Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time. Here working time means the period during which the employee prepares for work, its direct implementation and completion. It, in turn, consists of the time of work to fulfill the production task and the time of work not provided for by the production task. The time spent on the execution of a production task is the time spent on preparing and directly executing the task. It consists of preparatory-final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace. Preparatory and closing time - this is the time spent by the employee on preparing for the performance of work and its completion (receiving a task for work and familiarizing with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, handing over finished products, tools, etc.). The value of the preparatory-final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the share of the preparatory-final time falls on the unit of work on this task. operational time - this is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is divided into main and auxiliary. The main time is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, the processing of a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, the stitching of product parts in the clothing industry, the time of active monitoring of the hardware process in chemical production, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport. Auxiliary time is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal of objects of work from it in machine tools, measuring the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and materials in the food industry, changing the operating modes of the equipment, etc.). Workplace service time This is the time to take care of the workplace and maintain the equipment in working order. It is subdivided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance. Maintenance time is associated with the care of equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacing worn parts, adjusting and lubricating equipment, replacing cartridges in office equipment, etc.). Organizational maintenance time is the time to maintain the workplace in working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning vehicles, etc.). Depending on the nature of the contractor's participation in the performance of production operations, the preparatory and final time is divided into manual work time, machine-manual work time, and equipment operation monitoring time. Handmade time called work without the use of machines and mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used. Time of machine-manual work (including manual mechanized) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using a manual mechanized tool (electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw). In the conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant proportion of working time is occupied by equipment monitoring time . It can be active and passive. The time of active monitoring of the operation of the equipment is that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process. The passive monitoring time is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, monitoring is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment.
1.3 Classification of the costs of working time and time
equipment use
The structure of the cost of working time. Worker Cost Classification
performer time
The content of working time is distinguished by a wide variety of its constituent elements. For their disclosure, the classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the classification of the costs of working hours of using equipment are used.
The classification of time costs can be carried out in relation to three elements of the production process: the object of labor, workers and equipment.
Figure 34 shows the classification of working time in relation to the object of labor.
Fig.34. Scheme for classifying the cost of working hours in relation to
to the object of labor
In any type of labor, the working time of the performer is divided into work time and break time.
Working hours- this is the period during which the employee prepares for work, its direct implementation and completion. It consists of the time of work to fulfill the production task and the time of work not provided for by the production task.
Working hours for the production task- this is the time spent on the preparation and direct execution of the task, it consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.
Preparatory and closing time- is the time spent by the employee to prepare for the performance of work and to complete it.
operational time- this is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is divided into main and auxiliary.
Main called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as changes in position in space.
Auxiliary time is spent by the performer on activities that ensure the performance of the main work.
Workplace service time- this is the time to care for the workplace and maintain the equipment in working order. It is subdivided into maintenance time and organizational maintenance time.
Depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of production operations, the work time is divided into manual work time, machine-manual work time, and equipment operation time.
Handmade time called work without the use of machines or mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used.
Time of machine-manual work- this is the time during which the work is performed by the machine with the direct participation of the worker or by the worker using a hand-held mechanized tool.
Break time- this is the period during which the employee, while at work, does not work. It is divided into scheduled and non-scheduled breaks.
The time of regulated breaks includes time for rest, personal needs, industrial gymnastics, time for breaks established by technology and organization of the production process.
Breaks for rest and personal needs are provided to employees to restore working capacity during the work shift, to conduct industrial gymnastics, as well as for personal hygiene and natural needs.
Classification of the cost of working time using equipment
The use time of the equipment is divided into work time and break time.
Equipment operating time consists of the time of equipment operation to fulfill the production task and the time of equipment operation not provided for by the performance of the production task.
Operating time of the equipment to fulfill the production task called operational time and is divided into main and auxiliary.
The main time is divided into machine-manual time and machine time.
Machine-manual call the time during which the equipment works with the direct participation of the worker.
machine called the time of automatic operation of the equipment, when the functions of the worker are limited only to observation and adjustment.
Auxiliary time is the time not covered by machine time when the equipment is stopped to perform essential work, such as the time to install or remove a part from the machine.
