In the Russian army and navy
Ensign (harness-ensign) of the 33rd Old Ingermanland regiment, standard-cadet (center) of the 7th Dragoon Novorossiysk regiment and assistant of the Life Guards of the Ural Cossack squadron. It can be seen that the uniform and insignia of the warrant officer's harness and the standard cadet's harness are identical, both of them wear an officer’s harness and a scarf belt.Army cadets
The rank of cadet was awarded to servicemen who were candidates for the conferment of the first chief officer rank, later also taking a course of science in military educational institutions (military and cadet schools, schools) in Russia. In addition to the cadets in the infantry, there were titles similar to them in meaning (but not in status!) bayonet in artillery and engineering troops, junker's standard in heavy cavalry (and for some reason - among the guards Cossacks, who clearly did not belong to heavy cavalry), fanen-junker- in the light. At the same time, the rank of bayonet-junker (from the Swede. stykjunkare) was introduced by the Charter of 1716 as an analogue of the rank of warrant officer in artillery, in terms of status it was higher than a warrant officer and lower than a lieutenant, after the adoption of the Table of Ranks, the bayonet-cadet until 1765 belonged to the XIII class, that is, in status it was higher than an army warrant officer, but below the second lieutenant, after the introduction in the army artillery, the rank of ensign of bayonet-junker were re-certified as ensign from artillery. Thus, the title, conceived as a title for candidates for the chief officer of the artillery, actually became the usual chief officer's rank. After that, the "ordinary" artillery of the junker was listed until 1811 one class lower and was equated with the army ensigns, which gave them the right to receive hereditary nobility, after the second restoration of the rank of ensign in the artillery of the cadets they were no longer listed in the XIV class, but they still retained seniority over army cadets, equal to the cadets of the young guard. The cadets of the guard were originally equated with the army's second lieutenants. From the year on, the cadets of the guard were forbidden to call themselves sergeant-major or sergeants of the guard (although they were equal to them in legal status and insignia), since at that time these non-commissioned officers belonged to the XIV class of the Table of Ranks and gave the right to hereditary nobility. Since 1802, the insignia of the junkers in the cavalry have been shoulder straps with a longitudinal wide braid in the middle (similar to the later epaulette of a ensign or the epaulette of a foreman in the Soviet army). The rest of the cadets wore a general non-commissioned officer's uniform and from 1826, according to the legal status, they were equated with ensign. Since 1843, the insignia of the cadet are the same as those of the ensign - shoulder straps, trimmed with narrow gold lace along the edge. Since that time, the cadets appointed to perform non-commissioned officer duties wear non-commissioned officer stripes on their shoulder straps (a cadet from the nobility is a gold braid). The cadets, who were actually acting officers (for example, in the period after graduating from the cadet school and before the assignment of the primary chief officer rank), were called harness-junkers and wore officer's harnesses and lanyards on melee weapons, and according to their legal status they were equated with harness-ensigns. From the middle of the XIX century, the harness-cadet, after graduating from the schools (or the length of service of the qualification), had certain privileges - advantages in the production of rank and in seniority. In - years in cadet harness automatically produced all the cadets who graduated from schools in 1 and 2 categories, before they were awarded the chief officer rank, while the harness-cadets of the cavalry (and now not only heavy) and the Cossacks were called by tradition standard-junkers, and then the same term was used to designate (so as not to confuse them with ordinary cavalry junkers) volunteers in the cavalry, who had already passed the junker exams, but had not yet received the first chief officer rank, this practice was prohibited only in a year, but judging by the well-known documents continued further, until the 1920s (in the white armies). Also in the years, the graduates of the cavalry cadet schools were called standard-junkers before they were made into cornet, i.e. for them it was a kind of analogue of the combined-arms rank of ensign.
After the creation of military schools in Russia, the rank of cadet was automatically assigned to their pupils; in years, there were also special cadet schools. It is sometimes mistakenly asserted that the students of the ensigns' schools were also considered cadets. The cadets' schools, in addition to the shortened (two-year) training course, differed from the military schools in that until 1901 they released junkers into the army only as ensigns or standard-junkers, such cadets could not be promoted to chief officers.
Junker of the fleet
Since 1851, the navy has also introduced the rank of cadet (according to the legal status, a cadet is equated to a conductor) for persons with higher education who entered the service as volunteers and have the right to be promoted to chief officer, later - for students of higher military educational institutions of the fleet (except for the Naval case). The cadets of the fleet after passing the exams - at first special, then simply within the scope of the Naval Corps program or school, special classes - were promoted to warrant officers or, if there was a corresponding specialty, to second lieutenants of the fleet. Also, a naval midshipman could be demoted to a cadet (of course, during the period of the simultaneous existence of these ranks), there was also a reverse practice - the production of cadets as midshipmen without passing exams (for example, when re-certifying students of some military educational institutions of the fleet). In addition to the actual cadets of the fleet, there were also cadets "for the Admiralty", but since their legal status was almost identical, they were all often united under the name cadet of the fleet, however, at the same time, the cadets of the fleet were unofficially considered to be as if higher in status, since, unlike other cadets, they had to meet the educational qualification of the Marine Corps, passed exams according to the training program for midshipmen, and not general junkers, and had to serve at least two companies before production ( midshipmen served only one). The cadets of the fleet generally wore shoulder straps, similar to those of midshipmen (edged with a cadet wide gold lace and with an anchor emblem), but in a black instrument color and with a three-color cord of imperial colors along the border, like in the free-flying fleet (by the cord they could be distinguished from midshipmen who are not trained in the Marine Corps). The cadets of some educational institutions of the fleet wore the same shoulder straps, but in their instrument metal (white for most engineering specialties) and with an instrument color edging instead of a three-color cord (red for mechanical engineers and other technical specialists, dark green with yellow instrument metal from the marines, green with white instrument metal from doctors, crimson from military lawyers, yellow from the internal guards, salad dressing from maritime border guards, etc.). The cadets of the Admiralty wore cadets' shoulder straps in black naval color, but without a "midshipman's" anchor, the "naval" Cossack cadets wore shoulder straps of the general junker pattern. Junker's harness in the fleet they were only in coastal services and for some time - in the corps of the fleet, for which general army ranks were provided, they could not be promoted to naval ranks. In the general case, the cadets in the Admiralty, released in the 1st and 2nd categories, were respectively promoted to second lieutenants (previously, to the 1st - to lieutenant) in the Admiralty with advantage and without advantage in length of service, according to the 3rd - to lieutenant (from the right of production as second lieutenant) or warrant officers for the Admiralty. The exception was the cadets of the corps of mechanical engineers of the fleet and naval engineers, whose status was close to the cadets of the fleet - the first were produced only by junior mechanical engineers before a year, in 1905-1913 as lieutenants of the corps, from 1913 - as mechanical engineers-midshipmen; the latter up to a year only as junior assistants to the shipbuilder, then as lieutenants of the corps.
In one of his novels, Leonid Sobolev, through the lips of one of his heroes, mistakenly identified the junkers of the fleet with army volunteers. In reality, the cadets of the fleet, with the same initial formal requirements for the assignment of a rank (the presence of higher education and the right to be promoted to chief officer), historically had a higher status - this rank was introduced a quarter of a century before the appearance in the Russian army of volunteers, and therefore the cadet of the fleet belonged to the regular category of not privates, but non-commissioned officers, after passing the exams, they were promoted not to the XIV, and not even XII (like other cadets), but immediately to the X class of the Report Card.
Juncker in the colleges
It should be borne in mind that, in addition to military cadets, for some time in the Military and Admirate Collegiums (as well as in some others) there were state cadets. Cool rank cadet was introduced by the decree of Paul I of July 27 of the year simultaneously with the restoration of the rank titular cadet in addition to the rank restored the year before collegiate cadet and quickly fell out of use, it belonged to the XIV class of the Table and was lower in status than the provincial secretary, that is, it was equated to the collegiate registrar, but, unlike the latter, he served without a salary. Thus, a "junker of the Military Collegium" is not a serviceman equal in rank to a sergeant major, but an official candidate of the military department.
In the german army
Fanen-junker
The title of Fanen Junker (German. Fahnenjunker) in the Bundeswehr is assigned to senior students (except for graduation) of military educational institutions and in terms of its position is conditionally equivalent to a Russian cadet junior sergeant. In terms of legal status and insignia (with minor differences), it corresponds to a non-commissioned officer, however, according to the tradition in the German army, outside the formation of fan-cadets, as future chief officers, they have a number of advantages over non-commissioned officers, while in the ranks already The non-commissioned officer has a certain priority.
In the imperial Reichswehr, this title was held during the first six months of service by any person (not only students of military educational institutions) who had the right to be promoted to officer and passed the exams for the title of fenrich. Moreover, in the Reichswehr, this rank belonged to the rank and file, and not the corporal and not the non-commissioned officer.
