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Sooner or later, every person, at least in certain moments of life, begins to think about the meaning of his existence and spiritual development.
In the spiritual sphere, the most important difference between a person and other living beings is born and realized - spirituality. Man, his spirit and his culture are the crown and goal of the universe ... Man becomes fully human only in the process of culture, and only in it, at its summits, the highest aspirations and possibilities find expression.
The spiritual personality constitutes that invisible core, the core of our "I", on which everything rests. These are inner states of mind that reflect striving for certain spiritual values and ideals. They may not be fully realized, but one way or another, caring for the "soul" is the quintessence of personal development.
The spiritual world of the individual expresses the inextricable connection between the individual and society. A person enters a society that has a certain spiritual foundation, which he will have to master in life. The path of spiritual development of a person is endless ...
Thus, relevance the topic is beyond doubt.
The purpose of this abstract: a comprehensive study and characteristics of the spiritual world of the individual.
The spiritual world of a person, a person's worldview
Various images of things and processes of the natural and social world form the spiritual, ideal world of man. However, for any person and society as a whole, it is more or less ordered, systemic, integral. In the spiritual world, related feelings, ideas, thoughts are grouped, forming ethical, aesthetic, religious, legal and other spheres. A more or less integral and stable system with a person's view of the world or his place in this world constitutes the core of a person's spiritual world - a worldview.
As a developing and historical formation, the spiritual world is dynamic both in the content of various images of things and in the proportions of these spheres. It is known that the moral values of good and evil, the key concepts are beautiful.
Ugly - exists with the advent of a reasonable person.
Whereas political and legal concepts - law, state, revolution, spiritual - are the formation of a relatively recent time.
But the spiritual world of a person and worldview are multifaceted not only in the subject of reflection - in the variety of spheres of human activity, but also in the nature and depth of their ideas in the consciousness of a person.
It is obvious that at the initial stages of the development of man and society, the worldview forms feelings, affects, giving primitive and illusory ideas about the phenomena of the world in mythological images.
In myths, a person animates natural and social phenomena, trying to understand their connections in specific relationships between people and animals. A much later historical form of worldview is religion based on people's belief in the supernatural, absolutely independent of the real world, eternal and omnipotent.
And a very young form of world outlook appears philosophy - the world outlook, a highly abstract, conceptual reflection of all the general, the most general laws of reality.
It cannot be assumed that the forms of worldview clearly replace each other with the development of history and the spiritual world of a person. For example, the appearance of philosophy two or three thousand years ago did not at all mean that all mankind had mastered the philosophical worldview - the overwhelming majority of people were in captivity of the mythological and religious worldview.
And today, in the twenty-first century, a developed worldview is the property of a relatively small part of people.
The mass consciousness of dependence on the historical, economic, political circumstances of a particular society consists of a worldview, worldview, worldview, which has a distant relationship to a developed worldview, to a harmonious system of philosophical and scientific concepts.
The global problem of our time has changed the structure of the worldview of modern man - anthropocentrism, the refraction of all by a person's gaze through the prism of his interests, utilitarianism, are replaced by new values that contribute, first of all, to the preservation of nature.
Environmental culture and bioethics are becoming increasingly important in the content of the worldview.
Values, main types of life strategies in modern society. A strategy of well-being, success and self-realization.
A person evaluates the facts of his life according to their significance, realizes value attitudes towards the world. The specificity of a person is precisely in the value attitude towards the world. A value is for a person everything that has a certain significance for him, personal or social meaning. We deal with value when it comes to something that is dear, holy, preferable, dear, perfect, when we praise and scold something, admit and deny something, admire something and resent something.
Despite the fact that there is no device that would measure values, they are measured quite successfully.
Morality is a historically developed system of written laws, the main value form of social consciousness, which reflects generally accepted standards and assessment of human actions.
Morality is manifested in the attitude of a person to his family, to his people, homeland, to other nations. It also extends to the relationship of the individual to himself. If a person is self-torturing or commits suicide, society condemns him: a person is a public domain. And society requires a person to treat himself in accordance with the interests of society:
Kept his health;
Worked;
He behaved with dignity.
Over the millennia, universal human values have been developed - family, home, education, good work, friends and social circle, a peaceful life, a just society, love for one's neighbor, etc.
Among the various forms of the human psyche, the will, the very regulation of the subject of his activity, manifesting as purposefulness, decisiveness, self-control, is of paramount importance.
In the world of human value orientations, faith, the act of accepting something as value-positive, is of lasting importance. Faith as a value phenomenon has its own gradations; we find the ideal as its highest mark.