Equipment break time divided into scheduled and non-scheduled breaks.
Time of scheduled breaks subdivided into the time of breaks associated with the preparation of equipment for work and with its organizational and technical maintenance; during breaks provided by the technology and organization of the production process; during breaks for rest and personal needs of the worker.
Time of unscheduled breaks may arise due to a violation of the production process, as well as due to a violation of labor discipline by a worker.
Methods for studying the cost of working time
The main methods for studying the costs of working time are: photography of working time (individual and group, self-photography, method of momentary observations), photography of the time of using equipment, photography of the production process, timing and photo-timing.
An individual photo of working time (FW) is a type of observation in which all, without exception, the cost of the performer's time for a certain time of work is measured. There are two methods of conducting the PDF: direct measurements of time and instantaneous observations. In the first case, the duration of the observed elements of time costs is recorded, in the second, the state of jobs is recorded, and the structure of time costs is established by the number of moments when the corresponding states were noted.
The main stages of working time photography are: preparation, implementation, processing of observation results, their analysis and development of measures to improve the use of working time.
During the period of preparation for observation, it is necessary to study the technological process, the organization of the workplace, the procedure for its maintenance, the distribution and cooperation of labor between groups of workers.
A photograph for the purpose of studying the loss of working time is performed to study the organization of labor for which the standards are calculated.
When processing the observational data in the observation sheet, their index is put against the record of the time spent, and by subtracting the previous time from the next, the value of these costs is determined. Based on these data, a summary of the time spent by workers is compiled.
Next, the results of the observations are analyzed. At the same time, irrational costs and loss of working time are determined. Their cause is established. In the process of analysis, the actual costs of preparatory and final time, organizational and maintenance time are compared with the normative ones, which are determined on the basis of designing the most efficient system for servicing workplaces. The necessary time for rest and personal needs are established on the basis of industry standards for these working conditions and the design of a rational mode of work and rest.
After that, the actual and projected balances of the costs of working time are drawn up. On their basis, the shares of operational time, time for maintenance, time of losses for various reasons, etc., in the shift fund of time can be established.
For example, the share of operational time is found by the formula (4):
Cop = Top / Tnable * 100, (4)
where Top is the operational time for the observation period Tobl.
When comparing the standard balance, all losses and waste of working time are excluded by increasing the operating time.
Comparison of the actual and standard time balances allows you to determine the possible increase in labor productivity for each proposal aimed at eliminating losses and unproductive costs of working time (5):
P \u003d ((Topn-Topf) / Topf) * 100, (5)
where Topn, Topf - projected (normative) and actual operational time, min.
Based on formula (5), the values of P can be calculated for each event aimed at reducing the time spent.
Based on a comparison of the actual and projected organization of labor, an action plan is developed to improve the use of working time, indicating the timing of their implementation, the expected effect, the necessary costs, sources of funding and those responsible for implementation.
Group (team) photography of working time is carried out for simultaneous observation of a group of workers.
An example of a team photograph of working time is shown in Table 10.
Table 10
Observation sheet of brigade photo of working time
№
|
Name |
workers |
Indices |
|||
being late |
||||||
Mold cleaning |
||||||
Receipt |
||||||
Training |
||||||
molding |
||||||
Conversations with team members |
||||||
molding |
||||||
Departure from the workplace for the rods |
||||||
molding |
||||||
molding |
||||||
unloading |
||||||
molding |
||||||
unloading |
||||||
molding |
||||||
Waiting for flasks |
||||||
molding |
||||||
molding |
12-00 |
12-00 |
||||
late start |
||||||
unloading |
||||||
Leaving the workplace |
||||||
molding |
||||||
molding |
||||||
unloading |
||||||
Leaving the workplace |
||||||
molding |
||||||
unloading |
||||||
Leaving work early |
||||||
A mass photograph of the working time of a large number of workers is carried out by the method of momentary observations. The method consists in the fact that when observing, it is not the time spent that is recorded, but the number of repetitions related to each category of working time costs.
