Annual heat loss of the building Q ts , kWh, should be determined by the formula
where is the sum of heat losses through the enclosing structures of the premises, W;
t v- the weighted average by the volume of the building, the design temperature of the internal air, С;
t NS- the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a security of 0.92, С, taken according to TKP / 1 /;
D- the number of degree-days of the heating period, Сdays.
8.5.4. Total annual consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation of the building
Total annual consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation of the building Q s, kWh, should be determined by the formula
Q s = Q ts Q hs 1 , (7)
where Q ts- annual heat losses of the building, kWh;
Q hs- annual heat input from electrical appliances, lighting, technological equipment, communications, materials, people and other sources, kWh;
1 - coefficient taken according to table 1, depending on the method of regulation of the building heating system.
Table 8.1
Q s = Q ts Q hs 1 = 150.54 - 69.05 0.4 = 122.92 kWh
8.5.5. Specific consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation
Specific consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation of buildings q A, Wh / (m 2 ° Сday), and q V, W · h / (m 3 ° Сday), should be determined by the formulas:
where Q s- total annual consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation of the building, kWh;
F from - heated area of the building, m 2, determined along the inner perimeter of the external vertical enclosing structures;
V from- heated volume of the building, m 3;
D- the number of degree-days of the heating period, ° Сday.
8.5.6. Standard specific consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation
The standard specific consumption of heat energy for heating and ventilation of residential and public buildings is shown in Table 8.2.
Table 8.2
|
Name rationing objects |
Standard specific consumption of heat energy |
|||
|
for heating and ventilation |
for ventilation with artificial induction |
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|
q A n, Wh / (m 2 Cday) |
q V n, Wh / (m 3 Cday) |
q h in, Wh / (m 3 Сday) |
||
|
1 Residential buildings (9 floors and more) with external walls from: sandwich panels monolithic concrete piece materials | ||||
|
2 Residential buildings (6-8 floors) with outer walls from: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
|
3 Residential buildings (4-5 floors) with external walls from: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
|
4 Residential buildings (2-3 floors) with external walls made of piece materials | ||||
|
5 Cottages, manor-type dwelling houses, including those with attics | ||||
|
6 Kindergartens with outer walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
|
7 Kindergartens with pool with outer walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
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8 Schools with exterior walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
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9 Polyclinics with external walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
|
10 Clinics with swimming pool or gymnasium with outer walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
|
11 Administrative building with external walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials | ||||
|
Notes (edit) 1 The values of the standard specific consumption of thermal energy for heating are determined with a glazing coefficient equal to: for pos. 1-4 - 0.18; for pos. 5 - 0.15. 2 The values of the specific consumption of thermal energy for ventilation with artificial induction are given as a reference. System uptime supply ventilation artificially prompted for public buildings for the heating period was determined on the basis of the following initial data: For kindergartens-kindergartens: 5 days work week and 12 hour work day; For general education schools: 6-day work week and 12-hour work day; For office buildings: 5-day working week and 10-hour working day. |
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Create a heating system in own home or even in a city apartment - an extremely responsible occupation. It would be completely unreasonable to acquire boiler equipment, as they say, "by eye", that is, without taking into account all the features of housing. In this, it is quite possible that you will go to two extremes: either the boiler power will not be enough - the equipment will work "to the fullest", without pauses, but will not give the expected result, or, on the contrary, an unnecessarily expensive device will be acquired, the capabilities of which will remain completely unclaimed.
But that's not all. It is not enough to correctly purchase the necessary heating boiler - it is very important to optimally select and correctly arrange heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or "warm floors". And again, relying only on your intuition or the "good advice" of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, you cannot do without certain calculations.
Of course, ideally, such heat engineering calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Is it really not interesting to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how the calculation of heating by the area of the room is carried out, taking into account many important nuances... By analogy, it will be possible to perform, embedded in this page, will help to perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely "sinless", however, it still allows you to get the result with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.
The simplest calculation techniques
In order for the heating system to create comfortable living conditions in the cold season, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related to each other, and their division is rather arbitrary.
