It is a material made from threads, fibers, films; traditional methods such as weaving or spinning are not used in its production. The production technology of such canvases is simple, has lower financial costs, the range of materials is more diverse and has a low cost. Non-woven material has excellent performance properties. That is why non-woven fabric is today the main type of textile product.

Non-woven material is divided into the following types:

• Textile
• canvas-stitched
• thread-stitched
• fabric-stitched
• needle-punched
• glued
• combined
• Batting
• canvas-stitched
• needle-punched
• glued
• Household material
• Material for technical purposes

Production of non-woven fabric

The properties of nonwoven material directly depend on the raw materials, structure, and production methods. Non-woven fabric is produced from the following chemical fibers:

• viscose
• polyester
• polyamide
• polyacrylonitrile
• polypropylene

It is also possible to produce from recycled materials - waste of short, substandard fibers.

Technological process for manufacturing non-woven fabric

Preparation of raw materials

The initial stage of production, during which raw materials are loosened, purified from impurities, fibers are mixed, threads are rewound or binders are prepared, chemical solutions, hardeners.

Formation of the fibrous base

Fiber canvas is produced mechanically, while a web of fibers (45-150 mm) is formed on a special carding machine. The fibers obtained in this way in the finished nonwoven material are located in longitudinal direction or longitudinal-transverse.

When forming a base using an aerodynamic method, pre-combed fibers are transferred by an air flow through a diffuser to a conveyor, where they are laid down to form a non-woven material (the fibers are not oriented).
Hydraulic or wet method, electrostatic, fiber-forming.

Obtaining non-woven fabric (fiber bonding)

The fibrous base is bonded in several ways - physical-chemical, thermal bonding, physical-mechanical, combined. The first method is used to obtain glued nonwoven materials. The physical and mechanical method includes: knitting, needle punching.

In order to obtain non-woven fabric High Quality, increased strength and better deformation properties, a combined method is used.

Non-woven fabric finishing

Non-woven fabric, depending on further use, is produced unbleached, bleached, or dyed.

The production of nonwoven material from chemical fibers has much in common with the production of geotextiles. When certain chemical additives are added to non-woven fabric, a product is obtained in its properties and functions, as well as in its scope of application, similar to geotextile fabric.

Spunbond

Spunbond is one of the types of non-woven fabric produced by thermal bonding. Is non-woven polymer material, is made of polypropylene. According to the technology, thin threads are obtained from the molten polymer, which are then drawn into air flow. The threads are fastened together using chemical impregnation, thermal bonding or needle-punched method.

Spandbond has excellent characteristics that determine its scope of application. The fabric is produced in a width of up to four meters and is easy to cut. A wide range of density (10 – 600 g/sq.m.) and thickness, on which flexibility, strength characteristics, and breathability depend, determine the advantages of non-woven fabric made from chemical fibers.

Advantages of the material

• • Wide range of applications due to ease of handling and storage
  • Long service life, high strength, resistance to deformation, abrasion, and creasing.
  • Low electrical conductivity, resistance to temperature fluctuations, heat resistance.
  • Resistance to various aggressive environments.
  • The ability to give the material any color at the stage of polymer melting.
    Areas of application of non-woven fabric.

The excellent properties and advantages of the material make it possible to use it in various fields of industry. Areas of application depend on the density, size of the canvas and even color.

Agriculture

Thermally bonded fabric of white or black color, with a density of up to 50 g/sq.m., is used as a covering and mulching material. For better protection from ultraviolet rays, during production, a special stabilizer is introduced into the raw materials. Withstands low temperatures, water- and air-permeable.

Hygiene and medicine

We use material with a density of up to 25 g/sq.m. for the production of diapers, diapers. Density up to 60 g/sq.m. for the production of medical kits, including operating rooms, bandages and masks. Antibacterial, hydrophilic and hydrophobic additives are introduced into the raw materials.

Light industry

It produces disposable clothing, towels, tablecloths and napkins, bed linen, blankets, and is widely used as lining and insulation material when sewing outerwear, shoes, various products leather goods, can also be used in the manufacture of furniture. Non-woven fabric of various colors and densities is suitable for light industry.

Non-woven fabric made from chemical fibers is widely used in road construction, drainage systems, as a filtering and insulating material, for insulating rooms, roofs, and floors.

