Wall gutter. Pictures of wall gutters (Fig. 143) are prepared on a workbench. The two sheets are connected at their short sides with a single folded seam, which is positioned in the direction of water flow. On one longitudinal side of the picture, the edge is bent to connect with the pictures of the ordinary covering or to support the drain ends of the piece roofing elements(Fig. 143, A - A).

The edge width is taken for a single rebated seam, as well as for coverings made of piece materials, 13 mm, for a double rebated seam, 25...26 mm.

Rice. 143. Double wall trough pattern (right)

On the short sides, cuts are made with a depth of 30 mm, spaced from the second long edge by 200...230 mm. A flap tape is folded along this edge (Fig. 143, node I), which should be located at an angle of 60° to the plane of the picture. The corners of the edges for double rebated folds are cut at 45°. In accordance with the amount of precipitation in the construction area, the side of the gutter is bent to a height of 120 or 150 mm.

After this, on the short sides of the picture, the edges are folded under the lying folds. At the same time, they take into account which direction from the water intake funnel the gutter will be laid. If you stand facing the funnel, then the paintings have wall gutters designed for right side from the funnel, the right folds farthest from the funnel are made up, and the left bends are made down, at the gutters of the left side - on the contrary, so that the lying folds do not interfere with the flow of water.

Hanging gutter. The channel located directly below the edge of the eaves is called a hanging gutter. Most often, these gutters are semicircular and less often rectangular. The radius of curvature of a semicircular gutter is 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 mm, the square side of a rectangular gutter is 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 or 180 mm; the cross section of the gutter is determined by the product of the area drainpipe by a factor of 1.25.

Suspended gutters are installed with a slope of 1:200 and less often 1:100. They are made in links 3...4 m long. The cut blanks are connected into a picture in double lying seams, which are upset so that they are outside the gutter. The assembled picture is bent onto special device with a mallet. At the ends of gutters that are not connected to funnels, plugs are placed.

Belts, sandriks, window sill drains and other architectural details protruding from the plane of the walls on the facades of buildings are covered with roofing steel or tiles to protect them from precipitation and protect the walls of buildings from water drips. Pictures for coverings are prepared from roofing steel only when the slope of the part to be coated is less than 50%. If the slope of the belts, sandriks and window sills is more than 50%, they are covered with tiles.

Elements for covering cornice corbels are prepared in the workshop on a workbench according to drawings or measurements from nature. Typically, the elements are made in the form of double patterns, connected by a double rebated fold or a single folded fold with an undercut. A bend is made on one longitudinal edge of the workpiece for embedding into the furrow to a depth of 25...30 mm. On the other edge, the drip edge is bent, extending it from the edge of the belt by 50...70 mm. Other sizes are determined by location.

The belt patterns are made from the same sheet steel. When bending, use a mallet. If possible, the blanks are selected in such a width that the sheet cut into longitudinal direction, had no leftovers.

Belts, sandriks and window sill drains are placed 50...70 mm from the plane of the walls. Overhangs with a slope of less than 30% are covered with roofing steel. Belts, sandriks, window sills covered with roofing steel must have sloping bases with a smooth surface. This is necessary so that the coating patterns fit tightly to the base.

Steel paintings are placed on belts and sandriks on T-shaped crutches. The crutches are secured with ruffs, which are sealed with cement-sand mortar. The paintings are overlapped by 100 mm. The upper edges of the paintings are attached to wooden plugs (made from dry wood) in grooves or with dowels to concrete bases. Depending on the length of the belt, sandrik or window sill along a slope exceeding 30%, grooved strip tiles or flat strip tiles are used to cover them, which are laid on a solution.

In the window sill, picture I (Fig. 144) made of roofing steel or a row of tiles is brought into the lower part of the window frame 5 and at the same time into both slopes of the window opening, in which grooves are made. The picture is fixed on two or three crutches 4 installed in the drain slope of the window opening. The top edge of the picture is secured to the frame of the box with nails.

Rice. 144. Window sill covering (a, b):
1 - sheet steel picture, 2 - lightweight concrete, 3 - nail, 4 - T-shaped crutch, 5 - window frame, 6 - window sill plate

Drainpipe. The drainpipe consists of a water inlet funnel, straight links, elbows and a mark. The elbows are used to bypass the projections on the wall, the marks are used to drain water from the walls of the building. The number of drainpipes on a building and their diameter depend on the area and climatic conditions. When calculating the cross-section of a pipe, we proceed from the condition under which 1 cm 2 of its cross-section ensures the removal of water from an area of ​​0.75...1 m 2. The distance between drainpipes is 12...14 m and in some cases up to 18 m.

Straight drain pipe links are made from standard steel sheets, which are cut into the same number of transverse or longitudinal strips. A cross-section of a standard sheet produces links 710 mm long, and a longitudinal section - 1420 mm. From a sheet cut crosswise into four, three and two equal parts, blanks of links for pipes with a diameter of 100, 140 and 180 mm (with trimmings) are respectively obtained. From a sheet cut into two equal parts in the longitudinal direction, two blanks for links with a diameter of 100 mm are obtained. A link with a diameter of 216 mm and a length of 1420 mm is rolled from a whole sheet.

Drainpipes are made up of single or double links. For straight pipe links, funnels and elbows, steel with a thickness of 0.63 or 0.7 mm is used, for marks - 0.8 mm. To ensure that the links fit well into one another when assembling the pipe, the workpieces are given a slight taper. This is achieved by narrowing one side of each workpiece by 5...6 mm.

Link blanks with bent edges for a seam connection are rolled manually on a mandrel beam, a steel pipe, or rolled out using a rolling machine.

At the ends of straight pipe links, as well as on the glasses of funnels and in the upper part of the mark, rollers are rolled out on a zig machine, which are [zebras of rigidity and at the same time limit the depth of entry of one link into another. The rollers should protrude 8 mm above the surface of the link.

To prepare the water inlet funnel tray, vertical lines are drawn on the sheet at a distance of 200 mm from one another (Fig. 145, a). On right line lay down segments in a, respectively, equal to the width of the drain part of the tray (Fig. 145, b) and the height of the rim of the funnel. In the same way, on the left vertical line, segments are laid in equal shares from the axis (a +120 mm).

Rice. 145. Tray blank:
blank, b - finished tray (view from the drain side)

Having constructed angles a, equal to the angle the inclination of the gutter, and setting aside the segments h (the height of the gutter), draw inclined to the ends of the segments b and obtain the contour of the tray blank. The tail part of tray A is intended for attaching the tray to the sheathing. Then allowances are left for the edges and side flaps. The right edge is folded under the tray, and the inclined edges are formed into side flaps. Finally, the sides of the tray are bent at a right angle.

Transition elbow - connecting link between the funnel and the drain pipe riser. The elbow is made corrugated, bent on a press from a straight pipe link, and smooth, made from individual links.

A mark in its simplest form is made from a smooth elbow by cutting one of its ends obliquely. A blank mark from one sheet is obtained as follows. A life-size mark is drawn - front and side views (Fig. 146, a, b). From point A with radius AB equal to L, draw an arc until it intersects at point B" with a continuation of the generatrix of link SA. Below, from a point lying on the axis of the mark, with radius D/2, draw a circle and mark points A", F" and E".

Rice. 146. Preparing a mark:
a, b - front and side view of the mark, c - blank mark

Then from point B" a horizontal auxiliary line is drawn to the right and point F" is placed on it, denoting it F.