In the Wehrmacht, this title was assigned to students of the first year of study, and according to the legal status it corresponded to the rank of corporal, for students of the second year of study there was a specific title fanen junker non-commissioned officer, naturally already in status corresponding to the rank of non-commissioned officer. In addition to students of military educational institutions, this rank was also borne by non-commissioned officers who had the right to be awarded the primary chief officer rank, or the rank of military officer, they could be distinguished from students of military schools by the lack of military school encryption on their shoulder straps (the letters "KS" and the first letter of the name of the city of deployment).
Shtandarten-Junker
The rank of standard junker existed in the cavalry of the German states until the beginning of the 20th century, it usually corresponded in status to the rank of a candidate officer in other branches of the military, with the introduction of a general army rank fanen-junker out of use.
Cadet police
In the police (with the exception of transport), the fire service and the gendarmerie of Germany and its lands, the ranks were established for candidates for the rank of chief officer cadet and ober-junker, equated to the ranks of watchmaster (not sergeant!, see the article Vakhmister and watchmaster) and the guardhousemaster, respectively, while the chief junker differed from his equal status as police non-commissioned officers in that he was already wearing the chief officer's uniform with non-commissioned officer shoulder straps.
The title was awarded to servicemen who were candidates for the assignment of the first chief officer rank, and later also - taking a course of science in military educational institutions (military and cadet schools, schools) in Russia. In addition to the cadets in the infantry, there were titles similar to them in meaning. bayonet in artillery and engineering troops, junker's standard in heavy cavalry and fanen-junker- in the light. At the same time, according to the Table of Ranks, the bayonet-cadet belonged to the XIII class, that is, it was higher than the army ensign, but below the second lieutenant, after the introduction of the rank of ensign in the artillery, it was listed one class below and was equated to an army ensign. The cadets of the guard were equated with the army second lieutenants. Since 1802, the insignia of the junkers in the cavalry have been shoulder straps with a longitudinal wide braid in the middle (similar to the later epaulette of a ensign or the epaulette of a foreman in the Soviet army). The rest of the cadets wear a general non-commissioned officer's uniform and are legally equated with ensigns. Since 1843, the insignia of the cadet are the same as those of the ensign - shoulder straps, trimmed with narrow gold lace along the edge. Since that time, the cadets appointed to perform non-commissioned officer duties wear non-commissioned officer stripes on their shoulder straps (a cadet from the nobility is a gold braid). Juncker, actually acting as officers, were called harness-junkers and wore officer's harnesses and lanyards on melee weapons.
History of the word
The word has Germanic roots. Initially, this word meant "young master". The word comes from the stable late medieval naming in it. Junger herr- literally "young master". Many impoverished cadets were forced to serve as soldiers and mercenaries. Hence came the meaning - suboffice... In the 19th century, the highest aristocracy of Prussia began to be called junkers.
Juncker SS
During the existence of the Nazi Third Reich in the SS organization, candidates for the assignment of the primary officer rank of the SS were called junkers. Initially, they were equated by legal status with the Scharführer of the SA, then - with the Unterscharführer of the SS. From the SS cadets at the very end of the war, the 38th SS Grenadier Division "Nibelungen" was formed.
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Synonyms:- Ensign harness
- Footbill
See what "Harness-Junker" is in other dictionaries:
PORTUPEY JUNKER- (in the old days) a non-commissioned officer in the cavalry from the nobility; now this name is used in military schools, where it means unt. official among the cadets. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. PORTUPE JUNKER before, in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
PORTUPEY JUNKER- JUNKER'S BELT, JUNKER'S BELT, husband. (military). 1. The title of senior cadet in military schools (pre-Rev.). 2. Rank in the cavalry, equal to the ensign (ist.). "The retired harness cadet Yegor Syusin, a hefty guy with a bloated, drunken face." ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
harness-cadet- cadet harness, cadet harness ... Spelling dictionary-reference
harness-cadet- a, m. porte epee m. Previously, in the Russian army, this was the name of infantry ensigns and non-commissioned officers from the nobility. In the cavalry, the harness of the cadets. This last name is still used in military schools, where it means a non-commissioned officer among ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms
PORTUPEY JUNKER- in the Russian army in 1798 1865 the rank of non-commissioned officer from the nobility, a rank higher than ensign and cadet; in 1865 1880 the title of graduates of the cadet schools before they were awarded the officer's rank; in 1867 1917 the rank of junkers non-commissioned officers of military schools ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
harness-cadet- noun, number of synonyms: 1 non-commissioned officer (11) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
harness-cadet- ((harness () yu () nker)) a; m. In the Russian army until 1917: the title awarded to cadets for academic success and lower ranks who distinguished themselves in battles; the person who bore this title. * * * harness cadet in the Russian army in 1798 1865 the rank of non-commissioned officer ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Juncker - a military rank in the Russian army until 1918, intermediate in its legal status between the ranks of non-commissioned officers and chief officers. The title was awarded to servicemen who were candidates for the assignment of the first chief officer rank, and later also - taking a course of science in military educational institutions (military and cadet schools, schools) in Russia. In addition to the cadets in the infantry, there were titles similar to them in meaning in other arms of the bayonet-junker in the artillery and engineering troops, the standard-junker in the heavy cavalry, and the fanen-junker in the light. The cadets of the guard were equated with the army second lieutenants.
Since 1802, the insignia of the junkers in the cavalry have been shoulder straps with a longitudinal wide braid in the middle (similar to the later epaulette of a ensign or the epaulette of a foreman in the Armed Forces of the USSR). The rest of the cadets wear a general non-commissioned officer's uniform and are legally equated with ensigns. Since 1843, the insignia of the cadet are the same as those of the ensign - shoulder straps, trimmed with narrow gold lace along the edge. Since that time, the cadets appointed to perform non-commissioned officer duties wear non-commissioned officer stripes on their shoulder straps (a cadet from the nobility is a gold braid). The cadets, who were actually acting officers, were called harness-cadets and were worn by officer's harnesses and lanyards on melee weapons.
The word has Germanic roots. Initially, this word meant "young master". The word comes from the stable late medieval naming in it. Junger Herr is literally "young master". Many impoverished cadets were forced to serve as soldiers and mercenaries. From here came the meaning - podofitser. In the 19th century, the highest aristocracy of Prussia began to be called junkers.
 
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Insignia of the ranks of the Russian Army. XVIII-XX centuries.
Shoulder straps of the XIX-XX centuries
(1855-1917)
Non-commissioned officers
So, by 1855, the non-commissioned officers, like the soldiers, had soft cloth shoulder straps of a pentagonal shape, 1 1/4 inches wide (5.6 cm) and shoulder length (from the shoulder seam to the collar). On average, the length of the shoulder strap. ranged from 12 to 16 cm.
The lower end of the shoulder strap was sewn into the shoulder seam of a uniform or greatcoat, and the upper end was fastened to a button sewn to the shoulder at the collar. Recall that since 1829, the color of the buttons is the same color as the instrument metal of the shelf. The buttons of the infantry regiments are embossed with a number. The state emblem was embossed on the buttons of the guards regiments. It is simply inappropriate to describe all the changes in images, numbers and buttons within the framework of this article.
The colors of the shoulder straps of all the lower ranks in general were determined as follows:
* Guards units - red shoulder straps without encryption,
* all grenadier regiments - yellow shoulder straps with red coding,
* rifle units - crimson shoulder straps with yellow coding,
* artillery and engineering troops - red shoulder straps with yellow encryption,
* cavalry - a special color of shoulder straps is set for each regiment. There is no system here.
For infantry regiments, the color of the shoulder straps was determined by the place of the division in the corps:
* First division of the corps - red shoulder straps with yellow cipher,
* Second division in the corps - blue shoulder straps with yellow coding,
* The third division in the corps - white shoulder straps with red coding.
The encryption was painted with oil paint and indicated the number of the regiment. Or it could represent the monogram of the Imperial Chief of the regiment (if this monogram bears the character of encryption, i.e. it is used instead of the regiment number). By this time, the infantry regiments received a single sequential numbering.
On February 19, 1855, it was prescribed in the companies and squadrons that have until this day the name of the companies and squadrons of His Imperial Majesty, all ranks to have the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I on their epaulets and shoulder straps. However, this monogram is worn only by those ranks who served in these companies and squadrons in as of February 18, 1855 and continue to serve in them. The lower ranks newly enlisted in these companies and squadrons do not have the right to this monogram.
On February 21, 1855, the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I was forever assigned to the cadets for the shoulder straps of the Nikolaev Engineering School. They will wear this monogram until the abolition of the royal monograms in March 1917.
Since March 3, 1862, buttons in the guard with an embossed state emblem, with a grenade embossed about one fire in the grenadier regiments and smooth in all other parts.
Encryption on shoulder straps with oil paint on a stencil in yellow or red, depending on the color of the shoulder strap field.
