In accounting, just like in mathematics, accuracy plays a big role. There can be no conventions here. At the same time, many experts call the balance one of the most significant terms. We propose to find out what a balance is, whether there is a balance in the economy and what is commonly understood as a trade balance.
What is a balance sheet in accounting?
Back in the 19th century, it was known what a balance is. In those days, the word began to be used as a term for the balance of funds on all accounts. The meaning remains unchanged to this day. However, it has now taken on a broader meaning. Previously, it was customary to use it exclusively to indicate the difference between the debit and credit of accounts. Since the 20th century, the use of the term has been able to go beyond accounting.
This term in accounting is one of the most significant terms. Experts in this field are very well aware of its significance. The balance of payments is the difference between the funds spent and received over a certain period of time. For specialists, this concept is broader. Share this balance:
- debit;
- credit;
- during the period;
- outgoing;
- incoming.
What is an opening balance?
In accounting, it is important to know not only what the term balance itself means, but also what is commonly understood by such terms as opening and closing balances. There is a significant difference between opening and closing balances that every accounting professional should definitely see. The closing or, as it is often called, the closing balance is the account balance at the end of the period. It is customary to calculate it as the sum of the opening balance and all turnovers for the period.
What is an opening balance?
In accounting and economics, accuracy and understanding of the underlying processes is very important. Any mistake can be fatal. For this reason, accounting specialists must definitely understand what a balance is and what it can be. The concept of balance is usually divided into incoming and outgoing. The first is understood as what arose during the analysis of account movements for the last analyzed period and at the beginning of a certain period.
Active and passive trade balance
Beginners in accounting and economics often wonder what is a balance and what is an active and passive balance. The first is understood as the excess of exports over imports. As for the passive balance, this term refers to the excess of imports over exports. You can often hear about the net balance, which is a situation where exports and imports are equal.
Active balance of payments
A balance of payments accountant names a certain result, which is reflected in the final line of a certain country's balance sheet, which is presented in the form of a document resembling a balance sheet. It shows both revenue and expenditure operations of the state. The balance of payments is divided into active (positive) and passive (negative). The surplus is the balance of the current account balance and the balance of the cash flow account.
Passive balance of payments
A negative or, as it is often called, a passive balance does not always indicate a crisis in the state's balance of payments, since it can often be covered by the movement of entrepreneurial capital. This can be when there is a normal investment climate in the country for both foreign and domestic entrepreneurs. We can say that a crisis exists if a significant negative balance is regularly covered thanks to foreign exchange and gold reserves.
How to calculate the balance?
Not only accountants, but sometimes even ordinary citizens need to understand how to correctly find out about the value of the balance. An example of such a situation where it is important to know about its indicator may be the need to calculate it on a utility bill. Accuracy and certain knowledge are important here. However, not every beginner in the field of accounting knows how to calculate the balance. It is important to know the main points:
- To calculate this value for material assets, it is necessary to add up all the money that came in for a certain time and expenses for a given period. In this case, you need to calculate the difference between the 2 digits, which will thus be the balance.
- There are formulas with which you can calculate the balance of passive and active accounts:
- on debit \u003d initial balance + turnover on debit - turnover on credit;
- on credit = initial balance + turnover on credit - turnover on debit. This difference is considered very convenient during the preparation of reconciliation acts.
What is a balance on a receipt?
About some points in accounting should be known not only to specialists, but also to ordinary people. Sometimes, even when paying for utilities, a lot of questions and misunderstandings arise, since it is difficult to deal with accounting terms. One of them is considered to be the balance. For some, an understandable and uncomplicated term, but for others a new meaning. It is important for a modern person to understand what the balance in the utility bill is.
This value can show the balance of the personal account at the beginning of this month. And when the value is positive, it indicates an overpayment for utilities. When the number is negative, there are definitely debts. At the same time, it is customary to consider it as such after the tenth day of the month following the settlement one. We can say that the balance is considered as an incoming balance on the personal account of the residential premises.
RULES FOR RECORDING ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTS
ACTIVE ACCOUNTS
For clarity, let's consider an active account, which necessarily accompanies the activities of any legal entity: #51 "Settlement account". This account reflects the amount of non-cash funds of an enterprise (in Russian rubles) that are on the bank account, and any funds are one of the types of property, therefore this account is active.