- The first is to maintain optimal level air temperature in the entire volume of the heated room. Of course, the temperature level can vary somewhat along the height, but this difference should not be significant. The average indicator of +20 ° C is considered to be quite comfortable conditions - it is this temperature that is usually taken as the initial one in heat engineering calculations.
In other words, the heating system must be capable of heating a certain volume of air.
If we are to approach with complete accuracy, then for individual rooms in residential buildings standards for the required microclimate have been established - they are defined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:
| Purpose of the room | Air temperature, ° С | Relative humidity,% | Air speed, m / s | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | permissible | optimal | permissible, max | optimal, max | permissible, max | |
| For the cold season | ||||||
| Living room | 20 ÷ 22 | 18 ÷ 24 (20 ÷ 24) | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| The same, but for living rooms in regions with minimum temperatures from -31 ° C and below | 21 ÷ 23 | 20 ÷ 24 (22 ÷ 24) | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Kitchen | 19 ÷ 21 | 18 ÷ 26 | N / N | N / N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Toilet | 19 ÷ 21 | 18 ÷ 26 | N / N | N / N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Bathroom, combined bathroom | 24 ÷ 26 | 18 ÷ 26 | N / N | N / N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Recreation and study facilities | 20 ÷ 22 | 18 ÷ 24 | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Interroom corridor | 18 ÷ 20 | 16 ÷ 22 | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | N / N | N / N |
| Lobby, staircase | 16-18 | 14 ÷ 20 | N / N | N / N | N / N | N / N |
| Pantries | 16-18 | 12 ÷ 22 | N / N | N / N | N / N | N / N |
| For the warm season (The standard is only for residential premises. For the rest - not standardized) | ||||||
| Living room | 22 ÷ 25 | 20 ÷ 28 | 60 ÷ 30 | 65 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
- The second is to compensate for heat losses through the elements of the building structure.
The main "enemy" of the heating system is heat loss through building structures.
Alas, heat loss is the most serious rival of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation, it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Thermal energy leaks go in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:
| Building structure element | Approximate value of heat loss |
|---|---|
| Foundation, floors on the ground or over unheated basement (basement) rooms | from 5 to 10% |
| "Cold bridges" through poorly insulated joints of building structures | from 5 to 10% |
| Places of entry engineering communications(sewerage, water supply, gas pipes, electrical cables, etc.) | up to 5% |
| External walls, depending on the degree of insulation | from 20 to 30% |
| Poor quality windows and external doors | about 20 ÷ 25%, of which about 10% - through unsealed joints between the boxes and the wall, and due to ventilation |
| Roof | up to 20% |
| Ventilation and chimney | up to 25 ÷ 30% |
Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only correspond to the general needs of the building (apartment), but also be correctly distributed over the premises, in accordance with their area and a number of other important factors.
Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction "from small to large". Simply put, the required amount of heat energy for each heated room is calculated, the obtained values are summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler is needed. And the values for each room will become Starting point to count the required amount radiators.
The most simplified and most often used method in a non-professional environment is to accept the rate of 100 W of thermal energy for each square meter area:
The most primitive way of calculating is the ratio of 100 W / m²
Q = S× 100
Q- the required heat output for the room;
S- area of the room (m²);
100 - specific power per unit area (W / m²).
For example, a room 3.2 × 5.5 m
S= 3.2 × 5.5 = 17.6 m²
Q= 17.6 × 100 = 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW
The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It should be immediately noted that it is conditionally applicable only when standard height ceilings - about 2.7 m (acceptable - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will become more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.
It is clear that in this case the value of the specific power is calculated per cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W / m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W / m³ - in brick or made of other materials.
Q = S × h× 41 (or 34)
h- ceiling height (m);
41 or 34 - specific power per unit volume (W / m³).
For example, the same room, in a panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:
Q= 17.6 x 3.2 x 41 = 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW
The result is more accurate, since it already takes into account not only all the linear dimensions of the room, but even, to a certain extent, the features of the walls.
But nevertheless, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances turn out to be "outside the brackets". How to perform calculations more approximate to real conditions - in the next section of the publication.