It makes no sense to describe all the changes with buttons. We only note that by 1909, in the entire Army and Guards, buttons were with the state emblem, excluding the grenadier units and engineering units, which had their own images on buttons.
In the grenadier regiments, the slotted cipher was replaced with oil paint only in 1874.
Since 1891, the height of the monograms of the Highest Chefs has been determined in the range from 1 5/8 inches (72mm.) To 1 11/16 inches (75mm.).
The height of the numbered or digital cipher in 1911 was 3/4 vershok (33 mm). The lower edge of the encryption is 1/2 inches (22m) from the lower edge of the shoulder strap.
Non-commissioned officer ranks were designated by transverse stripes on shoulder straps. Stripes were 1/4 wide 
vershok (11 mm.). In the army, white trim stripes, in the grenadier units and in the Electrotechnical company, a red patch ran in the center of the trim. In the guard, the stripes were orange (almost yellow) with two red stripes along the edges.
In the picture on the right:
1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the 6th engineer of His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich of the Senior Battalion.
2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 5th engineer battalion.
3.Feldwebel of the 1st Life-Grenadier Yekaterinoslav Emperor Alexander II Regiment.
Please pay attention to the sergeant major's shoulder strap. Galloon stripe of the "army braid" pattern, gold in color of the instrument metal of the shelf. The monogram of Alexander II here, bearing the character of encryption, is red, as it should be on yellow shoulder straps. Button of yellow metal with "one fire grenada", which were assigned to the grenadier regiments.
In the picture on the left:
1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the 13th Life-Grenadier Erivan Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich regiment.
2. The senior non-commissioned officer of the volunteer of the 5th grenadier Kiev Heir to the Tsarevich regiment.
3.Feldwebel of the Electrotechnical Company.
The Feldwebel stripe was not a trimmed one, but a galloon color on the instrument metal of the shelf (silver or gold).
In army and grenadier units, this patch had an "army" braid pattern and had a width (1/2 vershok (22mm.).
In the 1st Guards Division, the Guards Artillery Brigade, in the Life Guards Sapper Battalion, the Feldwebel stripe had a braid pattern with a "battle" width of 5/8 inches (27.75 mm.).
In the rest of the guards, in the army cavalry, in the horse artillery, the sergeant-major stripe had a half-staff braid pattern with a width of 5/8 inches (27.75 mm.). 
In the picture on the right:
1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards Sapper Battalion.
2. Senior non-commissioned officer of His Majesty's company of the Life Guards Sapper Battalion.
3.Feldwebel of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment battle braid).
4. Feldwebel of the Life Guards of the 1st Infantry Regiment (half-staff galun).
In general, non-commissioned officer stripes, strictly speaking, in themselves did not mean the rank (rank) like stars for officers, but indicated the position held:
* two patches in addition to junior non-commissioned officers (otherwise called detached non-commissioned officers) were worn by company captenarms, battalion drummers (timpani) and signalmen (trumpeters), junior musicians of non-commissioned officer rank, clerks with a lower salary, junior medical and company paramedics and all non-combatants the lower ranks of the non-commissioned officer rank (that is, non-combatants could not have three stripes on their shoulder straps or a wide sergeant-major stripe).
* In addition to senior non-commissioned officers (otherwise called platoon non-commissioned officers), three patches were also worn by senior clerks, senior medical paramedics, regimental signalmen (trumpeters), and regimental drummers.
* A wide sergeant major was worn in addition to company (battery) sergeants (foremen of the company - in modern language), regimental tambour majors, senior clerks, regimental storekeepers.
Non-commissioned officers serving in training units (officer schools), like the soldiers of such units, wore a "training tape".
Like soldiers, non-commissioned officers on long or indefinite leave wore one or two black stripes in the lower part of the shoulder strap 
11mm.
In the picture on the left:
1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the Training Automobile Company.
2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 208th Lori Infantry Regiment on long leave.
3.Feldwebel of the 1st Life-Grenadier Yekaterinoslav Emperor Alexander II Regiment on indefinite leave.
Non-commissioned officers of the army dragoon and lancers regiments in the period under review, excluding the period from 1882 to 1909, did not have shoulder straps on their uniforms, but epaulettes. Guards dragoons and lancers in the period under review all the time had epaulettes on their uniforms. Dragoons and lancers wore shoulder straps only on overcoats.
In the picture on the left:
1. Non-commissioned officer of the guards cavalry regiment.
2. Junior sergeant of the army cavalry regiment.
3. Senior sergeant of the guards cavalry regiment.
Note. In the cavalry, non-commissioned officer ranks were called somewhat differently than in other branches of the army.
End of note.
Persons who entered military service as hunters (in other words, voluntarily) or volunteers 
receiving non-commissioned officer ranks, they retained the trim of the shoulder straps with a tricolor yarn cord.
In the picture on the right:
1. Hunter sergeant-major of the 10th Infantry Newermanland Regiment.
2. Volunteer rank junior non-commissioned officer of the 48th infantry of the Odessa Emperor Alexander I regiment.
From the author. It was hardly possible to meet a volunteer in the rank of sergeant-major, since after a year of service he already had the right to pass the exam for an officer's rank. And it was simply unrealistic to rise to the rank of sergeant-major in a year. And it is unlikely that the company commander will appoint a "free-fighter" to this arduous position that requires a lot of service experience. But it was possible to meet a volunteer who found his place in the army formation, that is, a hunter and who rose to the rank of sergeant major, although rarely. Most often, sergeants were extra-conscripts.
In the previous article on soldier's shoulder straps, it was said about stripes indicating special qualifications. Having become non-commissioned officers, these specialists retained these stripes.
In the picture on the left:
1. The junior sergeant of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, who has the qualifications of a scout.
Note. In the cavalry, similar longitudinal stripes were also worn by non-commissioned officers who had the qualifications of a fencing teacher, a riding teacher. According to some reports, they also had a "training tape" around the shoulder strap, as shown in chase 4.
2. The junior fireworks of His Majesty's battery of the 1st Guards Artillery Brigade, having the qualification of a gunner.
3. The junior fireworks display of the 16th Artillery Brigade, qualified as an observer.
4. A qualified rider of the non-commissioned officer rank.
The lower ranks who remained on long-term service (as a rule in the ranks from corporal to senior non-commissioned officer) were called super-conscripts of the 2nd category and wore along the edges of the shoulder strap (except for the lower edge) a galloon covering made of harness braid 3/8 inches wide (16.7 mm. ). The color of the braid is the color of the instrument metal of the shelf. All other stripes are the same as those of the lower ranks of the conscript service.
Unfortunately, it is not completely clear what were the patches of the 2nd category conscripts by rank. There are two opinions.
First, the rank stripes are completely similar to those of the conscripts.
The second one is gold or silver lace stripes of a special design.
The author is inclined to the first opinion, relying on the Sytin Military Encyclopedia of the 1912 edition, which describes all types of braids used in the Russian Army, with instructions on where this or that type of braid is used. There I did not find either this type of braid, or indications of what braids are used for patches of over-conscripts. However, even the well-known uniformitarian of that time, Colonel Schenk, repeatedly points out in his works that it is simply impossible to put together all the Highest commands concerning uniforms, and the orders of the War Department issued on their basis, there are so many of them.
Naturally, the above stripes for special qualifications, black vacation stripes, ciphers and monograms were fully used by conscripts. 
In the picture on the right:
1. A serviceman of the 2nd category, junior non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards of the Sapper Battalion.
2. A serviceman of the 2nd category, senior non-commissioned officer of the 7th Kinburn Dragoon regiment.
3. A serviceman of the 2nd category, senior fireworks of the 20th artillery brigade, with the qualification of an observer.
4. Super-serviceman of the 2nd category, senior fireworks of the 1st battery of the 2nd Guards Artillery Brigade, having the qualification of a gunner.
One rank belonged to super-conscripts of the 1st category - ensign. Their shoulder straps were not in the form of a pentagonal shoulder strap, but a hexagonal one. Like the officers. They wore a 5/8 inches wide (27.75mm) longitudinal harness braid patch in the color of the shelf metal. In addition to this patch, they wore transverse patches according to their position. Two stripes - for the post of a detached non-commissioned officer, three stripes - for the post of a platoon non-commissioned officer, one wide - for the post of sergeant-major. In other positions, ensigns did not have transverse stripes.
Note. Currently used in our army, the term "commander" refers to all military personnel who command military formations from squad to corps incl. yuchitelno. Above this position is called "commander" (army commander, district commander, front commander, ...).
In the Russian Army until 1917, the term "commander" was used (at least officially) only in relation to persons who command a company, battalion, regiment and brigade and their equal formations in artillery and cavalry. The division was commanded by the "division chief". Above is "commander".