INCOME AND EXPENSE OPERATIONS
The two-sided table above would correspond to account #51 "Settlement Account". An enterprise has two types of operations on a current account in a bank; expenditure (withdrawal, transfer, use of funds) and income (their receipt). In accordance with the rules, the debit of the active account reflects income transactions, and the credit - expenditure transactions.
STANDARD PERIOD IN ACCOUNTING. INCOMING BALANCE
(thousand rubles) 51 (А)
| Debit | Credit |
| 50000 |
This entry means that 50 million rubles were received on the current account, increasing the amount of funds on it, and nothing else. Therefore, we can conclude that when active accounts are debited, they increase (it should be understood that this is not a definition of an active account, this is its property).
DEBIT TURNOVER
Similarly, all incoming transactions are reflected in the debit of the active account. Debit turnover - the total amount of all incoming transactions that are reflected in the debit of the active account. If we assume that during the same time 17 million rubles were spent from the current account to pay for expenses, then this expenditure transaction will be recorded on the credit of the active account (A) No. 51:
(thousand rubles) 51 (А)
| Debit | Credit |
| 50000 | 17000 |
Such an entry means that 17 million rubles were spent (written off), reducing the current account. Therefore, we can conclude that when active accounts are credited, they decrease. (this is also a property of active accounts).
CREDIT TURNOVER
All other debit transactions are also reflected in the credit of the active account. Credit turnover - the sum of all debit transactions that are reflected in the credit of the active account.
OUTGOING BALANCE
To calculate the outgoing balance, that is, to calculate the amount of funds remaining in the current account, you need to subtract from the volume of debit turnover (the amount of the total amount of funds that have arrived), the volume of credit turnover (the amount of the total amount of funds that have been spent). If there is any incoming balance on the current account, then you need to add it. In the considered example, this balance is zero, so the outgoing balance is 33 million rubles. It should be written on the left side of the table (that is, on the debit), because in our case the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover:
(thousand rubles) 51 (А)
| Debit | Credit |
| 50000 | 17000 |
| 33000 |
It should be noted that for active accounts, only debit balances are always possible, because you cannot use more funds than the account has. To this are added the funds received during the period. If all the funds available on the account, including those received, were used, then the balance will be zero and it makes no sense to say whether it is debit or credit. With partial use of funds from the account, that is, in the case when something remains on the account, the balance will be recorded as a debit balance and will reflect the amount of funds on the active account.
This balance in the amount of 33 million rubles will not disappear with the beginning of a new period, but will be the incoming balance of the next period, in which the recording of expenditure and income transactions continues to be carried out in a similar way.
It is common to use the term "account balance" instead of the term "account balance", and the terms "opening balance" ("balance at the beginning of the period") and "outgoing balance" ("balance at the end of the period") instead of the terms "opening balance" and " outgoing balance.
PASSIVE ACCOUNTS
For clarity, let's consider a passive account # 86 "Reserve capital", reflecting the amount of reserve capital created in the course of the enterprise's activities, organized in accordance with the requirements of the constituent documents of the enterprise or legislation. The formation of reserve capital occurs, as a rule, at the expense of profit, being one of the sources of formation of the property of the enterprise, therefore it is littered with a passive account.
Operations on passive accounts, as well as on active ones, are divided into two groups: expenditure and income (replenishing). Compared to the already described process of recording transactions on active accounts, the situation is exactly the opposite with passive ones: expenditure transactions are reflected in the debit of passive accounts, and income transactions in credit. Suppose that at the beginning of the billing period, the company has not yet created reserve capital (that is, the company has a zero opening balance). During the specified period, the size of the reserve capital became equal to 20 million rubles.
This operation will be reflected in the passive account (P) No. 86 as follows:
(thousand rubles) 86 (P)
| Debit | Credit |
| 20000 |
Such a record means that the reserve capital was replenished by 20 million rubles, that is, we can conclude that when passive accounts are credited, this means their increase.
CREDIT TURNOVER
All credit transactions are similarly reflected in the credit of the passive account. Credit turnover is the total amount of credit transactions, which are reflected in the credit of the passive account. Suppose that during the same billing period, the company used the reserve capital to cover any losses from commercial operations in the amount of 7 million rubles. This operation will be recorded in the left column of the table, that is, according to the debit of the passive account:
(thousand rubles) 86 (P)
| Debit | Credit |
| 20000 | |
| 7000 |
Such an entry means that 7 million rubles were written off (spent) from the reserve capital, reducing it, that is, we can conclude that when passive accounts are debited, this means their decrease.