From point F with a radius equal to the height of the opening B mark, make a notch on the continuation of the generatrix of the link at point E and connect them with line FE. Figure B"SCEF is a straightened side view of the mark. On the circle, the arc F"E" is divided into four equal parts and auxiliary straight lines are drawn from the division points G, 2", 3" and E" until they intersect with the line FE; the intersection points are marked 1, 2 and 3.

To draw a mark blank (Fig. 146,c), draw a vertical line and lower perpendiculars CK" and FK onto it from points C and F. Parallel to them, auxiliary straight lines are drawn from points 1, 2, 3, E, intersecting lines K", K Next, from point K, segments KL and KM, equal to 3.14 D/4, and segments KN and KO, equal to 3.14 D/2, are laid out in both directions. The segments KL and KM are divided into four equal parts and perpendiculars are erected from the division points until they intersect with the horizontal auxiliary ones. The intersection points are designated 1", 2" 3", E". The curve LE" drawn through them represents the line of the figured cutout.

Elements protruding from the plane of load-bearing walls, as well as aesthetic elements on the facades of buildings, are covered with special steel or tiles, which helps protect these elements from exposure to precipitation and prevent excessive moisture from load-bearing walls. If the slope angle of the protruding elements is at least 50%, then tiles are used, and if less, then special steel.

The components of protective coatings are produced in equipped workshops using workbenches based on detailed maps and drawings, all measurements are made from nature. It is customary to make components in this way - double paintings, joined together with a double recumbent fold or a single fold with an undercut. One of the longitudinal edges is bent, which is intended for fixation in the furrow (2.5 - 3 cm), on the second edge the drip is bent at a distance of 5 - 7 cm from the edge of the belt. All other sizes are measured directly on site.

Pictures of the belts are made on the basis of steel sheets. The sheets are bent using a mallet. If possible, the width of the workpiece sheet is adjusted so that there are no extra parts in the longitudinal section.

Installation of window sill drains, sandriks and belts is carried out with a removal from the plane of the load-bearing wall by 5-7 cm. Protruding elements with a slope angle of no more than 30% are covered with special (roofing) steel. To securely fasten the paintings, it is necessary that the base has a flat surface.

Pictures made of steel are fixed on sandriks and belts using T-shaped crutches, which are fixed with brushes, and the latter, in turn, are sealed using a solution based on sand and cement. During installation, the paintings themselves are connected to a 10 cm overlap. The upper edge of the painting is fixed to the base using wooden plugs or dowels. To cover the PSPS along a slope of more than 30%, depending on the length, tiles (groove, flat, strip) are used, fixed with a solution.

Get up! Go! The whistle is calling... They don’t often read Mayakovsky’s poems these days. Not like before. I remember how the best student in our class recited an instructive poem about the hopeless slacker and blockhead Vlas: Without tea and without kalach, he leaves, barely dragging his feet. He walked and stood up, gaping: a sign on the store. That's what the certificate is for! You need to read the sign!

The ethical theme of work and idleness practically did not evoke a lively response in our young ranks, but the plot had its own zest that puzzled the audience.

To be honest, I still think that poor Vlas was one hundred percent right in this case. What is a sign for if not to stare at? And, in general, it is useful to consider your surroundings. I guarantee that if you stare at the facade of the ancient building like a real onlooker, you will see a most curious sight.

What is the name of “this thing”?

What can you see there? And then look at it for a long time? Yes, a lot of interesting things: columns, male and female heads, figures of caryatids and angels, muzzles of lions, faces of ancient heroes, five pointed stars, vases, molded garlands, rosettes...

But today we won’t talk about these things from the arsenal decorative design facade. After all, there is something else interesting on it. Our objects are always in sight, but, strangely, they are usually not noticed.

House facades can talk

Here, for example, is Sandrik. Well, how many people, upon hearing this word, widened their eyes in surprise? Oh, and you don’t know what he is? Well, we'll fix that in no time! Please note that buildings speak differently to different audiences.

The better prepared a person is, the more pleasant discoveries the contemplation of a random building or an outstanding architectural monument promises him. The “observed” eyes of a specialist see more and can fully read all the messages of architecture, which is largely inaccessible to the mass viewer. But it’s never too late to learn...

What are belts, sandriks and break-offs in architecture?

What a cornice is, each of us knows. It is like an element separating the roof plane from vertical plane walls and protruding forward were invented by the ancient Greeks.

Initially intended to absorb the blows of natural forces - wind, oblique rain flows and direct sunlight, over time it became a decoration of the facade. Moreover, all modern facade decor has its roots in Ancient World- the true cradle of European culture.

Let's take a walk through merchant Saratov. The gaze, running along the facades, rushes to the sky. Pay attention to the cornice - the final or crowning element common to all buildings. See how different it can be?

Its most important part is a protruding slab, underneath it there is a supporting widening, and below there is a horizontal strip of the wall, called a frieze, on which various kinds of decorations can be placed.

The cornice is a large and complex element in structure. It is divided into a number of horizontal forms, the vertical section of which - that is, the profile - can be either rectilinear, or round, or even complexly curvilinear. Nevertheless, in architectural terms, any of these dissimilar profiles with equal right bears the strange name “bummer”.

Well, the Renaissance era got its name because it revived interest in antiquity. And this was natural, because Italian architects constantly had magnificent ancient examples before their eyes - sometimes only fragments of buildings, sometimes whole and quite well preserved, despite centuries-old attempts to barbarously disassemble them into their original building materials.

The cornice, invented by ancient architects, received a new interpretation during the Renaissance and began to have several varieties, each with its own special name:

• The protrusion that completes the upper part of the walls, supports the overhang of the roof and relates to the entire building, visually completing its silhouette, is the crowning cornice.
• A decorative strip-cornice between floors, which protrudes from the plane of the wall, as if emphasizing its horizontal division into its component parts, is called a belt in architectural terms. The laying of belts can be incredibly varied, with simple and complex patterns.
• And finally, sandrik - a narrow cornice, a kind of small shelf above a window or doorway. Its funny name is based on the meaning of “board” or “flooring”, which comes from the Latin language.

Would you like to nibble on a cracker?

The Renaissance era gave rise to an endless variety of shapes and details that enliven the walls; it gave a second life to the ancient patterns that adorned ancient temples. Now their drawing has appeared again both on the facades of buildings being erected and on the pages of works on architecture. By the way, brick, which is still used in construction today, was invented by the Romans.

Here on the roller under the cornice there are alternating egg-shaped shapes with something like leaves. These are ionics, a very ancient ornamental motif, the way Roman architects loved to decorate their monumental buildings two thousand years earlier.

Sometimes along the bottom of the ionic there are, alternating, small balls, oblong cylinders, and roundness in the form of lentil grains. Jewelry of this type is called beads, and if they consist only of round beads, then they are called peas.

And for added beauty, there are crackers! Also the heritage of ancient architecture.

Unlike well-known baked goods, they are not edible in architecture: croutons are a series of bottom-facing rectangular protrusions on a cornice, and the elements that bear the same name as delicious multi-layer baked goods - the tongues - are inverted stepped pyramids.

Along with molded figured supports, brick brackets-tongues, moving in a measured rhythm, decorate the cornices.

Here on the facade one more element is visible decorative decoration buildings - a blind arcature belt. Similar arcature-columnar belts were widely used in ancient Russian architecture when decorating walls.