You may be interested in information about what are
Calculating the required thermal power, taking into account the characteristics of the premises
The calculation algorithms discussed above can be useful for the initial "estimation", but you should still rely on them completely with great care. Even to a person who does not understand anything in building heating engineering, the indicated averaged values may seem doubtful for sure - they cannot be equal, say, for the Krasnodar Territory and for the Arkhangelsk Region. In addition, a room is a room of strife: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external walls ki, and the other on three sides is protected from heat loss by other rooms. In addition, a room may have one or several windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is not a complete list - just such features are visible even with the “naked eye”.
In a word, there are a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each particular room, and it is better not to be lazy, but to carry out a more careful calculation. Believe me, according to the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult to do.
General principles and calculation formula
The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But only the formula itself "overgrows" with a considerable number of various correction factors.
Q = (S × 100) × a × b × c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m
The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken completely arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and have no relation to any standard quantities accepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.
- "A" is a coefficient that takes into account the number of external walls in a particular room.
Obviously, the more external walls in the room, the larger area through which there is heat losses... In addition, the presence of two or more external walls also means corners - extremely vulnerable places from the point of view of the formation of "cold bridges". Coefficient "a" will correct for this specific feature of the room.
The coefficient is taken equal to:
- external walls No (inner room): a = 0.8;
- outer wall one: a = 1.0;
- external walls two: a = 1.2;
- external walls three: a = 1.4.
- "B" - coefficient that takes into account the location of the outer walls of the room relative to the cardinal points.
You may be interested in information about what are
Even on the coldest winter days, solar energy still affects the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the south-facing side of the house receives some heat from the sun's rays, and heat loss through it is lower.
But the walls and windows facing north never "see" the Sun. The eastern part of the house, although it "captures" the morning sun's rays, still does not receive any effective heating from them.
Based on this, we enter the coefficient "b":
- the outer walls of the room are facing North or East: b = 1.1;
- the outer walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b = 1.0.
- "C" - coefficient taking into account the location of the premises relative to the winter "wind rose"
Perhaps this amendment is not so mandatory for houses located in areas sheltered from the winds. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds are able to make their own "hard adjustments" in the heat balance of the building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, "exposed" to the wind, will lose significantly more body, compared to the opposite leeward side.
Based on the results of long-term meteorological observations in any region, the so-called "wind rose" is compiled - a graphical diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer time of the year. This information can be obtained from the local hydrometeorological service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know perfectly well where the winds mainly blow from in winter, and from which side of the house they usually sweep the deepest snowdrifts.
If you want to make calculations with more high precision, then you can include in the formula and correction factor"C", taking it equal:
- windward side of the house: c = 1.2;
- leeward walls of the house: c = 1.0;
- a wall parallel to the direction of the wind: c = 1.1.
- "D" - a correction factor that takes into account the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the region where the house was built
Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all building structures of the building will very much depend on the level winter temperatures... It is quite understandable that during the winter the thermometer readings "dance" in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the lowest temperatures characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is typical of January). For example, below is a schematic map of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values are shown in colors.
Usually, this value is not difficult to clarify in the regional meteorological service, but you can, in principle, be guided by your own observations.
So, the coefficient "d", taking into account the peculiarities of the climate of the region, for our calculation in we take equal:
- from - 35 ° С and below: d = 1.5;
- from - 30 ° С to - 34 ° С: d = 1.3;
- from - 25 ° С to - 29 ° С: d = 1.2;
- from - 20 ° С to - 24 ° С: d = 1.1;
- from - 15 ° С to - 19 ° С: d = 1.0;
- from - 10 ° С to - 14 ° С: d = 0.9;
- not colder - 10 ° С: d = 0.7.
- "E" is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of insulation of external walls.
The total value of the building's heat losses is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. Walls are one of the "leaders" in terms of heat loss. Therefore, the value of the thermal power required to maintain comfortable conditions living indoors depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.
The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:
- external walls are not insulated: e = 1.27;
- medium degree of insulation - walls in two bricks or their surface thermal insulation is provided by other heaters: e = 1.0;
- the insulation was carried out qualitatively, on the basis of the performed heat engineering calculations: e = 0.85.