DEBIT TURNOVER
Other debit transactions are reflected in the same way in the debit of the passive account. Debit turnover is the total amount of debit transactions that are reflected in the debit of the passive account. To calculate the outgoing balance of the account in question, subtract from the credit turnover (the total amount of funds received) the debit turnover (the total amount of funds spent). If there is any incoming balance on this account, it must be added. Since in our case the incoming balance is zero, the outgoing balance is equal to 13 million rubles. Its entry is carried out on a loan, that is, in the right column of the table, since the debit turnover is less than the credit one:
(thousand rubles) 86 (P)
| Debit | Credit |
| 20000 | |
| 7000 | |
| 13000 |
Note that passive accounts have only a credit balance, so the company cannot use more account funds than it has, given the funds received during the billing period. If all funds were used during the period, and at the end the balance on the passive account is zero, then it does not make sense to say whether it is debit or credit. If the balance is different from zero (that is, not all funds of the reserve capital or any other passive account have been used), then it appears in the accounting as a credit balance of the passive account, thereby reflecting the exact amount of funds in the passive account.
The outgoing balance, equal to 13 million rubles, does not disappear with the beginning of the next billing period, becoming the incoming balance of the next period. Then, the recording of expenditure and income transactions is carried out in a similar way, being a mirror reflection of the order in which transactions for the active account are recorded.
ACTIVE-PASSIVE ACCOUNTS
A feature of active-passive accounts is the presence of both credit and debit balances on them, and their simultaneous presence is not excluded. Consider operations with active-passive accounts on the example of account # 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, which is most often found in accounting for transactions with securities. This account is intended for transactions for which the current instructions do not provide for separate accounts. Most transactions in the securities market to one degree or another are reflected in accounting using the active-passive account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, since there is no special accounting procedure or balance sheet for professional participants in this market.
Consider a situation where an enterprise acts as an investor in the securities market, and it carries out the purchase and sale of securities with the help of a brokerage house. In order to purchase securities, the company transfers funds to the broker and gives instructions that provide for conditions for the broker on which he buys securities.
Suppose that in order to purchase a stake in RAO UES of Russia, an enterprise transferred 100 million rubles to a broker. After that, some time passes, which is necessary for the broker to perform the specified operation, therefore, the shares of RAO "UES" will be with the enterprise later (the terms are specified in the order) than the money was transferred. Thus, for some time the enterprise has neither 100 million nor shares.
Until the broker returns 100 million rubles to the enterprise or buys shares in RAO UES of Russia for this amount, he will owe them. This will be reflected in the broker's receivables for this amount to the enterprise, which in turn will be reflected in the accounting records for the debit of the active-passive account No. 76 (A-P):
(thousand rubles) 76 (A-P)
| Debit | Credit |
| 100000 |
RECEIVABLES
The receivables of the counterparty to the enterprise are always reflected in the debit of the active-passive account. After some time, the broker purchased shares in RAO UES of Russia for the enterprise, having fulfilled the conditions established by the enterprise, but the purchase was not made for the entire amount, but only for a part, for example, for 70 million rubles. This block of shares (or the corresponding extract from the register) in the amount of 70 million rubles was transferred by the broker to the enterprise. Now the broker's receivables to the enterprise have been reduced from 100 million to 30 million rubles.
We get that 70 million rubles (the value of the purchased shares) are credit debt. In accounting, this is reflected as follows:
(thousand rubles) 76 (A-P)
| Debit | Credit |
| 100000 | |
| 70000 | |
| 70000 |
After that, the debit balance of this account is 30,000 million rubles, which indicates that the broker has a debt to the enterprise in the amount of 30 million rubles. Let's further assume that the broker bought the remaining 30 million shares of RAO "UES of Russia", but at the same time slightly overspent the funds, actually spending 30.5 million on shares, that is, he used 500 thousand personal funds. Thus, he seemed to have credited the enterprise. After receiving the second block of shares, this operation will have a reflection in accounting similar to the first:
(thousand rubles) 76 (A-P)
| Debit | Credit |
| 100000 | |
| 70000 | |
| 30500 | |
| 500 |
ACCOUNTABLES OF THE ENTERPRISE TO CONTRACTORS
Thus, after making such an accounting entry, the balance #76 of the account will become credit (moving from the left side of the table to the right). This balance will mean accounts payable to the company's broker in the amount of 500 thousand rubles. Consequently, accounts payable to counterparties of the enterprise is always reflected in the credit of active-passive accounts.