In the appearance of each ancient house, one can see the desire for individuality; it seems that this was a matter of prestige for each homeowner. Here the crowning cornice is formed by a wide belt with rows of croutons, tongues and arched motifs.

Although the inter-floor belts are also made up of rows of crackers and tongues, they are much more often represented by other ornamental patterns.

Techniques for ornamental brickwork

It’s probably impossible to find a person now who doesn’t know what the drawing of the “Vitruvian Man” looks like. Leonardo da Vinci's famous image of a man inscribed in a circle and square with his arms outstretched is named after Vitruvius, the father of architectural theory who lived during the times of Julius Caesar and Augustus.

And this Marcus Vitruvius Pollio noted in his treatise: “In Egypt it is necessary to build buildings of one type, in Spain houses of a different kind are required. Since some countries are directly under the direction of the sun, the lands of others lie far from its path, and still others are in the middle between them.” The Roman meant that all architectural elements used in the design of the facade are designed for the perception of the building in the daytime. After all, there was no evening lighting back then!

The palette of artistic capabilities of an architect includes the ability to create patterns when laying brick walls. Ancient Russian masters managed to find those forms that look great in our natural lighting conditions - both in the bright sky and in the diffused light of a cloudy sky.

A belt whose ornament is made of bricks forming zigzags is called a runner. This is what this ancient decorative element of Russian architecture looks like.

Isn't it true that such masonry creates the effect of movement? That's why she's a runner. The pattern began to be used in Russian architecture from the middle of the 14th century.

The corbels on ancient houses in Saratov are incredibly beautiful, where a row of bricks are laid in a herringbone pattern to the surface of the wall, causing their corners to protrude outward in the manner of saw teeth. This type of brickwork - by the way, it is just as old - is called a curb.

These patterns were widely used in construction, both individually and in different combinations. Sometimes the belts of such ornamental masonry were complemented by decorative arches.

An expressive ribbon of horizontal pattern of hanging stepped teeth is created by the so-called crenate belt. On the house, brick patterned displays are made from the “town”.

About something related to the history of Sandrik

It is not customary in Russia to praise something directly. Including real objects of human culture. But if anything evokes respect and sympathy for them, it is their association with the greats or their advanced age. As for the sandrik, the search for its historical roots has already forced us to descend into the mossy depths of centuries to the temples of the gods in the acropolises of ancient Greek cities, where this object, like a kind of step on the wall, regularly and imperceptibly served its intended purpose.

But it also bears the mark of being chosen, since it was blessed with the attention of two geniuses of architecture. First it was the brilliant self-taught architect Filippo Brunelleschi, who six centuries ago became famous for the construction of the stone dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. He was the first who stopped blindly following the principles of antiquity in the design of details. After him creative projects Sandriks began to be used to decorate facades, and they acquired an increasingly intricate appearance.

And a hundred years later it was the great Michelangelo, thanks to whom rustication, columns, pilasters, platbands, window frames and other decorative elements of architecture of the late Renaissance were borrowed as role models and in this way spread across the facades public buildings, palaces and mansions of different European countries.

What sandriks might look like

Element of the most diverse different forms:

• Starting with the appearance of a simple straight shelf,
• Have classic look cornice with a triangular or arched pediment,
• However, he is not forbidden to have a pediment of any composition,
• In the field of which there may be nothing or there may be decorative filling,
• Sandrik can also be decorated with a keystone in the center,
• Or be torn in the middle
• And on the sides rest on two brackets.

Or have it all in different combinations. By the way, in all metamorphoses, sandrik in most cases does not lose its utilitarian-protective function.

Look at the photo of sandriks

Needless to say, the appearance of the building has big influence per person, especially when choosing a place to live. But, even if you are just rushing about your business, you involuntarily glance at the houses you pass by.

The Roman citizen already mentioned above once wrote: Beauty in architecture is achieved by the pleasant and elegant appearance of the structure and the fact that the ratios of its members correspond to the proper rules of proportionality.

I don’t have the knowledge of a professional urban planner, so I won’t talk about any harmoniously maintained proportions, since I have no idea about them. Because of which - here I hang my head guiltily - I could well have missed some interesting examples of Saratov sandriks, decorating both architectural monuments and just old houses cities.

As for “pleasant and elegant,” don’t blame me. I tried to select the very best from a huge volume of photographs, but everything is very subjective.

Sometimes it is so difficult to see the details - the facades of houses on the street side are obscured by old trees growing along the sidewalks.

Zone of exemplary simplicity

The recommendations affected the street facades of houses, which had to be consistent with the canons of classical architecture, but did not contain instructions and prohibitions regarding the side walls, facade view from the courtyard and internal layout.

In the Saratov province, public and residential buildings have now begun to be erected according to “model” projects specially created for our city. No, of course, the owner had the right to offer his own version of the house, but the authorities were extremely reluctant to approve such liberties in architecture.

But in the proposed editions of the buildings, it was not forbidden to use some of the decorative masonry techniques during construction, for example, the same curbs, runners, crenate belts, so that light and shadows would play effectively on the facade.

By the way, the word “classic” itself comes from the Latin classicus meaning “first-class”, “exemplary”. And the design houses were characterized by all the main features inherent in the classical style:

• Clear geometric shape
• Smooth walls in light colors, the presence of an order, restrained decor,
• Rectangular or semicircular windows.

If you walk along the streets with similar typical buildings, the first half of the 19th century century - for example, along Moskovskaya, Chelyuskintsev or Michurin, you can feel the flavor and spirit of old Saratov.

If the windows on a house are often compared to eyes, then the sandriks on the facade can easily be likened to the eyebrows on the face. On the walls, devoid of special decoration, above the rectangular and semi-circular eye-windows you can see straight and arched eyebrows like this. The cornices above the windows are the simplest, but even such sandriks transform the facade, making it textured.

Already with some delights

The originality of a building is largely determined by its shape and size. window openings, as well as the nature of their decorative design. Typically, windows are framed on the sides and top with platbands, which can be of the most intricate shapes. Sandriks are placed either directly above the platband or at some distance from it. Although nothing prevents you from placing sandrik above the window, even if it does not have a casing at all.

Most often, cornices are found in the form of a rectangular structure, triangular - with a pediment of the same shape, and arched - with arched pediments. They are bow-shaped because they resemble a bow with a string. Their laconic and simple forms often come without any decorative filling.

Sometimes cornices of different shapes alternate: for example, beams with triangular ones, or, for example, as here - straight lines with pediments and a triangular sandrik.

Sometimes sandriks cover roofing iron, its lacy edge looks like eyelashes.

Look how every brick of Sandrik is hewn and fitted into its place!

Direct sandriks, faithful companions of the windows of houses in classic style, sometimes they are not quite straight: here is a stepped cornice, this one is broken, that one with an external point in the middle of the arc looks like an inverted and slightly deformed keel of a ship.

Guess how many owners this old house has, where the cornices are stacked? However, more about wooden sandals below.

Bent ears, consoles and friezes

Between the platband and the cornice there can be a frieze - a strip of decorative composition.

Sometimes the platbands have symmetrically located protrusions on the sides. These are the so-called ears; they come in rectangular and curly shapes.

The window acquired its familiar shape of a vertical rectangle during the heyday of the Renaissance, at which time it received a sandrik, was decorated with a frieze and began to be supported on the sides by consoles, which were mounted on pilasters, semi-columns or took their place directly on the wall.