Construction membranes are produced from non-woven material, which, thanks to unique properties allow you to extend the service life of structures, various building structures, and also reduce construction time.

Like any other product, non-woven fabric made from chemical fibers must be purchased only from trusted manufacturers and suppliers.

Nonwoven materials are called special kind fabrics produced without the use of flat weave thread technologies. There are currently many types of such products, as well as methods for their manufacture. The scope of application of this type of material is also wide. Most often, non-woven fabric is used in construction and agriculture, as well as when sewing clothes.

A little history

Non-woven material was first manufactured in the second half of the 19th century in the USA. The first canvases of this variety were produced from bonds held together with starch. This material, called pellon, did not become particularly widespread in the 19th century. It began to be used quite widely only during the Second World War. The Americans used it to make camouflage products.

In the 70s of the last century, pellon was first used in agriculture as a covering material. Currently, it is used on 30% of the agricultural areas of the European Union countries. In the USSR, such material was produced in very small quantities and was used mainly in Russia. It became widespread in our country only in the 90s. Now it is produced by many Russian companies. For example, very quality product this type is produced by the Podolsk factory nonwovens"The Whole World", founded in 2000.

Density

Nonwoven fabric can be produced different ways, have different thickness, appearance and purpose. However, the main characteristic of such canvases in most cases is strength. The latter, in turn, depends on the surface. This parameter in groups different in purpose can vary between 10-600 g/m2. So, for example:

Non-woven canvas material usually has a density of 235-490 g/m2.

For needle-punched fabric this figure is 210 g/m2.

The density of fabric stitching materials is 216-545 g/m2.

Non-woven fabric has a surface density of 90-110 g/m2.

For thread-stitched fabrics this figure is 63-310 g/m2.

The density of glued nonwoven material is 40-330 g/m2.

Canvases of this type can be produced mechanically or glue method. The basis of any such material is canvas, made of natural and synthetic fibers laid in rows. To obtain a fibrous structure, such a fabric is combed.

Mechanical production methods

The base of the nonwoven material is fastened using this technology using additional threads. For example, canvas-stitched materials are produced mechanically. In this case, the warp fibers are fastened together by stitching them with threads. When using needle-punched technology, the elements forming the canvas are first intertwined with each other. The result is a canvas that is quite dense in structure. To give greater strength, it is stitched with thick threads. In this case, special serrated tools are used. The needle-punched method of making canvases is based on this moment the most popular. This technology is used by every nonwoven materials plant.

Thread stitching materials are made by passing a warp through one or more fiber systems. This fabric differs from canvas-stitched fabric primarily in appearance. The material in this group is similar to terry cloth.

There are also mechanically produced fabric-stitched fabrics on sale today. This variety is produced on a very light base, also by stitching it with a system of pile threads. Such fabrics can be either smooth or terry.

Production of nonwoven materials by adhesive method

This technology is used in the manufacture of most types of nonwoven materials. In this case, the fibers in the canvas are bonded by impregnation various kinds adhesives. Most often, synthetic latex is used for processing. Another common technology is hot pressing. In this case, the fibers are glued together with thermoplastics at very high temperatures.

Sometimes, for the production of non-woven glued materials, the most old technology- on paper machines. It was with the use of such equipment that pellon was produced in America. In this case, the binder can be introduced either directly into the mass entering the machine, or into the finished web.

Use of canvas stitching

This type of non-woven material is different large thickness, massiveness and looseness. Its main advantage is its high heat-shielding properties. Canvas-stitched fabrics are very dense and wear-resistant materials that can exhibit significant shrinkage. They are most often used as lining in the production of clothing. They are also sometimes used as a base in the manufacture of artificial leather.

Where is needle-punched material used?

Thanks to the porous structure, this group of fabrics also has good heat-protective properties. In addition, the advantages of this material include resistance to washing and dry cleaning. Needle-punched fabrics are usually used for and floor coverings. Like canvas stitching, they are also used for making linings of coats, jackets and fur coats. However, in the latter case, the needle-punched non-woven material usually has to be additionally impregnated with adhesive compounds. The fact is that its fibers are quite hard, and therefore, in a free state, they can penetrate through the top and spoil its appearance.

The most common non-woven material, dornite, is also produced using the needle-punched method. Geotextiles are used when laying out lawns, constructing foundations, etc. Also, the needle-punched method is sometimes used in the production of the most popular type and greenhouses - spunbond. However, more often this type of fabric is made using the adhesive method (hot pressing).