In the future, such transactions between the broker and the company can continue to be carried out, and the balance of the active-passive account will always show the state of relations between the broker and the company: who owes whom and how much
The incoming one is still real, but the outgoing one is the outgoing one.
There is an account, for example, let's take 50. There is an incoming balance / balance - this is the balance of your money at the beginning of the period, there were expenses and incomes for the period (in other words, turnover). Thus, the amount has changed and created an outgoing balance (this is really the money that you have)
Kt - Dt (Credit minus Debit) Let's add for a complete understanding. Kt (minus) Dt = sum. If a negative number is the Debit balance (therefore, additional funding is needed for this account for the introduction of business transactions in the future) If a positive number, then it will be so :)
I have one balance on the Sberbank website, and they have another outgoing one. Need to check?
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what is the GOAL in the Sberbank online application?
"SAVINGS ACCOUNT" AGREEMENT The interest rate on the account is set in accordance with the table below: 1.6 from 100,000.00 to 300,000.00- 1.7 from 300,000.00 to 700,000.00- 1.8 from 700,000.00 to 2,000,000.00-2 from 2,000,000.00 to 999,999,999,999, 00 - 2.3 Frequency of accrual/payment of interest: interest on the account is calculated after the expiration of each monthly period, determined from the date of opening the Account.
Savings account with very low interest. Disable.
The menu item My Goals is designed to form your goals. You can create a goal, save money to reach it, contribute funds to a goal-open deposit, and monitor its achievement. You can access the My Goals page by clicking the My Finances link in the sidebar and clicking the My Goals tab. This menu item displays all the targets you have created. For each goal, its name, description, achievement period, the percentage at which funds are deposited on the deposit opened for the goal, and the goal achievement scale, which shows the amount available on the deposit and the amount needed to achieve the goal, are displayed. Attention! If you do not yet have any goals in Sberbank Online, then the goal selection form will automatically appear on the screen. You can add up to 20 targets consecutively. You can add a new goal, delete a goal, top up a deposit opened for a goal, and transfer money to your account or card from a deposit opened to achieve a goal.
Goals is a savings account. Here is a good overview article why they are needed and what to do with them http://moi-ipodom.ru/celi-v-sberbank-online.html
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Under what conditions are interest accrued on the Sberbank Social Card?
Let's be an expert. Interest on the Maestro-Social card issued to pensioners is accrued on the balance of funds daily, based on a rate of 3.5% per annum. And they are paid to the client after each three-month period from the date of opening the card account, that is, once a quarter. Thus, when accruing, the balance on the card account at the beginning of each day is taken into account.
on the worst among all banks in the Russian Federation. Sberbank - it is!
Calculate the average balance for the period with an output of 3.5% at the end of the year
Weighted average residual, no brainer.
I didn't receive any credit for this card at all. And when the printout was given, then in the footnote it says that on such cards the income is 0%. The girl operators just shrugged their shoulders that they didn’t know anything, and you need to contact the head office (and we have it 850 km from us). The manager of our branch answered that these cards are intended for settlements on transactions and should have a zero balance at the end of the year. And the sums of the balances for 3 days are transferred to the depositor and therefore the % simply will not be automatically calculated through computer systems. As a matter of fact - also could not figure out.
It seems to be clearer here https://www.u-mama.ru/forum/gossip/everything/609748/index.html
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Incoming Expenditure Incoming balance Outgoing balance
The sum of the totals of the record on the debit or credit of the account (excluding the initial balance) is usually called debit and credit turnover, respectively. The difference between them is called the residual, or balance. The account balance at the beginning of the period is called the opening balance. The account balance at the end of the period is called the closing balance. If the sum of the total turnover on the debit of the account is greater than the sum of the total turnover on the credit of this account, then the balance is debit. It is shown on the left side of the account, where the initial balance is located.