Below in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other structures of a building.
- coefficient "f" - correction for the height of the ceilings
Ceilings, especially in private homes, may have different heights... Consequently, the thermal power for heating one or another room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.
It is not a big mistake to accept the following values of the correction factor "f":
- ceiling heights up to 2.7 m: f = 1.0;
- flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f = 1.05;
- ceiling heights from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f = 1.1;
- ceiling heights from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f = 1.15;
- ceiling height over 4.1 m: f = 1.2.
- « g "- coefficient that takes into account the type of floor or room located under the floor.
As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. This means that it is necessary to make some adjustments in the calculation for this feature of a particular room. The correction factor "g" can be taken equal to:
- cold floor on the ground or over an unheated room (for example, a basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;
- insulated floor on the ground or over an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;
- a heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .
- « h "- coefficient taking into account the type of the room located above.
The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat loss is inevitable, which will require an increase in the required thermal power. Let's introduce the coefficient "h", taking into account this feature of the calculated room:
- the "cold" attic is located on top: h = 1,0 ;
- on top is an insulated attic or other insulated room: h = 0,9 ;
- any heated room is located on top: h = 0,8 .
- « i "- coefficient taking into account the peculiarities of the construction of windows
Windows are one of the "main routes" of heat leaks. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window structure itself. Old wooden frames, which were previously commonly installed in all houses, are significantly inferior in terms of their thermal insulation to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows.
Without words, it is clear that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows are significantly different.
But there is no complete uniformity between PVZH windows. For example, a two-chamber double-glazed unit (with three panes) will be much warmer than a single-chamber one.
Hence, it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient "i", taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:
- standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;
- modern window systems with a single-chamber double-glazed window: i = 1,0 ;
- modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .
- « j "- correction factor for the total area of the glazing of the room
No matter how high-quality the windows are, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it is quite clear that there is no way to compare a small window with panoramic glazing almost the entire wall.
First, you need to find the ratio of the areas of all windows in the room and the room itself:
x = ∑SOK /SNS
∑ SOK- total area of windows in the room;
SNS- the area of the room.
Depending on the obtained value, the correction factor "j" is determined:
- x = 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;
- x = 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;
- x = 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;
- x = 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;
- x = 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;
- « k "- coefficient that corrects for the presence of an entrance door
A door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional "loophole" for the cold
Door to the street or to open balcony is able to make its own adjustments to the thermal balance of the room - each opening is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable volume of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient "k", which we will take equal to:
- no door: k = 1,0 ;
- one door to the street or balcony: k = 1,3 ;
- two doors to the street or to the balcony: k = 1,7 .
- « l "- possible amendments to the heating radiator connection diagram
Perhaps, to some, this will seem an insignificant trifle, but still - why not immediately take into account the planned scheme for connecting heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and hence participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably with different types of insertion of supply and return pipes.
| Illustration | Radiator insert type | The value of the coefficient "l" |
|---|---|---|
 | Diagonal connection: supply from above, "return" from below | l = 1.0 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from above, "return" from below | l = 1.03 |
 | Two-way connection: both supply and "return" from below | l = 1.13 |
 | Diagonal connection: supply from below, "return" from above | l = 1.25 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from below, "return" from above | l = 1.28 |
 | One-way connection, and supply, and "return" from below | l = 1.28 |
- « m "- correction factor for the features of the installation site of heating radiators
And finally, the last coefficient, which is also associated with the peculiarities of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly, is not obstructed by anything from above and from the front, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is not always possible - more often the radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit the heating priors into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the heat output.
If there are certain "plans" of how and where the radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when carrying out calculations by introducing a special coefficient "m":
| Illustration | Features of installing radiators | The value of the coefficient "m" |
|---|---|---|
| The radiator is located on the wall openly or does not overlap from above with a window sill | m = 0.9 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a window sill or shelf | m = 1.0 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a protruding wall niche | m = 1.07 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a window sill (niche), and from the front - by a decorative screen | m = 1.12 | |
| The radiator is completely enclosed in a decorative casing | m = 1.2 |
So, with the calculation formula, there is clarity. Surely, some of the readers will immediately take up their heads - they say, it is too difficult and cumbersome. However, if the matter is approached systematically, orderly, then there is no difficulty at all.