The number of moments to be fixed is determined by formula (6):
M \u003d (a2 * (1-K)) / (K * P2) * 1002, (6)
where K is the share of the studied category of working time costs in the sum of all costs during the observation time; a is a coefficient depending on a given probability; P is the allowable value of the relative error of observations
(3-10 %).
The number of moments (measurements) depending on the coefficient of average workload of workers (equipment) is determined by the formula (7):
M \u003d (2 * (1- K) * 1002) / K * O2, (7)
where K is the workload factor of workers; O - the value of the relative error of the results of observations.
For batch and small batch production (8):
M \u003d (3 * (1- K) * 1002) / K * O2, (8)
Self-photography of the working day is carried out by the workers themselves (Table 4).
Table 11
Self photograph of a working day
Worker: Ivanov I. I. Assembly site |
||
Assembly fitter Work experience: 1 year Worker category: III |
||
Reasons for loss of working time |
Loss of working time, min. |
|
No parts to assemble |
||
Crane waiting due to malfunction |
||
Waiting for the control master to hand over the work |
||
Total losses |
||
The photograph of the time of use of the equipment is carried out by the same methods as the photograph of the working day of workers.
Timing is a type of observation of cyclically repeating elements of operational work, as well as individual elements of preparatory and final work and maintenance of the workplace.
Its main purpose is to determine the duration of repetitive elements of production operations to develop labor standards and standards, identify and study rational methods and methods of work, verify established standards, and identify the reasons for non-compliance with standards by individual workers.
Preparation for timing usually includes the selection of objects of observation, the division of the operation into elements, the establishment of fixing points, the determination of the number of observations, and the completion of documentation.
The choice of objects of observation is determined by the purpose of timing. If the goal of timekeeping is to establish or clarify the norm of time, then workers or teams are usually recommended as objects of observation, the results of whose activities are at a level between the average productivity achieved by all workers and the productivity of advanced workers. It is important to bear in mind that with the usual method of timing, the actually established pace of work in a given area is recorded, which may not correspond to the normal intensity of work for these conditions.
When conducting timing for the development of standards, the objects of observation should be typical performers of this work, who have the necessary psychophysiological characteristics, qualifications and perform operations at the required pace.
Having determined the object of observation, they make up a detailed description of the operation, which is entered into a special chrono-map document. On the front side of the chronocard, all data about the operation, equipment, tool, material, worker are recorded, the status of the organization and maintenance of the workplace is indicated.
In preparation for timing, the operation under study is divided into elements: complexes of techniques, techniques, actions, movements. The degree of division of the operation depends mainly on the type of production. The greatest detailing of the elements of the labor process is carried out with the mass production of products.
After dividing the operation into elements, their boundaries are determined, determined by the fixing points.
Fixing points- these are sharply expressed moments of the beginning and end of the elements of the operation. For example, fixing points can be: a hand touching a tool or a workpiece, a characteristic sound at the beginning of the metal cutting process, etc.
With selective timing, for each element of the operation, the initial and final fixing points are set. If timing is carried out according to the current time, then for the first element of the operation, the start and end fix points are set. For the rest of the elements, only the end fixing points are defined, they will also be the initial ones for the elements following them.
In preparation for timing, the required number of observations is established. In this case, we are talking about a preliminary assessment. This is due to the fact that the duration of the operation element is a random variable.
The simplest estimate is the stability coefficient (Ku), determined by the ratio of the maximum duration of the observed element of the operation tmax to the minimum tmin (9):
Ku = tmax / tmin, (9)
Approximate values of the standard stability coefficients are recommended by the Research Institute of Labor.
To increase the validity of the timing results, it is advisable to use more accurate statistical estimates (dispersion, mean linear deviation, etc.).
When measuring the duration of the elements of operations, the observer must determine the fixing points and the corresponding points in time, record in the observation list all deviations from the normal mode of operation. The technique for performing chronometric observations essentially depends on the technical means used.
After receiving the required number of measurements, the observation data are processed. For each element of the operation, a series of values of its duration is obtained, that is, a time series. The first stage of its processing is the exclusion of defective measurements, which are identified primarily on the basis of entries in the observation sheet about deviations from the normal mode of operation.