A person, by virtue of his imagination, creates an image of the desired future. He carries out goal-setting. Purpose is anticipation of the outcome of social action. The ideal is the highest value and the corresponding goal.
Along with positive values, there are, of course, their antipodes: misanthropy, money-grubbing, the cult of strength, permissiveness.
The world of values for each individual is specific, which explains the diversity of people's life strategies, especially diverse life guidelines in modern society. But they can be grouped into three types: strategies for well-being, success and self-realization.
All three values are worthy of the goals of people, they can be combined in one life destiny. But more often than not, one of them prevails, attracts and captivates more than others.
The emphasis on family comfort, a solid, materially secure life gives the ideal, perhaps, of the overwhelming majority of our contemporaries - a strategy of well-being. There are many supporters of the strategy of success - those who prefer power, fame, public life in plain sight.
There are significantly fewer adherents of the strategy of self-realization - those who "listen" to themselves, are attentive and respectful of their abilities, and see the meaning of life in their implementation.
At the same time, the fate of a person can develop in different ways - an imperceptible, ordinary life without flashy achievements and recognitions, material acquisitions, although all this is not excluded - it is important that this strategy is disinterested ...
Conclusion
The spiritual life of a person and society was formed in the process of a long historical development, based on the history of both one's own country and the historical experience of other countries and associations. After all, a person does not just adapt to external conditions, but creates new things: first in his thinking and imagination, and then in reality. Before committing any action, you need to correctly weigh its consequences and the purpose for which it is performed.
Observing the actions and behavior of other people, a person learns to analyze the situation, build his point of view and form his own opinion. Our inner world is a set of knowledge, assessments, values and beliefs with which we express our attitude to the environment.
The most important component of consciousness and psychology of an individual is self-awareness - a person's awareness of himself as a person, his moral image and interests, values and motives of behavior. It is through self-awareness that we not only determine our place in the world, but also carry out self-determination and self-esteem.
Spirituality is the value guidelines of an individual and society as a whole. The level of a person's spirituality depends on his upbringing, conscious attitude towards himself and his life, circle of contacts, interests and personal preferences.
Spirituality is not only knowledge, but the method and purpose of their application, and from their correct application, as well as the application of life experience, depends on how satisfied a person will be with his activities.
List of used literature:
1.Bessonov B.N. Civil society and spiritual development of the individual // B.N. Bessonov, V.V. Dubitsky. - Omsk: OSU, 2002 .-- 296 p.
2. Botvinova A.V. Spiritual activity and personality formation // A.V. Botvinov. - M .: Publishing house "Scientific book", 2003. - 235 p.
3.Klimenko A.V. Social studies: Textbook for schoolchildren Art. cl. and those entering universities // A.V. Klimenko, V.V. Romanian. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2004 .-- 480 p.
4. Man and Society: Textbook for Students // L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, A. Yu. Lazebnikova et al. - 3rd ed. finished. - M .: Education, 2001 .-- 400 p.
5. MI Abdulaev, Doctor of Law, Professor. // Social studies for schoolchildren and applicants, g. Moscow, 2004 - 542 p.
The spiritual world of a person (human microcosm) is an integral and at the same time contradictory phenomenon. This is a complex system, the elements of which are:
1) spiritual needs in knowledge of the surrounding world, in self-expression by means of culture, art, other forms of activity, in using the achievements of culture, etc.;
2) knowledge about nature, society, man, himself;
3) beliefs, firm views based on the worldview and determining human activity in all its manifestations and spheres;
4) belief in the truth of those beliefs that a person shares (that is, unsubstantiated recognition of the correctness of this or that position);
5) the ability to certain forms of social activity;
6) feelings and emotions, which express the relationship of a person with nature and society;
7) the goals that a person consciously sets for himself, ideally anticipating the results of his activities;
8) values that underlie a person's relationship to the world and to himself, giving meaning to his activities, reflecting his ideals.
Values are the object of a person's aspirations, they are the most important moment of the meaning of his life. There are social values - social ideals that act as a standard of what should be in various spheres of social life, and personal values - the ideals of an individual, serving as one of the sources of motivation for her behavior. Values are of a historical nature; they change with changes in the content and forms of life. However, modern civilization has approached the possibility of developing universal human values, which are based on humanism. Common human values reflect the spiritual experience of all mankind and create conditions for the realization of common human interests (that is, the universal needs of people inherent in them regardless of national, age, religious, class or other differences). General human values gain priority in relation to group values, ensuring the full existence and development of each individual person.
An important element of the spiritual world of a person is his worldview, which is understood as a set of generalized views on objective reality and a person's place in it, on the attitude of people to the surrounding reality and to themselves, as well as the beliefs, principles, ideas and ideals caused by these views. Individuals, groups of people and society as a whole are the subjects (carriers) of a particular worldview.