Any good landlord necessarily has a detailed graphic plan of his "possessions" with the stated dimensions, and usually - oriented to the cardinal points. It is not difficult to clarify the climatic features of the region. It only remains to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure, to clarify some of the nuances for each room. The peculiarities of housing - "vertical neighborhood" above and below, the location of the entrance doors, the proposed or existing scheme for installing heating radiators - no one, except the owners, knows better.
It is recommended to immediately draw up a worksheet where you enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will help to carry out the built-in calculator, in which all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above are already "laid down".
If it was not possible to obtain some data, then you can, of course, not take them into account, but in this case the calculator "by default" will calculate the result taking into account the least favorable conditions.
You can consider an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrary).
Region with the level of minimum temperatures in the range of -20 ÷ 25 ° С. Prevailing winter winds = northeasterly. The house is one-story, with a heat-insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal diagonal connection of radiators has been chosen, which will be installed under the windowsills.
We create a table of something like this:
| The room, its area, ceiling height. Insulation of the floor and "neighborhood" above and below | The number of external walls and their main location in relation to the cardinal points and the "wind rose". The degree of wall insulation | Number, type and size of windows | Availability of entrance doors (to the street or to the balcony) | Required heat output (taking into account 10% reserve) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area 78.5 m² | 10.87 kW ≈ 11 kW | |||
| 1. Entrance hall. 3.18 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Covered floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic. | One, South, medium insulation. Leeward side | No | One | 0.52 kW |
| 2. Hall. 6.2 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | No | No | No | 0.62 kW |
| 3. Kitchen-dining room. 14.9 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Svehu - insulated attic | Two. South, west. Average degree of insulation. Leeward side | Two, single-chamber double-glazed windows, 1200 × 900 mm | No | 2.22kw |
| 4. Children's room. 18.3 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North - West. High degree of insulation. Windward | Two, double-glazed windows, 1400 × 1000 mm | No | 2.6 kW |
| 5. Bedroom. 13.8 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North, East. High degree of insulation. Windward side | Single, double-glazed window, 1400 × 1000 mm | No | 1.73 kW |
| 6. Living room. 18.0 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor. Top-insulated attic | Two, East, South. High degree of insulation. Parallel to wind direction | Four, double-glazed windows, 1500 × 1200 mm | No | 2.59 kW |
| 7. The bathroom is combined. 4.12 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic. | One, North. High degree of insulation. Windward side | One thing. Wooden frame with double glazing. 400 × 500 mm | No | 0.59 kW |
| TOTAL: |
Then, using the calculator below, we make a calculation for each room (already taking into account 10% of the reserve). It shouldn't take long with the recommended app. After that, it remains to sum up the obtained values for each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.
The result for each room, by the way, will help to choose the right number of heating radiators - it remains only to divide by the specific heat output one section and round up.
The procedure for calculating heating in the housing stock depends on the availability of metering devices and on how the house is equipped with them. There are several options for completing multi-apartment residential buildings with meters, and according to which heat energy is calculated:
- the presence of a general house meter, while apartments and non-residential premises are not equipped with metering devices.
- heating costs are controlled by a common household appliance, and all or some of the premises are equipped with metering devices.
- there is no common house device for recording the consumption and consumption of heat energy.
Before calculating the number of gigacalories spent, you need to find out the presence or absence of controllers on the house and in each individual room, including non-residential ones. Consider all three options for calculating heat energy, for each of which a specific formula has been developed (posted on the website of state authorized bodies).
Option 1
So, the house is equipped control device, and some rooms were left without it. Here it is necessary to take into account two positions: the calculation of Gcal for heating the apartment, the cost of heat energy for general building needs (ODN).
In this case, formula No. 3 is used, which is based on the readings of the general metering device, the area of the house and the footage of the apartment.