Then the time series is analyzed. Usually, the actual stability coefficients calculated by formula (9) are used for this. Their values are compared with the normative ones.
If the actual stability coefficient is not greater than the normative one, then the time series is considered stable, otherwise it is recommended to exclude the maximum value of the duration of the operation elements, and then recalculate this coefficient.
After eliminating defective measurements, the average duration of each element of the operation is found. Usually this value is defined as the arithmetic average of the values of the time series corresponding to normal operating conditions.
The last stage of timing is the analysis of the results, which includes identifying unnecessary movements and actions, assessing the possibility of their combination and reducing the duration.
According to the results of the analysis, the required time for the operation is finally determined.
Photochronometry is a method of observation in which not only the duration of the execution of individual elements of operational time is studied, but also the preparatory and final time, maintenance of the workplace, breaks in work.
The costs of working time act as a universal measure of labor, therefore, labor rationing proceeds from the planned and rational distribution of the entire total working time into constituent elements (Fig. 3.2). Figure 3.2 shows that all costs of working time are divided into two parts: work time and break time.
Working time is the period during which the worker performs labor activities. It is subdivided, in turn, into preparatory and final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.
The break time is the period during which the labor process is not carried out (regardless of the reasons), and the performer does not perform any labor actions. The time of breaks is usually divided into the time of regulated and unregulated breaks in work.
Preparatory-final time (t „, 3)- this is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the performance of the given work and to the actions associated with its completion. This type of work time includes the following steps:
- obtaining a production task, tools, fixtures and technological documentation;
- familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawing;
- receiving instruction on the procedure for carrying out work;
- adjusting the equipment for the appropriate mode of operation;
- trial processing of the part on the machine;
- removal of fixtures, tools, delivery of finished products to the technical control department (QCD), delivery of technological documentation and drawings.
Rice. 3.2.
A feature of this category of time costs is that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on this task, i.e. This is a one-time cost per batch of manufactured products. Therefore, in large-scale and mass production per unit of production, they are insignificant and are usually not taken into account when setting standards.
operational time(G op) is the time spent directly on the performance of a given work (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or work. It is divided into main and auxiliary time.
Main time (t a) - this is the time spent by the worker on actions to qualitatively and quantitatively change the object of labor, its state and position in space. It can be machine, machine-manual, manual.
Auxiliary time (t B) is the time spent by the worker on activities that ensure the completion of the main work. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. The auxiliary time includes the time to load the equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products; unloading and eating finished products; installation and fixing of parts; detachment and removal of parts; movement of the object of labor within the working area; equipment management; movement of individual mechanisms of equipment; rearrangement of the working tool, if this is repeated with each unit of production; quality control of manufactured products; movement (transitions) of the worker necessary to perform operations and other similar work. If the auxiliary time is combined with the main one, then it is called overlapped and is taken into account when calculating the norm of time.
Workplace service time (t 0 &)- the time spent by the worker on caring for the workplace and maintaining it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift. In machine and automated production processes, this time is divided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.
Maintenance time(? tech) is the time spent caring for the workplace, equipment and tools needed to complete a particular task. It includes the time spent on sharpening and replacing worn tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste and other similar work.
Organizational service time(? org) is the time spent by the worker to maintain the workplace in working order during the shift. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent: on the reception and delivery of a shift; layout at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the change of tools, documentation and other materials and items necessary for work; movement of containers with blanks or finished products within the workplace; inspection, testing, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment and other similar works.
Scheduled break times(? r p) includes the time of breaks in work due to the technology and organization of the production process (G pt), for example, a break in the work of the crane operator while the workers are slinging the load being lifted. This category also includes time for rest and personal needs of the contractor (? 0 td) Time of unscheduled work breaks(G, fP) - this is the time of interruptions in work caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process. It includes the time of interruptions caused by shortcomings in the organization of production (? PO t): untimely supply of materials and raw materials to the workplace, equipment malfunction, power outages, etc. In addition, this includes the time of breaks in work caused by violations of labor discipline (Gr): being late for work, absenteeism from the workplace, leaving work prematurely, etc.