But the persons who commanded the squad and the platoon were called, if it was about the position held, a separate non-commissioned officer and a platoon non-commissioned officer, respectively. Or as a junior and senior non-commissioned officer, if it was in the understanding of rank. In the cavalry, if it was a matter of rank, non-commissioned officer, junior sergeant and senior sergeant.
Note that the officers did not command the platoons. They all had the same position — a junior officer in a company.
End of note.
Ciphers and special signs (who should be) ensigns wore metal consignment notes for officers in the color of the regiment's instrument metal.
In the picture on the left:
1. Ensign of His Majesty's Company of the Life Guards of the Sapper Battalion as a detached non-commissioned officer.
2. Ensign as platoon non-commissioned officer of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment.
3. Ensign in the position of sergeant major of the 5th aviation company.
4. Ensign in the position of senior sergeant of the 3rd Novorossiysk dragoon regiment.
Until 1903, graduates of cadet schools, issued as ensigns and serving in units awaiting the assignment of an officer's rank, wore cadet shoulder straps, but with the encryption of their unit.
The epaulette of the ensign of the Corps of Engineers was completely out of the general view of the epaulettes of the ensigns. It looked like a volunteer shoulder strap and had a cladding of 11 mm wide silver army braid.
Explanation. The corps of engineers is not a military formation, but a generalized name for officers and non-commissioned officers who are specialists in the field of fortification, underground mine work, and who serve not in engineering units, but in fortresses and units of other branches of the military. They are a kind of engineering advisors to the combined arms commanders.
End of explanation.
In the picture on the right:
1. Ensign of the Life Guards Sapper Battalion.
2. Ensign of the Corps of Engineers.
3. Feldeger.
There was a so-called. The courier corps, the main task of the ranks of which was the delivery from headquarters to headquarters of especially important and urgent mail (orders, directives, reports, etc.). Couriers wore shoulder straps similar to those of ensigns, but the longitudinal galloon stripe of the harness braid was not 5/8 inches wide (27.75 mm.), But only 1/2 inches (22 mm.).
T 
Since 1907, candidates for a class position have also worn such stripes. Until that time (from 1899 to 1907), the candidate in pursuit had a braid patch in the form of a braid.
Explanation. A candidate for a class position is a lower rank who undergoes appropriate training in order to become a military official after completing active military service and continue to serve in that capacity.
End of explanation.
In the picture on the left:
1. Ensign of the 5th East Siberian Artillery Brigade, graduate of the cadet school (until 1903).
2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 5th engineer battalion who is a candidate for a class position (1899-1907).
In 1909 (Order No. 100), double-sided shoulder straps were introduced for the lower ranks. Those. one side is made of instrument cloth of the color assigned to this part, the other is of khaki cloth (overcoat on the overcoat), with two rows of glued lining canvas between them. Buttons in the guard are in the color of the regiment's instrument metal, in the army they are leather.
When wearing a uniform in everyday life, shoulder straps are worn with the colored side out. When going on a hike, shoulder straps are turned over with the protective side out.
However, ensigns as well as officers of marching epaulettes in 1909 did not receive. Camping shoulder straps for officers and ensigns will be introduced only in the fall of 1914. (Ave. V. no. 698 of 31.10.1914)
Shoulder strap length. The width of the shoulder strap for the lower ranks is 1 1/4 inches (55-56mm.). The upper edge of the shoulder strap is cut off with an obtuse equilateral angle and put on with a perforated loop (stitched) on a leather button (in the guard - a metal one), sewn tightly to the shoulder at the collar. The edges of the shoulder strap are not bent, they are sewn with thread. A cloth tongue is sewn into the lower edge of the shoulder strap (between the upper cloth and the hem) along the entire width of the shoulder strap, for threading through the cloth lintel (1/4 inch wide), sewn onto the shoulders of the uniform.
In the figure on the left (drawing of letters and numbers according to the order of V. in No. 228 1912)
1. Junior non-commissioned officer of the Izmailovsky Life Guards regiment.
2. Senior non-commissioned officer of the 195th Orovay infantry regiment.
3.Feldwebel of the 5th separate scooter company.
4. Volunteer non-commissioned officer rank of the 13th Dragoon Regiment.
5. Ensign as sergeant-major of the 25th artillery brigade.
6. Ensign in the officer position of the 25th artillery brigade.
What can be said about this. Here is a quote from the Order of the Military Department No. 698 of 10/31/1914:
"2) For ensigns - install shoulder straps also sewn with a longitudinal wide dark orange tape, with transverse stripes made of dark orange tape in accordance with the positions (non-commissioned officer or sergeant major) or with one oxidized asterisk (for those appointed to officer positions)."
Why so, I do not know. In principle, the ensign could either be in non-commissioned officer positions and wear cross-section stripes in accordance with his post, other than his longitudinal one, or in officer positions. Others simply do not exist.
On both sides of the shoulder straps of non-commissioned officers of army units, the encryption is painted with oil paint 1/3 inches (15 mm.) Above the lower edge. Numbers and letters are sized: in one line 7/8 inches (39mm.), And in two lines (with a gap of 1/8 inches (5.6mm.)) - bottom line 3/8 inches (17mm.), Top 7 / 8 vershok (39mm.). Special signs (who are supposed to) are painted above the encryption.
At the same time, on the marching shoulder straps of ensigns, ciphering and special signs are overhead metal oxidized (dark gray) like those of officers.
In the Guards, encryption messages and special signs on shoulder straps are not allowed, with the exception of imperial monograms in the companies of His Majesty.
The colors of the ciphers on the protective side of the shoulder straps of non-commissioned officers (except for ensigns) are set by type of service:
* infantry - yellow,
rifle units - crimson,
* cavalry and horse artillery - blue,
* foot artillery - red,
* engineering troops - brown,
* Cossack units - blue,
* railway troops and scooters - light green,
* serfs of all types of weapons - orange,
* carriage parts - white,
* quartermaster units - black.
Numbered ciphers in the infantry and cavalry indicated the number of the regiment, in the foot artillery to the brigade number, in the horse artillery to the battery number, in the engineering troops to the battalion or company number (if the company exists as a separate unit), Letter cipher indicated the regiment's name, which in general it was typical of the grenadier regiments. Or on the shoulder straps there could be a monogram of the Imperial Chief, which was assigned instead of a numbered cipher.
Because in each type of cavalry there was a separate numbering, then after the regiment number there was a italic letter indicating the type of regiment (D-dragoon, U-Ulansky, G-hussar, Zh-Gendarme squadron). But these letters are only on the protective shoulder straps!
According to the order of V.V. No. 228 dated May 12, 1912, on the protective side of the shoulder straps of the army units, there could be colored edging of the same color as the edging on the colored side of the shoulder straps. If the colored shoulder straps do not have edging, then the marching shoulder strap does not have them either.
It remains unclear whether there were marching shoulder straps in the lower training units and in the Electrotechnical company. And if so, what kind of stripes they had. I believe that since, by the nature of their activities, such units were not supposed to go on a campaign and be included in the army in the field, they did not have any marching shoulder straps either.
It was also not supposed to wear black stripes on the protective side of the shoulder straps, indicating being on long or indefinite leave.
But the sheathing of shoulder straps with a yarn cord for volunteers and hunters was also on the protective side of the shoulder straps.
In artillery and cavalry, the stripes of scouts, observers and gunners are only transverse.
Moreover:
* in artillery, non-commissioned officers with the qualifications of observers have, below the non-commissioned officer's stripes, a stripe according to the color of the encryption. Those. in the artillery the stripe is red, in the horse artillery it is light blue, in the fortress artillery it is orange.
* in artillery non-commissioned officers with gunner qualifications have a patch not under the non-commissioned officer patches 
stripe, and in the lower part of the shoulder strap in foot artillery dark orange, in horse artillery light blue.
* in the cavalry non-commissioned officers scouts have a stripe not longitudinal, but transverse in the lower part of the shoulder strap light blue.
* in the infantry, the non-commissioned officers of the reconnaissance have a longitudinal dark orange stripe.
In the picture on the left:
1. The junior fireworks of the 25th artillery brigade, with the qualification of a gunner.
2. The junior sergeant of the 2nd cavalry artillery battery, who has the qualification of a gunner.
3. Senior sergeant of the 11th Lancer regiment, qualified as a scout.
4. Senior fireworks display of the 25th Artillery Brigade, with observer qualifications. ...
5. Non-commissioned officer of the 2nd Cavalry Artillery Battery, qualified as an observer.
6. Hunter is a senior non-commissioned officer of the 89th Infantry Regiment, who has the qualification of a reconnaissance officer.
7) Servant of the 2nd category sergeant major of the 114th infantry regiment.