Application of thread and fabric stitching fabrics

Both of these varieties are also quite in demand in industry. The main advantage of thread-stitched fabrics is the variety of appearance. This method can produce both very thin translucent materials and massive furniture ones. Suits, evening dresses, casual wear, scarves, napkins made of non-woven material are often made using this technology.

The advantages of fabric stitching materials are their stable structure and hygiene. In terms of wear resistance, they are superior to all other types of nonwoven materials. This fabric is used mainly for sewing robes and beach suits.

Where are adhesive sheets used?

Most often, such non-woven material is made from a mixture of cotton and nylon fibers. It is usually used when sewing clothes. For example, it is inserted into collars, straps and slots to impart rigidity to the latter. Materials produced on paper-making machines are most often used for the production of various types of medical dressings.

As you can see, the scope of non-woven fabrics in our time is really very wide. Their are excellent performance characteristics make them indispensable for sewing many types of clothing, growing plants, installing drainage systems, etc. The technologies for producing such materials are not particularly complex, and therefore their cost is usually low. This is basically what explains the extraordinary popularity of this type of painting.

Nonwovens

textile products made from fibers or threads joined together without the use of weaving methods (See weaving).

Large-scale industrial production of non-metallic metals appeared in the 1940s. 20th century Modern textile fabrics are one of the main types of textile products in many countries. In 1972, more than 3 billion metals were produced worldwide. m 2.

Materials obtained by physical and chemical methods. Most N. m., so-called. Glued N. m. are produced by methods in which the fibers are joined using binders (adhesives). The most common are glued N. m., the basis of which is the so-called. fibrous canvas (layer of textile fibers, weight 1 m 2 which ranges from 10 to 1000 G and more). Most often, the canvas is formed mechanically ( rice. 1 ) from several layers of carding coming from the removable drum of a carding machine (See carding machine). The canvas is produced by the aerodynamic method, in which the fibers are removed from the carding drum by a stream of air and, to form the canvas, are transferred to a mesh drum (condenser) or to a horizontal mesh with maximum speed up to 100 m/min and more ( rice. 2 ). Canvas can also be produced from an aqueous dispersion of fibers on the mesh of a paper-making machine (See Paper-making machine).

Depending on the characteristics of fiber gluing, there are several methods for producing glued fibers.

The most common method is based on impregnation of the canvas with a liquid binder - synthetic Latex. The canvas is immersed in a bath of binder or the binder is sprayed over the surface of the canvas. Sometimes impregnation is used, similar to applying a pattern to the surface of a fabric using printing. The impregnated material is dried and processed in thermal chambers heated by hot air or infrared emitters. Canvas is usually formed from cotton, a mixture of viscose and polyamide fibers, or from textile waste, including non-spun ones. N. m. obtained in this way (speed 50 m/min and more) are used as lining and gasket materials, for filters, as heat and sound insulation materials in the automotive industry, etc.

With the hot pressing method, fibers are bonded using thermoplastics (polyamides, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.) under pressure up to 2 Mn/m 2(20kgf/cm 2) at elevated temperatures, usually on special calenders. Gluing is preceded by heat treatment of a layer of fibers containing a binder, which is introduced into the canvas at the stage of its formation (in the form of fusible fibers, mesh, threads, etc.) or into an already formed canvas (in the form of powder).

When obtaining N. m. using paper-making machines (speed 100 m/min and more) a binder (latexes, fusible fibers, etc.) is introduced into the mass entering the machine, or into the already cast canvas. Such N. materials are cheap and widely used in the production of disposable products (bed linen for hotels, towels, tablecloths, dressings).

With the spunbond method, synthetic fibers formed at the exit from the spinnerets of the spinning machine pass through channels in which they are drawn out in the air flow, and then, when laid on a moving conveyor, form a web. The formed material is most often secured with a binder; in some cases, the stickiness of the fibers themselves is used.

With the structure-forming method, it is possible to obtain N. without the use of fibers: the fabric is formed as a result of the formation of condensation structures from solutions or aerosols of polymers (in the form of a porous, sometimes fibrous sediment, which may contain fillers, which are then washed out) or by curing foam, etc. Such N. m. “breathe” like fabric. They can be used instead of fabric or paper in technology (for filters, etc.) and for household purposes.