When analyzing the cost of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate the loss of working time and their causes, all the working time of the contractor is divided into productive costs and lost working time. The first of these includes the time of work to complete the production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are the object of rationing and are included in the structure of the time norm. Losses of working time include the time of performing unproductive work and the time of unscheduled breaks. These costs are subject to analysis in order to eliminate or minimize them.
As known, labor is any mental and physical effort made by people in the process of economic activity. The time during which the worker creates material wealth is called working time.
The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Chapter 15, Article 91) defines the concept of working time as follows:
Work time - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, relate to working time .
The content of working time is distinguished by a wide variety of its constituent elements. For their disclosure is the classification of the cost of working time, which can be carried out in relation to the three elements of the production process: the object of labor, workers and equipment. The basis of these classifications is the allocation of two components of the time of the production process (time of work) and the time of breaks.
Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time shown in Figure 1. Here working time means the period during which the employee prepares for work, its direct implementation and completion. It, in turn, consists of the time of work to fulfill the production task and the time of work not provided for by the production task.
The work time for the execution of a production task is the time spent on preparing and directly executing the task. It consists of preparatory-final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.
Preparatory and closing time - this is the time spent by the employee on preparing for the performance of work and its completion (receiving a task for work and familiarizing with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, handing over finished products, tools, etc.).
The value of the preparatory-final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the share of the preparatory-final time falls on the unit of work on this task.
operational time - this is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is divided into main and auxiliary.
The main time is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, the processing of a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, the stitching of product parts in the clothing industry, the time of active monitoring of the hardware process in chemical production, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport.
Auxiliary time is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal of objects of work from it in machine tools, measuring the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and materials in the food industry, changing the operating modes of the equipment, etc.).
Workplace service time This is the time to take care of the workplace and maintain the equipment in working order. It is subdivided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.
Maintenance time is associated with the care of equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacing worn parts, adjusting and lubricating equipment, replacing cartridges in office equipment, etc.).
Organizational maintenance time is the time to maintain the workplace in working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning vehicles, etc.).
Depending on the nature of the contractor's participation in the performance of production operations, the preparatory and final time is divided into manual work time, machine-manual work time, and equipment operation monitoring time.
Handmade time called work without the use of machines and mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used.
Time of machine-manual work (including manual mechanized) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using a manual mechanized tool (electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw).
In the conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant proportion of working time is occupied by equipment monitoring time . It can be active and passive.
The time of active monitoring of the operation of the equipment is that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process.
The passive monitoring time is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, monitoring is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment.
Working hours can be overlapped and non-overlapped. Overlapped time - the time for performing any work during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. For example, the time for an employee to perform ancillary work and the time for automatic operation of the equipment that the worker is monitoring are performed simultaneously, that is, they overlap.
Non-overlapping time is the time for performing auxiliary work when the equipment is stopped (for example, when loading raw materials into discontinuous devices).
Out-of-job time is time spent doing odd or unproductive work.
odd jobs - these are works caused by production necessity, but not provided for by the production task (for example, correcting defects).
unproductive work it is considered one that does not increase the volume of products or improve its quality (for example, excessive mileage of a car with a load due to an incorrectly compiled route).
Break times - this is the period during which the employee, while at work, does not work. It forms part of working time and should be distinguished from lunch breaks, which are not included in working time. The time of breaks in work is divided into the time of regulated breaks and unscheduled breaks.
Time of scheduled breaks involves the time of irremovable breaks established by the technology and organization of the production process, and time for rest and personal needs (for example, industrial gymnastics).
 |
The time of unrecoverable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process is determined by the specific conditions for the flow of specific technological processes (for example, for a heated part to cool to a certain temperature).
Breaks for rest and personal needs are provided to employees to restore working capacity during the work shift, for industrial gymnastics, for personal hygiene and their own needs.
Time of unscheduled (removable) breaks It is caused by violations of the normal production process and violations of labor discipline.
The time of breaks caused by violations of labor discipline is the result of being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, downtime of employees who cannot perform their duties due to the absence of other employees violating labor discipline.