Calculation example
We will assume that the controller recorded the heating costs of the house at 300 gcal / month (this information can be found from the receipt or by contacting management company). For example, the total area of a house, which consists of the sum of the areas of all premises (residential and non-residential), is 8000 m² (you can also find out this figure from the receipt or from the management company).
Let's take the area of an apartment of 70 m² (indicated in the data sheet, rental agreement or registration certificate). The last figure on which the calculation of payment for consumed heat depends is the tariff established by the authorized bodies of the Russian Federation (indicated in the receipt or find out with the house management company). To date, the heating tariff is equal to 1,400 rubles / gcal.
Substituting the data into the formula No. 3, we get next result: 300 x 70 / 8,000 x 1,400 = 1,875 rubles.
Now you can proceed to the second stage of accounting for heating costs spent on the general needs of the house. Two formulas are required here: the search for the volume of the service (No. 14) and the payment for the consumption of gigacalories in rubles (No. 10).
In order to correctly determine the amount of heating in this case, it will be necessary to sum up the area of all apartments and premises provided for public use (information is provided by the management company).
For example, we have a total area of 7000 m² (including apartments, offices, retail space.).
Let's start calculating the payment for the consumption of heat energy according to the formula No. 14: 300 x (1 - 7,000 / 8,000) x 70 / 7,000 = 0.375 gcal.
Using formula # 10, we get: 0.375 x 1400 = 525, where:
- 0.375 - the volume of services for the supply of heat;
- 1400 RUB - tariff;
- 525 p. - amount of payment.
We summarize the results (1875 + 525) and find out that the payment for heat consumption will be 2350 rubles.
Option 2
Now we will calculate payments in those conditions when the house is equipped with a common metering device for heating, as well as some apartments are equipped with individual meters. As in the previous case, the calculation will be carried out for two items (heat energy consumption for housing and ONE).
We need formula # 1 and # 2 (calculation rules according to the controller's readings or taking into account the heat consumption standards for residential premises in gcal). Calculations will be carried out with respect to the area of a residential building and an apartment from the previous version.
- 1.3 gigacalories - individual meter readings;
- 1 1820 p. - the approved tariff.
- 0.025 gcal - standard indicator of heat consumption per 1 m² of the area in the apartment;
- 70 m² - the area of the apartment;
- 1 400 RUB - tariff for heat energy.
As it becomes clear, with this option, the amount of payment will depend on the availability of a metering device in your apartment.
Formula No. 13: (300 - 12 - 7000 x 0.025 - 9 - 30) x 75/8000 = 1.425 gcal, where:
- 300 gcal - readings of the general house meter;
- 12 gcal - the amount of heat energy used for heating non-residential premises;
- 6,000 m² - the sum of the area of all residential premises;
- 0.025 - standard (consumption of thermal energy for apartments);
- 9 gcal - the sum of indicators from the meters of all apartments, which are equipped with metering devices;
- 35 gcal - the amount of heat spent on supply hot water in the absence of its centralized supply;
- 70 m² - apartment area;
- 8,000 m² - total area (all residential and non-residential premises in the house).
Please note that this option includes only real amounts of energy consumption and if your house is equipped with a centralized hot water supply, then the amount of heat spent on hot water supply is not taken into account. The same applies to non-residential premises: if they are absent in the house, then they will not be included in the calculation.
- 1.425 gcal - the amount of heat (ODN);
- 1820 + 1995 = 3 815 rubles. - with individual counter.
- 2 450 + 1995 = 4445 rubles. - without an individual device.
Option 3
We are left with the last option, during which we will consider the situation when there is no thermal energy meter on the house. The calculation, as in the previous cases, will be carried out in two categories (heat energy consumption for an apartment and ODN).
Derivation of the amount for heating, we will carry out using formulas No. 1 and No. 2 (rules on the procedure for calculating heat energy, taking into account the readings of individual metering devices or in accordance with the established standards for residential premises in gcal).
Formula No. 1: 1.3 x 1,400 = 1,820 rubles, where:
- 1.3 gcal - individual meter readings;
- 1 400 RUB - the approved tariff.
Formula No. 2: 0.025 x 70 x 1,400 = 2,450 rubles, where:
- 1 400 RUB - the approved tariff.