Materials obtained by mechanical methods. In the production of canvas-stitched fabrics ("malivatt" technology - GDR, "arachne" - Czechoslovakia, etc.) in the canvas moving through the knitting-stitching machine, the fibers are fixed as a result of stitching them with threads, which are laid and connected in the same way as in warp knitting on a knitting machine. Such N. m. are used as thermal insulation (instead of woven batting, etc.) or packaging materials, as a basis in the production of artificial leather (See Artificial leather), etc. The productivity of one unit is 3-8 m/min and more.

Thread-stitched N. m. (Malimo materials - GDR) are obtained by stitching one or several systems of threads. These sewing threads are used for decorative purposes, for beach and outerwear, towels, etc. Of particular interest are thread-stitched sewing threads with pile sagging loops (half loops), which successfully compete with woven ones. terry materials(Frotte type).

Canvas-stitched fabrics are made by stitching textile fabric with pile yarn (malipol material - GDR), the use of which helps improve the structure and properties of the fabric. For this purpose, fabric, “malimo” material, etc. are used. N. m. for coats and skirts are stitched with wool yarn, the base for tufted carpets (550 wide cm) - carpet yarn using needles that pull it through the fabric. When the needle moves back, the yarn is caught in the holder, resulting in loops. To secure the loops, a binder is applied to the back of the carpet. Machine performance 5 m 2 /min and more.

With the help of knitting and stitching machines, stitching is made without the use of threads (Voltex materials - GDR, Arabeva - Czechoslovakia, etc.). Such N. m. can consist, for example, of fabric and canvas made from long fibers. After pulling the canvas fibers through the woven frame, strong loops are formed on the reverse side of the N. m., and on front side- fluffy and high pile. Such N. and. used as an insulating lining in sportswear and demi-season coats, for the manufacture of hats, warm shoes, etc.

The most promising are needle-punched fabrics, made by entangling fibers in canvas and stitching it with barbed needles. Piercing the material occurs when the board with needles moves downwards (all the way). When it moves upward, the material moves forward (machine productivity 5 m/min). Such N. m. are used as carpets, which successfully compete not only with woven, but also with tufted carpets, since they do not require yarn for production. Needle-punched materials are also used as blankets, cloth for paper-making machines, filters, etc.

The number of N. m. also includes felting textile materials(see felting) , in the production of which the ability of wool fibers to felt is used (during mechanical or heat-moisture treatment). A fabric frame is sometimes introduced into the composition of such N. m. The technology for their production has a long history (this is how, for example, felt boots are obtained).

Lit.: Technology of production of nonwoven materials, M., 1967; Tikhomirov V.B., Chemical technology for the production of nonwoven materials, M., 1971; Perepelkina M.D., Shcherbakova M.N., Zolotnitskaya K.N., Mechanical technology for the production of nonwoven materials, M., 1973.

Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what “Nonwoven materials” are in other dictionaries:

Fabrics and products made from fibers, threads and other types of textile materials (sometimes in combination with non-textile, for example films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Products made from non-woven materials: carpets, blankets, fabric substitutes... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Nonwovens- NONWOVEN MATERIALS, textile materials made from fibers and threads, made without the use of weaving processes. Products made from non-woven materials: carpets, blankets, insulating pads for clothing, shoes, cloth for paper machines, filters, etc... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

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Textile products made of fibers or threads joined together without use traditional methods weaving. Industrial production nonwoven materials appeared in the 40s. 20th century Modern nonwoven materials are one of the main products... ... Encyclopedia of technology

nonwovens- Textile materials made from natural and chemical fibers without the use of weaving methods (mechanical, physical-chemical and combined methods). The production of nonwoven materials includes the preparation of the base (canvas,... ... Textile glossary

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Fabrics and products made from fibers, threads and other types of textile materials (sometimes in combination with non-textiles, such as films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Products made from non-woven materials: carpets, blankets, substitutes... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

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Text. materials made from natural materials. and chem. fibers without the use of weaving methods (mechanical, physical, chemical and combined methods). The production of N. m. includes the preparation of the base (canvas, system of threads, film of fibrous structure, etc.), ... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

Non-woven textile materials are materials made from fibers or threads joined together without the use of weaving methods. Contents 1 History of the development of the nonwoven materials industry 1.1 Classification ... Wikipedia

Nonwovens are flexible, relatively strong textile fabrics or products formed from one or several layers of textile materials (fibers, threads, products) held together different ways using the physical-chemical phenomenon of adhesion or the physical-mechanical phenomenon of friction.