In military schools that trained officers, cadets were considered lower ranks with the rights of volunteers. There were also cadets wearing non-commissioned officers' stripes. However, they were called differently - junior harness-cadet, senior harness-cadet and sergeant-major. These patches were similar to the patches of non-commissioned officers of the grenadier units (white trimmings with a red patch in the middle). The edges of the cadets' shoulder straps were trimmed with galloon, as in the second-class extra-conscripts. However, the lace patterns were completely different and depended on the particular school.
Junker shoulder straps, due to their variety, require a separate article. Therefore, here I show them very briefly and only by the example of engineering schools.
Note that these shoulder straps were also worn by those who studied in the schools of warrant officers during the First World War (4-9 months). Also note that the cadets had no marching shoulder straps at all.
Nikolaev and Alekseevskoe engineering schools. The galloon of the drawing is "army" silver. In the picture on the left:
1. Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School.
2.Junker of the Alekseevsk Engineering School.
3. Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School, who was a volunteer before entering the school.
4. Junior harness-cadet of the Nikolaev Engineering School.
5. Senior harness-cadet of the Alekseevsk Engineering School.
6. Junker sergeant-major of the Nikolaev engineering school.
It remains unclear whether the non-commissioned officers retained their non-commissioned officers 'stripes on the cadets' shoulder straps, the non-commissioned officers who entered the schools.
Reference. The Nikolaev Engineering School is considered the oldest officer's school in the country, whose history began at the beginning of the 18th century and which exists today. But Alekseevskoe was opened only in 1915 in Kiev and managed to make only eight issues of wartime engineering warrant officers. The events of the revolution and the Civil War destroyed this school, leaving no trace of it.
End of help.
By the decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of December 16, 1917 (by the new Bolshevik authorities), all the above-described insignia of lower ranks, like all others, were abolished due to the abolition of all ranks and titles. The servicemen of the military units, organizations, headquarters and institutions still preserved at this time had to remove the shoulder straps from their shoulders. It is difficult to say to what extent this decree was implemented. Everything here depended on the mood of the soldier masses, their attitude to the new government. And the attitude of local commanders and authorities also influenced the execution of the decree.
Partially epaulettes were preserved during the Civil War in the formations of the White Movement, however, local military leaders, taking advantage of the fact that the higher command did not have enough power over them, introduced their own variants of epaulettes and insignia on them.
The Red Army, which began to form in February-March 1918, abandoned shoulder straps completely and categorically, seeing in shoulder straps "signs of autocracy." The running system will be restored in the Red Army only in January 1943, i.e. after 25 years.
From the author. The author is aware that in all the articles about the shoulder straps of the lower ranks there are minor inaccuracies and serious errors. There are also missed moments. But the system of insignia on the shoulder straps of the lower ranks of the Russian Army was so diverse, confused and so often changed that it is impossible to thoroughly trace all this. In addition, a number of documents available to the author of those times contain only the text part without pictures. And this gives rise to their different interpretation. Some primary sources contain links to previous documents such as: ".... like the lower ranks ..... a regiment", which could not be found. Or it turns out that they were canceled even before they are referenced. There is also such a thing - something was introduced by the order of the Military Department, but followed by the Order of the Main Quartermaster Directorate on the basis of the Supreme Command, canceling the innovation and introducing another.
In addition, I highly recommend not to take my information for the absolute truth in its last resort, but to get acquainted with other sites on uniformism. In particular, with the site of Alexei Khudyakov (semiryak.my1.ru/) and the site "Tunic" (vedomstva-uniforma.ru/mundir).
Sources and Literature
1. A. Kersnovsky. History of the Russian Army 1700-1881 Rusich. Smolensk. 2004
2. A. Kersnovsky. History of the Russian Army 1881-1916 Rusich. Smolensk. 2004
3. MM Khrenov et al. Military clothing of the Russian Army Military publishing house. Moscow. 1994
4.O. Leonov, I. Ulyanov. Regular infantry 1855-1918. AST Moscow. 1998
5.I. Golyzhenkov, B. Stepanov. European soldier for 300 years. Isographus. Eksmo-Press. Moscow. 2001
6.Military encyclopedia. T-in I.D. Sytin. St. Petersburg. 1912
7.O. Leonov, I. Ulyanov. Regular infantry 1855-1918. AST Moscow. 1998
8. V.K.Shenk. Rules for wearing uniforms by officers of all types of weapons, St. Petersburg. 1910
9. V.K.Shenk. Tables of the uniforms of the Russian Army, St. Petersburg. 1910
10. V.K.Shenk. Tables of the uniforms of the Russian Army, St. Petersburg. 1911
11. V.V. Zvegintsov. Forms of the Russian Army. Paris, 1959
12.V. M. Glinka. Russian military suit of the 18th-early 20th century. Artist of the RSFSR. Leningrad. 1988
13. Poster "External distinctions of ranks and ranks of the military and naval departments." 1914
14. Site "Insignia of the Russian Imperial Army in 1913" (semiryak.my1.ru/).
15. Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops. Vol.28. Artillery Museum. Novosibirsk. 1944.
16. Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops. T.30. Artillery Museum. Novosibirsk. 1946.
17. Magazine "Zeikhgauz" No. 3-2000 (12).
18. Site "Tunic" (vedomstva-uniforma.ru/mundir)
19. Site "Warehouse" (www.bergenschild.narod.ru/Reconstruction/depot/1912-18/mundir_pohod.htm).
20. Magazine "Zeikhgauz" No. 1-2003 (21).
21. Magazine "Zeikhgauz" No. 4 (1/1995).
Generality:
General's chase and:
-field marshal general* - crossed wands.
-General of Infantry, Cavalry, etc.(the so-called "full general") - without stars,
- lieutenant general- 3 stars
-general-major- 2 stars,
Headquarters officers:
Two enlightenments and: 
Colonel- no stars.
- lieutenant colonel(since 1884 at the Cossacks' military foreman) - 3 stars
-mayor** (until 1884 the Cossacks had a military sergeant major) - 2 stars
Ober-officers:
One enlighten and: 
-captain(captain, esaul) - without stars.
-shtabs-captain(headquarters-rotmistr, podsaul) - 4 stars
- lieutenant(centurion) - 3 stars
-supporteur(kornet, khorunzhiy) - 2 stars
- ensign*** - 1 star
Lower ranks
-zauryad-ensign- 1 galloon patch in the length of the shoulder strap with 1 star on the patch
- ensign- 1 galloon patch in the length of the shoulder strap
-feldwebel(vakhmistr) - 1 wide transverse patch
-st. non-commissioned officer(st. fireworks, st. uryadnik) - 3 narrow transverse stripes
-ml. non-commissioned officer(junior fireworks, junior police officer) - 2 narrow transverse stripes
-freitor(bombardier, clerk) - 1 narrow transverse stripe
- private(gunner, kazak) - without stripes
*In 1912, the last General Field Marshal Milyutin Dmitriy Aleksuevich, who held the post of Minister of War from 1861 to 1881, dies. More this rank was not assigned to anyone, but nominally this rank was preserved.
** the rank of major was abolished in 1884 and has not been restored anymore.
*** In 1884, the rank of warrant officer was left only for wartime (it is assigned only during the war, and when it ends, all warrant officers are subject to either dismissal into retirement or they must be assigned the rank of second lieutenant).
P.S. Ciphers and monograms on shoulder straps are not conditionally placed.
Very often one hears the question "why does the junior rank in the category of staff officers and generals start with two stars, and not with one as with the chief officers?" When, in 1827, stars appeared on the epaulettes in the Russian army as signs of distinction, the major general received two stars on the epaulette at once.
There is a version that one star was supposed to be assigned to the foreman - this rank had not been assigned since the time of Paul I, but by 1827 they still existed
retired foremen who have the right to wear uniforms. True, retired military men were not entitled to epaulettes. And it is unlikely that many of them survived until 1827 (
for about 30 years, the brigadier's rank has been canceled). Very soon, two general's stars were simply copied from the epaulette of the French brigadier general. In this there is nothing strange, because the epaulettes themselves came to Russia from France. Most likely, there was never one general's star in the Russian imperial army. This version seems more plausible.
As for the major, he received two stars by analogy with two stars of the Russian major general of that time.
The only exceptions were the distinction marks in the hussar regiments in the ceremonial and ordinary (everyday) form, in which instead of the chase, shoulder cords were worn.
Shoulder cords.
Instead of the epaulette of the cavalry model, the hussars on dolomans and mentics have
hussar shoulder cords. For all officers, the same gold or silver doubled soutache cord is removed from the same color as the cords on the dolman;
orange for regiments with instrument metal color - gold or white for regiments with instrument metal color - silver.
These shoulder cords form a ring at the sleeve, and at the collar a loop, fastened with a uniform button, sewn on half an inch from the collar seam.