As in the second option, the payment will depend on whether your home is equipped with an individual heat meter. Now it is necessary to find out the amount of heat energy that was consumed for general building needs, and this must be done according to the formula No. 15 (the volume of services for the ONE) and No. 10 (the amount for heating).
Formula No. 15: 0.025 x 150 x 70/7000 = 0.0375 gcal, where:
- 0.025 Gcal - standard heat consumption per 1 m² of living space;
- 100 m² - the sum of the area of the premises intended for general house needs;
- 70 m² - the total area of the apartment;
- 7,000 m² - total area (all residential and non-residential premises).
Formula No. 10: 0.0375 x 1,400 = 52.5 rubles, where:
- 0.0375 - heat volume (ODN);
- 1400 RUB - the approved tariff.
As a result of the calculations, we found out that the full payment for heating will be:
- 1820 + 52.5 = 1872.5 rubles. - with an individual counter.
- 2450 + 52.5 = 2 502.5 rubles. - without an individual counter.
In the above calculations of payments for heating, data on the footage of an apartment, a house, as well as on meter readings, which may differ significantly from those that you have, were used. All you need to do is plug your values into the formula and make the final calculation.
Appendix 2 to the article by V.I. Livchak "Basic level of consumption of energy resources when establishing the requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings", published in the journal "ENERGOSOVET" 6/2013
SP 30.13330 provides tables A.2 and A.3 of standardized annual average daily water consumption, including hot water, l / day, per 1 inhabitant in residential buildings and per 1 consumer in public and industrial buildings. To determine the annual heat consumption for hot water supply, these indicators must be recalculated to the average calculated water consumption for the heating period.
1. Average calculated per day heating season hot water consumption per inhabitant in a residential building ggv.sr. from.p.zh, l / day, is determined by the formula:
ggv.av. from.p.zh. = aGuards table A.2· 365 / [ zfrom + a (351- zfrom)]; (A.2.1)
The same in public and industrial buildings:
ggu.av.f.p.n / f = aGuards table A.3 365/351, (A.2.2)
where aGuards table A.2 or A.3- the estimated average daily consumption of hot water per 1 inhabitant for the year from the table. A.2 or 1 consumer of a public and industrial building from table. A.3 SP 30.13330.2012;
365 - the number of days in a year;
351 - duration of use of centralized hot water supply during the year, taking into account shutdown for repairs, days;
zfrom.- duration of the heating period;
a- coefficient taking into account the decrease in the level of water intake in residential buildings in the summer a= 0.9, for other buildings a = 1.
2. Specific average hourly consumption of heat energy for hot water supply during the heating period qguards, W / m 2, is determined by the formula:
qguards = [ gGuards Wed from.p· (tguards- txv) · (1 + k hl) rwc w] / (3.6 24 Ah), (A.2.3)
where gGuards Wed from.p- the same as in formula (A.1) or (A.2);
tguards- the temperature of hot water taken at the points of draw-off is equal to 60 ° C in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.4.2496;
txv- temperature cold water taken equal to 5 ° C;
k hl- coefficient taking into account heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems; taken according to the following table A.1, for ITP of residential buildings with a centralized hot water system k hl= 0.2; for ITP of public buildings and for residential buildings with apartment water heaters k hl= 0,1;
rw- water density equal to 1 kg / l;
c w - specific heat water equal to 4.2 J / (kg ° C);
Ah- the norm of the total area of apartments per 1 inhabitant, or useful area premises for 1 user in public and industrial buildings, the accepted value depending on the purpose of the building is given in Table P.2.2.
Table A.2.1. Coefficient value k hl taking into account the heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems
Table A.2.2. The norms of daily consumption of hot water by consumers and the specific hourly value of heat energy for its heating in the average day for the heating period, as well as the values of the specific annual consumption of heat energy for hot water supply, based on the standard area for 1 meter for the central region with zfrom.= 214 days.