By the way, various banking institutions draw up statements from the accounts of their customers in various forms. However, any form of statement must contain the obligatory details date, document number, transaction code indicating the amount of debit (debit or withdrawal of money from the current account) and credit (receipt or deposit of cash to the current account), as well as the incoming and outgoing balance of cash funds on the current account, certified by the signatures of the executor and the bank controller with an imprint of the bank's stamp.
If now we want to understand how much funds are left on the current account (calculate the outgoing balance), we must subtract the credit turnover (i.e., the total amount of funds spent) from the debit turnover on this account (i.e., from the total amount of funds received) . If there was any incoming balance on the current account, then it would be necessary to add it. In our example, the incoming balance is zero, so the outgoing balance is equal to 33 million rubles, and it will be written in the debit of the table, since the debit turnover exceeds the credit
Outgoing balance 33 million rubles. with the beginning of the next period (quarter), it does not disappear, but becomes the incoming balance of the next quarter, after which the recording of income and expenditure transactions continues to be carried out in the manner described above.
Instead of the term "account balance", the term "account balance" is also used, instead of the terms "incoming balance" and "outgoing balance" - the terms "incoming balance", "outgoing balance" or "balance at the beginning of the period", "balance at the end of the period" .
Outgoing balance 13 million rubles. with the beginning of the next period (quarter), it does not disappear, but becomes the incoming balance of the next quarter, after which the recording of income and expenditure transactions continues to be carried out in the manner described above, mirroring the order of entries on active accounts.
At the end of the reporting month, the correctness of the analytical accounting is checked. To do this, each warehouse calculates the amounts of outgoing balances on analytical accounting cards in the context of balance accounts. To the final amount of the balances, the amount of expenditure on the journal is added and the amount of income also on the journal is subtracted. If the balance on the balance account corresponds to the amount calculated on the balances at the beginning of the month (for cards), then this means that the posting was done correctly. Keeping records using the copy method allows you to refuse to draw up a turnover sheet of quantitative and total accounting. The labor intensity of analytical accounting is significantly reduced, while analytical accounting cards, being accounting registers, simultaneously serve as registers of varietal warehouse accounting. This method completely eliminates any duplication of records on the analytical accounting of material assets in warehouses and in accounting.
The initial data in this report are entered in the workshop in the following order, the incoming metal residue in footage or by weight, indicating the amount for each part, is taken from gr. 16-18 of last month's report. Data on the receipt of metal in the workshop for the reporting month is taken from limit cards. The outgoing metal balance is recorded in gr. 16 or 17 based on inventory data at the end of the month. To fill in gr. 21 and 22, data on cutting (cutting) are taken from primary documents on product development.
To fill in gr. 1 take a card for accounting for the costs of the main production (form No. 111) and for each item of expenditure, the cost of production is calculated. To do this, the incoming balance of these costs in work in progress is added to the amount of costs for the reporting month and the amount of the outgoing balance in work in progress is subtracted. In addition, deduct the amount of debits to different accounts. After enrolling in the 1 sums of costs for all in the calculation sheet write down the data on the items of expenditure according to the plan in gr. 3 from the planned cost estimate and cost data for the last year in gr. 4 - from the average annual accounting calculation of the last year.
In the statement (card) section Balance at the beginning of the month, outgoing balances of work in progress are entered according to the statements for the previous month. Indicators According to deviations from the norms in the sections of the statements Balance at the beginning of the month and Balance at the end of the month are filled in only in cases where the amounts of deviations are included in the cost of gross output. When debiting these amounts for commodity output, the specified columns are not filled.
T-accounts are filled sequentially in the order in which transactions are recorded in the transaction log, i.e., in fact, transactions are recorded in a different form using T-accounts, the same amount with the same entry number is written in the left side of the debited account and to the right side of the credited account. The symbol A denotes the remainder - incoming at the top, and outgoing - at the bottom. Outgoing balance is calculated in accordance with the balance equations, for example, for active account 51
Similarly, the outgoing balance is calculated for passive accounts, for example, for a strictly passive account 85 - Authorized capital
Sometimes there is a need to have balances (balances) for each memorial order. To do this, it is enough to write down the incoming and outgoing balance of this account above and below the order, respectively. Such
Outgoing balance on 25.10 Debit 8350
First, the incoming balance is entered before the first entry of this month - this is the outgoing balance at the end of the previous month. Ours is zero. The first record encountered
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Accounting and control. Financial discipline in text form, for those who prefer to read:
I would not tell you the simple principles that are outlined in this lesson, if I did not know from practice how often people get burned on these things, which are so easy to understand and easy to perform, and which require only discipline from you.