The nature of the worldview is determined by the level of the historical development of society, the state of its culture, therefore, the worldview of a medieval person is so different from a modern one. However, the worldview of people, even living in the same society, is different. It depends on their personal qualities, and on the conditions for the formation of their worldview, and on their belonging to various social groups.
There are several types of worldview:
1) everyday (or everyday), which is based on personal experience and is formed under the influence of life circumstances;
2) religious, which is based on the religious views, ideas and beliefs of a person;
3) scientific, which is based on the achievements of modern science and reflects the scientific picture of the world, the results of modern scientific knowledge;
4) humanistic, combining the best aspects of the scientific worldview with ideas about social justice, environmental safety and moral ideal.
The spiritual world of the individual expresses the inextricable connection between the individual and society. A person enters a society that has a certain spiritual foundation, which he will have to master in life.
The spiritual world of man- this is the sphere of his life in which he shows his intellectual and creative abilities . The spiritual world is individual and unique, constantly evolving. It manifests itself in certain types of activity (spiritual production), forms of behavior and a system of values shared by a person.
The spirit world is not isolated. He goes beyond the individual interests of a person, in contact with the spiritual interests of others. Possession of high moral qualities, creativity, the desire to act for the benefit of others is called spirituality. Spirituality is not inherent in all people. A spiritual person has a developed self-awareness, the need for knowledge and self-knowledge, a continuous search for truth.
The criterion of spirituality is the participation of an individual in spiritual activity, which is conventionally divided into spiritual-theoretical and spiritual-practical. Spiritual activity in general is associated with a change in the consciousness of people. Spiritual and theoretical activity is aimed at creating spiritual values - ideas, theories, norms, ideals that can take the form of scientific and artistic works. Spiritual and practical activity associated with the preservation, reproduction and dissemination of created spiritual values.
To characterize spiritual activity, the term is often used spiritual production. Unlike material production, which creates material objects, spiritual production is aimed at achieving the results of mental activity in the form of scientific works and literary works, works of sculpture and architecture, music and painting, films and television programs that include ideas and images created by their authors. and feelings.
Spiritual production is directly related to material production. Spiritual production requires paper, paints, writing instruments, etc. At the same time, the results of spiritual production are often transformed into objects of the material world (for example, the creation of a new engine model based on scientific research).
Spiritual production is the professional activity of such people as artists, painters, sculptors, scientists. But often the people themselves act as the subject of spiritual production, creating fairy tales, songs, epics, and other works of folk art.
Special institutions contribute to the preservation of the results of spiritual production: libraries, museums, art galleries, archives. Getting acquainted with their contents, we acquire new knowledge, satisfy spiritual needs and thereby carry out the process of spiritual consumption.
The spiritual values that a person perceives do not disappear, but enrich his spiritual world. This perception is creative. Each person in his own way comprehends the content of a work of literature, art, etc. People's spiritual needs vary considerably. One listens to classical music, and the other to pop music. Some people like to go to theaters, while others like to go to the cinema.
Studies have shown that the level of education and general culture of a person directly affects his consumption of spiritual values. The higher the culture of a person and the level of his education, the more money and time he seeks to allocate for the satisfaction of spiritual needs.
In general, spiritual activity is diverse and has many manifestations. It can become the basis of a person's profession, his hobby or a way of spending leisure time. But in any case, it enriches spiritually, contributing to the realization of the creative potential of people.
One of the components of the human spiritual world - worldview - a set of views, ideas, assessments, norms that determine a person's attitude to the world around him and act as regulators of his behavior.
The feeling of fear or harmony in relation to the surrounding world, satisfaction with reality or the desire to change it - all this is determined by the worldview.
The worldview is historical. In each era, mankind had a certain level of knowledge, specific problems, special ways of solving them, a certain system of spiritual values. Each person has only his own inherent characteristics. But there are a lot of factors that unite people that influence the formation of their common worldview. This is a community of homeland, language, culture, history of their people, property status, education, level of knowledge, etc. Therefore, it is not surprising that many people may have similar positions in assessing the world around them. Thus, the worldview acts as a unifying factor that ensures the integrity of society. Through the worldview, public consciousness affects the consciousness of a person, forcing him to take a meaningful life position.
In science, there are many approaches to the problem of classifying the worldview. But regardless of the type worldview solves three main questions: 1) the attitude of a person to the world as a whole; 2) the place and purpose of a person in the surrounding world and 3) cognition and transformation of the world. Allocate five types of worldview - commonplace, mythological, religious, philosopher-bevel, scientific.