Typically, nonwoven fabrics have two interconnected components: fiberfill And connecting system. Fiberfill form various starting materials(fibers, threads, cut strips) located next to each other. The second component is binding system, which can be various fibers, threads (yarn, multifilament threads), fastening the elements of the fibrous canvas due to friction, or various adhesive materials (adhesives) gluing the canvas. This component is sometimes created as a result of autohesion (self-adhesion), i.e., the ability of surfaces of the same substance under pressure and heating, or by spot welding when heated by currents high frequency give a strong adhesive bond.

For the production of nonwoven materials, natural or chemical fibers and filaments, textile threads of various fibrous compositions and structures, as well as textile fabrics (fabrics and knitwear) with small surface and volume filling are used.

Compound structural elements The use of nonwoven materials varies and depends on the purpose of the nonwoven materials and the performance properties of the product.

Based possible combinations structural elements, nonwoven materials are divided into single-layer, consisting of one material (fibrous canvas, thread system), and multi-layer, consisting of several types of materials (fibrous canvas plus fabric, fibrous canvas plus thread system, thread system plus fabric, etc.) .

The production of nonwoven textile materials consists of three stages: obtaining a fibrous base (filler), bonding the structural elements of the filler into the fabric, finishing and sorting the finished nonwoven fabrics.

In the production of fibrous single-layer nonwoven materials, the first stage involves loosening the fibers; their purification from mechanical impurities; mixing fibers and their uniform distribution relative to each other; formation of fibrous canvas.

The formation of the fibrous web is carried out by mechanical, aerodynamic, spunbond and hydraulic methods. The main requirement for this process is the uniform distribution of fibers over the canvas area and among themselves.

Hydraulic method Canvas forming is currently practically not used.

At mechanically To form the fibrous filler, textile carding machines are used to obtain a basic card. The web is then converted into a fibrous web of a given surface density and width by folding or thickening the web by mechanical action.

This technology makes it possible to obtain a fibrous web with a given fiber orientation of the required length and width, which allows you to adjust the properties of the non-woven fabric and is an undoubted advantage of this method.

At aerodynamically special devices an air-fiber flow is created, which, passing through the mesh receiving surface, forms a fibrous web of a given surface density and width.

Spun method The formation of a fibrous web consists of obtaining elementary filaments from a melt or polymer solution, which, coming out of the spinneret and passing through the blowing shaft, enter the dispenser collection. He lays them out on a conveyor, forming a fibrous web of the required width and surface density.

Aerodynamic and spunbond methods of forming a fibrous web significantly increase productivity technological equipment compared to its performance using the mechanical method.

The main stage in the production of nonwoven materials is the bonding (connection) of structural elements to each other. For this purpose, physical-mechanical, physical-chemical and combined methods are used.

Application physical and mechanical methods bonding based on use physical phenomenon friction and structural features and properties of structural elements of nonwoven materials. This group includes the following methods: knitting and stitching, needle punching, felting and water jet.

The fibrous web, once formed, is a loose material with high porosity and low tensile strength. This is due to the fact that the distance between the fibers is large, and the number of mechanical connections (contacts) is small. Therefore, the main goal of any physical and mechanical joining method is to increase the number of connections between the fibers. Bringing the fibers closer together increases the number and area of ​​contacts, as well as the number of mechanical connections between them. As a result, the strength of the fibrous nonwoven material increases during tension and compression. As a result of densification of the fibrous web, thickness and porosity are reduced, which allows for increased friction and adhesion between the fibers.

In the production of single-layer fibrous nonwoven materials by physical and mechanical methods, the joining of fibers is carried out by knitting, as well as compaction of the fibrous filler by entangling the fibers using needle-piercing, jets of liquid, air or impact (felting).

Needle-punched method consists in the fact that the formed fibrous canvas is pierced with special barbed needles, which, when inserted into the fibrous canvas, capture the fibers, moving them inside the canvas, thereby compacting it. As a result, the fibers move closer to each other and become partially entangled.