To distinguish the names on the cords, gombochki are put on (a ring from the same chilled cord covering the shoulder cord):
-y corporal- one, one color with a cord;
-y non-commissioned officers three-colored hombochki (white with St. George's thread), in number, like stripes on shoulder straps;
-y sergeant- gold or silver (like for officers) on an orange or white cord (like for lower ranks);
-y ensign- smooth officer's shoulder cord with a sergeant's bomber;
for officers on officers' cords, gombochki with stars (metal, like on shoulder straps) - in accordance with the name.
Volunteers wear twisted cords of Romanov colors (white-black-yellow) around the cords.
The shoulder cords of the chief and staff officers do not differ in any way.
Headquarters officers and generals have the following differences in uniform: on the collar of a dolman for generals, wide or gold braid with a width of up to 1 1/8 inches, for headquarters officers - a gold or silver braid in 5/8 inches, having the entire length "
hussar zigzags ", and for the chief officers, the collar is sheathed with only one cord or filigree.
In the 2nd and 5th regiments, the chief officers have lace along the upper edge of the collar, but 5/16 inches wide.
In addition, on the generals' cuffs there is a galun, the same one that is available on the collar. The lace stripe goes from the cut of the sleeve with two ends, in front it converges over the toe.
For headquarters officers, the lace is also the same as available on the collar. The length of the entire patch is up to 5 vershoks.
And the chief officers are not entitled to a galun.
Below are images of shoulder cords
1. Officers and generals
2. Lower ranks
The shoulder cords of the chief, staff officers and generals did not differ in any way. For example, it was possible to distinguish a cornet from a major general only by the appearance and width of the braid on the cuffs and, in some shelves, on the collar.
Twisted cords were relied on only to adjutants and aide-de-camp!
Shoulder cords of the adjutant wing (left) and adjutant (right)
Officer's shoulder straps: Lieutenant Colonel of the Air Detachment of the 19th Army Corps and the Staff Captain of the 3rd Field Aviation Detachment. In the center - shoulder straps of the cadets of the Nikolaev Engineering School. On the right is a captain's shoulder strap (most likely a dragoon or lancer regiment)
The Russian army in its modern sense began to be created by Emperor Peter I at the end of the 18th century. The system of military ranks of the Russian army was formed partly under the influence of European systems, partly under the influence of a historically established purely Russian system of ranks. However, at that time there were no military ranks in the sense in which we are used to understanding. There were specific military units, there were also quite specific positions and, accordingly, their names. There was, for example, the title of "captain", there was the position of "captain", i.e. company commander. By the way, in the civilian fleet even now, the person in charge of the ship's crew is called the "captain", the person in charge of the seaport is called the "harbor master". In the 18th century, many words existed in a slightly different meaning than now.
So "General"meant -" chief ", and not only" supreme commander ";
"Major"- "senior" (senior among regimental officers);
"Lieutenant"- "assistant"
"Wing"- "Jr".
"The table of ranks of all ranks of the military, civilian and courtiers, in which class the ranks are acquired" was put into effect by the decree of Emperor Peter I on January 24, 1722 and existed until December 16, 1917. The word "officer" came into Russian from German. But in German, as in English, this word has a much broader meaning. As applied to the army, this term is understood as all military leaders in general. In a narrower translation, it means - "employee", "clerk", "employee". Therefore, it is quite natural - "non-commissioned officers" - junior commanders, "chief officers" - senior commanders "," headquarters officers "- staff officers", "generals" - the main ones. Non-commissioned officers also in those days were not ranks, but were positions. Ordinary soldiers were then named according to their military specialties - musketeer, pikeman, dragoon, etc. There was no name "private", and "soldier", as Peter I wrote, means all servicemen "... from the highest general to the last musketeer, horse or pedestrian ..." The well-known names "second lieutenant", "lieutenant" existed in the list of ranks of the Russian army long before the formation of the regular army by Peter I to designate servicemen who are assistants to the captain, that is, the company commander; and continued to be used within the Table, as Russian-language synonyms for the positions "non-commissioned lieutenant" and "lieutenant", that is, "sub-assistant" and "assistant". Well, or, if you like, "assistant officer for assignments" and "officer for assignments." The name "ensign" as a more understandable one (carrying a banner, ensign), quickly replaced the obscure "fendrik", which meant "candidate for an officer position. Over time, there was a process of separation of the concepts of" position "and" rank. "After the beginning of the 19th century, these concepts With the development of means of warfare, the emergence of technology, when the army became large enough and when it was necessary to compare the official position of a fairly large set of job titles. position".
However, in the modern army, the position, so to speak, is more important than the rank. According to the charter, seniority is determined by the position and only with equal positions is the one with a higher rank considered older.
According to the "Table of Ranks" the following ranks were introduced: civilian, military infantry and cavalry, military artillery and engineering troops, military guards, military fleets.
In the period from 1722-1731 in relation to the army, the system of military ranks looked like this (the corresponding position in brackets)
Lower ranks (privates)
By specialty (grenadier. Fuzeler ...)
Non-commissioned officers
Corporal(part-commander)
Fourier(deputy platoon commander)
Captenarmus
Ensign(foreman of a company, battalion)
Sergeant
Feldwebel
Ensign(Fendrik), bayonet-junker (art) (platoon leader)
Second lieutenant
Lieutenant(deputy company commander)
Lieutenant captain(company commander)
Captain
Major(deputy battalion commander)
Lieutenant colonel(battalion commander)
Colonel(regiment commander)
Foreman(brigade commander)
Generals
Major general(division commander)
Lieutenant general(corps commander)
General-in-Chief (General Feldzekhmeister)- (army commander)
Field Marshal General(commander-in-chief, honorary title)
In the Life Guards, the ranks were two classes higher than in the army. In the army artillery and engineering troops, the ranks are one class higher than in the infantry and cavalry. 1731-1765 the concepts of "title" and "position" begin to separate. So in the staff of the field infantry regiment of 1732, when indicating the headquarters ranks, not just the rank of "quartermaster" is written, but the position with the indication of the title: "quartermaster (of the rank of lieutenant)". With regard to company-level officers, the division of the concepts of "position" and "rank" has not yet been observed. "fendrick" replaced by " ensign ", in the cavalry - "cornet"... Titles are introduced "seconds-major" and "prime major" During the reign of Empress Catherine II (1765-1798) in the army infantry and cavalry ranks are introduced junior and senior sergeant, sergeant major disappears. Since 1796 in the Cossack units, the names of ranks are established the same as those of the army cavalry and are equated to them, although the Cossack units continue to be listed as irregular cavalry (not part of the army). There is no rank of second lieutenant in the cavalry, but captain matches the captain. During the reign of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801) the concepts of "rank" and "position" in this period are already divided quite clearly. The ranks in the infantry and artillery are compared. Paul I did a lot of useful things to strengthen the army and discipline in it. He forbade the entry of young noble children into the shelves. All registered in the regiments were obliged to serve in real life. He introduced disciplinary and criminal liability of officers for soldiers (preserving life and health, training, clothing, living conditions); he prohibited the use of soldiers as a labor force on the estates of officers and generals; introduced the rewarding of soldiers with insignia of the Orders of St. Anne and the Maltese Cross; introduced an advantage in the promotion of the ranks of officers who graduated from military educational institutions; ordered to be promoted in ranks only for business qualities and ability to command; introduced holidays for soldiers; limited the duration of officers' leave to one month per year; dismissed from the army a large number of generals who did not meet the requirements of military service (old age, illiteracy, disability, absence from service for a long time, etc.). privates junior and senior salary... In the cavalry - sergeant(company foreman) For Emperor Alexander I (1801-1825) since 1802, all non-commissioned officers of the nobility have been called "junker"... Since 1811, the rank of "major" was abolished in the artillery and engineering troops and the rank of "ensign" was returned. During the reign of the emperors Nicholas I (1825-1855) , who did a lot to streamline the army, Alexander II (1855-1881) and the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander III (1881-1894) Since 1828, army Cossacks have been given ranks other than army cavalry (In the Life Guards Cossacks and Life Guards Atamansky regiments, the ranks are like those of all guards cavalry). The Cossack units themselves are transferred from the category of irregular cavalry to the army. The concepts of "rank" and "position" during this period are already completely separated. Under Nicholas I, the inconsistency in the naming of non-commissioned officer ranks disappeared. Since 1884, the rank of warrant officer was left only for wartime (assigned only during the war, and with its end all warrant officers must either be dismissed or they must be given the rank of second lieutenant). The rank of the cornet in the cavalry is retained as the first officer's rank. He is one class below the infantry second lieutenant, but in the cavalry there is no rank second lieutenant. This aligns the ranks of the infantry and cavalry. In Cossack units, the officer classes are equated to the cavalry classes, but they have their own names. In this regard, the rank of the military sergeant major, previously equal to the major, now becomes equal to the lieutenant colonel
"In 1912, the last Field Marshal Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin, who held the post of Minister of War from 1861 to 1881, dies. Nobody else was awarded this rank, but this rank was nominally retained."