Cases from life
Accounting is an essential part of any business. If you neglect it, you can fall victim to completely curious mistakes.
I have been working in finance all my life and have seen many different cases. One very literate, but young and just starting businessman once did not have time to take the proceeds to the bank before closing. Our offices were nearby, so he brought a bag of money to me and asked me to leave it in the safe until the morning.
One day passes, then another, a week passes. The big package with his money in my small safe was bothering me a lot, so I took the package and went to him myself. And went straight to the disassembly. Screams, swearing, faces in red spots.
Turns out the money was gone. The reader has already guessed what ... .. The package contained forty thousand dollars, at that time a one-room apartment in Moscow cost so much. What if I didn't come?
This case seems comical, but it has a completely natural psychological explanation: the human brain keeps 7 ± 2 things in working memory at the same time. Therefore, a person who has been working with clients all day long, receiving and giving out money, cannot remember all 10 or 20 transactions that occurred in a day. And it is necessary to keep records, otherwise losses are inevitable.
Another young man worked hard and successfully, supplying goods to organizations that paid him in non-cash money. When he first started his business, he did not consider it necessary to draw up his own legal. person, and arranged with my friend (my employer) to use our checking account. When the money came, he called me, named the amount, the sender and the number of the payment, and I said “there is money” or “there is no money”.
Very soon I discovered that he did not ask for some of the amounts. I saw that the money was his, because I already knew his buyers, but he did not ask for these amounts. He just did not remember all the batches of goods that he shipped.
Any financier or accountant can tell any number of such stories. Perhaps one of the readers now nods understandingly because he himself stepped on this rake.
To prevent this from happening, you need to correctly count money, observing the technology.
A few words about the technology of accounting and control.
Reconciliation
Reconciliation is the true cornerstone of all accounting technology .
The idea of reconciliation is very simple and intuitive. In everyday life, everyone, without knowing it, uses it without any special training:
Let's say that in the morning you had 7,850 rubles in your wallet. During the day you received 24,600 rubles (revenue turnover) and gave 30,000 rubles (expense turnover). How much money should be in the wallet in the evening?
We get the basic formula:
Outgoing balance = Incoming balance + Incoming - Expenses.
If you know exactly how much it was in the morning, then from your notes you can easily calculate how much it should be in the evening. Check how much you actually have. If it doesn't match, look for the error. This is the sparkle.
The whole technology is based on this simple principle of reconciliation. double entry is a reconciliation brought to logical perfection. Strict paperwork requirements ensure base for verification.
Only reconciliation makes accounting reliable. Of course, computer programs calculate quickly and without errors, but if you enter the wrong data into such a program, then the machine will quickly and without errors give the wrong result. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly, literally every day, check the balances, find and correct errors. After all, you will always remember today's operations, find and correct the mistake. Remembering yesterday's actions is more difficult, and the day before yesterday is almost impossible. The poet is very it is important to do reconciliation every day.
Believe me, discrepancies during reconciliations are found very often.
So, accounting is carried out every day and is performed in 3 stages:
- At the beginning of the working day reconcile the incoming balance: count cash, check with the balance of accounting. Both numbers must be equal.
- During the day record absolutely all transactions in the account.
- At the end of the working day reconcile the outgoing balance: count cash, check with the balance of accounting. Both numbers must be equal. If there is a shortage at the cash desk, the cashier covers it from his own pocket - this is his financial responsibility. If there is a surplus in the cash register, we come, this is the company's money.
We do the same the next day.
Obviously, in the morning there should be as much money as it was the night before. In fact, many mistakes are made at this stage. Imagine, you have already made a reconciliation and closed the cash desk, and then another client comes. You serve him and take money from him, but the mood is no longer quite working. As a result, it's easy to forget to record. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the carry-over balance and check whether it beats.
The remains "roam" from one day to another and form a chain of carry-over residues.
Thus, any mistake entails incorrect balances in the accounts of all subsequent days. This allows you to verify the correctness of accounting records based on the last digit alone, and protects against forgery of accounting records in previous periods.
From lesson 2 you will learn how to organize document flow, how to distribute and control liability and how to arrange accounting in electronic form.
You can download the file with the accounting table template from the link in the letter for subscribers.