On the historic pharmacy building, the figured supports for the cornices have the shape of a spiral curl.

World volute

There is no grammatical error. And we are not talking about rubles, dollars or euros. And not even about the phenomenon of the 21st century – bitcoins. It's time to find out one more of the secret codes of architecture. Volute - that's what they call it architectural element in the form of a curl. Here is such an ornamental detail in the frame of the window.

Atticus with volutes. Pay attention to the sandrik, decorated along the inner perimeter with small crackers.

Here volutes are used in the design of the sandrik.

What other types of sandriks are there with volute?

There are several variations of this characteristic architectural detail:

• Smooth curl
• Volume,
• Sculpturally detailed turn of volute;
• Between the curls there may be an acroteria - a central decorative element, it can appear in the form of intertwining rings, rosettes, braids, palmettes, etc.

On this note - greetings from Venice! – a spectacular decoration in the form of a stylized scallop shell.

Slowly savoring the details

One of the characteristic features of the columns of the Ionic order is the spiral curls on the capitals. Vitruvius compared their beauty to curls in women's hairstyle. See how the use of half-columns and straight sandstone can give the window a solemn, ceremonial look. Classicism style!

When decorating a window opening, a sandrik with a triangular pediment, which rests on semi-columns, looks very noble.

I love to wander green streets old Saratov, where everything is accessible to the eye and sweet to the heart. And every time you see something new, something you missed before. For example, you suddenly see what kind of decor is located in the plane of the pediments, cartouches, garlands or mascarons. And how inexpressibly pleasant it is to make such small discoveries...

How can we not remember Michelangelo, in whose work experts find the origins of Baroque architecture! It with light hand the great master, so-called “torn” sandriks appeared on the columns and pilasters of buildings.

Scattered keystones

Builders ancient Rome knew many secrets. Among other things, they knew how to build overlapping large spans strong vaulted and arched structures. When laying arches, the last stone to be placed was a specially shaped stone, which was supposed to jam the vault, as it were. This capstone is called “keystone” in architectural terms.

The presence of such a keystone can be found in a window opening.

Sometimes a wedge-shaped or pyramidal element is decorated in the center with a rectangular or arched sandstone. And then it protrudes forward from the plane of the cornice. The keystone can be smooth or distinguished by ornamental processing.

In the middle of the keystone there is a polished diamond insert.

The keystone is decorated with a cartouche - a scroll with torn edges.

A type of keystone is the so-called “fan castle”, consisting of a large central stone and two smaller ones on the sides, arranged like a fan.

It is believed that the addition of keystones is most characteristic of classicism, but is also found in baroque. Needless to say, stucco always gives a building its individuality.

Mascaron on the keystone.

Blind, double and triple

The photograph shows one of the perfectly preserved stone buildings of the brothers' provision warehouses. They and their famous mansion near Lipki are described here. Solid, with rectangular niches in the wall imitating a window opening, who would believe that it was built in 1879. Just don’t think that these were once real windows, which for some reason were covered with bricks. No, that was the architect’s original idea.

Not only the blind windows were artistically decorated. Look, this is what it looks like openwork pipe on their roof. No wonder warehouses are an architectural monument!

Inside the warehouses there is now desolation, disorder, and traces of a serious fire. But there is an idea to save forgotten buildings from destruction and give them new life, turning it into a center for contemporary art. Over time, exhibition halls, workshops, cinema halls, cafes will appear here...

Not only false windows are rare wonders. In the sea of ​​ordinary windows, there are no, no, and there are more complex options openings in the wall for light. This is what sandriks look like above double window openings.

Triple window decoration.

Onion sandriks uniting into a continuous wavy belt form an expressive decor.

These are the examples. But it’s a pity that on our excursion we had to not only encounter the architectural delights of Saratov, but also see with our own eyes how they are being destroyed without a truly owner’s eye.

And further. Unfortunately, the buildings have almost no window sashes in their original form. Well, maybe in isolated cases. And how good their original appearance was!

It is known that wood is subject to aging. Much has been written about this and its service life in the article. Yes, there was also a widespread replacement of windows with plastic double-glazed windows, which sometimes radically changed and simplified their appearance.

What you can't take your eyes off

In Latin, "arcus" means "arc". The arches are beautiful. They contain natural grace, as if in an arched back. The horizontal sandstone on top of the wall plane is limited by a decorative arched shape. It is called an archivolt, and the moon-shaped segment of the wall is called a lunette.

The breathtaking splendor of Sandrik.

In the case of a rich design, the window turns into a whole set of a lush casing, an elegant window sill, pilasters or columns, an antique entablature lying on them, above which a pediment or arched sandstone rises.

Window of the Saratov Church in honor of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

There are a huge number of decorative elements that can turn an ordinary house into a real palace. For example, red brickwork, kokoshniks, patterns and relief cornices. This is what another architectural monument of Saratov looks like - apartment building merchant Gorin.

And what a roof it has! Scaly roofing, peaked tents with spiers...

Wooden sandals from Saratov

If there was one thing in abundance in Rus', it was forest wealth. Wood, a common and cheap material, was used to make houses, furniture, cradles for babies, even cups and spoons. An interesting touch: on the eve of the First World War, 52% of all buildings in Moscow were wooden. What can we say about Saratov!

A long time - until late XIX centuries - wooden buildings dominated the city. Then only temples, administrative buildings, shopping arcades, and occasionally the mansions of the rich were built of stone. But soon brick replaced wood, and, thanks to its strength and the ability to build structures of the most arbitrary configuration from it, it became the main building material.

Nevertheless, even in our time, although a little away from the central streets and closer to the periphery, they stand as if nothing had happened wooden houses. Of course, different levels of preservation and varying degrees of artistry. And such sandriks with sawn carvings delight the eye in Saratov, among other wonders of wooden decor.

A few more pages of the wooden chronicle of the merchant city.

Do you notice what is common in the design of stone and wooden city houses? In both cases, volute themes, straight profiled sandstone, and figured brackets are used. Experts explain this by the fact that many architectural techniques of urban architecture were adopted by skilled carvers and embodied in residential wooden buildings.

Look for them with your eyes, friends!

Victor Hugo called architecture a book of stone. Just as a book whose words on the page are made up of letters, so works of architecture are made up of individual primary elements. We learned a few of them today. I think that now no one will have questions about what it is in architecture - cornices, break-offs, crackers, belts, sandriks, volutes... I hope that now you will say with me: “How was it possible to walk around the city before and ignore them?

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Parapets and firewalls more than half a meter high are covered with metal paintings with 10 cm wide edges curved onto the vertical part of the wall. If the firewalls are lower, the paintings on them are combined with aprons - to protect the walls of the building. Fastening is done using a special T-shaped crutch or strip steel. Crutches - nailed with nails 50 mm long at a distance of 65-70 cm from each other. Make sure that the covering of the parapets is topped with a drip edge. The coverings are reinforced with strip steel hooks to impart rigidity to the structure. The size of the strips is 42 cm long, 3-4 cm wide. The hooks are attached to the bars with nails.