Ordinary worldview is formed in the process of personal practical activity of a person. If a person was not interested in worldview issues in an educational institution, did not study philosophy or religious teachings, then his worldview develops spontaneously, based on direct life experience. The disadvantage of this worldview is that
it has little contact with the experience of other people, the achievements of science and culture, religion. However, the everyday worldview is widespread today.
Mythological worldview existed among many peoples at the dawn of human development. Myth is a legend that symbolically expresses some events that took place in the past of the people, in the light of religious beliefs. The myth is a bizarre synthesis of the rational and the irrational, truth and fiction, truth and error in the minds of people. Primitive people, unable to explain many natural phenomena, depicted the world inhabited by fantastic creatures capable of performing miracles. The myths reflected the results of observations of natural objects and phenomena, contained legends about ancient events and stories about distant lands. All this was closely intertwined and, passed down from generation to generation, acquired new details, both fictional and real. The myth is the earliest form of the spiritual culture of mankind, combining the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, political views, oral creativity. Only much later did these elements become isolated and acquired an independent existence. The mythological worldview denies the possibility of comprehending and explaining the world. It calls a person to humility and hope for the help of higher powers, personified in idols, talismans, good spirits. In the modern world, the mythological worldview is not widespread. Various kinds of superstition can be called its remnants.
Religious worldview - it is a worldview based on the dogmas of religions that have existed and exist in the world at the present time. The foundations of religious teachings contain the customs and traditions of pagans and the sacred books of world religions: the Bible in Christianity. Quran in Islam, etc. Religious postulates already contain views on the world, its origin, on the purpose of man, a godly way of life, rules of behavior (commandments) are determined, with the fulfillment of which the salvation of the soul is associated. In accordance with religious norms, a person should accept religious dogmas on faith without any doubt or reflection. He who doubts deviates from God, falls into heresy and is condemned by the church. A religious worldview directs a person to commit moral deeds, gives him faith in the possibility of achieving his goals. Nevertheless, the weaknesses of the religious worldview are irreconcilability towards other positions in life, insufficient attention to the achievements of science, and sometimes - ignoring them.
Unlike mythological and religious philosophical worldview gives an explanation of reality from the standpoint of reason. Observation, generalization, conclusions, evidence began to supplant fiction and mythology plots, leaving them to art. Myths were revised, and they were given a new, rational interpretation. Thus, the philosophical worldview not only dissociated itself from mythology, but also overcame the limitations of everyday consciousness. The emergence of a philosophical worldview meant the emergence of theoretical thought, capable not only of accumulating a mass of objective information, but also of explaining it, and at the same time creating an idea of an integral and fundamentally single world. In addition to knowing the world, the philosophical worldview includes views on the nature of man, his fate and the meaning of human life. Various problems are considered through the constant comprehension of the relationship between man and the world.
Modern scientific outlook - it is a continuation of that trend of world philosophical thought, which in its development was based on the achievements of science. It includes the scientific picture of the world, the generalized results of the achievements of human cognition, the principles of the relationship between man and the natural and artificial environment. The advantages of the scientific worldview consist in its reliance on the achievements of science, in close connection with the practical activities of people. Achievements of scientific and technological progress confirm many of the conclusions drawn by scientists on the basis of a scientific and worldview position. Nevertheless, the problem remains the humanization of the scientific worldview, the assessment of the surrounding world from the point of view of strengthening universal human values: goodness, freedom and justice. Nevertheless, the scientific worldview is most promising for the activities of modern people in a developing society along the path of scientific, technical, social and environmental progress.
Regardless of the type, worldview plays a big role in people's lives. It helps a person to navigate in the surrounding reality, set goals and determine the means to achieve them. On the basis of his worldview positions, a person decides what has true meaning for him, and what is false and insignificant.
Questions and tasks
1. Describe the concept of "human spiritual world".
2. What is spirituality? What are its criteria? Which person can be called spiritual and which one cannot?
3. What is the difference between spiritual-theoretical activity and spiritual-practical?
4. What is spiritual production? How is it related to material production?
5. What are spiritual values? How are they absorbed by humans?
6. What role does the worldview play in human life?
7. What factors influence the formation of a worldview?
8. What types of worldview are there? Give their characteristics.
9. What types of worldview prevail in modern society?
What type of worldview can you attribute your views to?
The spiritual world of a person (her microcosm) Is a complex, contradictory system, which includes a number of elements: 1) spiritual needs for knowledge and self-expression; 2) knowledge about nature, society, man; 3) beliefs based on worldview; 4) faith, i.e. unsubstantiated recognition of the truth of certain beliefs shared by a person; 5) the ability for social activity; 6) feelings and emotions; 7) the goals that a person sets for himself; 8) values and ideals that give meaning to human activity.