Modifications of acupuncture are gas and hydro jet methods, the peculiarity of which is that compaction and entanglement of fibers occur as a result of the action of thin air or water jets with a diameter of 0.25 mm on the canvas located on the conveyor mesh. The nozzles through which air or water are supplied are located across the width of the canvas at a distance of 3~4 mm from each other. The gas or liquid pressure in the jet is 2-50 MPa.

As a result of using this method, it turns out environmentally pure material, migration of fibers from the canvas is not observed.

Felting method used to produce felt and felt. It is based on the inherent features of the structure of wool - the scaly surface and crimp of the fibers, which provide the ability to felt, i.e., compact the canvas and entangle the fibers. Wool fiber, having a scaly surface, can move in the fibrous mass in only one direction. Taking this into account, the formed fibrous canvas is covered with a wet cloth on both sides and placed between metal plates, which have holes for steam supply. The top plate performs reciprocating movements in horizontal and vertical planes, which sets the wool fibers in the canvas in motion, and the action of steam facilitates their movement and pressing of the canvas.

In the production of felt, fine down and transitional wool fibers are used, and in the production of felt, coarse wool fibers are used.

Knitting and stitching method The production of nonwoven materials is based on the bonding of fibrous canvas using a system of stitching threads, resulting in single-layer fibrous nonwoven materials. The bonding of fibers in the canvas occurs due to the tension forces in the stitching threads during the formation of a stitch or loop. The higher the tension force, the greater the pressure force between the fibers.

Physico-chemical methods The bonding of fibrous filler elements is based on the use of the physicochemical phenomenon of adhesion (sticking) and autohesion (self-adhesion).

When adhesive (glue) bonding of fibers uses the chemical interaction of an adhesive substance - adhesive with active groups of the polymer substance of the fiber - substrate.

The most widely used method for producing nonwoven materials using binders is impregnation method liquid binders and its modifications (impregnation with foam, spraying of the binder and others). Fiber canvas is impregnated aqueous solution a binder that penetrates into the interfiber space and interacts with the active groups of the polymer substance of the fibers. Excess liquid is squeezed out by rollers, after which polymerization of the binder occurs in a heat chamber.

The choice of binder for impregnation and its concentration are determined by the fibrous composition of the canvas and its purpose.

Materials obtained by this method have sufficient strength and low average density. To the disadvantage this method should be attributed to the uneven distribution of the binder between the fibers.

Autohesive The joining method is based on the fact that the bonding of fibers in the canvas is carried out by the fibers themselves when they are transferred from a highly elastic to a viscous state, in which the fibers melt. In this case, an autohesive bond is formed at the points of contact between homogeneous fibers, and an adhesive bond is formed between dissimilar fibers.

The bonding of fibers or thread systems in the canvas can be carried out by heating them when passing through a calender, in heat chambers or when exposed to electric current high frequency (HDF). When using the HDTV method, the composition of the fibrous web must include thermoplastic fibers or fibers from polar thermoplastic polymers.

The properties of nonwoven fabrics obtained by the autohesive method depend on the type of hot-melt fibers, their proportion in the total number of fibers and the degree of uniformity of distribution in the canvas or thread.

Combined methods fastening of structural elements in the production of nonwoven materials is a combination of physical-mechanical and physical-chemical methods: needle-punched with adhesive, needle-punched with knitting, needle-punched with autohesive, etc.

Multilayer non-woven textile materials include stitched fabric and non-woven materials consisting of fibrous webs connected to threads, fabrics or knitwear.

Nonwovens found wide application in the manufacture of clothing, primarily as lining and cushioning materials, ensuring product parts retain their original shape during use.

For the production of products for disposable or short-term use, single-layer fibrous materials are used, obtained using hydro-jet technology or a method combining needling with autohesion.

Towel products (smooth and terry), blankets and rugs, bedspreads, curtains and others are made from non-woven materials.

Products made from chemical fibers. There are several types of non-woven coverings available for sale, differing in technical parameters and properties. Similar results were achieved using a variety of manufacturing techniques. To make it easier to decide, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the main types.

Spunbond

The preparation of such material is carried out by pressing pre-prepared raw materials through special dies, the diameter of which is relatively small. Only after this the fibers are thoroughly cooled, drawn, and placed on flat surface. In order to connect the prepared and cooled fibers, a calender is used.