Installation of belts, window sill drains, sandriks

Belts, sandriks, window sills and other protruding parts of the building are also finished with roofing steel - it protects them from the damage of atmospheric precipitation. If the slope of the belts, sandriks, and window sill drains is more than 50%, then they are covered with tiles. The width of the picture for the manufacture of these parts should be 85-95 mm greater than the width of the slope, the edge should be folded at the top by 25-40 mm, and the overhang at the bottom should be 50-70 mm with a turning strip. The blanks are fastened into pictures with a double or single fold. The finished parts are nailed to the wall, the overhang is secured with wire to the nails. Belts, sandriks, window sills that are covered with roofing steel must have sloping bases with a smooth surface.

Coating dormer windows

Dormer windows have a variety of shapes - the most popular are conical and rectangular dormer windows with one and two slopes. The covering of dormer windows is often carried out in the same way as the main ordinary roofing - placing recumbent folds across the slope, ridge folds along the length of the slope. The covering is carried out along a frame sheathed with continuous formwork made of boards 25 mm thick; grooves are made in places adjacent to the ordinary covering. The edges of the row covering adjacent to the front and side walls of the dormer windows are bent by 200 mm.

Installation of drainpipes

Drainpipes with funnels are located at the eaves overhangs at a distance of 12-20 m from each other. To direct water from the gutter into the funnel, a tray is mounted, cutting it into the wall gutters. After which they begin to manufacture and install drainpipes. The drainpipe consists of a water intake funnel, straight parts - links, elbows and ebb (mark). The most commonly used pipes are 140 and 215 mm in diameter. The pipes must be located at a distance of 100-150 mm from the wall; they are secured with special pins with brackets. If the diameter of the pipe is larger, it is secured at a distance of 200-220 mm with pins and clamps. The minimum depth of the pins is 15-20 cm. First, the upper and lower guide pins are driven in, a cord is pulled along them, along which the rest are driven in. Clamps in the form of a grip - wire; clamps - bolts.

Blanks for seam roofing

The roofing materials market is constantly improving. Thus, 000 "Euroroofing", improving the quality of the materials produced and the technology of their installation, offers its customers blanks for standing seam roofing - pictures profiled on a rolling machine from ORASO (Austria).

Naturally, industrial rolling of seam roofing panels of various geometries makes it possible to minimize horizontal seams, which will significantly increase the weather resistance of the roof. Modern technologies offer the installation of a seam roof using roll installation technology - which makes it possible to cover the entire roof slope with one panel - and this means absolutely smooth seam seams and reliable waterproofing, along with an aesthetic appearance. Roll technology is so called because paintings can be assembled directly on a construction site from rolled metal of almost any length. Thanks to this technology, it is possible to avoid cross folds, which are most often the cause of leaks.

For seam roofs, as for all metal rigid roofs, it is very important to comply with the temperature and humidity conditions in the under-roof space, since violation of the required parameters may well lead to the formation of condensation, causing corrosion, or reduce the heat resistance of the insulation. It is mandatory to use galvanized steel connecting parts in fasteners.

Adhesion- the ability to adhere to the surface of another body in a solid or liquid state is equal to the specific work expended to separate the bodies. Caused by intermolecular interaction of materials.

One of the most important characteristics in soft roofing and waterproofing.

Antiseptic- treatment of wooden and wood-shaving parts with antiseptic solutions (antiseptics), preventing the appearance of fungus, mold, woodworms, as well as to protect against the harmful effects of moisture.

Antiseptics- sodium fluoride, sodium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, ammonium, zinc, iron and copper sulfate, table salt, zinc chloride, bleach.

Asphalt mastic- a mixture of bitumen emulsion paste with various fillers.

Aerators- products, mechanical devices for ventilation in layers of full pie flat roofs. Must be used when installing a new carpet over an old one.

Grandma- strengthening element rafter system, made of wooden beams, is a support for the rafter legs, installed perpendicular to the tightening in the connection of the rafters or crossbar with the rafter leg.

Beam- an element of the rafter system, made of wooden beams or rolled products, works mainly for bending.

Ballast system- a system for fastening soft roofs on flat roofs with high load-bearing capacity, as well as in exploited roofs. It is affordable, easy to use and does not damage the main waterproofing carpet, and in addition, provides additional protection from mechanical damage and ultraviolet rays.

Bitumen mastic- a mixture of liquefied bitumen with various additives.

Natural bitumens- amorphous hydrophobic materials extracted from asphalt rocks with organic solvents or boiled down.

Artificial bitumens- residues after oil refining.

Firewall- blind capital fireproof wall, which divides the building into sections.

Hip- triangular slope hip roof at the ends, a covered gable with a slope.

Ventilation of the under-roof space- a structural gap that ensures the movement of air flow between the roofing material and the waterproofing film and thermal insulation and waterproofing film (in the case of a warm attic) in the direction from the eaves overhang to the ridge exit.

Hanging rafters- type of element; roofing system, consist of rafters (upper chord) and ties (lower chord), connected to each other by notches, forgings and nails. To prevent deflections of the rafters (if they are not thick enough), a crossbar is inserted between them. For spans of more than 6 m, hanging rafters are made with a post (headstock) in the middle, to which a tie is suspended on a steel clamp.

Moisture release- the ability of the material to release moisture when changing environment. It is characterized by the rate of drying of the material per day at a relative air humidity of 60% and a temperature of 20°C.

Humidity- moisture content in % relative to the mass of the material in a dry state.

Water absorption- the ability of the material to absorb and retain water. Determined by the difference in sample mass, saturated with water and in an absolutely dry state.

Characterized by weight:
Vm=100 * (t2-t,)1t, where its percentage value is greater than 100% and by volume:
В=100 * (iti2-ш,)/Vt, where its percentage value is less than 100%.

Water permeability- material ability; pass water under pressure. It is determined by the amount of water passing through 1 cm² of the surface of the material in 1 hour and at constant pressure.

Gutter- element pitched roof with an external drain, designed to collect water and forcefully discharge atmospheric water into the drainpipe.

Drainpipe- a pipe used to drain water.

Collar- protective edging of protruding roof elements with roofing iron.

Otter- a method of brickwork with projections for waterproofing a chimney, a groove under the projection formed by an overlap of masonry or a protruding side.

fillet- transitional edge from the base flat roof to the junction, usually arranged at an angle of 45° to smooth out the mating angles.

Viscosity- (internal friction), the property of solids to irreversibly absorb energy during their plastic deformation.

Gas permeability- the ability of the material to pass gas and air. It is characterized by the volume of gas V passing through a layer of material of a certain thickness and area in a certain time. Depends on the gas permeability coefficient, individual for each material.

v_K-z-F(p1-p2), where K is the gas permeability coefficient; z-time.h; F - wall area, a - wall thickness; (Pi-Рг) - pressure difference.

Sealants- elastic materials used to ensure waterproofness of joints and connections.

Flexibility on beam- one of the main characteristics of rolled bitumen and bitumen-polymer materials. Characterizes the preservation of elasticity/lack of fragility at low temperatures. The readings are valid when tested until cracks appear on the sample. Indicator: the temperature at which cracks have not yet been observed on the surface of the material when it is bent through a beam of a certain diameter. The lower the temperature and the smaller the radius of the beam, the higher the characteristic is considered.

Waterproofing carpet- directly the main roofing covering.

Waterproofing layer- a layer that protects a building or any other structure from the destructive effects of both water and other types of liquid.

Primer- waterproofing composition (easily mobile solution), which is distributed and partially absorbed into the surface of the protected structure, for example, screeds, thin layer.

Defect- each individual discrepancy building structures requirements established by regulatory and technical documentation.