In 1910, the rank of Russian Field Marshal was awarded to King Nicholas I of Montenegro, and in 1912 to King Carol I of Romania.
P.S. After the October Revolution of 1917, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars (Bolshevik government) of December 16, 1917, all military ranks were canceled ...
The officer's shoulder straps of the tsarist army were arranged completely differently than modern ones. First of all, the gaps were not part of the braid, as has been done in our country since 1943. In the engineering troops, two shoulder straps or one shoulder strap and two staff officer braids were simply sewn onto the shoulder straps. For each type of troops, the type of braid was determined separately. For example, in the hussar regiments on the officer's shoulder straps, a braid of the "hussar zig-zag" type was used. On the shoulder straps of military officials, a "civilian" braid was used. Thus, the gaps of the officer's shoulder straps were always the same color as the field of the soldier's shoulder straps. If shoulder straps in this part did not have a colored edging (edging), as, say, it was in the engineering troops, then edging had the same color as the gaps. But if some of the shoulder straps had colored edging, then it was visible around the officer's shoulder straps. A silver-colored buttonhole without sides with an embossed two-headed eagle sitting on crossed axes. Stars were embroidered with gold thread on the pursuit, and the encryption was gilded metal overhead numbers and letters, or silver monograms (who should be). At the same time, it was widespread to wear gilded forged metal stars, which were supposed to be worn only on epaulettes.
The placement of the asterisks was not rigidly established and was determined by the size of the encryption. Two asterisks were supposed to be placed around the encryption, and if it filled the entire width of the shoulder strap, then above it. The third sprocket should have been placed so as to form an equilateral triangle with the two lower ones, and the fourth sprocket is slightly higher. If there is one asterisk on the pursuit (for the ensign), then it was placed where the third asterisk is usually attached. Special signs were also gilded metal consignment notes, although one could often find embroidered with gold thread. The exception was the special signs of aviation, which were oxidized and had the color of silver with a patina.
1. Epaulet staff captain 20 sapper battalion
2. Epaulet for lower ranks Uhlansky 2nd Leib of the Ulansky Courland regiment 1910
3. Epaulet full cavalry general of the suite His Imperial Majesty Nicholas II. The silver epaulette device testifies to the high military rank of the owner (only the marshal was higher)
About stars on epaulets
For the first time, forged five-pointed stars appeared on the epaulettes of Russian officers and generals in January 1827 (during the time of Pushkin). Warrant officers and cornets began to wear one golden star, two - second lieutenants and major generals, three - lieutenants and lieutenant generals. four - staff captains and staff captains.
And with April 1854 Russian officers began to wear embroidered stars on the newly established shoulder straps. For the same purpose, rhombuses were used in the German army, in the British - knots, in the Austrian - six-pointed stars.
Although the designation of a military rank on shoulder straps is a characteristic feature of the Russian and German army.
For the Austrians and the British, shoulder straps had a purely functional role: they were sewn from the same material as the tunic so that the shoulder straps would not slip. And the rank was indicated on the sleeve. The five-pointed star, the pentagram is a universal human symbol of protection, security, one of the most ancient. In ancient Greece, it could be found on coins, on house doors, barns, and even on cradles. Among the druids of Gaul, Britain, Ireland, the five-pointed star (druidic cross) was a symbol of protection from external evil forces. And you can still see it on the window panes of medieval Gothic buildings. The Great French Revolution revived the five-pointed stars as a symbol of the ancient god of war, Mars. They designated the rank of the commanders of the French army - on headdresses, epaulettes, scarves, and on the coattails of their uniforms.
The military reforms of Nicholas I copied the outward appearance of the French army - so the stars "rolled" from the French sky to the Russian one.
As for the British army, even during the Boer War, the stars began to move to shoulder straps. This is about the officers. At the lower ranks and warrant officers, the insignia remained on the sleeves.
In the Russian, German, Danish, Greek, Romanian, Bulgarian, American, Swedish and Turkish armies, shoulder straps acted as insignia. In the Russian army, the insignia were for the lower ranks and for officers. Also in the Bulgarian and Romanian armies, as well as in the Swedish. In the French, Spanish and Italian armies, insignia were placed on the sleeves. In the Greek army, officers wear shoulder straps, and lower ranks are in charge. In the Austro-Hungarian army, the insignia of officers and lower ranks were on the collar, those were lapel. In the German army, only officers had insignia on shoulder straps, while the lower ranks differed among themselves in the braid on the cuffs and collar, as well as the uniform button on the collar. The exception was the so-called Kolonial truppe, where as additional (and in a number of colonies the main) insignia of the lower ranks were chevrons made of silver braid sewn on the left sleeve of a-la gefreiter of 30-45 years.
It is interesting to note that in the service and field uniform of peacetime, that is, with a tunic of the 1907 model, the officers of the hussar regiments wore shoulder straps that were also somewhat different from the shoulder straps of the rest of the Russian army. For hussar shoulder straps, a braid with the so-called "hussar zigzag" was used
The only part where shoulder straps with the same zigzag were worn, except for the hussar regiments, was the 4th battalion (from 1910 regiment) of the shooters of the Imperial family. Here is an example: shoulder straps of the captain of the 9th Kiev hussar regiment.
Unlike the hussars of Germany, who wore uniforms of the same tailoring, differing only in the color of the fabric. With the introduction of shoulder straps, zigzags disappeared as well, ciphering on the shoulder straps indicated that they belonged to the hussars. For example, "6 G", that is, the 6th hussar.
In general, the field uniform of the hussars was of the dragoon model, those of the combined arms. A natural difference indicating belonging to the hussars was indicated by pods with a socket in front. However, the hussar regiments were allowed to wear chakchirs with field uniforms, but not all regiments, but only the 5th and 11th. The wearing of chakchirs by the rest of the shelves was a kind of "non-regulation". But during the war, this was encountered, as well as the wearing of a saber by some officers, instead of the standard Dracoon saber, which was relied on with field equipment.
The photograph shows the captain of the 11 Izyum hussar regiment K.K. von Rosenschild-Paulin (sitting) and the cadet of the Nikolaev Cavalry School K.N. von Rosenschild-Paulin (also later an officer of the Izyum regiment). The captain in a summer full dress or holiday uniform, i.e. in a military jacket of 1907, with galloon shoulder straps and the number 11 (note, on the officer's shoulder straps of peacetime regiments, only numbers are present, without the letters "G", "D" or "U"), and blue chakchirs worn by officers of this regiment with all forms of clothing.
Regarding "non-statutory", during the years of the world war, apparently, there was also the wearing of galloon shoulder straps of peacetime by hussar officers.
on the galloon officer's shoulder straps of the cavalry regiments, only numbers were affixed, and the letters were absent. which is confirmed by the photographs.
Run-of-the-mill ensign- from 1907 to 1917 in the Russian army, the highest military rank for non-commissioned officers. Insignia for ordinary ensigns were assigned to the shoulder straps of the ensign with a large (more officer) asterisk in the upper third of the shoulder strap on the line of symmetry. The title was awarded to the most experienced super-military non-commissioned officers; with the outbreak of the First World War, they began to assign it to ensigns as an incentive, often immediately before the first chief officer rank (ensign or cornet).
From Brockhaus and Efron:
Run-of-the-mill ensign, military During mobilization with a shortage of persons who meet the conditions for production in the officer's rank, a certain. non-commissioned officers are awarded the rank of Z. ensign; correcting the duties of the younger. officers, Z. prap. limited in the rights of movement in the service.
The history of the rank is interesting ensign... In the period 1880-1903. this rank was assigned to graduates of cadet schools (not to be confused with military schools). In the cavalry, he was ranked as a standard-junker, in the Cossack troops - as a corpsman. Those. it turned out that it was some kind of intermediate rank between the lower ranks and officers. The ensigns who graduated from the junkersike school in the 1st category were promoted to officers not earlier than September of the graduation year, but out of vacancies. Those who graduated in the 2nd category were promoted to officers not earlier than the beginning of the next year, but only for vacancies, and it turned out that some were waiting for production for several years. According to the order for VV №197 for 1901, with the production in 1903 of the last ensigns, standard-junkers and lieutenants, these ranks were canceled. This was due to the beginning of the transformation of the cadet schools into the military.
Since 1906, the rank of ensign in the infantry and cavalry and a lieutenant in the Cossack troops began to be assigned to super-urgent non-commissioned officers who graduated from a special school. Thus, this title became the maximum for the lower ranks.
Ensign, standard-cadet and lieutenant, 1886:
Shoulder straps of the staff captain of the Cavalier regiment and shoulder straps of the staff captain of the Life Guards of the Moscow regiment.