The fabric prepared in this way is distinguished by its increased level of density, wear resistance, and strength. This material is waterproof, easy to store and use. It is quite often used in the process of preparing non-sterile products.

Spunlace

The preparation of this nonwoven material is carried out practically according to the same principle as spunbond. The only difference is that the fibers are intertwined using water jets that are fed under high pressure. This type of non-woven material is made from polypropylene, viscose, and polyester fibers. In some cases, several types of fibers are combined. As a rule, several types of fibers are combined if it is necessary to enhance certain properties of the fabric.

This type of nonwoven material has the following advantages:

• Excellent tactile comfort.
• The coating does not interfere with free air circulation.
• The durability of the coating is quite high.
• The material has excellent protective properties.
• The elasticity coefficient of the coating is quite low.

This type of non-woven material should not be used in excessively humid climates, since it absorbs moisture well, and its weight increases.

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Multilayer non-woven fabric

This material includes three main layers:

• Spunbond.
• Meltblown. The preparation of this coating is carried out in almost the same way as spunbond. The only difference is additional processing fibers in a high-speed flow, due to which they are separated into thinner threads.
• Spunbond.

The bonding of the three above layers is carried out at a certain temperature.

The material obtained in this way is distinguished by the uniform distribution of its constituent fibers. It is this property that made it possible to use it in the preparation of various filters.

Composition of nonwoven materials

Currently, nonwoven materials are prepared from:

• Natural fibers: wool, cotton, linen.
• Chemical fibers: polyamide, viscose, polypropylene, polyester, others.
• Secondary raw materials obtained from waste from chemical and other industries.

In order to ensure reliable connection of fibers, manufacturers quite often use lavsan, glass, nylon or metal threads.

Before raw materials go into production, they must be prepared. Preparation processes are determined depending on what kind of raw materials and what manufacturing technique is used.

Properties of nonwoven materials

Nonwoven materials have a number of unique properties:

• Uniformity of structure. Due to the fact that the fibers used in production are connected as firmly as possible and are distributed evenly, the load on the material is distributed evenly along the entire perimeter. This eliminates the possibility of deformation, excessive tension of the coating, or violation of its integrity.
• Density. Since nonwoven materials have a higher level of density, they can be used to minimize the evaporation of moisture from the ground. As a result, watering rates will also be reduced.
• The material helps maintain an optimal temperature level, due to which the soil warms up much faster.
• High level strength. Neither mechanical load nor chemical components affect the basic properties of the nonwoven material. Therefore, it can be used in the most severe conditions.
• Long period of use. Most types of non-woven fabric can be used for 10 years or more. Manufacturers managed to achieve similar results by combining Various types fibers, combining them. Do not forget that the service life is influenced by both correct installation and compliance with storage conditions.
• Ease of use. The instructions supplied by the manufacturers contain detailed information regarding installation rules. By following them, you can implement everything quite quickly.
• All products undergo a certification process.

Nonwoven Density

Manufacturers supply non-woven material of various densities. To make it easier to navigate, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the features of canvases of different densities.

• Lightweight non-woven fabrics (14-17 g/m2)

Material with this density can only be white. It can be used without installing additional supports, placing it directly on plants or soil. Such actions will not cause any harm, since the material is lightweight. Its use will create an optimal microclimate for plants.

Despite the fact that the coating has a low density, it can be used to provide reliable protection root system, plants from insects, rodents.

• Medium non-woven fabrics (28-42 g/m2)

A coating with this density is also available only in white. The number of areas in which it can be used is much greater. For example, it is excellent for constructing greenhouses and greenhouses.

• Thick non-woven fabrics (60 g/m2)

Nonwoven materials with the highest density are available not only in white, but also in black.

Dense coatings can also be used to mulch soils. Its introduction into the soil makes it possible to prevent the germination of various weeds. If used for these purposes black coating, then you can provide additional heat to the seedlings.

Not long ago they began supplying innovative two-color fabric. It consists of white and black layers. When laying, the black layer is placed directly on the ground. Since the white layer is at the top, the soil warms up more slowly. The temperature regime is maintained for a long period. This has a positive effect on growth various plants. A denser fabric is advantageous to use when low temperatures, since it partially protects root system from frost.

When buying non-woven fabric, you need to consider various characteristics, technical indicators. Only in this case will it be possible to purchase high-quality material.