Expansion joints:
1) seams left in the structure, since when concrete thickens, it expands and the seams are filled;
2) unfilled slots in concrete, masonry, etc.

Diffusion- the distribution of a substance in any medium in the direction of decreasing its concentration, due to Brownian motion.

Additional waterproofing carpet (rolled or mastic)- layers of roll materials or mastics, reinforced with glass or synthetic material, used to strengthen the main waterproofing carpet in valleys, on eaves, in areas adjacent to walls, shafts and others structural elements. In asbestos-cement roofs corrugated sheets and small-piece materials - layers from rolled bituminous materials on glass and cardboard base as the bottom waterproofing layer.

Durability- the property of an object (element) to remain operational until a limit state occurs.

Endovy- intersections of the slope, forming a gutter, internal or entering the roof corners.

Puff- a cross beam into which the lower ends of the hanging rafters are cut, wooden beam, a steel or reinforced concrete rod located horizontally at the level of the supports (frame or arch), designed to absorb thrust.

Protective layer- a roofing element that protects the main waterproofing carpet from mechanical damage and direct exposure to atmospheric factors, solar radiation and the spread of fire along the roof surface.

Sound transmission- the ability of a material to transmit sound. It is characterized by permeability to air and impact sounds.

Countersinking- expanding the diameter of the holes while simultaneously making these holes in the shape of a cone.

Zigmashina- a special device with replaceable rolling rollers; The shaped profile of all pairs of rollers is used to perform various operations, for example, rolling a bead at a right angle, rolling a double bead, bending a circular bead for rolling wire, rolling out a stiffening roller, and sealing seam joints.

Zinganization- processing of metal structures using the cold galvanization method allows achieving high performance characteristics, as well as significant savings on anti-corrosion protection. The name comes from the company Zinga, which was the first to use and has a monopoly on this technology.

"Winter roads"- a damper installed on the water intake funnel before the start of the winter season to avoid freezing and destruction of the drain.

Umbrellas- metal products (conical or pyramidal) to protect smoke ducts from moisture entering them.

Preparation of paintings- connecting sheets of roofing steel into patterns using lying seams along the short side with bending standing seams along the long side. Abrasion resistance is determined by sandblasting. Typically, surfaces exposed to constant physical impact are tested: floors, stairs, roads.

Insulation- a device, a substance with the help of which they prevent (separate) the penetration of electricity, heat, cold, etc. from one body to another.

Instructions - normative document- all-Union (SN), republican (RSN) or departmental (VSN) in the system building codes and rules.

Infrared radiation- a flow of invisible rays with a wavelength of 76-750 microns in the radiation spectrum of bodies heated below 1000°C. The absorption of infrared rays by bodies is accompanied by the conversion of the electromagnetic energy they carry into thermal energy.

Impregnation- impregnation of wood and fabric with special solutions or emulsions in order to impart certain properties: anti-rot, waterproof, etc.

Caverns- voids in rocks more than 1 mm in diameter, round in shape.

Technological map- a document that establishes a rational and stable technology for the production of a frequently repeated type of construction and installation work and is used instead of a work project or in addition to it.

Eaves overhang- the lower edge of the roof along the perimeter, protruding beyond the plane of the external walls.

Cornice- a horizontal profiled protrusion that forms the crown of the entire facade (crowning cornice), which supports the roof and protects the building from atmospheric waters, or a smaller architectural part (intermediate cornice) - usually decorative.

Kapelnik- an element of the steel covering of parapets and firewall walls in the form of a downward curved edge.

Roofing painting- a blank made of one or two sheets of roofing steel with bends on all four sides.

Catalysts- materials that accelerate chemical hardening processes.

Riveting- the process of durable permanent connection of two relatively thin parts.

Klyammer- a piece of roofing steel made specifically for attaching pictures to the sheathing in a metal roof.

Click-fold- single standing self-latching seam, used for installing rolled seam roofing.

Coagulator- a substance that promotes the transformation of a colloidal solution into a gelatinous mass.

Condensation- the transition of a substance from a gaseous to a liquid state. Occurs when the temperature decreases below critical.

Horse- the upper horizontal edge of the roof.

Counter-lattice- bars with a minimum cross-section of 30x50 mm, installed along the rafter leg under the sheathing and used to secure the waterproofing film.

Cohesion- adhesion, attraction between particles of the same solid or liquid, leading to the union of these particles into a single body and caused by intermolecular interaction.

Cohesive separation- when checking the quality of laying rolled bitumen and bitumen-polymer materials, the material is torn off from the base. Cohesive tearing occurs when the work is done well; it delaminates the roofing material rather than tearing it off from the base.

Canning- treatment of wooden and wood-shaving parts with solutions that prevent the aging of wood, the appearance of fungus, mold, woodworms, as well as to protect against the harmful effects of moisture.

Console- part of the structure that freely protrudes beyond the support.

filly- a piece of board extending the lower end of the rafter leg to accommodate the roof overhang or continuous sheathing lying on the ledge.

Roof- the upper fence (shell) of the roof, directly exposed to atmospheric influences. Protects the building from the penetration of atmospheric precipitation. It consists of a waterproofing layer and a base (sheathing, continuous flooring), laid over the load-bearing structures of the roof.

Roof- the upper enclosing part of the building. It consists of a load-bearing part that transfers the load from the air, wind and the roof’s own weight to the walls or solid supports and the outer shell - the roof.

The roof is in use- roofing used both for its intended purpose and for other operational purposes: solarium, sports ground, recreation area, cafe.

Kiyanka - wooden hammer, having a smooth striking part.

Caps- metal products protecting the heads of chimneys and ventilation pipes.

Hooks- products for fastening wall gutters.

Crutches- products for fastening pictures of eaves overhangs.

Spray gun- a portable device for applying paints to a surface by spraying them with compressed air.

Tinning- covering the surface with a thin layer of tin.

Attic- a floor in the attic space, the facade of which is formed entirely or partially by a surface (surfaces) inclined or sloping roof. Inner space At the same time, the house is used to the maximum, which is why the cost of the building is significantly reduced, as the concept and architectural structure is named after the architect Gilles Ordouin Mansart, who proposed using attic spaces as housing in the 17th century.

Mastics- artificial mixtures of organic binders, including bitumen with fine mineral or organic fillers.

Mauerlat- rafter beam, which creates a convenient support for the lower ends of layered rafters, beams (beams) installed along the entire perimeter of external concrete, brick, wooden walls, cinder block walls for attaching rafter legs and distributing the concentrated load from them along the top of the walls.

Mezzanine- a low-height superstructure above a part, usually central, of a low-rise residential building, having own roof, towering above the general one.

Membranes- polymer roofing materials, usually based on EPDM, PVC or TPO. These are new generation roofing materials for soft technology. In the West, these include all types of polymer roll materials, while in Russia the classification includes membranes as roll polymer materials with a web width of 1.5 m or more.

Metalrol- universal rolled self-adhesive ventilation element for installation on the ridge and ridge. Can be used with tiles of any profile.

Binder weight- one of the main characteristics of rolled bitumen and bitumen-polymer materials. It is measured in g/m² and indicates how much bitumen by weight is contained in 1 m² of rolled material. Too much great importance of this characteristic, as well as too little, indicates a deterioration in physical and mechanical properties. The average normal value of this characteristic lies in the range from 2800 to 3800 g/m².