The most important role in the spiritual life of a person is played by morality as a system of norms developed by society itself and supported by the power of public opinion. In addition to norms, morality includes ideals, values, categories. Ideal they call the highest goal of human aspirations, the most sublime in man himself. Values- this is what is important for a person, which is the meaning of his life. Distinguish between social and personal values. Values change with the change of society itself. Modern civilization is based on universal human values based on the ideas of humanism. They reflect the spiritual experience of all mankind and are cultural universals; acquire a priority in relation to group values, ensuring the full development of each personality.
The moral guidelines in human life are the categories: good and evil, conscience, patriotism, civic consciousness. The moral education of a person is carried out both under the influence of society and as a result of the self-education of the individual. An important element of the spiritual world of a person is his worldview- a set of generalized views (holistic view) on objective reality and a person's place in it, on the attitude of people to the surrounding reality and to themselves, as well as the beliefs, principles, and ideals caused by these views. The subjects of the worldview are individuals, social groups and society as a whole. Even if people live in the same society at the same time, their worldview may be different. It depends on their personal qualities, on the conditions for the formation of their worldview, on their belonging to a particular social group. There are several types of worldview: 1) everyday (everyday, everyday), based on personal life experience; 2) religious, based on the religious views and beliefs of a person; 3) scientific, based on the achievements of modern science and reflecting the scientific picture of the world; 4) humanistic, combining the best aspects of the scientific worldview with ideas about social justice and moral ideal.
A person is the bearer of not one, but a group of worldviews. In his life, he can rely on both scientific knowledge and practical experience, faith in God. Thus, a scientist can be at the same time a deeply religious person. The worldview serves as a guide in the practical and theoretical activity of a person, equips him with methods of activity, allows him to determine the true values of a person and society, differentiate the important and the secondary, contains an understanding of the world and the meaning of life. The inner world of a person, his worldview are manifested in behavior that can demonstrate a person's upbringing, his idea of people, value guidelines.
Under spiritual life societies understand the area of being, in which objective reality is given to people not in the form of objective reality, but is present in the person himself, being a part of his personality. The spiritual life of a person reflects the world around him and is a means of interaction with it. The spiritual life includes knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations, values, ideas and goals of people. Together, they make up the spiritual world of the individual. Spiritual life is one of the subsystems of society. Elements of the spiritual life of society are morality, science, art, religion and law.
The structure of spiritual life is in many ways similar to the structure of material life. Spiritual needs represent the objective need of people and society to create and consume a spiritual product. Spiritual needs are not set biologically, they are formed in the process of socialization of the individual. The growth of spiritual needs is limited only by the volume of spiritual values already accumulated by mankind and the desire of a person to increase them.
Spiritual activity is usually divided into two types: spiritual-theoretical and spiritual-practical. Spiritual-theoretical the activity is aimed at creating spiritual goods and values: ideas, scientific theories, artistic images and works of art, spiritual connections of a person. Spiritual and practical activity is the preservation, distribution, consumption of spiritual products; aimed at changing the consciousness of people.
The peculiarity of spiritual production lies in the inalienability of its products from their direct producer. Having sold the poem to the publisher, Pushkin never ceased to be an author and did not lose the opportunity to re-read the poem. Unlike the consumption of material values, the size of spiritual values in the course of their consumption does not decrease, but only increases. Spiritual production is aimed at improving all spheres of social life, contributing to the development of society.
The radical changes that have taken place in our society in recent years could not but affect the spiritual life of the country's population. The most noticeable was the reorientation of a significant part of Russian citizens towards the pursuit of material well-being as the main goal of life. The most important motive for choosing a job was the amount of wages. As studies show, the least developed personal potential remains the creative, constructive, more often there are people inclined to contemplation, rather than striving to create something. The influence of the church increased dramatically, filling the spiritual void created by the loss of the Soviet system of values.
The main role in the deterioration of the indicators of the spiritual life of society was played by the less developed part of the population, increasingly guided in life by purely personal motives. But it was in this environment that social activity increased, due to which the relatively underdeveloped social strata moved to the forefront of life.
Culture fulfills a number of important functions in the life of society: 1) cognitive - the creation of a holistic view of the era and society; 2) evaluative - the selection of public values; 3) regulatory - the creation and requirement of compliance with the norms of the hostel; 4) informative - preservation, transfer and dissemination of information about the achievements of society; 5) communicative - the preservation and transmission of cultural values; 6) socialization - the introduction of the individual to the achievements of society, the formation of the personality.