The first shoulder strap is declared as the shoulder strap of an officer (captain) of the 17th Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment. But Nizhny Novgorod residents should have a dark green edging along the edge of the shoulder strap, and the monogram should be of applied color. And the second shoulder strap is presented as the epaulette of the second lieutenant of the Guards artillery (with such a monogram in the Guards artillery, officers of only two batteries were chased: the 1st battery of the Life Guards of the 2nd Artillery Brigade and the 2nd battery of the Guards Horse Artillery), but the button should not whether to have in this case an eagle with cannons.
Major(Spanish mayor - more, stronger, more significant) - the first rank of senior officers.
The title originated in the 16th century. The major was responsible for the guard and food of the regiment. When the regiments were divided into battalions, a major became the battalion commander as a rule.
In the Russian army, the rank of major was introduced by Peter I in 1698, and was abolished in 1884.
Prime Major - a staff officer rank in the Russian Imperial Army of the 18th century. Belonged to the VIII class "Table of Ranks".
According to the charter of 1716, the majors were divided into prime majors and second majors.
The prime minister was in charge of the combat and inspection units in the regiment. He commanded the 1st battalion, and in the absence of the regiment commander - the regiment.
The division into prime and second majors was abolished in 1797. "
“It appeared in Russia as a rank and position (deputy regiment commander) in the streltsy army at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. Boyars. In the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, the rank (rank) and position were referred to as half-colonel due to the fact that the lieutenant colonel, in addition to his other duties, usually commanded the second "half" of the regiment - the back rows in the formation and the reserve (before the introduction of the battalion formation of regular soldiers' regiments) Since the introduction of the Table of Ranks and until its abolition in 1917, the rank (rank) of lieutenant colonel belonged to the VII class of the Table and until 1856 gave the right to hereditary nobility. or those who have stained themselves with unseemly transgressions) are promoted to lieutenant colonel. "
DISTINCTIONS OF CIVIL OFFICERS OF THE MILITARY MINISTRY (here are military topographers)
Ranks of the Imperial Military Medical Academy
Chevrons of the lower ranks of the long-term service according to "Provisions on the lower ranks of the non-commissioned officer rank, remaining voluntarily in extra-urgent active service" from 1890.
From left to right: Up to 2 years old, Over 2 to 4 years old, Over 4 to 6 years old, Over 6 years old
To be precise, the article from which these drawings were borrowed says the following: "... the awarding of chevrons to super-conscripts of lower ranks holding the posts of sergeant major (vakhmisters) and platoon non-commissioned officers (fireworks) of front companies, squadrons, batteries was carried out:
- When entering long-term service - with a narrow silver chevron
- At the end of the second year of long-term service - with a silver wide chevron
- At the end of the fourth year of long-term service - with a gold narrow chevron
- At the end of the sixth year of long-term service - with a golden wide chevron "
In army infantry regiments to designate the ranks of corporal, ml. and senior non-officers used army white tape.
1.Chin EMPLOYEE, since 1991 has existed in the army only in wartime.
With the outbreak of the Great War, warrant officers graduated from military schools and warrant officers' schools.
2. The rank of the warrant officer of the reserve, in peacetime on the shoulder straps of the warrant officer wears a galloon stripe against the device at the lower rib.
3.The title of ZAURYAD-SENTENCER, in this rank in wartime when the mobilization of military units with a shortage of junior officers, the lower ranks are renamed from non-commissioned officers with educational qualifications, or from sergeants without
From 1891 to 1907, ordinary warrant officers on the warrant officer's shoulder straps also wear the patches of the ranks from which they were renamed.
4. The title of ZAURYAD-SENTENCER (since 1907). The insignia of the ensign with the officer's star and the cross-patch according to the position. On the sleeve there is a chevron 5/8 inches, angle up. Officer-style shoulder straps were retained only by those who were renamed Z-Pr. during the Russo-Japanese War and remained in the army, for example, in the post of sergeant major.
5. The title of Ensign-ZAURYAD of the State Militia Brigade. This rank was renamed non-commissioned officers of the reserve, or, in the presence of an educational qualification, who served for at least 2 months as a non-commissioned officer of the State Militia squad and appointed to the post of junior officer of the squad. The ordinary ensigns wore the epaulettes of an active duty warrant officer with a galloon instrument-colored patch sewn into the lower part of the epaulette.
Cossack ranks and titles
At the lowest rung of the service ladder was an ordinary Cossack, corresponding to an ordinary infantry. This was followed by an orderly, who had one stripe and corresponding to a corporal in the infantry. The next step in the career ladder is a junior non-commissioned officer and a senior non-commissioned officer, corresponding to a junior non-commissioned officer, a non-commissioned officer and a senior non-commissioned officer, and with the number of lines characteristic of a modern non-commissioned officer. This was followed by the rank of sergeant, who was not only in the Cossacks, but also in the non-commissioned officers of the cavalry and horse artillery.
In the Russian army and gendarmerie, the sergeant was the closest assistant to the commander of a hundred, squadron, battery in drill, internal order and economic affairs. The rank of the sergeant-major corresponded to the rank of sergeant major in the infantry. According to the regulation of 1884, introduced by Alexander III, the next rank in the Cossack troops, but only for wartime, was a lieutenant, an intermediate rank between a ensign and a warrant officer in the infantry, which was also introduced in wartime. In peacetime, except for the Cossack troops, these ranks existed only for reserve officers. The next degree in the senior officer ranks is a cornet, corresponding to a second lieutenant in the infantry and a cornet in regular cavalry.
In terms of service, he corresponded to a junior lieutenant in the modern army, but wore shoulder straps with a blue gap on a silver field (applied color of the Don Army) with two asterisks. In the old army, in comparison with the Soviet one, the number of asterisks was one more. Then came the centurion - the chief officer's rank in the Cossack troops, corresponding to a lieutenant in the regular army. The centurion wore shoulder straps of the same design, but with three stars, corresponding in its position to a modern lieutenant. The higher step is the lift.
This rank was introduced in 1884. In the regular troops, he corresponded to the rank of staff captain and staff captain.
Podesaul was an assistant or deputy of the esaul and in his absence he commanded a Cossack hundred.
Shoulder straps of the same design, but with four stars.
In terms of service, he corresponds to a modern senior lieutenant. And the highest rank of the chief officer rank is esaul. It is worth talking about this rank separately, since in a purely historical sense, the people who wore it held positions in both the civilian and military departments. In various Cossack troops, this position included various service prerogatives.
The word comes from the Turkic "yasaul" - chief.
It was first mentioned in the Cossack troops in 1576 and was used in the Ukrainian Cossack army.
Yesauls were general, military, regimental, squadron, stanitsa, marching and artillery. General Esaul (two per Army) - the highest rank after the hetman. In peacetime, the general esauls performed inspection functions, in the war they commanded several regiments, and in the absence of the hetman, the entire Army. But this is typical only for the Ukrainian Cossacks. Troop Esauls were chosen at the Army Circle (in the Donskoy and most others, two for the Troops, in the Volzhsky and Orenburg - one each). We were engaged in administrative matters. Since 1835, they were appointed as adjutants to the military order chief. Regimental esauls (initially two per regiment) performed the duties of staff officers, were the closest assistants of the regiment commander.
Hundreds of Esauls (one in a hundred) commanded hundreds. This link did not take root in the Don Host after the first centuries of the existence of the Cossacks.
The Stanitsa Esauls were characteristic only of the Don Host. They were chosen at the stanitsa gatherings and were assistants to the stanitsa atamans. The walking esauls (usually two per Host) were chosen when setting out on a campaign. They performed the functions of assistants to the marching chieftain, in the 16th-17th centuries, in his absence, they commanded the army, later they were executors of the orders of the marching chieftain. The artillery esaul (one for the Army) was subordinate to the chief of artillery and carried out his orders. General, regimental, stanitsa and other esauls were gradually abolished
Only the military esaul remained with the military order chieftain of the Don Cossack army. the rank of esaul was equated to the rank of captain in the cavalry. Esaul, as a rule, commanded a Cossack hundred. Corresponded in official position to a modern captain. He wore epaulettes with a blue gap on a silver field without stars. Next are the staff officers. In fact, after the reform of Alexander III in 1884, the rank of esaul entered this rank, in connection with which the major's link was removed from the headquarters officers' ranks, as a result of which a soldier from a captain immediately became a lieutenant colonel. The name of this rank comes from the old name of the executive body of power among the Cossacks. In the second half of the 18th century, this name, in a modified form, was extended to those who commanded certain branches of the Cossack army administration. Since 1754, a military sergeant major was equated with a major, and with the abolition of this rank in 1884 - with a lieutenant colonel. He wore epaulettes with two blue gaps in a silver field and three large stars.
Well, and then the colonel walks, the shoulder straps are the same as those of the military foreman, but without stars. Starting from this rank, the service ladder is unified with the general army ladder, since the purely Cossack names of ranks disappear. The official position of a Cossack general fully corresponds to the ranks of generals in the Russian Army.