Mechanical fasteners- fastening of heat and sound insulation and soft roofing material to metal, wood and concrete foundations, as well as for fastening the thermal insulation of ventilated facade systems.

Modification of bitumen is a targeted improvement of their properties by combining them with polymer additives.

Frost resistance- the ability of a material in a water-saturated state to withstand alternate freezing and thawing many times without signs of destruction or loss of strength. It is characterized by the number of freezing and thawing cycles in the range from -20°C to + 25°C. The cycle is considered passed if after the test the strength decreases by no more than 25%, and the weight decreases by no more than 5%.

Kmrz- frost resistance coefficient equal to the ratio of the ultimate compressive strength after testing to the ultimate strength of the water-saturated material.

Bridge of Cold- a phenomenon that occurs between two materials with different densities and thermal conductivities located in a temperature difference. Leads to the formation of condensation, humidity, and the appearance of fungi.

Soft Steel Dressing Wire- for fastening the coverings of corbels, window sills, sandstones, parapets, chimney caps.

Weld material- rolled material with a layer of adhesive mastic applied at the factory.

Wall gutters- devices for receiving water flowing from slopes and directing it to drainpipes.

Natelnik- a device used to cover the seams between boards.

Layered rafters- consist of rafter legs, the lower ends of which rest in wooden chopped or timber buildings on the upper crowns, in wooden frame buildings - on the upper frame, in stone ones - on support beams (mauerlats). The location of the rafters depends on the size of the building outline in plan and the presence of internal supports in the form of walls or columns. Layered rafters are simpler in design and economical, but their use requires the presence of internal walls or load-bearing partitions.

Bearing structures- perceive the load from their own mass, the mass of snow, wind pressure and transfer these loads to walls or individual supports. The supporting structures of low-rise attic roofs are rafters.

Fillers- substances that give polymers roofing materials hardness, lightness, low thermal conductivity.

Harness- horizontal element of frame walls. Can be top or bottom. The lower trim is the base of the frame.

Shell- the side of a bucket or can.

Purlin- a sheathing element, which is made from wooden blocks, slats or slats, a sawn block from coniferous species(without wane and passing knots) not lower than the second grade on which the tiles are laid. The minimum cross-section of the bar is 30x50 mm.

Lathing- beams or boards attached to the rafters and serving as the basis for the roofing.

Heading - top part chimney or ventilation pipe.

Fire resistance- the ability of the material to withstand fire without losing the necessary strength, structural and operational qualities.

Fire resistance limit- time in hours during which the structure performs its functions during a fire.

Materials are divided according to fire resistance into:
Non-combustible, non-combustible, combustible, flammable.

Fire resistance- the ability of the material to withstand prolonged exposure high temperature without melting and deformation under a certain load.

Materials are divided according to fire resistance into:
- highly refractory (1700-2000°C);
- fireproof (1580-1700°C);
- refractory (1300-1580°C);
- low-melting (up to 1300°C).

Oxidized bitumen- air is passed through the heated bitumen. The oxidation process raises the heat resistance of bitumen to an acceptable level; it continues on the roof, but only in the form of aging.

Roof base- the surface on which the roofing covering is laid. Usually performed in the form of sheathing or continuous flooring.

Basic waterproofing (or roofing) carpet- layers of rolled materials or layers of mastics reinforced with glass or synthetic materials, consistently carried out along the base under the roof.

OSB (oriented particle boards) - plywood board with a fibrous structure, three layers of which are formed by chips having a cross-shaped orientation; has less resistance to pulling out screws or roofing nails compared to OSB.

Mark- a device attached to the bottom of the drainpipe and used to drain water from the walls of the house.

Parapet- a solid wall of low height, installed along the edge of a terrace, roof, balcony, along a bridge, embankment, etc.

Vapor barrier- an insulating layer of water- and vapor-proof material under a layer of thermal insulation, protects the insulation from moistening by water vapor penetrating from the room. It is installed under thermal insulation on the side of the warm room.

Foam concrete- porous concrete (lightweight concrete); a cellular structure material made from highly plastic cement paste (a mixture of cement and water) or mortar (a mixture of cement paste and sand); It can be thermally insulating structural.

Foam plastics- gas-filled plastic masses with a cellular structure, containing predominantly closed, non-communicating cavities, separated by layers of polymer.

Foam glass- a material with a cellular structure obtained by sintering a mixture of glass powder with gas-forming agents (limestone, marble, coal); has high heat-insulating and sound-absorbing properties.

Overlap- a horizontal enclosing structure inside buildings or structures that separates their volume.

Plastic- the ability of a material to change its size and shape under the influence of forces without the formation of cracks and to retain new shapes after the load is removed. Directly depends on the temperature of the material.

Plasticizers- materials that improve the plasticity of plastics.

Density- the mass of a unit volume of material in a dense (without voids and pores) state.

c = m/V, where c is the density, measured in kg/m³ m is the mass of the dried material; V - volume without pores and voids.

The density of the material affects the strength of the entire structure, st = m/V - average density, where V is taken to be real, along with pores and voids, if any.

Bulk density- the ratio of the mass of granular and powdery materials to the entire occupied volume, including the space between particles.

"Plus-roof"- this is a repair of a soft roof, consisting of an inversion additional insulation, which does not require anything other than laying a membrane and insulation on top. The loading, as in the inversion roof, is carried out with gravel backfill.

Hanging gutters- semicircular or rectangular trays that are hung directly under the drain edge of the eaves overhang.

Mobility of the mortar mixture (consistency)- the ability to spread under the influence of its own mass or external forces applied to it. It is characterized by the depth of immersion (in cm) of the reference cone into it.

Strut - wooden element lattice enclosed between the upper and lower chords of the supporting structure.

Roofing films- used to protect thermal insulation and load-bearing structures of the roof from moisture.

Rafter beam- a beam into which the lower end of the rafter leg is cut.

Coating- the upper fence of the building to protect the premises from external climatic factors and influences. If there is space (passage or semi-passage) above the ceilings of the upper floor, the covering is called attic.

Polymers (natural and synthetic)- complex chemical compounds with high molecular weight, the molecules of which consist of a large number of repeating groups.

Half hip- a hip, the length of which is shortened along the slope from the side of the ridge of the roof or from the side of the end of the building.

Porosity- degree of filling of the volume with pores. Affects frost resistance, gas permeability, water permeability, thermal conductivity. Measured as a percentage.
P = 100%(1 -st/s), where P is porosity; c - density; st - average density.

Usable roofing area- also called covering value. This is the actual roof area of ​​a building, the area of ​​material required to cover a given roof without taking into account overlaps.

Total roofing area- total consumption of material for the roof of a given area (including overlaps).

"Full Pie"- the name of the roofing system consisting of all the components necessary for a complete roof, including the base for the roof.

For example, a “full pie” metal tile covering consists of rafters, waterproofing, sheathing, metal tiles, and under the rafters there is insulation and vapor barrier.

Solder- metal (tin-lead alloys) used to fill the gap between the parts to be connected during soldering.

Compressive strength- how many kg per m² can the material withstand compression before it begins to collapse.

Tensile strength- how many kg per m² can the material withstand when stretched before it begins to fracture (rupture).
Rpac=P/Fl, where P is the breaking load, kg; F, - initial cross-sectional area, m2.

Bending strength- how many kg per m² can the material withstand bending before it begins to fracture (break).