The time of interruptions caused by violations of the normal production process occurs for organizational and technical reasons. This is due to poor organization of labor and production (for example, untimely supply of raw materials, materials, electricity to the workplace, untimely maintenance of equipment).
Classification in relation to the subject of labor , which is also a classification in relation to the production process (after all, we are talking about the costs necessary to turn the object of labor into a product of labor) is shown in Figure 2.
It should be noted that the costs of working time are divided into standardized and non-standardized.
TO standardized working hours
includes the costs required to complete a given task. They include:
- preparatory and final time;
- operational time;
- time of service of the workplace;
- the time of breaks provided by the technology and organization of the production process;
- time for rest and personal needs.
All these costs are included in the time limit.
TO non-standardized costs of working time include loss of time due to organizational and technical reasons (for example, emergency shutdowns of equipment, eliminateable shortcomings in the organization of work).
For the purposes of study and analysis, the costs of working time are classified, i.e. subdivided into groups according to certain characteristics. An analysis of the time spent by an employee allows you to establish the degree of his workload, determine the content and nature of the time spent in the performance of production tasks.
The classification of working time costs on the basis of its use is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Classification of working hours
Working time is the duration of the working day, working week established by law. Working hours are divided into working hours and breaks depending on the purpose.
Work time is the part of the working day during which activities related to the performance of work are performed.
Break time is a part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons and the employee is idle.
The operating time, in turn, includes two types of costs:
The time directly involved in the performance of the given work (time for the performance of the production task), - Trz;
Time of work not determined by the production task (performing operations that are not characteristic of this worker: walking for a tool, correcting defective products, etc.) - Tz.
The production task execution time is divided into preparatory - final, operational and workplace maintenance time.
Preparatory - final time (TPZ) is spent by the worker on preparing himself and his workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. The value of this time does not depend on the amount of work, but only on the type of production and the level of labor organization. In single and small-scale production (there are frequent readjustments of equipment), this time is 12 - 15% of the working time, in large-scale production - 3 - 5%, and in mass production - 1-3%. The preparatory and final time includes the time to receive orders, drawings, fixtures, tools, equipment adjustment, washing and steaming of devices, receiving and handing over shifts, and handing over finished products.
Operational (TOP) is the time during which the worker performs a given operation. This time is divided into the main To (technological) - changing the shape, properties and quality of objects of labor and auxiliary (Tvsp) - actions that contribute to these changes (installation and removal of parts, start-up and stop of equipment, elimination of a broken thread, change of shuttle, loading of raw materials and unloading of the finished product, etc.).
Workplace maintenance (TORM) - time for activities related to the care of the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift. In machine and automated processes, it is divided into technical time (Tto) and organizational time (Too) for servicing the workplace. Tto - maintenance of the workplace in connection with the implementation of this operation (replacing a dull tool, adjusting equipment, bringing the solution to the required concentration, etc.). Too - actions for caring for the workplace (layout and cleaning of tools, cleaning and lubricating equipment, cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift. In some industries (in coal, metallurgical, food, etc.) Torm is not allocated, but refers to Tpz.
When analyzing the cost of working time, it is necessary to allocate manual time (Tvsp), overlapped and not overlapped by machine time. The labor rate includes manual time, not overlapped by machine time (performing auxiliary operations and other types of work with the equipment stopped).
Break times are divided into the following types:
Breaks for rest and personal needs (Toln);
Breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot);
Breaks due to violation of labor discipline (Tndt).
Breaks for rest and personal needs are used by workers for rest in order to prevent fatigue, as well as for personal hygiene. These also include time for industrial gymnastics. The duration of the breaks depends on the working conditions.
Breaks of an organizational and technical nature may be due to the established technology and organization of production (Tpt), as well as violations of the normal course of the production process (Tpnt).
Tpt - removal of workers from the explosion zone, breaks between unloading and loading a thermal furnace, etc. All these breaks are regulated and included in the labor standard.
Tpnt - delays in the supply of raw materials, semi-finished products, lack of energy, blanks, waiting for transport, etc. These interruptions in work are essentially downtime for various organizational and technical reasons that depend on production.
