perhaps impossible to list all the rules and norms of human behavior in society and at work. To be considered a well-mannered person, do not forget the basics of etiquette and show people the same attitude that you want for yourself.