Products - ventilation holes in a pitched roof.

Work execution project (WPP)- a project that defines the technology, deadlines and procedure for providing resources for construction and installation work and serves as the main guiding document for organizing production processes for the construction of parts of buildings.

Strength- the ability of a solid body to perceive the influence of external forces within certain limits without destruction. Characterized by strength limits.

span- the gap between opposite points of support.

Fluff- overlap of masonry in brick chimneys of indoor stoves above the place where they pass through the roof.

Valleys- the intersection of two slopes forming a reentrant angle.

Leaning- installation of screeds on a flat roof, giving the roof small slopes and the formation of ridges and valleys.

Sinks- voids in the material various shapes and sizes formed inside or on the surface of the ingot.

- the greatest load on a building or structure, determined taking into account possible deviations from the specified conditions of their normal operation.

Works hidden- certain types of work (waterproofing, installation of embedded products in reinforced concrete structures etc.), which are not available for visual assessment by acceptance commissions when putting buildings into operation and are presented construction organization for inspection and acceptance before they are closed during subsequent work.

Ribs- intersection of slopes forming inclined lines.

Stiffening rib- structural elements in the form of thin grooves and plates, designed to increase the rigidity of the plane by increasing their resistance to buckling.

"Self-Regis"- self-regulating cables of the anti-icing system.

Self-tapping screw is a hardware fastener designed for installation of metal tiles and roofing components.

Eaves- the outer lower strip of the roof slope, protruding beyond the outer contour of the wall or eaves of the building.

Vault- an arc-shaped ceiling connecting walls or supports; a floor having a curved concave surface.

Scat- edge, inclined surface of the roof.

Pitched roof- a roof with a slope of more than 6° (10%).

Slightly- guide for natural tiles.

Dormer windows- openings for lighting and ventilation of attic spaces, as well as for access to the roof.

Cellular polycarbonate- roofing light-transparent material, named after its main component.

Soffit- hemmed cornice board.

Stabilizers- substances that increase the stability of emulsions, mastics against coagulation (clotting), aging.

Rafters- roof elements that serve as support for the roof. The upper ends of the rafters are joined together at an angle, and the lower ends rest on the external walls of the building. Made from timber. Basic structure for pitched roofs, according to their design they are divided into two types: inclined, resting with the ends and the middle part (at one or several points) on the walls of the building, and hanging, resting only with the ends on the tie, and it on the walls of the building (without intermediate supports). By - material: for wooden, metal trusses and purlins and reinforced concrete trusses (for wide-span industrial buildings).

Rafter leg- a roof structural element whose lower end rests against the wall, and its upper end connects at an angle to the opposite rafter leg.

Layered rafters- elements resting with their ends and middle part on the walls of the building.

Hanging rafters- elements resting only with their ends on the tie on the walls of the building without intermediate supports. From below rafter legs connected by a tie that absorbs the thrust.

Building mixture- a plastic mixture of inorganic binder and filler (sand) mixed with water, capable of hardening over time, turning into a stone-like body; 2) a material obtained as a result of hardening of a mixture of binder (cement), fine aggregate (sand), curing agent (water) and, if necessary, special additives.

Screed- a monolithic or prefabricated layer of durable material, arranged to level the underlying layer and give the covering layer of roofing or floor structures the required slope.

Lead iron and lead- mineral coloring in the form of powder (dry red lead) or a thick mass (grated red lead), consisting of dry red lead and drying oil.

Hardness- the ability of a material to resist the penetration of another, more solid body into it. Determined by pressing the ball into the surface. It is measured by the hardness number HB. The hardness of brittle materials is determined by scratching on the Mohs mineralogical scale, where the standards are: 1 - talc; 2 - gypsum; 3 - calcite; 4 - fluorite; 5 - apatite; 6 - orthoclase; 7 - quartz; 8 - topaz; 9 - corundum; 10 - diamond.

Heat capacity- the property of a material to absorb heat when heated and release it when cooled. Characterizes thermal insulation properties material: with high heat capacity - low quality of thermal insulation.

Thermal insulation materials - Construction Materials having a thermal conductivity of no more than 0.175 W/(mK) at a temperature of 25 (10) ° C and used for thermal insulation of buildings, technological equipment, pipelines, etc.

Thermal conductivity- the ability of a material to transfer heat through its thickness from one surface to another due to temperature differences.

Thermoprofile- cold-rolled profiled element made of thin galvanized sheet with a special profile shape and perforation, can be used both for assembling a solid building frame and for installing individual elements of reconstructed or newly built objects: external and internal walls, partitions, interfloor ceilings, truss structures attics, roofs and much more.

Maintenance- a set of activities related to the management of building operation processes. Enables control technical condition buildings through general and partial inspections, maintaining the functionality and serviceability of its structural elements.

Shotcrete gun- (concrete gun), an apparatus for applying plaster to a concrete base.

Slope- indicator of roof steepness.

Elasticity- the property of a material to deform under the influence of physical influences associated with the occurrence internal forces, and fully recover after eliminating these physical effects.

fold- type of seam connecting 2 steel sheets, sample (bend) rectangular shape on the edge of a shield, board or metal sheet. In steel roofing, lying, standing and corner seams are used.

Folding- method of fastening parts, various elements And sheet materials using seams obtained by bending (picking) and joint crimping of the fastened edges.

Apron - steel sheet, forming a protective coating for protruding roof elements: chimney, parapet, firewall, etc.

Chamfer- a cut, usually made with a plane at an angle of 45° to the front surface and to the edge.

Farm- a structure made of beams or rods fastened together.

Windcocks- ventilation pipes for installing a flat, breathable roof.

Fluxes- substances that help remove metal oxides formed during soldering from heating in the joints. Usually this is zinc chloride - a solution of zinc metal in hydrochloric acid.

Pediment (front side)- completion of the building facade, portico, limited by cornices. The pediment field (tympanum) is often decorated with sculpture. A pediment that lacks a horizontal cornice is called a gable.

Gable overhang- the inclined edge of the roof above the wall of the building.

Ridge- the line of intersection of two slopes forming an external inclined angle.

Fragility- lack of plasticity and instantaneous destruction without deformation. It is characterized by a significant difference in compressive and tensile strength and low impact resistance.

Clamp- a part (bracket) shaped like a ring and used to connect or fasten structural elements. Made of metal.

Attic- this is the space between the surface of the covering (roof), the external walls and the ceiling of the upper floor.

Pins with clamps- products for fastening drainpipes.

Cord mooring- a cord stretched along the eaves and used to check the eaves row of the roof.

Crushed stone topping- one of the old methods of device protective coating on flat soft roofs from crushed stone or pebbles, usually fractions 5-10 mm. It is also used in the ballast system for fastening membranes and rolled materials, but with fractions of larger diameter.

Tong- top end wall building, which has an acute-angled shape and is located between two slopes of the roof, but, unlike the pediment, is not separated by a cornice.

Operated roofs- flat roofs, the surface of which is used by people in everyday life as sports and pedestrian areas, roads and parking lots, lawns and swimming pools.

Bitumen emulsion - water solution an emulsifier in which bitumen is in a dispersed state.

Emulsions- two-phase disperse systems, in which most often the dispersed medium is water, and the dispersed phase is organic liquids, including bitumen.

Attic floor (attic)- a floor for placing premises inside a free attic space with insulation of the attic enclosing structures (high roof slopes).