Consumers | Meter | The rate of consumption of hot water from table A.2 SP 30.13330.2012 for the year a gvs , l / day | The rate of the total useful area for 1 meter S a , m 2 / person | Specific average hourly consumption of heat energy for hot water supply for the heater. period q gv, W / m 2 | Specific annual consumption of heat energy for hot water q guards year, kWh / m2 total area |
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Dwelling houses regardless of the floor with centralized hot water supply, equipped with washbasins, sinks and bathtubs, with apartment pressure regulators KRD | |||||||
The same with washbasins, sinks and a shower with KRD | |||||||
Residential buildings with plumbing, sewerage and baths with gas water heaters | |||||||
The same with solid fuel water heaters | |||||||
Hotels and boarding houses with van in all individual rooms | |||||||
Same with showers in all private rooms | |||||||
Hospitals with sanitary facilities close to the wards | 1 painful | ||||||
The same with shared baths and souls | |||||||
Polyclinics and outpatient clinics (10 m 2 per health worker, work in 2 shifts and 6 patients per 1 worker) | 1pain per shift | ||||||
1 work per shift | |||||||
Nursery-kindergartens with daytime stay for children and canteens working on semi-finished products | 1rebe-nok | ||||||
The same with the round-the-clock stay of children | |||||||
The same with canteens operating on raw materials and laundries. | |||||||
Secondary schools with showers at gymnasiums and canteens at semi-finished products | 1 student 1 donor | ||||||
Fitness and wellness complexes with canteens on semi-finished products | |||||||
Cinemas, meeting rooms // theaters, clubs and leisure and entertainment facilities | 1 spectator | ||||||
Administrative buildings | 1working | ||||||
Public catering establishments for cooking in the dining room | 1 blue-to for 1 place | ||||||
Grocery stores | 1 working | ||||||
Manufactured goods stores | |||||||
Manufacturing workshops and techno-parks with heat dissipation. less than 84 kJ | 1 working | ||||||
Warehouses | |||||||
Notes: *- above the line and without the line, the basic values, below the line, taking into account the equipment of apartments with water meters and from the condition that a 40% reduction in heat consumption occurs with apartment metering. Depending on the percentage of equipment in apartments with water meters: q gv.v / cch year = q guards year · (1-0.4N sq / m / N sq. ); where q guards year - according to the formula (A.2.4); N sq. - the number of apartments in the house; N sq / m - the number of apartments in which water meters are installed. 1. The rates of water consumption in column 3 are established for I and II climatic regions, for III and IV regions should be taken taking into account the coefficient from the table. A.2 SP 30.13330. 2. Water consumption rates are set for the main consumers and include all additional costs (service personnel, visitors, showers for service personnel, for cleaning premises, etc.). The consumption of water in group showers and for foot baths in household premises of industrial enterprises, for cooking at catering establishments, as well as for hydrotherapy procedures in hydropathic establishments and preparing food that are part of hospitals, sanatoriums and polyclinics should be taken into account additionally. 3. For water consumers of civil buildings, structures and premises not listed in the table, the rates of water consumption should be taken as for consumers, similar in nature of water consumption. 4. At catering establishments, the number of dishes (^) sold in one working day may be determined by the formula U = 2.2 N m n T ψ ; where n - the number of seats; m n - the number of landings accepted for canteens open type and a cafe - 2; for student canteens and industrial enterprises- 3; for restaurants -1.5; T - working hours of the catering establishment, h; ψ - coefficient of uneven landings during the working day, taken: for canteens and cafes - 0.45; for restaurants - 0.55; for other catering establishments, when justified, it is allowed to take 1.0. 5. In this table, the specific hourly standard of thermal energy q hw , W / m 2 for heating the rate of hot water consumption on the average day of the heating period, taking into account heat losses in the pipelines of the system and heated towel rails, corresponds to the accepted value of the total area of an apartment in a residential building per inhabitant or usable area of premises in a public building per patient indicated in the adjacent column , employed, student or child, S a , m 2 / person. If in reality there is a different value of the total or usable area per person, S a. i , then the specific standard of thermal energy of this a particular house q hw . i should be recalculated according to the following dependence: q hw . i = q hw . · S a / S a. i | |||||||
| free download Methodology for calculating the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply of residential and public buildings, V.I. Livchak,
